General Education

Borrowed Phrases (words na hindi nagagamit sa English language, either French or Latin):
 ENGLISH 
◦ alter ego - close and inseparable friend, someone who knows you very well
Sample Question:
- trusted friend, other self
How is original and primary forest commonly referred to?
◦ soiree - evening party
a. Green forest
b. Rain forest ◦ connoisseur - expert judge in matters of taste (e.g. wine tasting)
c. Virgin forest ◦ chauffeur - driver
d. Verdant forest - luscious green ◦ mesdames - plural of madame
original and primary forest - untouched ◦ renaissance - rebirth
◦ caveat emptor - let the buyer beware, let the buyer decide
vocabulary: ◦ ad nauseam - sickening to an excessive degree, nausea, nakakasuka
◦ composure - aplomb, calmness, relax ◦ coup de grace - death blow, form of penalty/punishment
◦ loquacious - verbose, talkative
◦ pulchritude - beauty, loveliness Idiomatic Expressions (phrases that has beyond meaning):
◦ abase - demoted, bumaba ang rank ◦ red letter day - holiday, special day
◦ despotic - cruel ◦ a sixes and seven - state of confusion
◦ dexterity - something to do with your hand, manual skill, manipulation of the hand ◦ green thumb - good at gardening
◦ amorphous - shapeless ◦ finger in the pie - make an active part in something
◦ penchant - fondness, hilig ◦ white lies - excusable, lies that has valid reason
◦ transmuted - change ◦ first rate - excellent
◦ rancor - bitterness ◦ making both ends meet - limited
◦ mundane - ordinary ◦ man’s inhumanity to man - cruel behavior
◦ profanity - obscenity, kalaswaan ◦ a snowball chance in hell - no chance at all
◦ apocalyptic - prophetic ◦ the face that launched a thousand ships - Helen of Troy
◦ apocalypse - prophecy
◦ impertinent - irrelevant literature - derives from the word “litera“ which means letters, could be presented orally,
◦ voracious - very eager written or visual
main types:
◦ conflagration - large fire
◦ prose - formal approach, kailangan tama ang grammar, follows strict structure of grammar kasi
◦ queue - line of people waiting for something
kapag hindi, mag-iiba ang meaning
◦ euphoria - state/sense of well-being, sobrang saya
examples of prose:
◦ erudite - learned, intelligent, smart
◦ novel - mahabang story divided into chapters
◦ acapella - w/o accompaniment, instruments
◦ short story - you can read it in just one setting, has one plot
◦ play - mahaba, divided into acts or scenes
Tips for vocabulary:
1. Hanapin ang unfamiliar na word, that is the correct answer. ◦ legends - story that talks the origin, kuwento ng pinagmulan, alamat
2. Maghanap ng word na antonyms, automatically, one of them is the correct answer. ◦ myth - paniniwala sa mga gods and goddesses, mythology
3. Add one out. Do the positive, negative. Kung ano naiiba, that is the correct answer. ◦ fables - stories of animals, teaches moral lesson
◦ folktales - traditional narrative na orally pass from one generation to the next
- kwentong-bayan
◦ anecdotes - story of a real person’s life however it has only one incident/pangyayari
(example: Ang Gamu Gamo at Ang Gasera sa buhay ni Jose Rizal)
 ◦ biography - a complete story of real person’s life ◦ John Milton - Paradise Lost
- kinuwento ang buong pangyayari ng buhay mo ◦ Antoine de Saint-Exupery - The Little Prince (rose is his special flower)
(example: Rizal’s Life Writings) ◦ Edgar Allan Poe - Annabel Lee
◦ news - current events, latest happenings, could be national or local - shows grief over the death of the woman that he loved
◦ oration - public speech, speech delivered in front of an audience ◦ Guy de Maupassant - The Necklace
◦ essay - giving your idea or opinion - story of social climbing
◦ poetry - artistic and pagkasulat, okay lang mali-mali ang grammar ◦ Dante Alighieri - Purgatory (a part of Divine Comedy)
- malaya ang writer, walang sinusunod na strict structure of grammar kasi ang mahalaga, parts:
ma-express ng writer ang kaniyang feelings, masarap basahin, maganda pakinggan ◦ Paradiso - story of heaven
types of poetry: ◦ Porgatorio - story of purgatory
◦ narrative - tells a story ◦ Inferno - story of hell
◦ lyric - intended to the song ◦ Omar Khayyam - Rubaiyat (grasp pleasure while you can)
◦ dramatic - intended to be performed - eat, drink and to marry for tomorrow you will die
◦ Rabindranath Tagore - Gitanjali (his winning piece when he won the novel price for literature)
Master Works of the World (World Literature): - talks about the harmony of life, love, faith in humanity
◦ Christopher Marlowe - father of English tragedy (drama na ang ending ay sad) ◦ Harriet Beecher Stowe - Uncle Tom’s Cabin
◦ William Shakespeare - greatest English writer
- greatest sonnet writer Works of Shakespeare:
- Bard of Avon ◦ Macbeth - overwhelming ambition for power is the cause of downfall of man
◦ Geoffrey Chaucer - father of English literature ◦ Hamlet - To be, or not to be (opening statement of Hamlet’s soliloquy)
- Morning Star of English literature ◦ Merchant of Venice - mercy shall be spontaneous and freely given
◦ Edgar Allan Poe - father of horror stories ◦ Romeo and Juliet - story of warring families
- father of detective stories
- ang story niya mga mystery Phantom of the Opera - not a work of Shakespeare
◦ Guy de Maupassant - foremost French short story writer
◦ Homer - mythical geographer that was recognized due to his vivid description and Famous Writings that has impact in our World Literature:
geographical landmarks and the people encountered by his hero Ulysses ◦ didactic - literary piece that has moral lessons
- isa lang siyang myth, hindi proven ang kaniyang existence - purpose is to entertain but at the same time teaches a moral lesson
- Iliad and Odyssey (example: fables)
◦ The Psalms of King David - greatest lyric poem poem of the world ◦ epistolary - exchange of letters, journals, diaries
◦ Rabindranath Tagore - Indian national poet (example: Urbana at Feliza by Padre Modesto de Castro)
- first awardee of the novel price for literature - all about kabutihan ng asal
◦ Kalidasa - greatest Sanskrit poet, Indian Shakespeare/writer ◦ Elizabethan - era of Shakespeare
◦ Virgin Queen - ang tawag ni Queen Elizabeth
influential books of the world - bases of religions and history, nagpalaya sa mga colonizers ◦ Epic of Gilgamesh - first epic ever written in the world
Romeo and Juliet - not included in the 12 most influential books of the world ◦ Mahabharata - longest epic of India
◦ Nibelungenlied - medieval German epic
Authors of the Books: ◦ Panchatantra - collection of Indian fables
◦ Louisa May Alcott - wrote Little Women (true story ng magkakapatid) ◦ Aesopes - world’s famous collection of fables
◦ Abraham Lincoln - delivered Gettysburg Address
◦ Boris Pasternak - Doctor Zhivago (Russian literature) Systems of Writings:
- talks about totalitarianism rule in Russia ◦ cuneiform - Sumerians in Mesopotamia ◦ calligraphy - Chinese
◦ Nathaniel Hawthorne - Scarlet Letter ◦ hieroglyphs - Egyptians ◦ alphabet - Greek
◦ J.K. Rowling - Harry Potter - draw pictures sa walls or pyramid ◦ Sanskrit - India
pen names (to hide their real identity from the public): ◦ on - specific
◦ Mark Langhorne Twain - Samuel Clemens - pinag-usapan ay daanan (streets, boulevard, avenue)
- The Adventure of Tom Sawyer (examples: Roxas Blvd., Ayala Avenue, Eagle Street)
- Adventures of Huckleberry Finn - days, birthday (examples: weekends (Saturday and Sunday), Monday)
◦ George Eliot - Mary Ann Evans, Marian Evans - majority can freely walk and stand (examples: jet plane, airplane, train, bus)
- Silas Marner - electronic devices (examples: computer, email, fax machine, telephone, cellphone)
◦ Robert Galbraith - J.K. Rowling ◦ at - very specific
- kapag ang daanan nilagyan na nag number (examples: 533 Eagle Street, house address)
Nelson Mandela - father of democracy in South Africa, likes peaceful talks - hours, less than one day (examples: 9 o’clock in the morning, 5pm, noon)
paragraphs:
◦ dream - democracy Rules in Subject-Verb Agreement:
◦ trait - forgiving ◦ 1st Rule: number agreement (In a sentence, between the subject and the verb, dapat isa lang
◦ method - non-violence - if the subject is singular, the verb is also singular ang dapat may letter “s“)
- if the subject is plural, the verb is also plural
other paragraphs: (examples: frog - jumps, frogs - jump)
◦ retired school teacher - cleanliness ◦ 2nd Rule: there or here (Kapag nagsisimula sa “here or there“, hahanapin ang subject. The subject
◦ Stephen Crane - Stephen’s Writings, (examples: here is the paper, here are the papers) is always placed after the verb.)
