Neo classicism:

Neo classicism is the 18th century movement in Europe. It had a great influence of Greek and Roman
classical Antiquity. Neo classicism was born in Rome. They followed ancient Greek and Roman art
characteristics and ideals. Neo classical art protrays the ideas of simplicity, reason, order, virtue and
civilised society. The Neo classical movement involved the decorative and visual arts, literature, theatre,
music and architecture.

The Neo classicist belief was that art should express the ideal virtue in life and could improve the viewer
by a moralizing message. The Neo classical art and architecture was based on the principal of simplicity,
symmetry and mathematics, which seen as a form of art in Ancient Greek and Roman life.

Realism:

Realism as an art movement is a mid-19th century French counter movement to romanticism. The
artists in this movement were sick of all the fantasmic paintings that had nothing to do with the real
world, and so they set out to paint everyday reality. Gustave Courbet is a famous example. They did not
strive for perfect representation in the sense that their paintings could be painted with very broad brush
strokes. The realism in this case has to do with the subject matter.

Realism when referencing the arts and paintings specifically a drawing or painting in this instance is
exactly what it sounds like. It's the opposite of surrealism which has its roots in outlandish or impossible
things such as the art in ‘Alice In Wonderland’. Realism, as it sounds is approaching a subject logically
and realistically like landscapes,drawing/painting an object exactly how it Would be in person, same
could be said for illustrating an individual from a realistic point of view, how they physically look.

In literature, writers use realism as a literary technique to describe story elements, such as setting,
characters, themes, etc., without using elaborate imagery, or figurative language, such as similes and
metaphors. Through realism, writers explain things without decorative language or sugar-coating the
events

The style of Realist painting spread to almost all genres, including History painting, portraits, genre-
painting, and landscapes. For example, landscape artists went out to the provinces in search of the 'real'
France, setting up artistic colonies in places like Barbizon, and later at Grez-Sur-Loing, Pont-Aven, and
Concarneau. (But note the difference between naturalism and realism.)

Favourite subject matter for Realist artists included: genre scenes of rural and urban working class life,
scenes of street-life, cafes and night clubs, as well as increasing frankness in the treatment of the body,
nudity and sensual subjects. Not surprisingly, this gritty approach shocked many of the upper and
middle class patrons of the arts, both in France and in the Victorian art of England, where Realism was
never fully embraced.

Romanticism:

Romanticism (also called the Romantic era or the Romantic period) is a style of art, literature, and music
in the late 18th and early 19th century in Europe. This movement said that feelings,imagination, nature,
and old folk traditions such as legends and fairy tales were important.
In part, it was a reaction to the aristocratic social and political ideas of the Age of Industrialization and
Enlightenment.

It was also a reaction against turning nature into a mere Science. It showed itself most strongly in arts
like music, and literature. However, it also had an important influence on historiography,education and
natural history.

Romanticism believes in natural life, individual self, love of nature , natural order . It is opposite of
ordered ,civilized neo - classical life. Romanticism believes in finding beauty in self and nature and not
artificial things like towers

The first characteristics of romanticism comes out is 'Imagination'. The Romantics presented imagination
as the creative power. The reconciliation opposite is the Central idea for the romantics.

Symbolism and myths were the important in the romanticism's art. Symbols were given value as they
can suggest mang things through the resources of language.

They had shown the Beauty of every thing through imagination . They celebrated every single emotions
through imagination for example- nature, dream, etc.

Romanticism contribution to Nationalsozialism

Rouuseau is the key figure. He’s not an easy read but his ideas were explosive. He basically said that we
are corrupted by society and so-called “civilisation”. We are basically good; it’s society that messes us
up. The remedy was to improve society and civilisation so that they respect the inner life of the
individual. This lit the fuse of modern politics. From Rousseau’s simple little idea comes the whole of
modern politics; democracy, revolution, and indeed nationalism. Rousseau wanted government to
reflect the “general will” in a sort of perfect, direct form of democracy (he didn’t explain how, exactly).
The French Revolutionaries tried (and failed). But from Rousseau’s idea that the people should rule
themselves it’s a short step to exalting the nation. Rousseau was the first Romantic, which exalts the
inner life of the emotions and the imagination, over mere reason. But Rousseau was also a philosophe, a
believer in the power of reason.

Impressionism

Impressionism refers to a style of writing in which characters, scenes, or actions are presented, not from
the point of view of objective reality, but as they appear to the writer or a character at a particular
moment. Thus, impressionism refers to works or passages that concentrate on the description of
transitory mental impressions as felt by an observer, rather than on the explanation of their external
causes, and is characterised by great precision in the use of language to describe the vague, complex,
and subjective impressions of experiences.

