TheEf

fect
ivenessofUsi
ngL1(Fi
rstLanguage)i
nLear
ning
Engli
shasanL2(SecondLanguage)

GELLI
EBOYS.VI
LLACORTA

ANGELOUB.DALONOS

GLAI
DELLEB.CADAYUNA

GLADYSJI
LLL.RENEJANE

June2021
 CHAPTER1

THEPROBLEM ANDI
TSSCOPE

I
NTRODUCTI
ON

Rat
ional
eoft
heSt
udy

Fi
rstLanguage,
mot
hert
ongueorhomel
anguagei
sthel
anguagespokenat

homebef
oreal
ear
neracqui
reasecondl
anguage.Sev
eral
resear
cher
spr
ovet
hat

hav
ingast
rongf
oundat
ioni
nL1(
fi
rstl
anguage)makesl
ear
ningL2(
secondl
anguage)

easi
er.Al
so,
student
swhohav
easol
i
dfoundat
ioni
nthei
rL1,
dev
elopbet
terl
i
ter
acy

ski
l
lsi
not
herl
anguagest
hatt
heywantt
olear
n.Mor
eov
er,
somer
esear
chshowst
hat

l
ear
nerwi
l
llear
nEngl
i
shl
anguagemor
eef
fect
ivel
yift
heycont
inuet
ohonet
heL1att
he

samet
ime.(
www.
ordangl
i
aeducat
ion.
com)

I
naddi
ti
on,
L1makesl
ear
ner
seasi
ert
opi
ckupandl
ear
not
herl
anguages.I
t

al
sohel
psl
ear
ner
sdev
elopt
hei
rcr
it
ical
thi
nki
ngandl
i
ter
acyski
l
ls.Fur
ther
mor
e,t
he

ski
l
lsl
ear
nti
nL1donothav
eber
e-t
aughtwhent
hel
ear
ner
str
ansf
ert
oasecond

l
anguage.Thus,
L1dev
elopsal
ear
ner
'sper
sonal
,soci
al,
andcul
tur
ali
dent
it
yandsot
he

l
ear
nercaneasi
l
yadoptabet
terunder
standi
ngoft
hecur
ri
cul
um (
Sav
age,
2019)
.

Asst
atedi
nthest
udy
,mai
ntai
ningt
heuseofL1canbeconsi
der
edasv
aluabl
e

asseti
nlear
ninganewl
anguager
athert
hanar
esour
ceofi
nter
fer
enceandconf
usi
on.

Al
so,
exposur
eandi
mmer
sioni
nL2ar
egr
eatf
orl
ear
ningandi
twasst
atedconf
ident
ly

t
heL1i
samassi
vel
i
ngui
sti
cresour
ce.Mor
eov
er,
L1i
sal
sousef
ulf
orexpl
aini
ng
gr
ammar
.Adul
tlear
ner
sar
epr
obabl
ycomf
ort
abl
eoff
igur
ingoutgr
ammat
ical

st
ruct
uresaf
terr
epeat
edanddi
ff
erent
iat
edexposur
e,expl
anat
ionsi
nthef
ami
l
iarL1

canexpedi
tet
heunder
standi
ngpr
ocessandl
ett
hel
ear
ner
stopr
ogr
esst
oot
hert
opi
cs

mor
ecapabl
e.(
www.
brai
nscape.
com)

Addi
ti
onal
l
y,t
heuseofl
ear
ner
'sL1pr
omot
esasmoot
htr
ansi
ti
oni
nlear
ning.I
t

meanst
hel
ear
ner
scanbemor
einv
olv
edi
nthel
ear
ningpr
ocessandboostt
he

dev
elopmentofl
i
ter
acyski
l
ls.Al
so,
itenabl
esmor
efl
exi
bil
i
ty,
innov
ati
on,
andcr
eat
ivi
ty

i
nteacherpr
epar
ati
on.Mor
eov
er,
byt
heuseofL1i
tcangett
hesuppor
toft
hegener
al

communi
tyi
nteachi
ng/
lear
ningpr
ocessandcr
eat
esemot
ional
stabi
l
ityandt
ransl
ates

t
ocogni
ti
vest
abi
l
ity
.Ther
efor
e,i
tcr
eat
esabet
terandmeani
ngf
uleducat
ional
out
come.

