Advanced Level - Physics

PRACTICAL VISUAL GUIDE - 01 Amith Pussella

VERNIER SCALE AND VERNIER CALIPER PHT6770 2022Re 2022-02-28

Vernier Scale
When 1 mm divisions are further divided into smaller divisions, it will be difficult to take readings just by
looking at the scale. In order to, overcome this problem the French scientist Pierre Vernier was able to
come up with a simple solution. Let's try to understand that first.

cm 0 9 mm
1
If 9 mm is divided into 10 equal parts , length of
one part would be 9/10 mm , which is 0.9 mm . 1 mm

cm 0 1 2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

0.9 mm

9 mm

cm 0 1
Main scale

This scale is known as the main scale. This

scale is known as the Vernier scale.

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Vernier scale

1 mm
It is clear that the gap between 1 mm and
0.9 mm 0.9 mm is 0.1 mm
0.1 mm

0 1 2

Least count of the Vernier Scale

According to the verier principle on which the vernier caliper is built on, the difference between the
smallest main scale division and the samallest vernier scale division is termed as the vernier constant or the
least count of the vernier.

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Q 01
Find the least cout of the following scale composed of a main and vernier scales in a manner as represented
in the figure.

(i) The main scale is dicided into 1 mm portions and 9 of those units are divided into 10 units in the vernier scale.

Length of one unit in the main scale = -----------------------------------------

Length of one unit in the vernier scale = -----------------------------------------

Least count = -----------------------------------------

(ii) Consider a main scale composed of 1 mm units , where 19 of these units are divided into 20 units of the
vernier scale.

Length of one unit in the main scale = -----------------------------------------

Length of one unit in the vernier scale = -----------------------------------------

Least count = -----------------------------------------

(iii) Consider a main scale composed of 1 mm units , where 49 of these units are divided into 50 units of the
vernier scale.

Length of one unit in the main scale = -----------------------------------------

Length of one unit in the vernier scale = -----------------------------------------

Least count = -----------------------------------------

(iv) Consider a main scale composed of 1 mm units, where 99 units of the main scale are divided into 100 units
of the vernier scale.

Length of one unit in the main scale = -----------------------------------------

Length of one unit in the vernier scale = -----------------------------------------

Least count = -----------------------------------------

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(v) Consider a mian scale which is composed of half a millimeter units (0.5 mm) and where 9 units of the main
scaler are divided into 10 units of the vernier scale.

Length of one unit in the main scale = -----------------------------------------

Length of one unit in the vernier scale = -----------------------------------------

Least count = -----------------------------------------

(v) Consider a mian scale which is composed of half a millimeter units (0.5 mm) and where 49 units of the main
scaler are divided into 50 units of the vernier scale.

Length of one unit in the main scale = -----------------------------------------

Length of one unit in the vernier scale = -----------------------------------------

Least count = -----------------------------------------

(vii) Consider a mian scale which is composed of half a millimeter units 9 mm (n - 1) where n units of the main
scalee.

Length of one unit in the main scale = -----------------------------------------

Length of one unit in the vernier scale = -----------------------------------------

Least count = -----------------------------------------

IMPORTANT

Short method to obtain the least count

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 VERNIER CALIPER

Internal
Jaws Depth
Screw nut
probe
(Depth
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
bar)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Main Scale

Vernier Scale

Movable
mechanism(wheel)
External
Jaws

Fixed Jaw Sliding Jaw

VERNIER CALIPER

This can be separated as the fixed jaw and main scale in one part while the sliding jaw venier scale with the
depth probe in the other part.

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

This part which contains the vernier scale , can be

moved along the main scale.

depth probe also moves along

with the jaws.

0 When
1 the jaws of a vernier caliper without an error contact each
other , zero (O) marks of the vernier and main scales should
coincide with each other.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

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Q 02
Explain the importance of each of the following parts of a vernier caliper.

(i) Outer or external jaws.

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(ii) Inner or internal jaws.

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(iii) Depth measuring gauge.

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(iv) Wheel or releasing mechanism.

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(v) Screw nut

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Obtaining readings using a vernier caliper

Steps that should be followed in obtaining readings using a vernier caliper.

1' First the external jaws should be brought into contact with each other order to check whether the
zero of the main scale comes in line with the zero of the vernier scale ; or to check whether there
is a zero error. If a zero error exists, it should be calculated.

2' Then the jaws are separated and the object is placed in between them in a manner such that they
are just in contact with them and the screw nut is fastened.

3' Then the nearest or closest main scale reading is obtained.

4' Then the vernier scale line that is in line with the main scale is obtained and it is multiplied by the
least count and the value thus obtained is added to the nearest reading of the main scale.

5' If a zero error exists, then the correct reading is obtained by adding or subtracting it from the
apparent reading.

