Charotar University of Science and Technology

Devang Patel Institute of Advance Technology and Research

Department of Computer Engineering

Practical-2
Date:
Aim: Study of Unix Architecture and the following Unix commands
with option:
User Access
Description: The passwd utility is used to update user's authentication token(s).
 
       This task is achieved through calls to the Linux-PAM and  Libuser  API.
       Essentially, it initializes itself as a "passwd" service with Linux-PAM
       and utilizes configured password modules to authenticate and  then  up‐
       date a user's password.
 
       A simple entry in the global Linux-PAM configuration file for this ser‐
       vice would be:
 
        #
        # passwd service entry that does strength checking of
        # a proposed password before updating it.
        #
        passwd password requisite pam_cracklib.so retry=3
        passwd password required pam_unix.so use_authtok
        #

Program: passwd
Output:

1
 Charotar University of Science and Technology
Devang Patel Institute of Advance Technology and Research
Department of Computer Engineering

Description:
Program: exit
Output:

Directory
Description:  Create the DIRECTORY(ies), if they do not already exist.
 
       Mandatory  arguments  to  long  options are mandatory for short options
       too.
 
       -m, --mode=MODE
              set file mode (as in chmod), not a=rwx - umask
 
       -p, --parents
              no error if existing, make parent directories as needed
 
       -v, --verbose
              print a message for each created directory
 
       -Z     set SELinux security context of each created  directory  to  the
              default type

Program: mkdir
Output:

Description:  Remove the DIRECTORY(ies), if they are empty.

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 Charotar University of Science and Technology
Devang Patel Institute of Advance Technology and Research
Department of Computer Engineering

 
       --ignore-fail-on-non-empty
 
              ignore each failure that is solely because a directory
 
              is non-empty

Program: rmdir
Output:

Description: for changing directry

Program: cd
Output:

Description:  Print the full filename of the current working directory.
 
       -L, --logical

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 Charotar University of Science and Technology
Devang Patel Institute of Advance Technology and Research
Department of Computer Engineering

              use PWD from environment, even if it contains symlinks
 
       -P, --physical
              avoid all symlinks
 
       --help display this help and exit
 
       --version
              output version information and exit
 
       If no option is specified, -P is assumed.

Program: pwd
Output:

Description:  List  information  about  the FILEs (the current directory by default).
       Sort entries alphabetically if none of -cftuvSUX nor --sort  is  speci‐
       fied.
 
       Mandatory  arguments  to  long  options are mandatory for short options
       too.

Program: ls

Output:

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 Charotar University of Science and Technology
Devang Patel Institute of Advance Technology and Research
Department of Computer Engineering

Description:  Rename SOURCE to DEST, or move SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY.
Program: mv
Output:

File Handling / Text

Processing

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 Charotar University of Science and Technology
Devang Patel Institute of Advance Technology and Research
Department of Computer Engineering

Description:
Copy SOURCE to DEST, or multiple SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY.

Program: cp
Output:

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 Charotar University of Science and Technology
Devang Patel Institute of Advance Technology and Research
Department of Computer Engineering

Description:  This  manual  page  documents  the  GNU version of rm.  rm removes each
       specified file.  By default, it does not remove directories.
 
       If the -I or --interactive=once option is given,  and  there  are  more
       than  three  files  or  the  -r,  -R, or --recursive are given, then rm
       prompts the user for whether to proceed with the entire operation.   If
       the response is not affirmative, the entire command is aborted.
 
       Otherwise,  if  a file is unwritable, standard input is a terminal, and
       the -f or --force option is not given, or the -i  or  --interactive=al‐
       ways  option  is  given,  rm prompts the user for whether to remove the
       file.  If the response is not affirmative, the file is skipped.

Program: rm
Output:

Description: Write sorted concatenation of all FILE(s) to standard output.
 
       With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input.
 
       Mandatory  arguments  to  long  options are mandatory for short options
       too.  Ordering options:
 
       -b, --ignore-leading-blanks
              ignore leading blanks
 
       -d, --dictionary-order
              consider only blanks and alphanumeric characters
 
       -f, --ignore-case
              fold lower case to upper case characters

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 Charotar University of Science and Technology
Devang Patel Institute of Advance Technology and Research
Department of Computer Engineering

 
       -g, --general-numeric-sort
              compare according to general numerical value

Program: sort
Output:

Description: Concatenate FILE(s) to standard output.
 
       With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input.
 
       -A, --show-all
              equivalent to -vET
 
       -b, --number-nonblank
              number nonempty output lines, overrides -n
 
       -e     equivalent to -vE
 
       -E, --show-ends
              display $ at end of each line
 
       -n, --number
              number all output lines
 
       -s, --squeeze-blank
              suppress repeated empty output lines

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 Charotar University of Science and Technology
Devang Patel Institute of Advance Technology and Research
Department of Computer Engineering

Program: cat
Output:

Description:
This manual page documents version 5.39 of the file command.

file tests each argument in an attempt to classify it.  There are three
sets of tests, performed in this order: filesystem tests, magic tests,
and language tests.  The first test that succeeds causes the file type to
be printed.

The type printed will usually contain one of the words text (the file
contains only printing characters and a few common control characters and
is probably safe to read on an ASCII terminal), executable (the file con‐
tains the result of compiling a program in a form understandable to some
UNIX kernel or another), or data meaning anything else (data is usually
“binary” or non-printable).  Exceptions are well-known file formats (core
files, tar archives) that are known to contain binary data.  When modify‐
ing magic files or the program itself, make sure to preserve these
keywords

Program: file

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 Charotar University of Science and Technology
Devang Patel Institute of Advance Technology and Research
Department of Computer Engineering

Output:

Description:
more is a filter for paging through text one screenful at a time.This
version is especially primitive.  Users  should  realize  that  less(1)
provides more(1) emulation plus extensive enhancements.
Program: more
Output:

Description:
Compare two files byte by byte.
 
The optional SKIP1 and SKIP2 specify the number of bytes to skip at the
beginning of each file (zero by default).

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 Charotar University of Science and Technology
Devang Patel Institute of Advance Technology and Research
Department of Computer Engineering

Program: cmp
Output:

Description:  Compare FILES line by line.
Program: diff
Output:

Description: Compare sorted files FILE1 and FILE2 line by line.
 
       When FILE1 or FILE2 (not both) is -, read standard input.
 
       With  no  options,  produce  three-column  output.  Column one contains
       lines unique to FILE1, column two contains lines unique to  FILE2,  and
       column three contains lines common to both files

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 Charotar University of Science and Technology
Devang Patel Institute of Advance Technology and Research
Department of Computer Engineering

Program: comm
Output:

Description:
Print  the  first  10 lines of each FILE to standard output.  With more
       than one FILE, precede each with a header giving the file name.
 
       With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input

Program: head
Output:

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 Charotar University of Science and Technology
Devang Patel Institute of Advance Technology and Research
Department of Computer Engineering

Description:
Print  the  last  10  lines of each FILE to standard output.  With more
       than one FILE, precede each with a header giving the file name.
 
       With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input.

Program: tail
Output:

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 Charotar University of Science and Technology
Devang Patel Institute of Advance Technology and Research
Department of Computer Engineering

Description:
Program:
Output:

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 Charotar University of Science and Technology
Devang Patel Institute of Advance Technology and Research
Department of Computer Engineering

Description:
Program:
Output:

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