(
www.
bri
ti
shcounci
l
.or
g)

TheuseofL1i
nlear
ningL2canbebeni
fi
cial
howev
er,
theuseofL1t
oagr
eat

ext
enti
nlear
ningL2wi
l
lbeahi
ndr
ancet
oachi
evementi
nthet
argetl
anguage.Too

muchdependenceont
heuseofL1mayhav
esomedi
sadv
ant
ages.Thus,
student
swi
l
l

f
ail
tor
eal
i
zeandl
ear
nthei
mpor
tanceoft
argetl
anguageorsecondl
anguage.(
www.

r
esear
chgat
e.net
)

Wi
tht
hisbackgr
ound,
wedeci
dedt
oconductast
udyt
odet
ermi
net
he

ef
fect
ivenessofusi
ngL1i
nlear
ningEngl
i
shasasecondl
anguageamongt
he3r
dyear
s

st
udent
sinBSEd-
Engl
i
shSect
ionC1consi
der
ingt
hatt
hisi
sver
yimpor
tantt
oan

Engl
i
shMaj
orst
udent
s.I
tispr
esumpt
iont
hatasanEngl
i
shMaj
ort
heyal
ready

conf
ident
,knowl
edgeabl
e,andmostespeci
all
yski
l
lful
aboutEngl
i
shasaSecond
Language.I
tisf
ort
hisv
eryr
easont
hatt
hisst
udyi
swi
l
lbeconduct
edi
nor
dert
o

det
ermi
net
heef
fi
cacyofL1i
nlanguagef
luencyandpr
ofi
ciencyamongt
hesest
udent
s.

Rev
iewofRel
atedLi
ter
atur
e

Thi
swi
l
lpr
imar
il
ypr
esentt
hedi
ff
erentr
esear
chesandot
herl
i
ter
atur
esf
rom

di
ff
erentr
esear
cher
s,whi
chhav
esi
gni
fi
cantcont
ri
but
iont
hatcoul
dsuppor
tint
his

r
eseach.I
tfocusesonsev
eral
aspect
sthatwi
l
lhel
pint
hedev
elopmentoft
hisst
udy
.

Thi
sst
udyi
sgener
all
yconcent
rat
ingont
heef
fect
ivenessofusi
ngL1i
nlear
ningEngl
i
sh

asanL2.Thel
i
ter
atur
eoft
hisst
udycomef
rom j
our
nal
s,ar
ti
cles,
andel
ect
roni
c

mat
eri
alsuchasPDFandot
herexi
sti
ngt
hesesanddi
sser
tat
ionst
hatar
ebel
i
evedt
obe

usef
uli
nel
abor
ati
onconcer
ningt
othi
sst
udy
.

Accor
dingt
oYadar
aetal
.,
(2019)communi
cat
ionpl
aysav
ital
rol
einourev
er

dayl
i
fe,
andf
ort
hatr
easonwet
endt
ofocusedoni
t,asameani
ngf
ulwayt
odev
elop

t
hesecondl
anguage,
wear
efasci
nat
edf
orknowi
ngt
heef
fect
ivewayt
ohoneour

Engl
i
shski
l
ls,
soweknowt
hatl
ear
ningasecondl
anguagei
snoteasyt
askand

st
udent
shav
etobechal
l
engebyt
hei
rteacher
stospeakf
orei
gnl
anguageandmay
be

t
hef
ir
stl
anguagewi
l
lhel
ptoout
putnewl
anguage.
can

I
naddi
ti
on,
Del
bio,
etal
.,
(2018)st
atedi
nthei
rst
udyt
hatst
udent
sfi
nds

di
ff
icul
tyi
nlear
ningasecondl
anguagewi
thoutt
hei
nfl
uenceofL1.Thus,
mostoft
he

i
nst
ruct
orsuseat
ransl
ati
onmet
hodasapr
ofessi
onal
ski
l
l,wher
easot
her
smayuseL1

t
oteacht
het
argetl
anguage.Non-
nat
ivel
anguaget
eacherf
indeasyt
oteacht
het
arget

l
anguagewi
tht
hehel
pofL1howev
ersomenat
ivel
anguaget
eacherofL2maynegl
ect
t
ouseL1.Thus,
iti
snott
her
ightwayoft
eachi
ngt
het
argetl
anguage.

