'21.

Photosynthesis

Q&A

Give the evidence of the presence of light reaction.

請為光反應提出証明。
Photolysis of water:

When isolated chloroplasts are suspended in water with some ferric

salts as hydrogen

acceptor and illuminated with light, bubbles of oxygen will be released.

This result

indicates that water is split into oxygen and hydrogen by the chloroplast
with the aid of light energy.

⽔的光解作⽤。
當分離出來的葉綠體和⼀些鐵鹽懸浮於⽔中的時候，鐵鹽作為氫受體，被
光照射時有氧氣泡
釋出，顯⽰出⽔分⼦被葉綠體及光能分解為氫氣和氧氣，氧氣被釋出，⽽
氫原⼦被氫受體所接收。
Where does the light reaction take place?
光反應在那裡進⾏﹖
Light reactions take place at the grana of the chloroplast where
chlorophyll can be found

on their surface.

'21. Photosynthesis 1
 光反應在葉綠體的葉綠層進⾏，⽽葉綠素佈滿葉綠層的表⾯。
What happens to the chlorophyll after absorption of light?
葉綠素在吸收光能後有什麼事發⽣﹖
Absorption of light by chlorophyll results in an electron jumping from its
ground state to a higher, excited

state. The excited electron will be emitted from the chlorophyll molecule
and pass down an electron

transport chain. During the transport energy is released which has two
functions:

葉綠素在吸收光能後，基層的電⼦會被激活⾄⼀較⾼能量的激活層，激活
的電⼦於是被釋出，
它沿電⼦傳遞鏈傳送，傳送途中會有能量釋出，釋出的能量有以下兩個⽤
途:
Production of ATP (photophosphorylation)

ATP 的⽣成 (光磷酸化作⽤)

Photolysis of water and production of NADPH

⽔的光解與NADPH 的⽣成
What are the significance of light reaction?
光反應有什麼重要性？
To generate ATP and NADPH2 (reduced coenzyme) for use in the dark
reactions for

carbon fixation.

產⽣ATP和NADPH以⽤作暗反應中的固碳作⽤。
Release of oxygen from the cell as by-product of photosynthesis.

在光合作⽤中，以副產品形式釋出氧氣。
Where does the dark reaction take place?
暗反應在那裡進⾏﹖
Dark reactions take place at the stroma of the chloroplast.

暗反應在葉綠體的基質中進⾏。

'21. Photosynthesis 2
 What happens to CO2, where is the required energy and hydrogen come
from in dark
reaction?

在暗反應中，⼆氧化碳會變成什麼，所需的能量及氫原⼦⼜來⾃何處﹖
Through dark reaction, carbon dioxide is reduced to form carbohydrates.
The required energy

comes from ATP, and the hydrogen required for the reduction comes
from NADPH . Both of these

are derived from the light reactions.

透過暗反應，⼆氧化碳被還原為碳⽔化合物，所需的能量來⾃ATP，所需
的氫原⼦則來⾃
NADPH，它們全都是由光反應⽽來的。

Describe the events occur in Calvin cycle.

試述在卡爾⽂循環所發⽣的事情。
Carbon dioxide (diffuses from outside through the stomata or from the
respiration of its own cells)

combines with a 5-carbon compound to form a 6-carbon compound

which will split immediately to give two

molecules of a 3-carbon compound.

⼆氧化碳(從氣孔滲⼊或從⾃⼰細胞呼吸作⽤所釋出)和⼀個五碳化合物結
合成⼀個六碳化合物，隨即分裂成兩個三碳化合物。
The 3-carbon compound is then reduced to a 3-carbon sugar, triose
phosphate. The hydrogen required in

this reduction comes from the NADPH, and energy required from ATP.
Both formed during the light reactions.

三碳化合物被還原為三碳糖−丙糖磷酸，所需的氫原⼦來⾃NADPH，所
需的能量來⾃ATP，兩者皆從光反應⽽得。
The triose phosphate then goes through a series of steps to form a
hexose sugar (glucose).

丙糖磷酸跟著進⼊⼀連串的化學作⽤，形成六碳糖(葡萄糖)。

'21. Photosynthesis 3
 Some of the 6-carbon sugar produced is converted to starch for storage
while some triose phosphate enter

a series of reactions leading to the regeneration of CO2 acceptor that

will enter the Calvin cycle again. This

kind of conversion needs more ATP that comes from light reaction.

有些六碳糖跟著會轉化成澱粉作儲藏，⽽有些丙糖磷酸會進⼊⼀連串的化
學作⽤，重新⽣成
⼆氧化碳受體，再次進⼊卡爾⽂循環，這種轉化需要更多來⾃光反應的
ATP。

What is the importance of regeneration of CO2 acceptor?

⼆氧化碳受體的再⽣有什麼重要性﹖
The regeneration of CO2 acceptor is very important because only by
ensuring a continuous

supply of ribulose biphosphate can the continued fixation of carbon

dioxide take place.

⼆氧化碳受體的再⽣是⾮常重要的，因為它可確保有充⾜的⼆磷酸核酮酸
供應，使到固碳作
⽤能夠繼續進⾏。
Give the chemical equation for photosynthesis. From the equation, what
changes in the
substances taken up and produced might be used to measure the rate of
photosynthesis?