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 Let's see how to measure the
external diameter,
the internal diameter and the
depth of
such a test tube
with the help of a vernier caliper.

To obtain the external diameter , reading should be taken after separating the external jaws and trapping the
test tube within the jaws so that jaws are slightly in contact with the test tube.

cm 12 23

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Note down correctly , the reading

shown here ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

By tightening the screw nut after all adjustments of the jaws are done,
the distance between the jaws should be kept constant until the reading
is noted down.

(screw nut should be loosened to move the jaws when getting another
reading again)

To measure the internal diameter , reduce the gap between the internal
jaws after inserting into the test tube and trap so that it slightly comes
into contact with the wall of te test tube. Now the reading can be ob-
tained.

cm 12 23

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Reading '''''''''''''''''''''''

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 When the jaws are moved, depth probe also moves along with them. Keep the terminal edge of the trunk of
the instrument (where the main scale is printed) on the open edge of the test bute , adjust until the depth
probe just contacts the bottom of the tube and get the reading.

cm 14
13 15
14

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Q 03 Reading '''''''''''''''''''''''

(i) Calculate the reading of the vernier caliper present

on the right by using the position of the scales. M 3 cm

------------------------------------------------------------
1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 10
0 V 5
------------------------------------------------------------

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(ii) Calculate the reading of the vernier caliper present

on the right by using the position of the scales.
3 cm M 4 cm
------------------------------------------------------------

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V 0 10
------------------------------------------------------------

(iii) Calculate the reading of the vernier caliper present

on the right by using the position of the scales. 2 cm M 3 cm

------------------------------------------------------------
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
------------------------------------------------------------ V

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(iv) The main scaleof a travelling microscope contains 30 mm

1/2 mm divisions and 49 of those divisions coincide

0
with 50 vernier scale divisions. A measurement ob-
tained by that travelling microscope is shown on the
right. Calculate the value of that reading.
35 mm
------------------------------------------------------------
10 mm
------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------ 40 mm

20 mm

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(v) What is the reading shown in the figure given below.

inside jaws

outside jaws sliding jaw

teaspoon

main scale numbered in cm

with mm divisions

vernier scale numbers

Reading of the main scale = ---------------------- give the readings to
tenths of a mm
Reading of the vernier scale = --------------------

Width of the spoon = --------------------

Zero error of a vernier caliper (zero error)

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 The zero error of a vernier caliper

When the external jaws of the vernier caliper are in contact, when the zeros of the main scale and vernier
scale do not coincide it is said to have a zero error. If such an error exists, its value should be calculated.
Then the nature of that error is identified and the correct reading is calculated accordingly.

Identification of the nature of the zero error and obtaining the correct reading

1st Instance
Calculating the magnitude of the zero error
0
The magnitude of the zero error can be obtained as when
obtaining a normal reading when the vernier zero is positioned to
the right of the main scale zero. For example, if the zero error of 1 2 3 4 6
0 5
a vernier caliper of least count 0.1mm is as shown in the right.

The magnitude of the zero error = 0.1 mm x 3

= 0.3 mm

2nd Instance

When jaws are worn out

If the vernier zero is positioned to the left of the main scle zero, the magnitude of the zero error can be
calculated in any one of the following methods. Let us consider that a 1mm divisions of the aforesaid
instrument coincides with 10 vernier scale divisions.

Method (1) Method (2) Method (3)

0 a 0 0

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
0 0 0
b
When the distance from main scale The vernier division closest to the Here the seperation between the
zero and vernier zero to the two lines main scale zero is the 1st division. two zero marks is equal to the prod-
that coincide 'a' and 'b' are found out. When you consider that as zero the uct of the difference between the
2nd vernier division will coincide. total and coinciding number of ver-
Zero error = b-a Then the distance between main nier divisions and the least count of
for this caliper a = 2 mm scale zero and vernier 1st division. the instrument.
b = 0.9 x 3 = 2 x 0.1 ∴ Zero error = (10 - 3) x 0.1
= 2.7 mm = 0.2 mm = 0.7 mm
The gap between Length
∴ Zero error = 2.7 - 2.0 the two zero
marks
=
}
of a vernier
division
- 0.2 mm
}
= 0.7 mm
= 0.9 mm - 0.2 mm
= 0.7 mm

Zero error =

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 Identification of the nature of the zero error and obtaining the correct reading

The non-coincidence of the zeros of the two scales can be explained in one of two following ways. Accord-
ing to the manner that it exists the correct reading can be obtained by either adding the zero error to the
observed reading or by subtracting the zero error from the observed reading.

O O
Zero error

Zero error

O O
Ve r n i e r
Ve r n i e r scale
scale

Correct reading = Correct reading =

Q 04
(a) If a zero error exists when the outer jaws of the caliper are in contact with each other find teh magnitude of
the zero error in each of the following when the least count is as depicted.