Kav
ali
auski
ene,
(2009)al
socl
aimedt
hatal
lthest
udent
srel
yont
hei
rL1i
n

l
ear
ningEngl
i
shandal
sot
hest
udent
s'aut
onomousl
ygener
atedr
eadi
ng

compr
ehensi
onexer
cises,
summar
ywr
it
ingandback-
tr
ansl
ati
onact
ivi
ti
eshel
p

st
udent
s'awar
enessofdi
ff
erencesbet
weenEngl
i
shandL1,
andf
aci
l
itat
eli
ngui
sti
c

dev
elopment
.

Mor
eov
er,
Rodr
iguez,
etal
.
,(2014)st
atedt
hat"
student
s'acqui
remostoft
hei
r

concept
ual
andacademi
cknowl
edgeandski
l
lst
hrought
henat
ivel
anguage,
whi
ch

pr
ovi
dest
hef
oundat
ionf
orcompl
eti
ngacademi
ctasks.
"Thus,
L1i
nfl
uences

psy
chol
ogi
cal
andl
i
ngui
sti
cpr
epar
ednessf
orl
ear
ningL2aswel
lasaf
fect
slear
ner
s'

academi
csuccess.

Fur
ther
mor
e,i
nthest
udyofSul
tana,
(2018)cr
it
iqui
ngL1i
nfl
uencesi
nL2

dev
elopmentandi
t'
sst
atedt
hatbehav
ior
istv
iewL2dev
elopmentasat
ransf
eroft
he

habi
toft
hesetofl
anguages,
whi
chl
ear
ner
sfor
minL1i
nthepr
ocessofdev
elopment
.

Nev
ert
hel
ess,
ifi
tist
hecase,
lear
ner
sfr
om t
hesamebackgr
oundsofL1woul
dcommi
t

t
hesameer
ror
sandwoul
dpr
oducesi
mil
arl
anguageout
put
.Howev
er,
thi
sisnott
ruei
n

al
lci
rcumst
ances.Lear
ner
swi
thdi
ff
erentbackgr
oundsofL1commi
tthesameer
ror
sin

samepr
ocessofl
ear
ningL2aswel
l
.Thus,
all
languageer
ror
sinL2ar
enotcausedby

t
hedi
sti
nct
ionbet
weenL1andL2.

Nev
ert
hel
ess,
Cook,
(2001)st
atedt
hatt
heL1equi
plear
ner
swi
tht
hel
anguage

compet
encet
heyneedwhent
heyuset
ransl
ati
onmet
hod.Heal
sost
atedt
hatev
en
t
houghmanyt
eacher
swor
khar
dtokeept
hei
rlear
ner
ssepar
atedf
rom t
hei
rL1,
lear
ner
s

st
il
lhav
ement
alconnect
ionbet
weent
het
wol
anguages.

Al
so,
int
hest
udyofCummi
ns,(
2007)
;But
zkamm &Cal
dwel
l
,(2009)cal
l
ed

Li
ngui
sti
cInt
erdependenceHy
pot
hesi
s,i
tsuggest
sthatt
heuseofL1byt
eacher
sint
he

cl
assr
oom i
sbenef
ici
albecause,
basedf
rom t
hishy
pot
hesi
s,t
ransf
eri
snotal
way
sa

negat
iveaspectandl
anguagesar
eli
ngui
sti
cal
l
yint
erdependentexceptf
oraf
ew

el
ement
swhi
chcannotcauseanyhi
ndr
ancei
nlanguagel
ear
ning.Fur
ther
mor
e,t
heL1

mot
ivat
esst
udent
sofL2t
obeact
ivel
ear
ner
sandi
tsav
est
hei
rti
meandshapet
hei
r

concept
ual
i
zat
ionofl
ear
ningaswel
l(El
l
is,
2008&Tur
nbul
l
,2002)
.Thi
scl
aim was

conf
ir
medbyCook,
(2002)whost
atedt
hat"
giv
ent
heappr
opr
iat
eenv
ironment
,two

l
anguagesar
easnor
mal
ast
wol
ungs"
.

Theor
eti
cal
/Concept
ualFr
amewor
k

Thet
heor
eti
cal
framewor
kthatsuppor
ts"
theef
fect
ivenessofusi
ngL1i
n

l
ear
ningEngl
i
shasanL2"canbeVy
got
sky
'scogni
ti
veandsoci
ocul
tur
alt
heor
yand

Cummi
n'
sli
ngui
sti
cint
erdependencehy
pot
hesi
s.

