'12.

Reproduction in flowering
plants

Q&A

Why is there a need of reproduction?

為什麼需要⽣殖作⽤？
To produces new individuals to replace the deaths, is necessary for the
perpetuation of the species

為了產⽣新的個體以取代死去的，對物種的延續是必需的。
What are the features of asexual reproduction?
無性繁殖有何特⾊？
Only one parent is involved.

No specialized sex organs and therefore no gametes are involved.

The offspring has the same gene with the parent.

只需要⼀個親代。
沒有特化的性器官，所以沒有配⼦的參與。
基因與親本完全相同。
Give 3 ways of asexual reproduction in primitive organisms.
說出三種在低等⽣物的無性繁殖⽅法。
Binary fission : eg. Amoeba

'12. Reproduction in flowering plants 1

 ⼆分體分裂 : 例: 變形蟲
Budding : eg. Yeast

出芽⽣殖 : 例: 酵⺟菌
Spore formation : eg. Mucor

孢⼦⽣殖 : 例: ⽩黴
Explain binary fission.
解釋何謂⼆分體分裂法。
A cell divides into two equal parts (equal share of cytoplasm).

細胞分裂成相同的兩部份。
Explain rhizome with an example.
⽤例⼦解釋根莖。
Rhizome : underground stem grow horizontally, eg. ginger.

根莖 : ⽔平⽣⻑的地下莖，例: 薑。
Explain corm with an example.
⽤例⼦解釋球莖。
Corm : underground stem grows vertically, eg. taro.

球莖 : 垂直⽣⻑的地下莖，例: 芋。
With an example, explain how the vegetative organ developes to a new
shoot.
⽤例⼦解釋營養繁殖器官如何發育成⼀新植株。
The buds develop into aerial shoot by taking food from the corm, eg.
taro. Then the aerial shoots

make food by photosynthesis and the food made is stored in the base of
the stem to form new

daughter corms. These new corms may propagate vegetatively in the

next growing season.

利⽤球莖繁殖，例: 芋。
芽從球莖吸取營養發育⽽成地上莖，地上莖利⽤光合作⽤製造⾷物，過剩
的⾷物儲在莖部底
下，⽤作形成新的球莖，這些新球莖下⼀年可進⾏營養繁殖。

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 Explain tuber with an example.
⽤例⼦解釋塊莖。
Tuber : swollen end of an underground stem, eg. potato.

塊莖 : 莖端膨⼤的地下莖，例: ⾺鈴薯。
Explain bulb with an example.
⽤例⼦解釋鱗莖。
Bulb : a reduced stem with swollen scale leaves, eg. Onion

鱗莖 : 有肥厚鱗葉的短莖，例: 洋蔥。
Give 3 functions of underground stems.
說出地下莖的三種功能。
For food storage. 儲藏⾷物。

For vegetative propagation. 營養繁殖。

For perennation (over wintering). 過冬。

What is the disadvantage of reproducing by underground stems?

⽤地下莖繁殖有什麼缺點？
Overcrowding may occur because many shoots may develop at the
same time from the same rhizome.

可能發⽣過於擠迫，因為許多嫩枝同時從同⼀⺟莖發芽⽣⻑。
What are the advantage and disadvantage of asexual reproduction?
無性繁殖有什麼優點知缺點？
Advantage : Rapid - produces a large number of offspring within a short
period of time. Does not

involve another parent. Desirable characters can be transmitted and

retained in the offspring.

優點: 快捷簡單，⽣存率⾼，優良的特性能無缺傳⾄後代。
缺點: 後代擁有較少遺傳變異，它們較難適應轉變中的環境，⺟株所擁有
的疾病較易傳給後代。
What are the advantage and disadvantage of sexual reproduction?
有性繁殖有什麼優點知缺點？
Advantage : more genetic variation in the offspring. Better quality may
be obtained.

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 Disadvantage : slower and more complex.

優點：後代擁有較多遺傳變異，有機會獲取更佳的體質。
缺點：緩慢和繁複。
Give 2 ways of asexual reproduction in higher plants.
說出⼆種在⾼等植物進⾏的無性繁殖⽅法。
Vegetative propagation

營養繁殖
Artificial propagation

⼈⼯繁殖
What are the features of sexual reproduction?
有性繁殖有何特⾊？
The uniting of two sex cells (gametes) to form a fertilized egg called
zygote.

兩個配⼦結合成⼀個叫合⼦的受精卵(受精作⽤)。
It usually involves two parents, a male and a female.

通常需要兩性的參與。
The genes of the offspring are different from the parent.

基因與親本完全不同。
Are two parents must be involved in sexual reproduction?
有性繁殖是否必須兩性的參與 ?

It usually involves two parents, a male and a female, but may involve
one parent only.

