'17.

Coordination in human

Q&A

Name the components of nervous system.

說出組成神經系統的兩個系統。
central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

中樞神經系統和外圍神經系統
State the components and functions of central nervous system
說出組成中樞神經系統的成員及其功能。
This includes the brain and spinal cord.

It serves as an integration center that interprets incoming signals and

then commands proper

responses.

包括腦和脊髓。
作為翻譯外來訊息及發出適當指令的協調中⼼。
State the components and functions of peripheral nervous system.
說出組成外圍神經系統的成員及其功能。
This includes the cranial nerves and spinal nerves.

These connect the central nervous system with the receptors and
effectors.

包括腦神經和脊髓神經。

'17. Coordination in human 1

 將中樞神經系統和感受器及反應器連接起來。
What is the structural unit of nervous system?
神經系統由什麼結構單元組成？
The nervous system consists of billions of neurons.

神經系統由數以億計的神經元組成。
Name the three kinds of neurons.
說出神經元的三個種類。
感覺神經元sensory neuron
運動神經元motor neuron
中間神經元interon
State the function of sensory neuron.
說出感覺神經元的功能。
It carry impulses from the receptors to the central nervous system.

將脈衝由感受器傳送⾄中樞神經系統。
State the function of motor neuron.
說出運動神經元的功能。
It carry impulses from the central nervous system to the effectors.

將脈衝由中樞神經系統傳送⾄反應器。
State the function of interon.
說出中間神經元的功能。
It link up the sensory neuron with the motor neurons.

將感覺神經元與運動神經元連接起來。
State the function of dendron.
說出樹突的功能。
This is the branch carrying impulses from the receptors to the cell body.

接收由感受器所發出的神經脈衝，傳送⾄細胞體。
State the function of axon.
說出軸突的功能。
This is the branch carrying impulses away from the cell body.

'17. Coordination in human 2

 將神經脈衝傳離細胞體，傳送⾄另⼀樹突或效應肌⾁。
State the function of myelin sheath.
說出髓鞘的功能。
This is a fatty tissue acting as an insulating layer to prevent the nervous
impulses from leaking out.

It increase the speed of impulse transmission.

脂肪組織，作為防⽌神經脈衝泄漏的絕緣體，有助加快傳送脈衝的速度。
State the function of the synapse.
說出突觸的功能。
They control the one way movement of the impulses, from the sensory
neuron to the motor neuron,

and not in the backward direction. They also transmit the impulses to
many neurons.

當脈衝由軸突傳⾄突觸，突觸會分泌化合物，擴散經過突觸到另⼀個神經
元，引發新的脈衝
並傳送下去，突觸只容許脈衝單向傳送，由感覺神經元⾄運動神經元，不
容許反向傳送。另
⼀功能是把脈衝傳遞⾄多個神經元。
What are the inner layer and outer layer of the spinal cord consists of?
脊髓的內層和外層由什麼物質組成？

It consists of an inner layer, the grey matter (cell bodies) and an outer
layer, the white matter

(nerve fibers).

由內層灰質(細胞體)和外層⽩質(神經纖維)組成。
What fluid is found in the central canal?
中央管內有什麼液體？
The central canal is filled with a cerebrospinal fluid.

中央管充滿腦脊髓液。
What is the function of the cerebrospinal fluid?
腦脊髓液有什麼功⽤？
'17. Coordination in human 3
 It nourishes the nerve cells and serve as a shock absorber.

腦脊髓液營養神經細胞及吸收震盪。
In what form do the fibers of sensory neurons enter the spinal cord?
感覺神經元的纖維以什麼形式進⼊脊髓 ?

It enter the spinal cord as the dorsal root.

感覺神經元的纖維以背根形式進⼊脊髓，
What is the function of the grey matter in spinal cord?
脊髓內的灰質有什麼功⽤？
The grey matter is the centers of many reflex actions.

灰質是許多反射作⽤的中⼼。
What is the function of the white matter?
⽩質有什麼功⽤？
The white matter is made of fibers that transmit impulses to and from the
brain.