寫出光合作⽤的化學⽅程式。從⽅程式中，什麼物質的轉變(被吸收及產
⽣)可⽤作量度光合
作⽤的速率？

Uptake of carbon dioxide, liberation of oxygen and increase dry weight/

carbohydrate content

'21. Photosynthesis 4
 can be measured to indicate the rate of photosynthesis.

⼆氧化碳的吸收、氧氣的釋出、碳⽔化合物成份或乾重的增加等，都可作
為量度光合作⽤速率的指標。
Explain the role of ATP in photosynthesis.
解釋 在光合作⽤中所扮演的⾓⾊。
ATP

ATP is synthesized in light reaction. It is used in the dark reaction to

supply energy for reducing 3-carbon

compound to triose phosphate.

在光反應中合成，在暗反應中，它是⽤作供應能量將三碳化
ATP

合物還原成丙糖磷酸。
Explain the role of NADP in photosynthesis?
解釋 NADP 在光合作⽤中所扮演的⾓⾊。
NADP is an acceptor molecule which accepts hydrogen from the
photolysis of water to form NADPH.

NADPH reduces 3-carbon compound to triose phosphate in the dark

reaction.

NADP作為受體，接收從光解⽔所產⽣的氫原⼦，NADP與氫原⼦結合形
成NADPH，其後
NADPH在暗反應將三碳化合物還原成丙糖磷酸。

Which two products of the light-dependent stage are used in the light-
independent (dark)
stage of photosynthesis?

那兩種光反應⽣成的產品被⽤於暗反應中﹖
ATP 和 NADPH。

Explain the formation of starch from the products of Calvin cycle.

解釋如何從卡爾⽂循環的成品合成澱粉質。
Tow molecules of triose phosphate (3-C) combine to form one molecule
of glucose phosphate (6-C).

Glucose can then be converted to starch.

⼆分⼦的丙糖磷酸結合為⼀分⼦的葡萄糖磷酸，葡萄糖可按需要轉換為澱
粉。

'21. Photosynthesis 5
 Explain the formation of lipids from the products of Calvin cycle.
解釋如何從卡爾⽂循環的成品合成脂肪。
The 3-carbon compound enters into the glycolytic pathway and is
converted to pyruvate. Pyruvate is

converted to acetyl coenzyme A, then to fatty acids in both cytoplasm

and chloroplast.

Glycerol is made from triose phosphate. Glycerol and fatty acids

combine to form lipids.

三碳化合物進⼊解糖路徑後被轉化為丙酮酸鹽，丙酮酸鹽被轉化⼄酰輔酶
Ａ，⼄酰輔酶Ａ在
細胞質和葉綠體內轉化為脂肪酸，丙糖磷酸亦會轉化為⽢油，⽢油與脂肪
酸結合成脂肪。
Explain the formation of proteins from the products of Calvin cycle.
解釋如何從卡爾⽂循環的成品合成蛋⽩質
The 3-carbon compound enters into the glycolytic pathway and is
converted to pyruvate. Pyruvate is then

converted to acetyl coenzyme A. Acetyl coenzyme A enters the Krebs

cycle of respiration. It is then

converted to carboxylic acids. Subsequently amino acids are formed by

amination. Amination is enzymatic

transfer of NH3 to an acid to form an amino acid. Proteins are formed by

condensation of amino acids.

三碳化合物進⼊解糖路徑後被轉化為丙酮酸鹽，丙酮酸鹽被轉化⼄酰輔酶
Ａ，⼄酰輔酶Ａ進
⼊呼吸作⽤的克雷伯⽒循環，被轉化為羧酸，其後透過氨基化作⽤形成氨
基酸(氨基化作⽤是
以酶促傳遞將NH3加到羧酸中以形成氨基酸)，⽽蛋⽩質是由眾多的氨基
酸所縮合⽽成的。
Describe the concept of limiting factors.
試述限制因素的概念。
The rate of a biochemical process will theoretically be limited by the
slowest reaction in the series.

'21. Photosynthesis 6
 ⼀個⽣化過程如光合作⽤等，會有很多⼀連串的化學反應，理論上，它的
速率會受制於最慢的⼀個反應。
Using carbon dioxide, illustrate the concept of limiting factor.
試⽤⼆氧化碳闡釋限制因素的概念。
Under normal field conditions, carbon dioxide is the major limiting factor
in photosynthesis. Its

concentration in the atmosphere is about 0.03%, and an increase in

photosynthetic rate can be

achieved by increasing its concentration to about 0.1%.

暗反應需要⼆氧化碳，它被固定於有機化合物中，在正常的野外狀況中，
⼆氧化碳是主要的
光合作⽤限制因素，光合作⽤的速率直接取決於⼆氧化碳在空氣中的濃度
(假使光強度並⾮⼀

個限制因素)，它的濃度在⼤氣層中⼤約是0.03%，故此將它的濃度增加
⾄0.1%時可⼤⼤地增
加光合作⽤的速率。

'21. Photosynthesis 7