- Stephen’s Family and Boyhood ◦ 3rd Rule: joined by and (singular), separated by and (plural)
◦ extended family - grandmother (Tignan lang ang word na “and“. If “and“ is followed by another noun, it means magkasama sila, so
◦ Luis Dato’s spouse - house wife “is“ ang sagot. If “and“ is followed by “a, an and the“, it means magkahiwalay sila, so “are“ ang
◦ shaking and sweating - stage fright sagot.) (examples: bread and butter - is, the bread and the butter - are
◦ find strength in what remains behind - hope fish and rice - is, a fish and a cup of rice - are)
◦ sunrise - hopeful ◦ 4th Rule: indefinite pronouns (most indefinite pronouns is singular form of the verb)
◦ to be, or not to be - indecision (examples: everybody, each, everyone, somebody, nobody - is
◦ far the city light - isolation and loneliness few, many, several - are)
◦ grand design - destiny ◦ 5th Rule: singular or plural subjects connected by conjunctions (subject is the one closest to the
(examples: neither the teacher nor the students - were present verb)
parts of speech: neither the teachers nor the student - was present)
◦ noun - names of person, places, things (examples: flower, dog) ◦ 6th Rule: units of measure (singular form of the verb)
◦ pronoun - replacement of noun (examples: He, She, They) (examples: 10 minutes, 20 seconds, 20 miles, 20 pesos - is)
◦ adjective - describes the noun or pronoun (example: beautiful) ◦ 6th Rule: nouns ending in “s“ but singular in form or meaning
◦ verb - action words (example: listen) (examples: Mathematics, Physics, measles, news, Statistics - is)
◦ adverb - describes the verb or adjective, has “ly“ (examples: beautifully, quickly, slowly)
communication:
◦ preposition - shows relative position (examples: in, on, at)
◦ verbal - involved words
◦ conjunctions - joins words or phrases (examples: and, or, but)
◦ non-verbal - doesn’t involved words
◦ interjection - expresses strong feelings or emotions (examples: Oh my!, Yepey!, Yehey!)

types of non-verbal communication:

preposition:
◦ in - something big, broad, general
- mas malawak sa daanan (city, municipality, province, region, country, world)
(examples: Philippines, Visayas, Cebu, Mandaue, Manila)
- month, year, decades, century (examples: 21st century, 2022, January)
- majority cannot freely walk and stand (examples: jeepney, tricycle, van)
- printed media (examples: letters, journals, diaries, newspaper)
◦ facial expressions - the most expressive part of our body is the “face“
◦ posture - how you hold your self, something to do with position
- paano mo ni hino-hold and katawan mo, position ng katawan
(examples: nakaupo na naka-straight or naka-curve ang back)
◦ poise - how you carry your self, confidence
- paano mo dinadala ang katawan mo
◦ platform presence - stage presence ◦ Tokyo in Japan - largest city in the world
◦ gesture - body movements ◦ Greenland - largest island in the world
◦ eye contact - the way you look at someone ◦ Luzon - largest island in the Philippines
◦ space - physical or literal na space habang may kausap ka ◦ Mindanao - 2nd largest island in the Philippines
◦ voice - how you say it, tone of your voice ◦ Mt. Everest - highest elevation on Earth
- way ng pagsasalita ◦ Death Valley in California - hottest place on Earth, pinakamataas na recorded temperature
◦ McMurdo Dry Valleys in Antarctica - driest place on Earth, zero rainfall
 SOCIAL SCIENCE  ◦ Africa - oldest continent in the world, mother continent
- unang tinirhan ng mga hayop at halaman, dito nanggaling ang unang species
Messiah of the following religions: ◦ Hinduism - oldest religion
◦ Islam - Muhammad ◦ Wuhan, China - where COVID-19 originated
◦ Christianity - Jesus Christ ◦ vaccination (kung wala sa choices, social/physical distancing ang sagot)
◦ Judaism - wala pa kasi noong dumating si Jesus Christ sila lang ang hindi naniniwala na si Jesus - preventive measure of COVID-19 disease
na ang Messiah kaya hanggang ngayon hinihintay pa rin nila ang pagdating ng kanilang ◦ Sahara - largest desert
Messiah
Philippine History:
General Information: ◦ Pre-colonial period - panahon na wala pang mga mananakop/colonizers
◦ 7,641 - islands in the Philippines - tatlong grupo ng tao na dumating sa Pilipinas (Negrito, Indones, Malays)
◦ Philippines - the only Christian nation in Asia ◦ Negritos - first aboriginal settlers in the Philippines
◦ Philippine monkey-eating eagle (Pithecophaga jefferyi) ◦ barangay - smallest political unit, derived from a word “balangay“ (bangka or boat)
- largest eagle in the world found only in the Philippines - headed by a chieftain or king called “datu“
- endangered species because their reproduction is special social economic status:
◦ Mt. Apo - highest peak in the Philippines located in Mindanao ◦ Maharlika - mayayaman, noble family, datu
- highest elevation, landmass, mountain ◦ Timawa - hindi ganon kayaman pero free and independent
◦ Rio Grande de Cagayan (Cagayan River) ◦ Alipin - slaves
- longest river in the Philippines located in Cagayan Valley uri ng alipin:
◦ San Juan City - smallest city in terms of land area, less than 1%of the entire NCR ◦ aliping namamahay - kasambahay na stay-out
◦ Davao City - largest city in terms of land area - pagkatapos niya magsilbi, uuwi siya sa sariling bahay
◦ Mindanao - land of promise because rich in natural resources (agricultural lands and biodiversity) niya
- where Durian originated ◦ aliping sagigilid - stay-in, doon nakatira sa kanyang amo mismo
◦ Coron, Palawan - best scuba diving the Philippines ◦ Imam - religious leader during rituals and ceremony
- rich in marine life that’s why suited for underwater activities ◦ Umalohokan - barangay crier or announcer that announces the laws evaluated by the
◦ Pagadian City - little Hongkong of the Philippines kasi kahit nasa bundok ay very progressive datu, iikutin niya ang buong barangay at e-explain niya ang batas ng datu
◦ Diwata 1 - first microsatellite flash by the Philippines ◦ Trial by Ordeal (pagsubok) - paraan ng trial nila
◦ Diwata 2 - second microsatellite flash by the Philippines, current ◦ Sultanate of Sulu - kaunaunahang sultanato na itinatag sa Pilipinas ni Abu Bakar
◦ Aeta - indigenous people in Tarlac, Pampanga and Zambales ◦ sultan - leader ng Sultanato
◦ Mangyan - indigenous people in Mindoro
◦ Mt. Pinatubo - volcano found in Zambales persons involved during the Spanish occupation:
◦ Asia - largest continent that comprises 30.1%of the earth’s landmass ◦ Ferdinand Magellan - the first to plan a successful expedition that prove that the world is
◦ China - largest country in Asia, largest in population, implemented one child policy round yun nga lang hindi niya natapos ang kaniyang rota kasi napatay siya
◦ Russia - largest country in the world sa Pilipinas (Mactan)
- Portuguese explorer who chance upon the Philippines in 1521
◦ India - 2nd to the largest in population
- hindi natapos ang kaniyang rota kasi napatay siya sa Mactan
◦ Hong Kong - not part of the ASEAN
◦ Singapore - financial hub in Southeast Asia, center of trading in the Philippines
◦ Antonio Pigafetta - nagkuwento sa lahat ng nangyayari sa expedition ni Magellan
◦ Chronicles of Pigafetta
- contains the happenings during the expedition of Magellan
◦ Sebastian Elcano - first man to circumnavigate the world
- siya ang kapitan ng barkong Concepcion noong nag start ang expedition
ni Magellan
- siya lang ang nakabalik sakay ang barkong Victoria
barkong ginamit ni Magellan during his expedition:
◦ Trinidad ◦ Santiago ◦ Concepcion
◦ San Antonio ◦ Victoria - nakabalik successfully sa Spain
◦ Sikatuna - nakipag blood compact (sanduguan, brotherhood) si Legaspi
◦ Rajah Hu,mabon - first baptized by a Rajah of Cebu, Don Carlos
- his wife is Juana
◦ Rajah Lakandula - unang nag revolt or nag aklas laban sa mga Espanyol
- cause ng kaniyang revolution ay siningil ang kaniyang pamilya ng taxes
◦ Rajah Sulayman - last Rajah of Manila
terms to remember:
◦ pueblo - town (bayan)
◦ cabecera - town center (andito na yung church, hospital, market, school, cemetery at lahat
◦ reduccion - resettlement of Filipinos in town center kailangan mo sa isang community)
or cabecera
◦ Governor General - national, pinakamataas na position sa government sa buong bansa
- representative ng hari ng Espanya
- makukuha mo ang position na ito kung ikaw ay pure Spaniard
- equivalent to president
◦ gobernadorcillo - local, pinakamataas na position sa government in municipal or local level
- hanggang ito lang ang position na makuha noon kung ikaw ay Filipino or Chinese-
Mestizo, equivalent to mayor
◦ sanctorum - form of tribute na kailangan bayaran sa officials ng community
(e.g. Nag-harvest ka, so part ng harvest mo iaalay mo sa officials ng community.)