Vy
got
sky
'scogni
ti
veandsoci
ocul
tur
alt
heor
y.Resear
cher
s(Cook,
2001;
Lin,

2015;
McMi
l
lan&Tur
nbul
l
,2009)bel
i
evet
hatl
anguagei
sthegoodcogni
ti
vet
ool
tohel
p

peopl
etounder
standconcept
s,handl
epr
obl
ems,
andmakesol
uti
ons.Fur
ther
mor
e,

amongl
anguages,
L1i
sthemostpower
ful
onewepossesst
omedi
atet
hinki
ng,
gui
de

ust
oexpl
oreandexpr
essouri
deasi
nL2.I
naddi
ti
on,
L1asat
ool
for
 Vygotsky'
s
cognit
iveand
sociocul
tural
t
heor y

Natur
al Zoneof
t
endencytouse Pr
oximal
L1 Development
(ZPD)
Effecti
venessof
usi
ngL1i n
learni
ngEnglish
asanL2
Benefit
sofusing Cummi n'
s
L1t osupportin Linguisti
c
l
earning I
nterdependence
addit
ional Hy pothesis
language
Common
Underl
yi
ng
Prof
eci
ency

Fi
gur
e1

Theor
it
ical
/Concept
ualFr
amewor
k
peopl
etocommuni
cat
ewi
theachot
heri
nL2cl
assr
oom,
int
hewor
dst
hatnotonl
y

conv
eyi
nfor
mat
ion,
butal
soexpr
essspeaker
'si
deas,
emot
ionsandi
dent
it
ies.

Accor
dingt
oVy
got
sky
'scogni
ti
veandsoci
ocul
tur
alt
heor
y,L1pl
aysan

i
mpor
tantr
olei
nlear
ningL2.Lear
ner
scanacqui
rel
anguaget
hroughbui
l
dingt
hei
r

di
alect
ical
rel
ati
onshi
pswi
tht
hesoci
alwor
ldsuchaspeer
sandt
eacher
s.Thi
ski
ndof

t
heor
yal
sohasahugei
nfl
uencei
nthecogni
ti
vedev
elopmentwhenl
ear
ner
sacqui
rea

newl
anguage.Vy
got
skydobel
i
evet
hatpeopl
elear
nev
ery
thi
ngont
wol
evel
s.Fi
rst
,

hav
ingi
nter
act
ionwi
thot
her
stheni
ntegr
atewhatt
heyacqui
rei
ntot
hei
rindi
vi
dual

ment
alst
ruct
ures.

I
nthebook,Mi
ndi
nSoci
ety
:Dev
elopmentofHi
gherPsy
chol
ogi
cal
Processes,

Vy
got
sky(
1980)st
atedt
hat
:

Ev
eryf
unct
ioni
nthechi
l
d'scul
tur
aldev
elopmentappear
stwi
ce:
fir
st,
ont
hesoci
all
evel
,

andsecond,
ont
hei
ndi
vi
dual
lev
el;
fir
st,
bet
weenpeopl
e(i
nter
-psy
chol
ogi
cal
)andt
hen

secondi
sthe(
int
ra-
psy
chol
ogi
cal
).Thi
sappl
i
esev
enl
ytov
olunt
aryat
tent
ion,
tol
ogi
cal

memor
y,andt
othef
ormat
ionofconcept
s.Al
lthehi
gherf
unct
ionsor
igi
nat
easact
ual

r
elat
ionshi
pbet
weeni
ndi
vi
dual
s.

Theot
heri
deaofVy
got
sky
'scogni
ti
veandsoci
ocul
tur
alt
heor
yisaboutZone

ofPr
oxi
mal
Dev
elopment(
ZPD)
.ZEDi
sthear
eawhi
chpeopl
ecandi
scov
erandbe

r
eadycogni
ti
vel
ywi
tht
hepar
ti
cipat
ionofot
herpeopl
e.Howev
er,
ateacherorapeer

canpr
ovi
dest
udent
swi
th"
scaf
fol
ding"t
osuppor
tst
udent
s'under
standi
ngof

knowl
edgeorski
l
lsi
mpr
ovement
.Thus,
student
s'L1canbeusedi
nscaf
fol
dingi
nthe
ZED,
dir
ect
ingt
hei
rmedi
ati
ngandcompr
ehendi
ngt
hemeani
ngofL2,
whi
ch,
tosome

r
easoni
sbenef
ici
alf
orst
udent
s'L2l
ear
ning.