(i) least count = 0.1 mm (ii) least count = 0.1 mm

0 0

0 0

Zero error #- ----------------------------- Zero error #- -----------------------------

----------------------------- -----------------------------

(iii) least count= 0.05 mm (iv) least count = 0.05 mm

0 0

0 0

Zero error #- ----------------------------- Zero error #- -----------------------------

----------------------------- -----------------------------

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(b) If the following measurements possess zero errors and the observed readings are shown below, calculate
the correct reading.

(i) (ii)

2 cm 3 cm

3
0 0 5

Reading obtained #- ------------------------------ Reading obtained #- ------------------------------

----------------------------- -----------------------------

Corrected reading #------------------------------- Corrected reading #-------------------------------

----------------------------- -----------------------------

(iii) (iv)

4 cm 3 cm

3 4
0 0

Reading obtained #- ------------------------------ Reading obtained #- ------------------------------

----------------------------- -----------------------------

Corrected reading #------------------------------- Corrected reading #-------------------------------

----------------------------- -----------------------------

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Extended vernier scale

Observe the extended

vernier scale of the ver-
nier caliper shown in the
figure.

It looks like 39 mm are

divided into 10 parts.

Then , the length of a

single vernier division
should be 39/10 = 3.9 mm.

The 2 zero marks are concident and it is the 4mm mark of the main scale which closest to the 1st division of
the vernier scale.

Hence , the difference the length between of a single vernier division (3.9 mm) and the length of 4 and main
scale divisions (4 mm) would be 4 - 3.9 = 0.1 mm. Observe that the vernier divisions marked as 1 , 2 , 3 so
on have been again divided into two.

Line marked between 0 and 1 of the vernier scale is very much closer to the 2 mm line of the main scale.
Since the gap between the 1st division of vernier scale (3.9 mm) and the 4 mm mark of the main scale is 0.1
mm , the gap between the line which is exact half of a vernier division (3.9/2 = 1.95 mm) and the 2 mm mark
of the main scale , should be 2 - 1.95 = 0.05 mm.

Accordingly, the least count that could be measured using this scale would be 0.05 mm. You may have seen
that value stated at the right end of the vernier scale in the above figure.

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 Most school laboratories possess these extended vernier calipers
In a vernier caliper as calibrated as follows, even though it has 20 divisions, each pair of divisions is
considered as one. Let us see how we can explain this.

Let us consider that four readings obtained by such an instrument are as follows.
Q 05

(a) -----------------------------------------------------

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(b) -----------------------------------------------------

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(c) -----------------------------------------------------

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(d) -----------------------------------------------------

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Obtain the four readings using suitable calculations based on the above principle in front of the respective
figures.

An understanding of the above principal is important when obtain readings via these calculations. How-
ever, since individuals utilize these to obtain measurements, readings is facilitated by calibrating them as
1 , 2 and 3.

When one vernier disision is in line with a main scale division in an instance where the scale has barely
transcended the value of 18.0 mm in a manner as depicted in (b). Such people can read it directly as 18.1
mm. now when it is depicted as in the figures (b), (c) and (d) the values can be easily read as 18.05 mm,
18.15 mm , 18.20 mm respectively. That is the reason why it calibrated as follows.

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 Circular vernier scales and degrees scales

Circular vernier scales with circular

degrees scales have been produced
to accurately measure the angles
which are smaller than 1 degree.

Spectrometer
Angle Meter
Protractors with circular vernier and main scales are used to finely
and accurately note down the angles in planning and excuting Theodolite
geometric constructions.Circular scales are used in laboratary
instrument like spectrometers as well as in instruments such as
Theodolites used by the surveyers.

Instruments which use circular scales have been produced so

that the vernier scale is rotatable around the main scale while the
main scale is fixed , or the main scale is rotatable while the ver-
nier scale is fixed.

Similar as in the linear vernier scale, the principle

of coincidence is used here (circular vernier
scale) too. You may remember that linear scale
measurements can be taken upto an accuracy of
the tenth of a milimetre by dividing 9 mm into 10 Main Scale
equal divisions. In the same way , by dividing 9 50 100
0
degrees in a circular degrees scale , into 10 equal 9 0
divisions , measurements can be obtained upto
an accuracy of 1 tenth of one degree.

Understand this with the help of this figure.