⽩質由纖維組成，負責傳送脈衝來回腦部。
State the characteristics of reflex action.
反射動作有什麼特性？
This is a simple form of behaviour in which a certain stimulus always
results in the same response.

這是⼀種簡單的⾏為模式，同⼀種刺激經常引發同⼀種反應。
What is the advantage of having reflex action?
反射動作有什麼優點？
The response is inborn and thus need no prior thought, and does not
require the action of the

cerebrum. The response is involuntary and relatively fast. It provides

rapid protection and avoids danger of our body.

這種反應是天⽣的，不需預先的思考或計劃，亦不需⼤腦的參與，因此，
此反應是不隨意和
⾮常快捷的，它提供快速的保護，避免⾝體受傷。
What is a reflex arc?
何謂反射弧 ?

'17. Coordination in human 4

 Structurally the reflex action involves a sensory neuron, an interon and a
motor neuron. This

arrangement is called a reflex arc.

反射弧是反射動作中神經傳遞的路線，結構上它包含⼀個感覺神經元，⼀
個中間神經元和
⼀個運動神經元。
Describe the pathway of the withdrawal reflex of the arm.
簡述⼿臂退縮反射的路徑。
A pin pricking the hand pain receptor stimulated and sends out
impulses sensory neuron

association neuron motor neuron the biceps (effector) contracts the

hand is withdrawn

針刺到⼿ 痛楚感受器受刺激⽽發出脈衝 感覺神經元

聯合神經元 運動神經元 ⼆頭肌(反應器)收縮 ⼿臂縮回
Will the cerebrum know about the reflex?
腦部會否知悉進⾏中的反射動作?
In the spinal cord, the interon involved in the reflex forms connection
with another interon which informs

the cerebrum about the reflex.

神經脈衝在反射弧傳送時，會刺激連接脊髓和腦部的神經，把訊息傳到腦
部，故腦部知悉進
⾏中的反射動作。
Write out the nervous pathway of feeling the touch and to speak out.
寫出從接觸到說出的神經路線圖。
When a pin pricks the hand, the touch receptor is stimulated to produce
a nerve impulse. This impulse

passes along the sensory neuron to the interons in the brain. The brain
interprets the nerve impulse as

sensation of touch. Through a motor neuron, the nerve impulse is sent

from the brain to the muscles

responsible for speech.

'17. Coordination in human 5

 當針刺⼿時，觸壓感受器受刺激產⽣神經脈衝，脈衝沿感覺神經元傳⾄腦
內的聯合神經
元，⼤腦將脈衝翻譯為觸覺，透過運動神經元，脈衝從腦部傳送⾄負責說
話的肌⾁。
Which 3 parts is the brain divided to?
腦部可分為那三部分？
cerebrum, cerebellum and medulla.

⼤腦、⼩腦和延腦。
What is the outer layer of the cerebrum?
⼤腦的外層由什麼組成？
The outer layer of the cerebrum is the grey matter (cerebral cortex).

⼤腦外層是灰質(⼤腦⽪層) 。
What is the inner layer of the cerebrum?
⼤腦的內層由什麼組成？
The inner layer is the white matter.

內層是⽩質。
Why is the cerebral cortex highly folded?
⼤腦⽪層為什麼⾼度縐摺？
The cerebral cortex is folded. This increases its surface area for
containing more neurons to

increase its efficiency.

⼤腦⽪層⾼度縐摺，這可增加表⾯積，容納更多腦細胞，增加它的效率。
State the functions of the cerebrum.
說出⼤腦的功能。
Control the voluntary muscular movements (at the motor area).

控制隨意肌的運動。
For receiving and interpreting sensory impulses from various parts of the
body (at the

sensory area).

接收和翻譯從⾝體各部份⽽來的感覺神經脈衝。

'17. Coordination in human 6

 For higher mental activities such as memory, learning, imagination and
reasoning (at the

association areas).

負責各種⾼等神經活動，例如 : 記憶、學習、幻想和理解。
State the functions of the cerebellum.
說出⼩腦的功能。
(1) To maintain the body posture and balance.

協調肌⾁活動。
(2) To adjust and coordinate muscular movements.