Li
ngui
sti
cint
erdependencehy
pot
hesi
s.Thesecondt
heor
ysuppor
ti
ngt
he

ef
fect
ivenessofusi
ngL1i
nlear
ningEngl
i
shasanL2i
sCummi
n'
sli
ngui
sti
c

i
nter
dependencehy
pot
hesi
s(1978,
1981,
1991)
,whi
chspeci
fyt
her
elat
ionshi
pbet
ween

L1andL2ar
enoti
ndependentofeachot
her
.Ont
hecont
rar
y,bot
har
eact
ual
l
y

i
nter
dependentpsy
chol
ogi
cal
l
yandexi
stt
oget
herev
enl
y.Cummi
nsused"
Common

Under
lyi
ngPr
ofeci
ency
"todescr
ibet
hisi
nter
dependence.Thi
shy
pot
hesi
sst
atet
hat

al
thoughL1andanot
herl
anguagear
esepar
atedont
hesur
face,
suchaspr
onunci
ati
on,

t
het
wol
anguagesi
ncor
por
atei
nthemi
ndsot
hatt
heydonotf
unct
ionsepar
atel
ybut

wor
kbyt
hesamepr
ocessi
ngsy
stem."
Thi
stheor
ymakespossi
blet
het
ransf
erof

cogni
ti
ve/
academi
corl
i
ter
acy
-rel
atedpr
ofeci
encyf
rom onel
anguaget
oanot
her
"

(
Cummi
ns,
2007)
.

Mor
eov
er,
Cummi
nst
ri
edt
odi
scov
erf
urt
heraboutt
her
elat
ionshi
pbet
weenL1

andL2,
andmadeanot
hert
heor
yref
err
edt
othedev
elopment
ali
nter
dependence

hy
pot
hesi
s.Hi
stheor
ysuggest
sthatl
ear
ner
s'L2compet
encei
spar
tl
ydependenton

t
hel
evel
ofcompet
encet
hatt
heyal
readyaccompl
i
shedi
nL1.Ther
efor
e,t
hemor
e

l
ear
ner
sdev
elopt
hei
rL1,
themor
eeasi
eri
twi
l
lbedev
elopt
hei
rL2.Howev
er,
whent
hei
r

L1i
satl
owst
age,
itwi
l
lbear
duousf
orl
ear
ner
stoachi
evebi
l
ingual
i
sm.Some

r
esear
cher
sappr
ovedt
het
heor
y,andt
hosewhosuppor
tthebi
l
ingual
i
sm hav
eassumed

t
hatL1canbeusedt
hroughl
ear
ner
sinL2cl
assr
oomshenceL2dev
elopmentst
rongl
y
r
eli
esonL1pr
ofeci
ency
.

Tosum up,
from Cummi
ns'
theor
y,pr
ofeci
encyi
nL1wi
l
lbeabl
etohel
pin

l
ear
ningL2becauseoft
hei
rcommonunder
lyi
ngpr
ofeci
ency
.Mor
eov
er,
thei
rcommon

under
lyi
ngpr
ofeci
encymakest
het
ransf
erofcogni
ti
ve,
academi
corsomeski
l
lsacr
oss

l
anguagespossi
ble.

Accor
dingt
oPaul
i
neGi
bbons(
2018)
,lear
ningt
hroughandmai
ntai
ningt
heuse

ofL1canhel
plear
ningi
not
herl
anguages.Somebenef
it
sofusi
ngt
hef
ir
stl
anguaget
o

suppor
tthosewhoar
elear
ningi
nanaddi
ti
onal
languagear
ethef
oll
owi
ng:

●Seei
ngandbei
ngabl
etouset
hei
rL1(
Fir
stl
anguage)i
ntheschool
orcl
ass

env
ironmentcanhel
plear
ner
stof
eel
incl
udedandaccept
edaspar
toft
heschool

communi
ty.

●Languagei
sint
ri
nsi
cal
l
yli
nkedt
olear
ner
s'i
dent
it
yandemot
ional
wel
l
-bei
ngandso

t
heuseoft
hel
anguageoft
hewi
l
lhel
plear
ner
stof
eel
mor
econf
identandsecur
e.