Vernier Scale
0 10

When 9 degrees were divided into 10 divisions, a

M
Vernier Scale a
in single vernier division would be (9/10) = 0.90.
S Hence the difference between 1 degree and 1
c
vernier division is (1/10) = 0.10.
a
l e

In the above figure , O of vernier scale has coin-

cided with the O of the main scale. When it was
rotated slightly so that the line 1 of the vernier
coincide with the line1 of the main scale,it is clear
that the small angle rotated by the vernier scale is
1/10th of a degree. Hence the smallest angle that
could be measured by this is 0.1.
0 Main Scale
20 300

Carefully observe the position of the main and ver-

nier scales shown in this figure and accurately note
down those readings.
Vernier Scale
0 10
-------------------------------------------------------
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 00 29 0 h
In most of the cases , circular ver- ave b
een d
nier scales have been produced by ivide
d into
30 eq
dividing 290 of the circular degrees Circu
ual d
ivisio
scale into 30 equal divisions. lar ve n
rnier
1 scale 29 0

Length of a main scale division = 10 30

00 0
Circu10
Lengh of a vernier scale division = 290 lar de
grees 20 0
30 scale
29 0
Length of a main Length of a vernier
Therefore, Least count = -
scale division scale division 30 0
0 0
= 1 - (29 /30)
Least count = (1/30)0

If 590 was divided into 60 vernier divisions instead of

dividing 290 into 30 , what would be the least count ? '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

Two circular scales are used in the theodolite , in order to obtain horizontal and vertical angular values.

For the circular scale of the spectrometer , there are two circular vernier scales.
Circular vernier scale

Circular degrees
Scale

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Q 06
(i) A spectrometer has been made so that each degree of its cir-
cular degrees scale is divided into two. Its vernier scale is
made by dividing 29 main scale divisions into 30 equal divi-
sions. What is the least count of the instrument?
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(ii) The following shows the position of an instrument, what is the reading?

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Q 07
The main scale and vernier scales of vernier calipers made available commonly in school laboratories is
shown below (Please note that the divisions of the scales are magnified for your convenience)
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0 1cm 2cm 3cm 4cm 5cm M

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 V

(a) The vernier scale contains 20 divisions and 20 divisions of vernier scale coincide with 39mm of the main
scale.
(i) What is the length of one vernier scale division.

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(ii) What is the smallest value that can be directly obtained by this instrument by seperating the main scale
and vernier scale 'O'.

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(iii) What is the smallest measurement obtainable from this instrument?

---------------------------------------------------------------------------- d1

(b) The above instrument possesses a zero error and the

positions of main and vernier scales when measurements
of d1 , d2 and h are shown as follows. h

d2

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 d1 d2 h
1cm 2cm 1cm 2cm 0 1cm 2cm

0 1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 4 5

(i) magnitude of measurement d1 #- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(ii) magnitude of measurement d2 #- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(iii) magnitude of measurement h1 #- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(c) Construct a mathematical expression using d1 , d2 and h symbols for the volume of the object.

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(d) What is the advantage of the 20 divisions of the vernier scale to be calibrated as in the diagram rather than
as 0 , 1 , 2 , ------ , 19 , 20 ?

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x

(e) The manner how the internal jaws are positioned when the
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external jaws are in contact and when taking a reading is 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345
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shown in the image on the right which depicts the posterior 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345
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view of the vernier caliper. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345
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Initial position
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Position after obtaining the measurement for d1
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 (i) What is the observed value that is read in the scales of the caliper as d1 in this case?

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(ii) What is the real value of d1 that is considered as correct?

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Consider an instance where 9 , 1 mm division of the main scale of a vernier caliper coincides with 10
division of the vernier scale. The zero scales in the instance where there is a zero error and the manner in
which the depth measuring gauge is observed from the other side are as represented in the following
figures.

Showing that teh depth reading obtained by a vernier caliper with a zero error is equal to
the real depth.

Q 08

Posterior surface of the vernier

Depth measuring gauge

Consider an instance where the depth of a rigid hollow cylinder in

measured using a vernier caliper. Here the edge AB is brought
into contact with the upper surface of the cylinder and the jaws
widened until the tip of the depth measuring gauge comes into
contact with the botom surface. Consider that the initial and final
instances are represented in the following figures.

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(01) (02)

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(03) (04)

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(a)(i) What is the least count of this vernier caliper?

----------------------------------------------------------------------------

(ii) What is teh magnitude of the zero error of the above caliper a per the above scales?

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(iii) The position of the scales are as in the fig-

ure (3) on the right. What is the reading?

-------------------------------------------------

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(iv) Find the real depth of the cylinder?

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(b)(i) Consider a vernier caliper with a zero error where

9 ; 1 mm divisions coincide with 10 vernier divi-
sions. The position of the scales are depicted as
on the right. What is the reading of the caliper
when the internal depth is obtained?

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(ii) What is teh difference between the above readin and the real depth of the cylinder?

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Q 09 2002 A/L

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Q 10 2014 A/L

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 2014 A/L Answers

2002 A/L Answers

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