'07.

Gas exchange in humans

Q&A

What is the function of hair in nasal cavity?

⿐⽑有什麼功⽤？
To filter dust particles.

過濾塵粒。
What is the function of mucus in nasal cavity?
⿐腔內的黏液有什麼功⽤？
Trap dust particles and germs.

黏住塵粒和病菌。
What is the function of blood capillaries in nasal cavity?
⿐腔內的微⾎管有什麼功⽤？

Warm the air.

將空氣加熱。
What is the function of cilia in nasal cavity?
⿐腔內的纖⽑有什麼功⽤？
To push the mucus out of the nasal cavity

把黏液推出⿐腔
What changes have occurred in the inhaled air?
吸⼊的空氣有什麼轉變？

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 The inhaled air is filtered, moistened and warmed by the nasal cavity.

吸⼊的空氣被⿐腔過濾、暖化和濕潤。
Describe and explain the function of epiglottis during swallowing.
解釋會厭在吞嚥時的功能？
During swallowing, epiglottis moves downwards to cover the trachea,
thus preventing

food from entering the lung. If food drops into the trachea, coughing will
occur to expel

the food out of the trachea.

當吞嚥時，會厭會向下移遮蓋⾷道，阻⽌⾷物進⼊肺部，如果⾷物誤進氣
管，便會
不停咳嗽將⾷物排出氣管。
Some ring like structures are found in the trachea, name it and give its
function.
氣管有環狀結構，說出它的名稱和功能。
Incomplete rings of cartilage, to prevent the trachea from collapsing.

不完全環狀軟⾻，⽀持氣管以防⽌下陷。
What are the functions of the mucus and cilia found in respiratory tract?
呼吸道上 氣管、⽀氣管和⼩⽀氣管 的黏液和纖⽑有什麼功⽤？
( )

The lining (inner surface) contains mucus-secreting cells and cilia which
traps dust and germs. The

cilia move the mucus upward to the throat. The trapped dust particles
are swallowed or cough out

and prevented from entering the lung.

三種氣管內壁都含有黏液分泌細胞和纖⽑⽤以阻擋塵粒和病菌，纖⽑不斷
擺動，被黏著的塵
粒會被吞嚥或咳出以阻⽌它們進⼊肺部。
What are the characteristics of a respiratory surface?.
肺泡 呼吸⾯ 有什麼特徵？
( )

Thin - one layer of flattened cells to decrease the diffusion distance.

很薄 - 只有⼀層扁平的細胞以減少擴散的距離。
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 Moist - covered with a film of water to dissolve the respiratory gases so
that diffusion can occur.

濕潤 - 表⾯被⼀層⽔膜所覆蓋，因為氣體必須先溶於液體才可藉擴散作⽤
通過肺泡壁。
It must be richly supplied with blood capillaries to transport the gases
away.

必須充滿微⾎管以便運送氣體。
Numerous- to provide large surface area for diffusion.

數⽬很多 - 提提⼤⾯積作擴散之⽤。
Name the cavity that lung is situated inside.
說出肺部所在的空腔的名稱。
thoracic cavity

胸腔
Name and explain the function of the fluid that is secreted by pleural
membrane.
說出胸膜所分泌的液體的名稱和解釋它的功⽤。
Pleural fluid reduces friction during breathing.

胸膜液，能減低呼吸時的磨擦⼒。
Describe the pathway of air in breathing.
描述吸⼊空氣的路途。
Nasal cavity → pharynx → trachea → bronchi → bronchioles →
alveoli (air sacs)

⿐腔 → 咽喉 → 氣管 → ⽀氣管 → ⼩⽀氣管 → 肺泡
Which substance is used to transport oxygen?
氧氣由什麼物質運載？
haemoglobin

⾎紅素
Which substance is used to transport CO2?
⼆氧化碳由什麼物質運載？
(i) Most of it dissolves in the plasma as bicarbonate ion (HCO3)

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 ⼤部份以碳酸氫鹽離⼦形式溶於⾎漿中。
(ii) Small portion is transported as carbaminohaemoglobin in the red
blood cell

⼩部份被紅⾎球以碳胺⾎紅素形式運送。
Explain how does the oxygen in the alveoli enter blood?
解釋肺泡內(潮氣內)的氧如何到達⾎液。
Oxygen in the alveoli first dissolves in the film of water. Since the oxygen
concentration in the alveolar air is higher than that in blood, oxygen
diffuses across the alveolar wall and then capillary wall to the blood.

肺泡內(潮氣內)的氧會先溶於薄⽔膜中，因肺泡內的氧氣濃度⾼於⾎，氧
氣會以擴散作⽤穿過肺泡壁及微⾎管壁，進⼊⾎液中。
If the lung (pleural membrane) is punctured by accident, what will happen to
the shape of his lung? Explain.
如果胸膜被刺穿，肺部的形狀會變成怎樣 試加以解釋。 ?

The lung will collapse. The leaking of air into pleural cavity increases the
pressue between pleura,

the elasticity of the lung’s tissue causes the lung to collapse.

肺部會萎縮(塌陷)，空氣會漏⼊，因為肺有彈性，故肺會下陷起來。
If the pleural membrane of a man’s left lung is punctured but right lung not,
what will happen to his (1) respirtory activities? (2) air flow of his left and right
lung?
若⼀男⼦的左胸胸膜被刺穿，右胸無恙，請描述以下的變化 :
(1) 他的呼吸活動， (2)他的左肺和右肺的空氣流動情況。

(1) Respiratory rate increase.

呼吸活動變得較快。
(2) Air flow decrease in left lung but increase in righ lung.

在左肺，氣流減少; 在右肺，氣流增加。
Describe and explain the poisonous effect of CO?
形容和解釋⼀氧化碳的毒性。
Carbon monoxide is highly poisonous because it combines strongly with
haemoglobin to form

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 carboxyhaemoglobin. Thus there would be less haemoglobin for
carrying oxygen and the body cells

may die because of lacking oxygen.

⼀氧化碳是⾮常毒的，因它可和⾎紅素強烈結合為碳氧⾎紅素。因此可帶
氧的⾎紅素會減少，
⾝體細胞會因缺氧⽽死亡。
Describe and explain the breathing mechanism.
形容和解釋呼吸的機制原理。

Which part of the brain control breathing?

腦的那⼀部分控制呼吸？
Controlled by respiratory center on the medulla of the brain.

由位於延腦內的呼吸中⼼所控制。
What is the stimulus to affect the rate and depth of breathing?
何種刺激會影響呼吸的速率和深度？

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 The rate and depth is directly affected by the carbon dioxide
concentration in blood.

⾎中的⼆氧化碳濃度
What will be the change to the rate and depth of breathing, composition of
exhaled air after Exercise?
運動時，呼吸的速度和深度、呼出的空氣的成份有什麼變化 ?

During exercise , both the rate and depth of breathing will increase, but
the composition of the exhaled air will not change.

運動時，呼吸的速度和深度兩者都會增加，但是呼出的空氣的成份不會
變。
The rate and depth of breathing is increased to supply more oxygen to
the muscle, so that more energy can be released to meet the need.

What is the importance of increasing the rate and depth of breathing during
exercise?
運動時呼吸率和深度的增加有什麼重要性 ?

呼吸率和深度增加是要增加氧氣的提應，以釋提更多能量應付劇烈的肌⾁
運動。

'07. Gas exchange in humans 6