◦ cedula personal - tax
◦ Polo y Servicios - force labor
- kapag ikaw ay 16 to 60 yrs. old, kailangan mo mag render ng 40 days na
labor
◦ falla - exemption fee, very high and unreasonable price kaya hindi afford ng ordinaryong Filipino
- kapag ayaw magtrabaho sa forced labor, need magbayad nito
- only rich can afford
◦ frailocracia - abuso ng mga prayle
- dumating yung point na super aggressive ng mga Spaniards kaya ginawa ito ni
Marcelo H. del Pilar to describe the hidden control and domination of the
friars (Spanish priest)
◦ 333 years - number of years na na-colonized ng Spain
◦ Galleon Trade (Kalakalang Galyon)
- sa loob ng 333 years, ito ang source of income ng mga Filipino at Spaniards na nasa
Pilipinas
◦ Mexico - during the Galleon Trade, Philippines extended contacts with this country
Spanish Governor Generals:
◦ Miguel Lopez de Legazpi - first Spanish governor general
◦ Diego de los Rios - last Spanish governor general
◦ Jose Basco (Blanco - safest nearest answer)
- governor general during the monopoly of tobacco
◦ Narciso Claveria - suggested Spanish surnames to the Filipinos because the Filipino surnames are
confusing and crude (simple, irrational, not systematized)
◦ Carlos Maria de la Torre - best Spanish governor general
◦ Rafael de Izquierdo - pumalit kay Carlos Maria de la Torre and one of the worst governor
general
- ordered execution of GOMBORZA
newspapers:
◦ Kalayaan - official newspaper ng Katipunan (Bonifacio)
◦ La Solidaridad - official newspaper ng Propaganda Movement (Rizal, Jaena, del Pilar)
- founder, creator and first editor (Graciano Lopez Jaena)
- second editor (Marcelo H. del Pilar)
- managing editor (Mariano Ponce)
◦ La Independencia - independence or kalayaan (Antonio Luna)
◦ Diariong Tagalog - published in two languages: Tagalog and Spanish
- isa sa may mga pinakamaiksi na circulation (Marcelo H. del Pilar)
◦ La Liga Filipina - unite people, fight violence and injustice pero sa peaceful na paraan (Jose Rizal)
◦ National Socio-Civic Organization - we can compare to “La Liga Filipina“ at present (Jose Rizal)
Philippine Heroes and Heroines:
◦ Rizal, Jaena, del Pilar - sila ang triumvirate ng Kilusang Propaganda
individual roles sa propaganda:
◦ Rizal - great writer of the Reform Movement
- siya ang may pinakamaraming sinulat doon sa “La Solidaridad“
◦ Jaena - great orator (mananalumpati)
◦ del Pilar - dakilang political analyst
◦ Andres Bonifacio - father of revolution/himagsikan, katipunan
◦ Gregoria de Jesus - asawa ni Bonifacio, lakambini ng Katipunan
- noong namatay si Bonifacio, inasawa niya si Julio Nakpil
◦ Emilio Jacinto - utak ng Katipunan
◦ Kartilla ng Katipunan - Code of Ethics ng mga Katipuneros kasi dumating ang time na nag-
share sila ng asawa, nag-away sila at nawalan ng morality kaya
ginawa ni Jacinto ito
◦ Apolinario Mabini - utak ng revolution/himagsikan
◦ Francisco Dagohoy - leader of longest revolt na tumagal ng 85 years na nangyari sa Bohol na ang ◦ Fidel V. Ramos - Pilipinas 2000
cause ay hindi pinayagan ang pagpapalibing sa kaniyang kapatid ◦ Joseph Estrada - father of the masses (Ama ng Masa), Erap para sa mahirap
◦ Macario Sakay - president supremo ng Tagalog Republic ◦ Gloria Arroyo - Strong Republic (Matatag na Republika)
- refused to surrender even after General Malvar and declared himself President ◦ Benigno Sr. Aquino III - matuwid na daan, wang-wang
and the Commander-in-chief of the Supreme Tagalong Archipelago ◦ Rodrigo Duterte - Build! Build! Build! (BBB) Program (AmBisyon Natin 2040)
◦ Pedro Pelaez - siya ang nag lead ng Native Secular Clergy or Secularization (separation) ◦ Ferdinand Marcos Jr.