Impressionism was dissatisfied with the classical and sentimental subjects and dry, precise techniques of
paintings that were approved by the Academic des Beaux-Arts in Paris. Rejecting these standards, the
Impressionists preferred to paint outdoors, choosing landscapes and street scenes, as well as figures
from everyday life. Their purpose was to achieve a spontaneous, undetailed picture of the world
through a careful representation of the effect of natural light on objects. The most well-known
Impressionists included Degas, Monet, Pissarro, and Renoir.
They believed that light tends to diffuse the outlines of form and to reflect the colours of surrounding
objects in shadows. In academic painting, the form was defined exactly, the shape was modelled by
graduated tones of colour, and shadows were indicated with black and brown. The Impressionists
eliminated minor details and suggested form rather than defining it. They preferred the primary colours
— red, yellow, and blue — and complementary colours — green, purple, and orange. They achieved
effects of naturalness and immediacy — influence on the viewer — by putting short brushstrokes of
these colours side by side; thus, juxtaposing primary colours so that they would appear to blend when
viewed from a distance. Juxtaposing a primary colour — such as red — with its complementary colour,
green, brought out the vivid quality of each. Thus the Impressionists achieved greater brilliance and
luminosity in their paintings than what traditional painters ordinarily produced by blending colours
before applying them to the canvas.

Expressionism:

Expressionism art is a modernist movement, initially in poetry and painitng. Originating in germany at
the beginning of the 20th century. Expressionist art tried to convey emotions and meaning rather than
reality. Each artist had their own unique way of expressing their emotions in their art. In order to
express emotions, the subjects are often distorted or exaggerated. The movement subordinated form
and technique to the communication of intense feeling, and attempted to widen aesthetic
consciousness by exploring aspects of mind not considered by Realism or Naturalism. Because the
Expressionists wished to express the subconscious and unconscious mind freely, they suppressed
exterior forms — which were so important in nineteenth-century literature — in favour of inner reality.

The term was first used to describe the work of painters who departed from the values and techniques
of the Impressionists. Soon it was extended to describe a variety of experimental techniques in all arts.
Writers absorbed by Expressionistic ideas distorted objects and actions in order to represent them as
they appeared in the inner industrial society. Expressionism is also a style in which the artist depicts not
the objective reality but the subjective emotions and responses that objects and events arouse in him.
An Expressionist accomplishes his aim through distortion, exaggeration, primitivism and fantasy. He also
makes use of the vivid, shocking, violent, or dynamic application of formal elements.

Highly personal and spontaneous self-expression is typical of most modern art movements including
Expressionism. It is a permanent tendency in Germanic and Nordic art since the European Middle Ages,
particularly in times of social change or spiritual crisis.

Fauvism

Fauvism is a very brief art movement from the early twentieth century. The striking characteristics of
Fauvism is the use of contrasting colors from opposite sides of the colour wheel, over-simplified yet
audacious treatment of distorted form and bold, eloquent brushwork.

Art movements are more often than not a classic illustration of the contagion effect. The ideas of one
movement spread far and wide and spawn other movements. Fauvism was born from partial
improvement on and partial disowning of the Impressionist movement, and went on to inspire Cubism.
While the abrupt brush strokes and intensity of use of colours were retained from the Impressionists
and Post-Impressionists, Fauvists used colour to depict emotions rather than the play of light or details
of the surroundings.

Fauvism probably does not appear very revolutionary today or important enough to have a future. But it
does well to remember that fledgling art movements in the late latter half of the 20th century and the
early 21st century are in fact matured consequences of Fauvism and other innocuous art movements
around the world.

Cubism:

cubism is the style of painting and art in which the use of cubes or at least geometric shapes are used in
an overlapping manner to paint an object instead of taking the perspective from a single viewpoint to
paint a subject. The shapes used in the painting would overlap to form a single image but in a somewhat
indirect way.

Cubism is one of the most influential art movements of the 20th century, which broke with the tendency
in art at the time to create the illusion of a three-dimensional space from a fixed viewpoint on a two-
dimensional canvas. In Cubism, the two-dimensional aspect of the canvas was instead emphasised by
breaking down objects into different planes.

Surrealism.