Some bisexual organisms such as flowering plants and tapeworm can

carry out sexual

reproduction by itself alone.

通常需要兩性的參與，但有時⼀個親代亦可，有些雙性⽣物例如有花植物
及絛蟲，可以⾃⼰
進⾏有性繁殖。
Describe the structure and function of calyx.
描述花萼的結構和功能。

'12. Reproduction in flowering plants 4

 Calyx : This consists of sepals, usually green in colour.

Function : To protect the flower at the bud stage.

花萼：由萼⽚組成，通常是綠⾊的。
功能：在花還是花蕾的時候保護花朵。
Describe the structure and function of corolla.
描述花冠的結構和功能。
由花瓣組成，在蟲媒花通常⾊彩鮮豔。
This consists of petals, which are usually brightly coloured in insect
pollinated flowers.

Function : (1) To protect the internal structure of flower.

(2) In insect pollinated flowers, it is used to attract insects and provide

landing place for them.

功能 : (1) 保護花的內部構造。
(2) 在蟲媒花，⽤來吸引昆蟲及為牠們提提落腳點。

Describe the structure and function of nectary.

描述花蜜腺的結構和功能。
Nectary : This secretes nectar (a sugary fluid) to attract insects to crawl
into the flowers.

The insects help in pollination.

花蜜腺：分泌花蜜吸引昆蟲爬⼊花內，昆蟲可幫助傳播花粉。
State the function of anther.
說出花藥的功能。
To produce pollen grains, which contain the male nucleus.

產⽣內含雄胞核的花粉粒。
State the function of ovule.
說出胚珠的功能。
This contains the female nucleus.

它內含卵細胞。
State the function of stigma.
說出柱頭的功能。

'12. Reproduction in flowering plants 5

 To receive the pollen grains and serve as a place for their germination.

接受花粉粒及作為花粉粒萌發的地⽅。
Is self pollination possible in plant?
在花卉有沒有可能⾃花傳粉 ?

Most flowers are bisexual, so self pollination is possible.

⼤多數花都是兩性花，故⾃花傳粉是可能的。
What is the disadvantage of self pollination?
⾃花傳粉有什麼缺點？
The offspring are usually weaker. Lesser genetic variation.

後代通常較弱，遺傳變異較少。
What is the advantage of self pollination?
⾃花傳粉有什麼優點？
Greater chance of fertilization.

受精的機會較⼤。
What is the advantage of cross pollination?
異花傳粉有什麼優點？
Stronger offspring.

Greater variations among offspring.

後代較強。
後代中較多遺傅變異。
Suggest some methods to avoid self pollination.
建議⼀些避免⾃花傳粉的⽅法。
Unisexuality : have either the stamens or the ovaries

單⼀性別 :花藥和⼦房只有其⼀。
Self-sterility : pollen grains would not germinate on the same plant.

⾃我不育 : 來⾃同⼀棵植物的花粉粒不能萌發。
Stigma is placed above the anther.

花柱的位置⾼過花藥。

'12. Reproduction in flowering plants 6

 Distinguish between insect pollination and wind pollination.
分辨蟲媒傳粉和⾵媒傳粉。
Insect pollination : pollen are carried to stigma by insects.

Wind pollination : pollens are carried to stigma by wind.

蟲媒傳粉 : 利⽤昆蟲將花粉帶往柱頭。
⾵媒傳粉 : 利⽤⾵將花粉帶往柱頭。
Compare insect pollinated flowers with wind pollinated flowers with respect
to
(1) size, (2) petals, (3) nectary.

在下列各⽅⾯⽐較蟲媒花與⾵媒花。
(1) 體積, (2) 花瓣, (3) 花蜜腺

Compare insect pollinated flowers with wind pollinated flowers with respect
to
(1) scent, (2) anthers.

在下列各⽅⾯⽐較蟲媒花與⾵媒花。
(1) ⾹味, (2) 花藥

'12. Reproduction in flowering plants 7

 Compare insect pollinated flowers with wind pollinated flowers with respect
to
(1) pollen, (2) stigma.

在下列各⽅⾯⽐較蟲媒花與⾵媒花。
(1) 花粉粒, (2) 柱頭

Explain the term fertiization.

解釋名詞受精作⽤。
Fertilization means the fusion of the male and female gametes.

受精作⽤指雌雄配⼦的結合。
Describe the process fertilization with respect to the germination of pollen
tube.
以花粉管的發芽解釋受精作⽤的過程。
Once a pollen has landed on a stigma, it sends out a pollen tube which
grows down the style and

the ovary, towards the micropyle of the ovule. Fertilization occurs when
the male nucleus (male

gamete) fuses with the female nucleus (female gamete) in the egg cell.
The ovary will then

develop into a fruit and the ovules become the seeds.