- ang gusto niya noon ang magkaroon ng separate church para sa mga Filipino na
ang leader ay Filipino priest kasi abusive na ang mga Spanish priests Political Science:
◦ Gregorio Aglipay - did not accept the offer na magkaroon ng separate church para sa mga Filipino ◦ constitutional rights - rights na provided sa mga tao by the constitution
so walang naitatag na church hanggang dumating si Isabelo de Los Reyes ◦ civil rights - right to enjoy life or the right to life, liberty and genuine happiness
◦ Isabelo de Los Reyes - nagtatag ng labor union na tinawag din na “Union Obrera Democratica“ ◦ political rights - right to participate in governance
◦ Union Obrera Democratica - mga members nila ay laborers, workers (examples: suffrage - right to vote and right to seek public office
◦ Philippine Independent Church (Iglesia Filipina Independiente) - karapatang bumuto at karapatang maiboto)
- church para sa mga Filipino ◦ franchise - given the right to vote
- naitatag ito nang dumami na ang members ng “Union Obrera Democratica“ ◦ disenfranchise - removal of the right to vote
- only living remnant of the Philippine Revolution today ◦ exile - if you are thrown to another country or away from home as a form of political
◦ Gregorio Aglipay - inoffer ulit sa kaniya ang pagiging bishop punishment
- first bishop ng Philippine Independent Church (Iglesia Filipina ◦ execution/executed - sentenced to death
◦ Ramon Magsaysay - “Those who have less in life should have more in law.“ Independiente)
- karapatan ng mahihirap ang kaniyang pinaglalaban Dapitan - where Rizal was exiled
Hongkong - where Aguinaldo was exiled
Philippine Presidents (AgQueLaOsRoQuiMagGarMaMarAquiRaEsArAquiDu30BBM):
◦ Emilio Aguinaldo - president of the First Republic and during the colonization of Spain Political Concepts:
- the only president not elected by the people ◦ barangay - smallest political unit
◦ Manuel L. Quezon - president ng Commonwealth Government ◦ election precinct - smallest electoral unit
- father of national language and social justice ◦ electoral - involve sa election
◦ Jose P. Laurel - president ng Second Republic and the Puppet Republic ◦ Aquilino Pimentel - father of Local Government Code
- during the Japanese occupation - nag-strengthen sa LGU (Local Government Unit)
◦ Sergio Osmena - first Visayan president and first speaker of Philippine Assembly ◦ bicameralism - division of the legislative department into upper house (Senate) and lower house
◦ Philippine Assembly - equivalent sa highest speaker of the House of Representative ◦ 3 terms - maximum number of consecutive terms of a (House of Representatives)
◦ Manuel Roxas - president ng Third Republic House of Representatives
◦ Elpidio Quirino - first president ng Ilocos ◦ 3 years - number of years in one term of a House of Representatives
◦ Ramon Magsaysay - man of the masses and signed the Rizal Law ◦ 9 years - pinakamahabang number of years ng House of Representatives
◦ Carlos P. Garcia - implemented the “Filipino First“ policy ◦ Julius Caesar - nagsabing “mind is right“, more of a political realist than an idealist
◦ “Filipino First“ policy - austerity program (pagtitipid)
- Filipino muna, ipa-patronage natin sa ating sariling products elements of state:
◦ Diosdado Macapagal - mandated that major certificates must be in Filipino ◦ people/population - inhabitants of the state (nakatira)
- changed the Philippine Independence noong July 4 to June 12 ◦ territory - fixed portion and the surface of the Earth
- nilinis ang corruption, no bribery, malinis ang kaniyang governance ◦ terrestrial territory - lupa
- abolished tenancy to the Philippine Tenancy Act ◦ fluvial territory - dagat
◦ Ferdinand Marcos Sr. - longest reigning president ◦ aerial territory - himpapawid
- who promised to made this country great again ◦ government - working agency of the state
◦ Corazon Aquino - most number of coup d’etat during her administration ◦ sovereignty - freedom from external control
◦ coup d’etat - attempts na tatanggalin ang isang government official sa position - independence
powers of state: ◦ parliamentary - kapag ang power ng president ay executive and legislative
◦ police power - the government that regulate laws and polices for the general welfare of the - with the Batasang Pambansa performing the executive and legislative function
public during the Marcos regime of form of government
◦ power of eminent domain (power of expropriation) ◦ presidential - kapag ang power ng president ay executive
- the government can take a private property for public use provided that the owner - present form ng government sa Pilipinas
will be given a just compensation
- dating pagmamay-ari mo, ngayon hind na concepts during the American regime:
◦ power of taxation - imposing a charge of burden ◦ Benevolent Assimilation Policy
- stage of the intention from the Americans to stay in the Philippines
branches of the government (equal ang kanilang power): - after the signing of the Treaty of Paris, ang sabi ng mga Americans wala naman silang
◦ executive - implementing body intention to stay in the Philippines yun nga lang, alam natin na hindi na yun natupad kasi
- president, vice-president tumira parin sila sa Pilipinas at colony pa rin tayo ng America
◦ legislative - law making body ◦ Preamble of the Jones Law
- senate, senators, congress, congressman, house of representatives - Philippines will be granted sovereignty as long as a stable government is established
◦ judicial/judiciary - interpreting body ◦ Tydings-McDuffie (apilyedo ng mga senador, Si Tydings at Mc-Duffie)
- sila ang mag-iinterpret kung meron kang ginagawang unconstitutional - the Philippines will be granted a 10-year transition in preparation for democracy kaya tayo
- supreme court, associate justices, chief justice nagkaroon ng Commonwealth Government
- trained first in a self-governance or mag-handle ng sariling government bago bibigyan ng
principle of check and balance sovereignty
- constitutional safeguard that reverse one branch of the government from becoming ◦ Treaty of General Relations
abusive or too powerful - declaration ng Philippine Independence mula sa kamay ng mga Americans on July 4, 1946
- pwedeng e-check ng branches of government ang isa’t-isa kung mayroong ginagawang ◦ June 12, 1898 - declared the first independence in the Philippines by Emilio Aguinaldo sa
unconstitutional Kawit, Cavite
◦ Bell Trade - nag open ng trade between the Philippines and the U.S.
types of government: ◦ Payne-Aldrich Act - partial trade
◦ democracy - government of the people for the people by the people ◦ Underwood-Simmons Act - full free foreign trade
- nasa tao ang power, lahat pwedeng bumoto
◦ republican - emanates from the people but exercise by our chosen representative Malthusian Principle (Thomas Robert Malthus)
- partial, indirect or representative democracy ang Pilipinas - masyadong mabilis ang paglobo ng population pero hindi sumasabay ang supply ng pagkain so
- democratic pero may government officials ang ending, nagkukulang sa pagkain
◦ monarchy - one man rule, ruled by either a king or queen
- government of England terms in economics:
◦ oligarchy - ruled by selected few ◦ tingnan lang ang scope
◦ aristocracy (kung wala sa choices, oligarchy ang sagot) ◦ microeconomics - pinag-usapan ang economy ng isang business lang
- rule of elites in the society ◦ macroeconomics - pinag-usapan ang economy ng buong bansa
◦ anarchy - no government at all ◦ tingnan lang ang production na ginawa at anong bansa
◦ communism - no private property ◦ Gross National Product (GNP)
- everything is under the government so there is equal distribution of wealth - tinotal ang production ng mga Filipino sa Pilipinas at pati yung mga nasa ibang
◦ meritocracy - leadership of people by talent bansa
- yung mga educated at may ambag sa lipunan, sila lang ang pwedeng bumoto (examples: OFW, Seaman)
- government of Singapore ◦ Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
◦ federalism - national affairs sa national level - tinotal ang production na ginawa ng mga Filipino dito sa Pilipinas
- local affair sa local level
◦ pinag-usapan ang kita or income
◦ national income - itotal ang lahat ng income tapos e-divide sa time kung gaano katagal
pinagtrabahoan, income over time
◦ per capita income - ang income, e-divide sa number of workers kung ilan ang nagtrabaho
- inaalam per person kung magkano ang kinikita
- income over number of workers
◦ demand - kailangan mo (examples: needs, desires)
◦ supply - nai-provide sa iyo (examples: products, goods and services)
◦ trade - exchange of goods that involves money
(example: product ko, pinagpalit sa pera mo)
◦ barter - exchange of goods na walang involve na money
(example: product ko, pinagpalit sa product mo)
◦ pinag-usapan kung sino ang nag-control
◦ monopoly - isa lang ang nag produce ng product
◦ oligopoly - marami ang nag produce ng similar products
◦ pinag-uusapan ang presyo
◦ inflation - continuous price increase (tumaas ang presyo)