Surrealism is a style in art and literature in which ideas, images, and objects are combined in a strange
way, like in a dream. His early work was influenced by the European surrealism of the 1930's. Surrealist
art references just about everything you could possibly imagine: love, sex, religion, war, food, murder,
industry, dreams, reality, everything and nothing at all. That’s the entire point of surrealism. It’s not like
Realism, that is supposed to imitate real life. Surrealism draws both from real life and the imagination,
which leaves it literally limitless.Surrealist imagery is complete in itself—it does not depend on any
system of reference to culture or history outside itself. The juxtaposition of the elements in a surrealist
image is the beginning and the endpoint of the process. No footnotes needed. And surrealism is actually
not even art, from the standpoint of the surrealist—though many people treat it as art. Surrealism is a
revolution of the mind

● The legacy of 19th Century painting is immense. The huge changes toward artistic freedom that
occurred in the final decades of the century without doubt paved the foundations for the
contemporary art world - and indeed the art market - that we enjoy today.

2.

Impressionism Art work

Characteristics of Impressionist Art

1) Small, vivid strokes.

2) Tries to paint with pure colors, trying not to mix too much, putting color side by side.

3) Never uses black but creates shadows with cold colors, and complementaries to take advantage of
the simultaneous contrast.

4) Uses the primary colors and it's complementaries.

5) Light is one of the most important aspects, light and movement. Monet thought that only light had
the strength to join figures and landscape.

6) Use of wet over wet paint

7) Color is more important that drawing to approach to the subjects.

8) Thanks to the introduction of oil tubes, they could work outside, en plein air.

9) The ground color (the back you put on the canvas before you start to paint), is white or light colored.
Before it was used a stronger colors or darker ones.

10) Because they don't use glazes, the finish paint look more matte, an opaque finish.

11) Representation of the pass of time.

One important thing is that not all had the same worries or subjects. Some painted landscapes, other
urban landscapes, other the life in the city, some did varied themes. Artists like Seurat had a more
logical approach. So they had a common base but with some differences.
 Boulevard Montmartre at night

Artist: Camille Pissaro

Year : 1898

Medium: oil on canvas

Dimensions: 55×65 cm

Museum: The National Gallery, London.

Boulevard Montmartre at night is the only night scene painting in the boulevard series and is at the
National Gallery in London. Boulevard Montmartre at night displays a busy Parisian Boulevard but at
night right after a downpour lights from shops and cafes radiate out on the wet pavement. It gives a feel
as if someone is looking out from a window after a downpour with perfect blur on the window due to
rain. We see shades of blue, red , yellow and orange in terms of color and technique. The strong central
shape is the Boulevard, which is flanked by the impressive buildings and rows of trees and traffic and the
sky. Pissarro used strong brushstrokes on the roads and has used pointillism in most places like on the
road surface, he has tried experimenting with various effects of light on different color tones the three
sources of light are an orange, burnt yellow of the gas lamps and the shop's pale yellow light of oil lamps
in the carriages and even a paler white tone from the street light. The people in the painting are only
loosely defined by vague brushstrokes but they're rectangular shapes identify them as pedestrians. In
the last decade of his life Pizarro moved to a more refined form of Impressionism that had elements of
romantic Impressionism, neo-impressionism and the scientific Impressionism of pointillism.

Expressionism

The basic characteristics of expressionism are:

● ecstatic,
● bright and unnatural colours,
● erratic images,
● distortions,
● coarsely painted,
● flat surface,
● no perspective.
● Expression of individual freedom
● Use of three-dimensionality in works
● Deformation of the reality of the world.

analysis of the painting the scream

This particular painting was made in 1893 and it is considered as an icon of modern art. THE agonized
phase in the painting which one can see on the screen has become one of the most iconic images of art,
which is seen as symbolizing the anxiety of human condition. Edward munch made two oil paintings,
two pastels and numerous prints of this image. The various renditions show that artists show the artist's
creativity and his interest in experimenting with the possibilities to obtain a frozen array of media so he
did not confine himself to the two oil paintings that he made. The scream depicts a vision that he had as
he walked one evening in his youth with two friends at the sunset it consists of three main areas, the
bridge which extends at a steep angle from the right bottom to left middle then you have a landscape of
shoreline lake or fjord fjord is a long narrow inlet of the sea between steep cliffs and this is something
which one commonly find in norway so once can have a landscape of shoreline lake of fjord and hills
and the third area is the sky which is activated with curving lines.In terms of orange yellow red and blue
green in the middle one can find a panic-stricken creature which simultaneously looks like a corpse and
also which is reminiscent of a fetus the painting also portrays two figures who seem to be moving away
to the left.