當花粉降落在柱頭，它會⻑出⼀條花粉管，花粉管穿越花柱向著⼦房⽣
⻑，直⾄到達胚珠的
珠孔。當雄胞核(雄配⼦)和卵細胞內的雌胞核(雌配⼦)結合時，受精作⽤
便會發⽣，⼦房壁
會發育成果實，胚珠會變成種⼦。

'12. Reproduction in flowering plants 8

 Is pollen grain the male gamete of flowering plant, explain.
花粉粒是否雄配⼦，請解釋。
No, the pollen grains are carriers of male gametes.

否，花粉粒是雄配⼦的載體。
Pollen grain being light and produced in large number, will this aid in the
dispersal of the
offspring?

花秎粒很輕和數量很多，這些特徵會否幫助後代的散播?
These features will help the pollen grains to reach the stigma of another
flower so as to achieve

cross fertilization, but is not related to the dispersal of the offspring at all.

這些特徵可幫助花粉粒到達其他的花的柱頭以達成異體受精，但和後代的
散播無關連。
What is the function of pollen grain?
花粉粒有什麼功能 ?

It carries the male gamete to the female gamete for fertilization to take
place.

負責把雄配⼦帶到雌配⼦進⾏受精。
What is the function of fruit?
果實有什麼功能 ?

It protects the seed and aids in dispersal.

保護並散播種⼦。
Whatis the function of seed?
種⼦有什麼功能 ?

It protects the embryo, provides food to the embryo, aids in dispersal.

保護胚胎、為胚胎提提⾷物、幫助植物散播。
What are the advantages of seed dispersal?
種⼦散播有什麼優點？
It prevents the spread of diseases.

防⽌疾病的傳播。

'12. Reproduction in flowering plants 9

 It reduces competition

減少彼此的競爭。
State the four methods of seed dispersal.
說出四種種⼦散播的⽅法。
利⽤⾵⼒散播Wind dispersal
利⽤⽔⼒散播Water dispersal
⾃我散播Mechanical dispersal
利⽤動物散播Animal dispersal
State some structural modification of wind dispersal.
說出⼀些以⾵⼒散播的結構上的適應。
Large surface area : 1. Hairs in parachute form 2. Wings

⼤的表⾯積 : 有像降落傘狀的⽑和翼。
State some structural modification of animal dispersal.
說出⼀些以動物散播的結構上的適應。
Attaching devices - carried by animals' hooks, spines and sticky hairs.

Succulent fruits - eaten by animals. Fruits brightly coloured, sweet and

fleshy.

利⽤果實表⾯的鉤刺和硬⽑，依附在動物的⽑髮、烏類的⽻⽑和⼈類的⾐
服上。
肥厚多汁的果實成為動物的⾷物，這些果實顏⾊鮮豔，鮮甜多⾁。
State some structural modification of water dispersal.
說出⼀些以⽔⼒散播的結構上的適應。
Floating devices : 1. Protected by a water proof surface. 2. Fibrous layer
traps air.

有幫助浮起的結構，有防⽔的外⽪作保護。
State some structural modification of mechanical dispersal.
說出⼀些以⾃我散播的結構上的適應。
Explosive pericarp (fruit wall). Tension set up in pericarp springs the
segments apart to jerk the seeds out.

利⽤莢果在成熟時慢慢脫⽔，突然爆裂把種⼦彈到遠處。

'12. Reproduction in flowering plants 10

 Is genetic variation caused by seed dispersal?
遺傳變異是否由種⼦散播所做成 ?

Genetic variation is not caused by seed dispersal.

遺傳變異不是由種⼦散播所做成的。
What is the embryo consists of?
種⼦的胚胎由什麼組成？
The embryo consists of the plumule, radicle and two cotyledons.

胚胎由胚芽、胚根及兩⽚⼦葉組成。
State the fate of plumule and radicle.
說出胚芽和胚根的命運。
Plumule shoot 胚芽變成枝幹

Radicle root 胚根變成根

What is the function of cotyledons?

⼦葉有什麼功⽤？
Cotyledons contains food for embryo development.

⼦葉含有提胚胎⽣⻑的營養。
What are the differences between seeds and fruits?
種⼦和果實有什麼分別 ?

A fruit on the other hand, has two scars, one from the remains of the
style and one from the

attachment to the receptacle.

A seed has a scar left from breaking the placenta which attaches the
ovule to the ovary wall.

種⼦有胚珠脫落⼦房壁所留下的疤痕−種臍(只有⼀個疤痕)。
果實有兩個疤痕，⼀個是花柱的殘餘，另⼀個是脫離花托(果柄)時所留下
的。

'12. Reproduction in flowering plants 11