◦ deflation - continuous price decrease (bumaba ang presyo)
◦ pinag-uusapan ang value or halaga
◦ appreciation - tumaas ang value or halaga
◦ depreciation - bumaba ang value or halaga
◦ tingnan ang direction ng flow of goods
◦ import - ang goods ay papasok ng bansa
◦ export - ang good ay palabas ng bansa
◦ pinag-usapan ang nature of job na ginawa mo at literal na kulay ng damit ang pwedeng isuot
◦ white collar - nagtatrabaho buong araw pero hindi nadudumihan
- nangangailangan ng professional skills
(example: pumapasok sa office)
◦ blue collar - nagtatrabaho buong araw at nadudumihan
- nangangailangan ng technical-vocational skills
(examples: pumapasok sa factory, mechanics, mason, plumbers)
◦ brain drain - phenomenal number of professionals spend to leave the country to look for a
higher wage of salary
- nangingibang bansa kasi mas maraming opportunity na nahanap ng greener pasture
- nakikinabang ng professionals sa Pilipinas ay ang ibang bansa
capitalism - namumuhunan, may private companies, businessmen
- oppressive kasi mas yumayaman ang may puhunan or mga boss kaysa mga workers at
ang mga workers din ang mas pagod
working class (proletariat)
- they are the oppressed according to Karl Marx
- laborers, laborers, wagers
communism - system where private capitalism does not exist or not allowed
- pantay-pantay or equal ang distribution of wealth
- kahit sobrang yaman ka, e-distribute parin ang yaman mo sa mga tao
- everything is under the government so there is equal distribution of wealth
arts appreciation and humanities:
◦ Carlos “Botong“ Francisco - national artist for painting
- genre of his paintings are fisher folks and farmers in his small town
in Angono, Rizal
- ang kaniyang paintings ay all about rural life or areas
◦ Lucio San Pedro - national artist for music
- famous composer from Angona, Rizal
◦ Lea Salonga - Filipino singer and has international recognition
◦ Cecile Licad - Filipino renowned pianist
◦ Lisa Macuja-Elizalde - prima ballerina
◦ Napoleon Abueva - recently awarded sculpture, last awardee
- father of modern Filipino sculpture awarded in 1976
◦ Eduardo Castrillo - sculpture of landmarks
- gumawa ng landmarks sa NCR
proponents of theater:
◦ Severino Montano - arena theater (open field)
◦ Naty Crame Rogers - sala theater
◦ Rolando Tinio - experimental theater
Juan Luna - painter of Spoliarium (symbolism ng estado ng Pilipinas during the Spanish occupation)
- greatest painter of his time
Fabian de la Rosa - mentor of Fernando Amorsolo
- national artist for painting
- ang kaniyang paintings ay all about rural life from Paco, Manila
Gilopez Kabayao - brought classical violin music to the masses kasi ang violin para lang sa
mayayaman na e-perform sa elite venues like cinema, theaters, opera house
terms to remember:
◦ mysticism and spiritualism
- predominant characteristic of Eastern religion (Asia)
- naniniwala na may God kahit hindi pa nahahawakan or nakikita
- naniniwala sa someone na mysterious or hindi na perceive sa senses kasi may faith tayo
◦ optimism - predominant characteristic of Western religion
◦ philosophy - ultimate causes or reason
◦ Confucius (K’ung Fu-tzu) - Confucianism
- not a religious leader kasi he is more of a teacher or philosopher
- ang tinuturo niya ay morality and human values
- sa kaniya ina-attribute ang Analects (Analects of Confucius)
◦ Analects of Confucius - compilation ng kaniyang teachings
◦ Lao Tzu - Taoism  ICT 
◦ fanaticism - naging danger ang religion sa society
- most reason ng violent crimes ◦ tiling - this means the graphics will be displayed more than once
- super fanatic sa iyong belief ◦ byte - equivalent to one character
◦ terrorism - hindi naniniwala or nag-accept ng idea mula sa ibang religion
elements of a computer system:
terms in sociology (study ng tao kapag siya ay nasa isang grupo): ◦ hardware - tangible components (examples: keyboard, printer, monitor)
◦ culture shock - nangyayari ito kapag nasa isang lugar ka na hindi mo nakasanayan ang kanilang ◦ software - intangible components (examples: music, games, application)
pinanggagawa ◦ people ware - operates the computer (examples: programmer, data encoder, analyzer)
- awkwardness and unpleasant feeling
◦ culture relativism - may mga practices tayo na acceptable sa isang lugar pero sa ibang lugar hindi direction ng data:
- nagbabago ang what is right and wrong depending on the place ◦ input - nagpapasok ng info or data
- hindi pwedeng e-judge kung sino ang mas tama o mali, we just have to (examples: keyboard, monitor (kapag touch screen), joystick, mouse)
respect each other ◦ output - nag-display ng data
(example: Ang pag-aasawa ng marami ay acceptable sa mga Muslim pero sa Christians hindi.) (examples: speaker, projector, monitor)
◦ ethnocentrism - yan ang superior feeling, superiority
- feeling mo na ang culture mo ang mas maganda at magaling compared sa ibang shortcut keys:
culture ◦ select all - Ctrl + A ◦ paste - Ctrl + V
◦ xenocentrism - inferiority feeling ◦ bold - Ctrl + B ◦ cut - Ctrl + X
- feeling mo na ang foreign culture ay mas maganda kaysa sa local na culture ◦ underline - Ctrl + U ◦ save - Ctrl + S
- feeling mo na mas maganda ang culture ng iba kaysa sa sarili mong culture ◦ italicized - Ctrl + I ◦ new file/document - Ctrl + N
(example: pagkahilig sa imported goods) ◦ copy - Ctrl + C ◦ open the file/document - Ctrl + O
◦ prejudice - negative thinking, negative feeling ◦ print - Ctrl + P ◦ control command about font - Ctrl + D
- negative ang tingin sa iyo, negative ang na feel niya towards you kahit wala ka pang
ginagawa sa kaniya or kahit hindi pa kayo magkakilala abbreviations and acronyms:
◦ discrimination - negative action ◦ control key - ctrl
- may ginawa ka na talaga, nang-bully ka na, sinaktan mo or inagawan mo
◦ alter key - alt
◦ URL - Uniform Resource Locator
◦ USB - Universal Serial Bus
◦ HTML - Hyper Text Markup Language
◦ CPU - Central Processing Unit
- brains of the computer
◦ DICT - Department of Information and Communications Technology

terms to remember:
◦ technology - application of the specific concepts and principles
◦ motherboard - board that serves the foundation of the computer
◦ email - messages are easily transported
◦ keyboard - letters, numbers
◦ internet - information super highways
◦ Operating system - software that helps run the computer system
  BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE  Carolus Linnaeus - father of taxonomy
- able to name 11,000 species of plants and animals
◦ hydrophobic - water fearing (example: lipids) process of taxonomy:
◦ hydrophilic - water loving (example: carbohydrates) ◦ identification - identify ang mga bagong organism na hindi pa na-discover
◦ classification - alamin kung ano ang phylogeny
macromolecules (needed from the body in large amount, kailangan ng ating katawan): ◦ naming organisms - bigyan ng scientific name ang mga organism
◦ carbohydrates - direct or immediate source of energy
- dito kukuha ang body ng source of energy kapag may gagawin kang activity system of taxonomy or classifying organisms:
- building block (bumubuo sa kaniya) ay monosaccharide (one sugar unit) ◦ phylogeny - it’s like a family tree
(source of carbohydrates: rice, bread, pasta, root crops, fruits) - classifying organisms based on evolution
◦ disaccharide - two sugar unit - magkasabay nag-evolve (kamag-anak)
◦ oligosaccharide - three or more sugar unit - hindi magkasabay nag-evolve (magkaibang species)
◦ polysaccharide - repeating sugar unit ◦ Linnaean system - introduced by Carolus Linnaeus
◦ sugar - most of them ends in “ose“ - walang pakialam sa evolution
(examples: glucose, sucrose (table sugar), fructose (sweetest sugar, - hinahanap lang niya ang kaniyang level of classification
derived from fruits), lactose, maltose, galactose, libose, dextrose) - sa ngayon, ito ang ginagamit na system
◦ glycogen - ito ang source of energy kapag naubos ang carbohydrates levels:
- sa isang araw kapag hindi mo naubos lahat ng carbohydrate na tinake mo, e ◦ domain ◦ kingdom ◦ phylum ◦ class ◦ order ◦ family ◦ genus ◦ species
discharge siya ng ating body sa liver in the form of this
◦ fats - ito ay mabuo kapag naubos ang glycogen domains of kingdom:
- long term source of energy ◦ bacteria - microorganism (maliit), unicellular (isang cell, buong organism), prokaryotic (walang
◦ proteins - building block ay amino acid (9 essential, 11 non-essential) totoong nucleus)
- most of them ends with “in“ - mga totoong bacteria na alam natin
(source of proteins: nuts, meat, fish) (examples: streptococcus, staphylococcus, lactobacillus)
(examples: keratin & collagen (nag-form ng structure ng ating body), insulin, pepsin, thiamine, ◦ archaea - microorganism, unicellular, prokaryotic, not a bacteria
oxytocin, all hormones) - extremophiles (nakatira sa extreme environment)
◦ butter - not a source of protein because it is lipids ◦ eukarya - complex organisms, may totoong nucleus
◦ lipids - building block ay fatty acids (triglyceride) - larger organism (examples: plants, animals, fungi, protis)
types:
◦ fats - derived from animals kingdom system:
- solid at normal room temperature ◦ Kingdom Monera - the only prokaryotic kingdom
◦ oil - derived from plants - an example of phylogeny
- liquid at normal room temperature (example: mosquito)
- naging solid lang ito kapag malamig ◦ Kingdom Protista - organisms na literally nag-protista talaga sila kasi magulo ang kanilang
◦ phospholipids classification
◦ steroids (cholesterol) - lahat ng magugulo, dito nag sama-sama
- parang plants pero hindi capable of photosynthesis, plant-like
◦ nucleic acid - genetic material (DNA & RNA)
(example: algae - seaweeds sa dagat)
- building block ay nucleotides
- parang animals pero hindi, animal-like
(examples: plasmodium, amoeba, protozoa)
entamoeba histolytica - protist that can cause dysentery (dugo ng tae)
- parang fungi pero hindi, fungus-like
plasmodium (isang protist na hindi nakakagalaw that’s why kailangan niya ng carrier which is the
(example: slime molds)
mosquito) vivax - causes malaria
gorilla beringei - mountain or eastern gorillas ◦ Kingdom Fungi - organisms that feeds on necrotic matter (kumakain ng patay at bulok)
streptococcus - mga bacteria (example: lactobacillus) (examples: yeast (fungus), mushroom, molds, microsporidia)
◦ Kingdom Plantae (example: narra) ◦ birds - mayroon silang thick structure, may feather, has an ability to fly
characteristics of a plant: - has hallow and strong bones
◦ can move birds than cannot fly:
◦ cannot locomote (transfer from one place to another) (examples: ostrich, penguin, flappy bird)
◦ can create their own food ◦ mammals - has hair, fur (balahibo), boobs (suso)
◦ producers - mammary gland (capability to produce milk)
◦ Kingdom Animalia
characteristics of an animal: Antarctica (kung wala sa option, Sahara ang sagot)
◦ can move - world’s largest ecosystem
◦ capable of locomotion desert - defined as no inhabitants or organisms
◦ cannot create their own food - hindi kailangan mainit, pwede din malamig
◦ dependent on plants kinds:
◦ consumers ◦ hot (non-polar) - (example: Sahara - part ng isang bansa)
◦ cold (polar) - (example: Antarctica - entire continent)
invertebrates - no backbone
(examples: jelly fish, worms, insects) ecosystem:
vertebrates - has backbone, spinal column levels of organization:
classes: ◦ cells - dito nag-start
◦ fishes ◦ tissue - pinag-sama ang cell
classes: ◦ organ - pinag-sama ang tissue
◦ jawless - no jaw (panga), mukhang snake ang body, pouty mouth ◦ system - pinag-sama ang organ
- hindi niya kayang mag-chew ◦ organism - pinag-sama ang system
- e-attach lang niya ang mouth niya sa body ng fish para mag-absorb ng ◦ population - is a group of organism of the same species living together at a specific
nutrients through sucking place and time
- can be seen on the deepest part of the ocean, they are primitive ◦ community - is a group of population (aso, pusa, halaman, tao, etc.) living together
(examples: hagfish, lampreys) (sinauna) ◦ ecosystem - temperature, water, air
◦ bony - may tinik, hasang at kaliskis - living and non-living components that interact with each other
(examples: bangus, tilapia, galunggong, sapsap) ◦ biosphere - malakihang ecosystem
◦ cartilaginous - giants of the sea - pinagsama ang everything that sustains life on Earth (air, land, water)
- dahil sa sobrang laki, hindi enough ang tinik lang, ang kailangan niya (examples: forest, grassland, tundra, desert)
ay bones that are made of cartilage
(examples: sharks, stingray) food chain - series of eating events wherein there is a transfer of energy
◦ whales and dolphins - not an example of cartilaginous fishes because (example: lettuce - caterpillar - bird - lion)
they are mammals food web - interconnected na food chain
◦ amphibians - organisms that spends their early life in water, adult life in land and - feeding connections between life form
returns to the water to mate because they are under external energy pyramid/ecological pyramid
fertilization - laging nasa base ang producers like the plants and cyanobacteria because they are
- has thin, wet and moist skin (malamig na manipis, na madulas na basa-basa) capable of manufacturing their own food tapos kakainin siya
- may specific time sa buhay nila kung kailan sila nasa water and land - habang umaakyat, yun yung kumakain sa producers (trophic level)
(examples: frogs, salamanders, toads, caecilians, newts) - habang umaakyat sa energy pyramid, hindi po yan 100%na energy efficiency, as a matter
◦ reptile - ang skin nila ay thick, dry, scaly (makapal, magaspang, tuyo, may kaliskis) of fact, only 10%lang ang pinapasa
(examples: crocodile, snake, turtle, tortoise, alligator, iguana, lizard) ◦ producers ◦ primary consumers ◦ secondary consumers ◦ tertiary consumers ◦ Quaternary
types of animals:
◦ herbivore - plants (example: koala bear)
◦ carnivore - meat (example: polar bear)
◦ omnivore - both plants and animals (example: rat)
specie interaction (uri ng relasyon):
◦ commensalism - one is benefited, the other is unaffected
- pinakinabangan ka na pero hindi ka pa rin naapektuhan
(example: orchid and tree)
◦ parasitism - one organism is benefited, the other is harmed
- may isang nakinabang (parasite), may isang nasaktan (host)
(examples: worm, kuto, garapata, linta)
◦ mutualism - you both benefit from each other, give and take relationship
- parehong nakinabang, rare lang ito
◦ amensalism - one is unaffected, the other is harmed
- walang nakuhang benefit, pero piniling manakit
(example: kinagat ka ng langgam pero wala siyang napala sayo pero nasugatan ka)
◦ neutralism - you both exist but there is no specific relationship
(example: puno ng santol at mangga, pareho silang nandiyan sa
ecosystem pero wala naman silang effect sa isa’t-isa)
◦ competition - playing the same ecological role
- pareho kayo ng kailangan or gusto
(example: puno ng santol ilipat sa tabi ng puno ng mangga,
mag compete sila sa sunlight, sources of nutrients, water)
◦ predation - a relationship between a larger (predator) and a smaller (prey) organism
- nagkainan, may kumain, may kinain
evidences of evolution:
◦ fossils - nalaman na nag-exist ang dinosaurs before
◦ cockroach - living fossil
◦ introduction of new organisms
- from time to time, may na-discover na bagong species ng mga organism
◦ mutation - damages in the genes which were not corrected so it was manifested and resulted
in a genetic disorder
- abnormality sa genes na hindi agad na correct kaya lumabas siya
- hindi sa lahat ng pagkakataon negative ito, may abnormality lang pero hindi big deal
(examples: may blue-tooth sa tenga (accessory auricle), cleft chin, anim ang daliri sa kamay
or paa (polydactyly), dimple)
◦ backward evolution - babalik sa dating anyo
(example: kapag nagkaroon ng backward evolution ang tao, babalikan ang angyong unggoy
kasi according to evolution, the closest relative of man is Chimpanzee,
99.9%amino acid sequence ng Chimpanzee)
◦ Uner Tan syndrome - hindi sila nakakatayo, buong buhay nila nakatuwad sila
- naglalakad kasama ang kamay like monkey
◦ structural development - body parts na evidence ng evolution
(example: vestigial structure)
◦ embryological development - kapag titignan ang embryo ng chicken at human, pare-pareho lang
- first few stages ng ating embryo ay pare-pareho, nangangaling sa
iisang ancestor na ganon din ang stages of development na
pinagdaanan
Vestigial structure - part of the large intestine but has no digestive function
- body parts that remains in the body but serves no specific function
- isa sa evidence ng evolution
(examples: wisdom tooth, appendix, coccyx (tailbone), arrector pili muscle)
concepts of evolution:
◦ theory of use and disuse (Jean-Baptiste Lamarck)
- ang body part na laging ginagamit, lumalaki, humahaba, mas mag-dedevelop
- ang body part na hindi laging ginagamit, either lumiit, umiksi or eventually mawawala
◦ Survival of the fittest (Charles Darwin)
- hindi daw ang pinakamalaki, pinakamatalino, pinakamalakas or pinakamabilis ang
nag-susurvive sa environment kung hindi ang pinakamagaling mag-adapt sa changes
- the more adapted you are to the environment, the more you will survive
◦ natural selection (Herbert Spencer)
◦ homologous organ - human arms, bat’s wings, seal’s flipper
- the same ang kanilang function
genetics (mag-explain kung bakit ganito ang itsura natin, paano minamana ang isang trait at kung
bakit magkakaiba ang ating itsura):
◦ blending theory - kalahati ng trait manggagaling sa tatay, kalahati sa nanay tapos mag-blend sila
- hindi totoo ang theory na ito kasi may mga anak na sobrang kamukha ng tatay
at sobrang kamukha din ng nanay
law that explains paano minana ang isang trait kung bakit ganito ang itsura natin:
◦ law of segregation - ang mga traits ay separated from each other during cell division
(example: hair - pwedeng kulot, pwedeng straight)
- during cell division, maghihiwalay ang trait mo para sa kulot at para kay straight
at isa lang ang pwede makuha sa’yo and it happens by chance. Ito ang reason
kung bakit ipinanganak kang straight or kulot ang buhok.
