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III. Introduction To Microbes and Cellular Biology
III. Introduction To Microbes and Cellular Biology
Section II.
Introduction to Microbes and
Cellular Biology
• Introduction
• Eukaryotic Cell Structure
• Prokaryotic Cell Structure
• Summary of Structural Differences between Prokaryotic
and Eukaryotic Cells
• Reproduction of Organisms and Their Cells
• Taxonomy
• Evolution and the Tree of Life
• Determining Relatedness among Organisms
• Mitochondria • Plastids
– “Power plants,” – Membrane-bound
“powerhouses,” or structures containing
“energy factories” photosynthetic pigments
– ATP molecules are – They are sites of
produced within photosynthesis
mitochondria by cellular
respiration – Chloroplasts are a type
of plastid; they contain
– Number of mitochondria chlorophyll
varies depending on the
activities of the cell
• Cytoplasm
– It is a semiliquid that consists of water, enzymes,
waste products, nutrients, proteins, carbohydrates,
and lipids⎯materials required for metabolic
functions.
• Cytoplasmic particles
– Most are ribosomes, some of which occur in clusters.
– Prokaryotic ribosomes are smaller than eukaryotic
ribosomes, but their function is the same⎯they are
the sites of protein synthesis
• Flagella
– Motile bacteria possess flagella⎯whip-like
appendages composed of threads of protein called
flagellin.
– Number and arrangement of flagella are
characteristic of a particular species:
• Peritrichous bacteria⎯flagella over entire surface
• Lophotrichous bacteria⎯tuft of flagella at one end
• Amphitrichous bacteria⎯one or more flagella at
both ends
• Monotrichous bacteria⎯single polar flagellum
Pili
Flagella
• Spores (endospores)
– A few genera (e.g., Bacillus and Clostridium) are capable
of forming thick-walled spores as a means of survival.
– The process of spore formation is called sporulation⎯it is
not reproduction.
– Spores have been shown to survive for many years and
are resistant to heat, cold, drying, and most chemicals.
– Usually one spore is produced in a bacterial cell, which
generates into one vegetative bacterium.
– Endospores can be visualized using a spore stain.