平衡⾝體，保持正常姿勢。
State the functions of the medulla oblongata.
說出延腦的功能。
(1) It is the centers of some vital activities of the body, eg. control rate of
breathing and heart beat.

控制許多重要不隨意活動，例如 : 呼吸率和⼼跳。
(2) It is the centers of some reflex actions, eg. sneezing, coughing.

是許多反射動作的中⼼，例如 : 打噴嚏和咳嗽。
(3) It is the pathways for the nerve fibers between the brain and the
spinal cord.

是連接腦和脊髓的神經纖維的通道。
Explain the roles of different parts of the brain when riding a bicycle
說出踏單⾞時腦各部份的功能 :

When a man is riding a bicycle, cerebrum sends nerve impulses to the

leg muscles to control the

movement. Cerebellum coordinates the action of the skeletal muscle

and to maintain balance of

the body. Medulla oblongata controls the rate and depth of breathing so
as to supply more oxygen

to the leg muscles.

'17. Coordination in human 7

 踏單⾞時，⼤腦發出通往腿部肌⾁的神經脈衝以控制腿部運動，⼩腦協調
各組肌⾁活動及
維持⾝體平衡，延腦控制呼吸的速度和深度，確保腿部肌⾁有充⾜的氧氣
供應。
Compare simple reflex actions with voluntary actions with respect to :
從下列各⽅⾯⽐較反射動作及⾃主動作： (1) parts of brain involve, (2) modes of
response.

(1) 腦部的參與、 (2) 反應的模式：

Compare simple reflex actions with voluntary actions with respect to :

從下列各⽅⾯⽐較反射動作及⾃主動作： (1) voluntary or not, (2) speed of
response, (3) coordination center.

(1) 隨意與否、 (2) 反應的速度、 (3) 協調中⼼的位置

The pupil response is a kind of reflex. By using a flow chart, show the related
nervous
瞳孔對光強度的反應是⼀項反射動作，利⽤⼀流程圖，顯⽰有關的神
pathway.
經傳遞途徑。
light sensitive cells sensory neuron optic nerve interon at brain motor
neuron iris muscle.

'17. Coordination in human 8

 光敏細胞 感覺神經元 視覺神經 腦部內的中間神經元 運動神經元 虹膜
肌⾁
Q&A

What are hormones?

激素是什麼？
Hormones are organic substances produced from endocrine glands into
the blood steam. They are

transported by the blood all over the body and produce great effects on
the target organs.

It regulates a number of physiological process.

激素是由內分泌腺製造釋放於⾎液中的有機質，它們被⾎液運送⾄全⾝，
在⽬標器官發揮作
⽤，調節不同的⽣理過程。
State the major endocrine glands.
說出主要的內分泌腺。
Pituitary gland, Thyroid gland, Islets of Langerhans, Adrenal gland,
Ovaries (in female), Testes (in male)

腦下垂體、甲狀腺、胰島、腎上腺、卵巢(⼥性)、睪丸(男性)
State the functions of thyroxin.
說出甲狀腺素的功能。
It controls the basal metabolic rate, especially the rate of respiration.

它控制基本代謝率，尤其是呼吸率。
It promotes growth in young mammals.

它促進年幼哺乳類的⽣⻑。
Explain the five basic components of the coordinating system by thyroxin
secretion.
請以甲狀腺素的分泌來解釋協調系統的五個基本元素。
Stimulus : prolonged period of cold.

刺激﹕ ⻑期的寒冷。
Receptor : thermo-receptors of the skin and brain.

'17. Coordination in human 9

 感受器﹕ ⽪膚的溫度接收器和腦。
Regulator: brain will detect the drop in blood temperature and inform the
effector thyroid gland

with thyroid-stimulating hormone.

調節器﹕ 腦可探測到⾎的溫度下降，然後⽤促甲狀腺素通知效應器−甲
狀腺。
Effector : thyroid gland.

效應器﹕ 甲狀腺。
Response : increased secretion of thyroxin will increase basal metabolic
rate.

反應﹕ 增加甲狀腺素的分泌，這會增加⾝體的基本代謝率。
Compare nervous coordination with hormonal coordination.
⽐較神經協調和激素協調。

'17. Coordination in human 10