◦ law of independent assortment
- ang mga traits ay inherited independently from each other
- hindi magkasabay na minamana at hindi nakadepende sa isa’t-isa
- no specific combination that’s why iba’t-ibang combination ang pwedeng mabuo at hindi
tayo magkakamukha, it only happens by chance
- hindi nakadepende ang height mo sa color ng skin, color ng skin sa color ng hair, etc.
◦ law of complete dominance  PHYSICAL SCIENCE 
- masyadong ginalingan ang genes kaya may dominant trait phase change:
- kapag may parents ka na magkaiba exactly ang trait nila, tapos nagmana ka ng todo ◦ melting - solid naging liquid ◦ deionization - plasma naging gas
sa isa (example: ang tatay ay maitim, ang nanay sobrang puti at
◦ freezing - liquid naging solid ◦ sublimation - solid naging gas
noong ipinanganak ka, sobra mong itim)
◦ evaporation - liquid naging gas (example: naphthalene balls)
◦ law of incomplete dominance
◦ condensation - gas naging liquid ◦ deposition - gas naging solid
- hindi ginalingan pareho ang genes kaya wala kang pinagmanahan
◦ ionization - gas naging plasma
- kapag nag-combine ang dalawang genes at nagkaroon ng intermediate trait ang gitna nila
- kapag may parents ka na magkaiba exactly ang trait nila, tapos hindi ka nagmana kahit
concepts of light and sound:
isa sa kanila, ang gitnang trait nila ang namana mo
◦ solid - sound will travel fastest ◦ air or gas - sound will travel more slowly
(example: ang tatay ay maitim, ang nanay sobrang puti at noong ipinanganak ka, gray ka)
- light will travel most slowly - light will travel slowly
◦ law of co-dominance
◦ liquid - sound will travel slowly ◦ vacuum (empty space; no matter, no particles)
- ginalingan pareho ang genes kaya pareho silang dominant
- light will travel more slowly - sound will travel most slowly
- madalas lang ito mangyari sa hayop, hindi sa tao
- light will travel fastest
(example: ang tatay ay maitim, ang nanay sobrang puti at noong ipinanganak ka,
concepts of thunder and lightning:
may color ka na black and white)
◦ sabay silang ini-release ng atmosphere
◦ una nakikita ang lightning bago ang thunder kasi mas mabilis mag travel si light kapag sa air or
concepts to differentiate:
gas compared to sound
◦ heredity - inheritance
◦ lightning strikes the tallest object
- ito ang nag-explain paano minana or pinasa yung trait from parent to
the offspring
MnF3 - Manganese (III) fluoride (rule: baliktarin ang radicals)
◦ variation - nag-explain ng individual differences kung bakit magkakaiba ang itsura ng tao
◦ genotype - genetic make-up
concepts of chemistry:
- ito ang nag describe kung anong genes ang meron ka kung homozygous or
◦ Ca - Calcium
heterozygous, dominant or recessive
◦ Te - Tellurium
◦ phenotype - physical appearance (example: tall or short)
◦ ionic bond - transfer of electrons whether nag gain or nag loss
◦ dominant - superior trait (traits na na-eexpress)
- ang isang atom, para maging stable, kailangan niya ng 8 electrons
(examples: parehong malaki na letter, isang malaking letter at isang maliit na letter
- group number is equal to number of electrons
as long as present ang malaki na letter, dominant pa rin)
(example: sodium has 1 electron while chlorine has 7 electrons, meaning e-donate ni
◦ recessive - inferior trait (hindi lumalabas na trait)
sodium ang nag-iisang electron niya kay chlorine para maging stable si chlorine)
(example: parehong maliit na letter)
◦ covalent bond - sharing of electrons
◦ homozygous - the same characteristics
(example: carbon has 4 electrons while the other element has 4 electrons, meaning they
(example: parehong malaki or maliit na letter)
have to share their electrons para maging stable sila)
◦ heterozygous - different characteristics
◦ metalloid - has properties of both metals and non-metals, in between metals and non-metals
(example: isang malaking letter at isang maliit na letter)
◦ ambivalent - elements na pwede maging dalawa ang kaniyang charge (positive and negative)
(example: hydrogen ion)
nucleic acid (DNA & RNA) - molecule that contains the organisms genetic make-up
◦ esters - organic compound present in perfume
trisomy 21 - down syndrome
- nagbibigay ng mabangong amoy sa pineapple and mango
- extra copy of chromosome number 21
- kahit hindi sila magkakamag-anak, iisa lang ang feature ng mukha nila ◦ bright green - color ng boron sa flame test
- either sobrang baba or sobrang taas ang mata sa tenga
- magkapareha sila ng ugali (super sweet, appreciative, malambing) states of matter:
normal person - has 46 chromosomes; 23 from the father, 23 from the mother ◦ solid ◦ plasma - very hot gas of nuclei and
◦ liquid electrons na makikita sa stars
◦ gas at fluorescent lamp
  EARTH SCIENCE  circle - not a polygon
terms to remember: polygon (close figure with sides):
◦ Midnight Sun - hindi lumubog ang araw, 24 hours maliwanag sa isang lugar ◦ triangle - three ◦ dodecagon - twelve
- sun shines all the time both day and night ◦ quadrilateral - four ◦ triskaidecagon - thirteen
◦ Norway - it is where you can observe the Midnight Sun ◦ pentagon - five ◦ tetradecagon - fourteen
◦ tilting of the Earth on its axis ◦ hexagon - six ◦ pentadecagon - fifteen
- causes season kasi hindi equal ang amount of rainfall ◦ heptagon - seven ◦ hexadecagon - sixteen
◦ mesosphere - part or layer ng ating atmosphere na-burn ang mga meteors kaya hindi siya umabot ◦ octagon - eight ◦ heptadecagon - seventeen
sa Earth ◦ nonagon - nine ◦ octadecagon - eighteen
◦ typhoon - storm in the Pacific ◦ decagon - ten ◦ enneadecagon - nineteen
◦ hurricane - storm in the Atlantic Ocean ◦ undecagon, hendecagon ◦ icosagon - twenty
◦ cyclone - storm in the Indian Ocean - eleven
◦ Pacific Ring of Fire
formula:
- where the Philippines lie in which there are many active volcanoes
I = Prt
- everyday may volcanic activities kaya lang hindi natin namamalayan
where:
I - interest (tinubo ng pera)
 MATHEMATICS  P - principal amount (amount borrowed)
r - rate (percent)
terms to remember:
t - time (month or year)
◦ rectangular solid - approximate shape of a brick (hollow blocks)
◦ oblate spheroid - approximate shape of the Earth water meter:
◦ square - shape or polygon that all sides are equal present reading (big amount) - previous reading (small amount) x cost per kiloliter + basic charge
◦ rectangle - opposite sides are equal
◦ parallelogram - opposite angles are equal
 FILIPINO 
◦ 9m2 - area of a circle inscribed in a square having a side of 63 meters
◦ 25 - prime numbers between 1 and 100 parts of speech:
◦ prime numbers - walang ibang factor maliban sa kaniyang sarili at one ◦ noun - pangngalan ◦ adverb - pang-abay
- starts with number 2
◦ pronoun - panghalip ◦ adjective - pang-uri
◦ one - special number
◦ preposition - pang-ukol ◦ conjunction - pangatnig
◦ 20 - number of times will a digit appears between 1 and 100
◦ verb - pandiwa ◦ interjection - pandamdam
◦ perimeter - the sum of the sides of a polygon
◦ 12 - number of edges of a cube terms to remember:
◦ 24cm - basta about cube ang tanong (formula: 12z) ◦ laban - PINAGLABANAN
◦ 12cm - basta about triangle ang tanong (formula: Pythagorean theorem) ◦ suko - SINUKUAN
◦ 30 days in a month + 1 day ◦ saliksik - SINALIKSIK
- June, April, November, September ◦ ingay - mortal na kaaway ng pakikinig
◦ 31 days in a month + 2 days ◦ pagyayabang - hindi mahalagang salik ng pagtatalumpati
- January, March, May, July, August, October, December
◦ 28 days (if leap year + 1 day, year that is divisible by 4) gamit ng wika:
- February ◦ komunikasyon - pakikipag-ugnayan
◦ ratio and proportion - basta about rice and viand ◦ sumasalamin sa kultura at henerasyon
◦ pagpapalaganap ng kaalaman
teorya ng pinagmulan ng wika: pagbabagong morpoponemiko:
◦ Tore ng Babel - ang wika ay nagmula sa bibliya ◦ asimilasyon - nagpapalit ng isang ponema
◦ Bow-wow (tulad ng aso at ang hayop ay parte ng kalikasan) (examples: pangbansa - pambansa, madumi - marumi)
- ang wika ay nagmula sa tunog ng kalikasan ◦ pagpapalit ng ponema - nagpalit lang ng ponema pero the same pa rin ang meaning
◦ Ding-dong (tulad ng doorbell at ito ay isang bagay) (example: lalaki - lalake)
- ang wika ay nagmula sa tunog ng bagay ◦ metatesis - pagpapalit ng posisyon ng ponema
◦ Yo-he-ho - ang wika ay nagmula sa tunog ng pwersang pisikal (examples: nilipad - lipadin, niyakap - yinakap)
◦ Pooh-pooh - ang wika ay nagmula sa tunog ng masidhing damdamin ng tao ◦ pagkakaltas - tinanggalan ng isang tunog
◦ Yum-yum - ang wika ay nagmula sa tunog ng dila (examples: labahan - labhan, sarahan - sarhan, dalahin - dalhin)
◦ Ta-ta - ang wika ay nagmula sa tunog ng kumpas og galaw ng kamay ◦ paglilipat-diin - pagpapalit-diin
◦ Ta-ra-ra-boom-de-ay - ang wika ay nagmula sa tunog ng ritwal (examples: laro - nasa “ro“ ang diin, laroan - nasa “an“ ang diin)

antas ng wika (anong level naiintindihan): aspeto ng pandiwa (tenses of the verb):
◦ pambansa - ang wika ay naiintindihan sa buong bansa ◦ perperktibo - ito yung naganap na, na-perfect na ang action (tapos na)
◦ lalawiganin - ang wika ay naiintindihan sa isang lugar or lalawigan (example: pumasok)
◦ pampanitikan - ang wika ay ginagamit sa akda or sulatin ◦ imperperktibo - hindi pa tapos, ginagawa pa lang
◦ kolokyal - ginagamit sa pakikipag-usap araw-araw (example: pumapasok)
◦ balbal - salitang kalye or kanto, salitang pinaikli or pinahaba ◦ kontemplatibo - pinag-iisipan pa kung gagawin ang action or hindi
- impormal na nilikha at nabuo, street language - gagawin pa lang, magaganap pa lamang
◦ jargon - ginagamit base sa profession (example: papasok)
◦ pangnagdaan - actions na kakatapos mo lang gawin or kagaganap pa lamang
barayte ng wika (may “ek“ sa dulo): (example: kapapasok)
◦ dayalek - sinasalita sa isang lugar, rehiyon, pangkat
◦ sosyolek - sinasalita base sa estado ng lipunan idiomatic expressions (beyond meaning):
◦ idyolek - pansariling wika ◦ imposible - ang kanyang mungkahi ay suntok sa buwan at di matutupad
◦ etnolek - nanggaling sa pangkat etniko ◦ duwag - pinagmamalaki ko siya, bahag naman pala ang kanyang buntot
◦ ekolek - sinasalita sa bahay ◦ traydor - siya ay buwaya sa katihan
◦ minalas - ang mga magsasaka ay inalat
struktura ng wikang Filipino: ◦ mahal ni daddy si Neneng, paborito ni daddy si Neneng
◦ ponolohiya - pag-aaral ng makabuluhang tunog ng mga ponema - Neneng is the apple of daddy’s eye.
◦ morpolohiya - pag-aaral ng makabuluhang unit ng salita ng mga morpema ◦ maagap - a stitch in time saves nine
◦ semantika - pag-aaral ng kahulugan ng salita - kapag may sira ang isang bagay, na-fix mo agad kaya hindi na siya mas lalaki
◦ sentaksis - pag-aaral ng salita sa isang pangungusap ◦ maaasahan mo ako - you can count on me
◦ ortograpiya - pag-aaral ng pagbabaybay or spelling ◦ balewala - the present problem was a storm in a tea cup (maliit na bagay)
◦ magtipid - waste not, want not
uri ng morpema: - kapag walang sinasayang, wala ka nang gugustuhin pa
◦ morpemang ponema - tunog lang, isang letter lang pero may sariling kahulugan ◦ exaggerated - creating among them out of a hole
- nagdagdag lang isang letter sa isang salita, naiba na ang kahulugan ◦ limited - di-mapagkasya, making both ends meet
(examples: doktor - lalaki, doktora - babae)
◦ morpemang salitang-ugat - pinakapayak na anyo ng salita na wala pang halong panlapi (root word)
◦ morpemang panlapi - dinagdag sa salitang-ugat
anyo ng panitikan: tayutay (figures of speech):
◦ tuluyan (prose) ◦ pagtutulad - simile
examples: ◦ pagwawangis - metaphor
◦ alamat - legends ◦ parabula - parables ◦ pagsasatao - personification, portray human attribute
◦ kwentong bayan - folktale ◦ maikling kuwento - short story ◦ pagmamalabis - hyperbole
◦ awiting bayan - folk song ◦ dula - play ◦ pag-uyam - irony, sarcasm
◦ karunungang bayan - folklore ◦ sanaysay - essay ◦ pagpapalit/paglilipat-saklaw - synecdoche
◦ anekdota - anecdote ◦ talambuhay - biography ◦ pagpapalit-tawag - metonymy
◦ novel - nobela ◦ talumpati - oration ◦ pagtawag - apostrophe, talking to someone na hindi nag-exist or hindi kaya sumagot
◦ fables - pabula ◦ balita - news (examples: kapalaran! huwag ka sanang mailap)
◦ patula (poetry) ◦ paghihimig - onomatopoeia
examples:
◦ awit - song, 12 ang sukat ◦ tanaga - maikling tula ng katutubo uri ng panlapi:
(example: Florante at Laura) ◦ bugtong - riddles (palaisipan) ◦ unlapi - ang panlapi ay nasa unahan
◦ koredo - 8 ang sukat ◦ pastoral - buhay ng kabukiran (rural) ◦ gitlapi - ang panlapi ay nasa gitna
(example: Ibong Adarna) ◦ elehiya - song of the dead ◦ hulapi - ang panlapi ay nasa dulo
◦ epiko - epic ◦ oda - tulang papuri sa isang tao ◦ kabilaan - ang panlapi ay nasa unahan at dulo
◦ balad - ballad ◦ bulong - binubulong habang sinusumpa ◦ laguhan - ang panlapi ay nasa dulo at unahan, gitna at dulo
◦ sawikain - idioms ang isang tao
◦ salawikain - sayings ◦ panunudyo - mang-iinis, mang-aasar

uri ng talumpati:
◦ impromptu - binigay ang topic on the spot
◦ extemporaneous - binigay ang topic na may 2 minutes nalang para mag-prepare
- konti nalang ang oras to prepare
◦ prepared - binigay in advance ang topic kahit next week pa ang presentation

pangungusap na walang paksa:

◦ eksistensiyal - describing the existence kung meron or wala
- sentence na nagsisimula sa “may“, “mayroon“ or “wala“
(examples: walang tubig kahapon, may pasok kanina)
◦ pormulasyong panlipunan
- batian sa society
(examples: magandang umaga, magandang hapon, magandang gabi)
◦ sambitla - pangungusap na nasambit mo lang bigla
(examples: aray!, naku!)
◦ penomenal - pangyayari sa kalikasan or kapaligiran
(examples: umuulan, lumilindol)
◦ temporal - pamanahon
(examples: hapon na, mag-gagabi na)
◦ modal - sinasabi ang kagustuhan or nais
(example: gusto kita)