●Lear
ner
swi
l
lbemor
efocusedandmot
ivat
edi
flear
ningbui
l
dsonpr
iorknowl
edgeof

l
anguageexper
iences.

●Lear
ner
sar
eli
kel
ytoal
readyhav
econcept
sdev
elopedorembeddedi
nL1(
Fir
st

l
anguage)andi
fthel
anguagecont
entoft
hecur
ri
cul
um i
scl
osel
yli
nkedt
othel
anguage

i
nwhi
chknowl
edgei
sembeddedt
heuseofL1t
osuppor
tlear
ner
s.

Pr
ofessorAngel
i
naKi
oko(
2015)
,st
atedi
nherr
esear
cht
hatt
heuseof

l
ear
ner
sL1i
nthecl
assr
oom pr
omot
esasmoot
htr
ansi
ti
onbet
weenhomeandschool
.
Ther
efor
e,l
ear
ner
scanbemor
einv
olv
edi
nthel
ear
ningpr
ocessandspeedsupt
he

dev
elopmentofl
i
ter
acyski
l
ls.Fur
ther
mor
e,i
tal
soenabl
esmor
efl
exi
bil
i
ty,
innov
ati
on,

andcr
eat
ivi
tyi
nteacherpr
epar
ati
on.Usi
ngl
ear
ner
s'L1i
sal
somor
eli
kel
ytogett
he

suppor
toft
hegener
alcommuni
tyi
nthet
eachi
ng/
lear
ningpr
ocessandi
tal
socr
eat
es

anemot
ional
stabi
l
itywhi
cht
ransl
atest
ocogni
ti
vest
abi
l
ity
.Asar
esul
t,i
tleadst
oa

bet
tereducat
ional
out
come.

I
naddi
ti
on,
Dhar
manandJoshi
(2017)al
sost
atedi
nhi
sresear
cht
hatL2

l
ear
ner
shav
esomeef
fect
ivef
act
orswhi
chacceptt
hef
actt
hatuseofL1cannotbe

negl
ect
ed.Nat
ural
tendencyt
ouset
hei
rL1,
cogni
ti
vesuppor
t,enr
ichi
ngt
hepr
ocessof

l
ear
ning,
senseofsecur
it
yandov
eral
lunder
standi
ngar
enecessar
yfact
orsf
orsuccess

i
nL2l
ear
ning.Oneoft
her
easonsofusi
ngL1i
nlear
ningL2i
sst
udent
'snat
ural

t
endency
.Usi
ngL1i
sahabi
twhi
chaut
omat
ical
l
yrel
atesl
ear
ningpr
ocesswi
thnew

l
ear
ning.Nonet
hel
ess,
nat
ural
tendencyofusi
ngL1canhel
pthel
ear
ner
s.Thus,
it

shoul
dnotbedi
scar
ded.I
fthest
udent
'snat
ural
tendencyt
ouseL1i
ssuppr
essed,
it

br
ingscount
erpr
oduct
ivet
ensi
on.Ther
efor
e,l
ear
ningwon'
tbemeani
ngf
ul(
Wechsl
er,

1997)
.Howev
er,
int
ermsofnat
ural
tendency
,ov
eruseofL1shoul
dnotbeencour
aged.

Mor
eov
er,
student
scangetcogni
ti
vesuppor
twhi
l
ethei
rL1i
susedi
nthecl
ass.

Appar
ent
ly,
student
scanacqui
remor
eknowl
edge.St
orchandWi
ggl
eswor
th(
2003)

al
sobel
i
evet
hatL1gi
vescogni
ti
vesuppor
twhi
chi
sanabi
l
ityt
ogener
ateknowl
edgeof

l
anguaget
ocr
eat
egoodl
ear
ning.Speci
fi
cal
l
yitcanhel
ptot
hink,
speakandactt
hrough

communi
cat
ingot
her
s.
L1canbeusedasar
esour
cei
nlear
ningL2.I
tist
her
esour
cei
nthemat
tert
hatcul
tur
e

ofL1canwor
kasadr
ivi
ngf
orcet
olear
not
herl
anguages.I
nthi
smat
ter
,At
os(
2001)

st
atedt
hatL1useenr
ichest
hepr
ocessofl
ear
ningbyusi
ngt
heL1asar
esour
ceandby

usi
ngcul
tur
eoft
hecul
tur
eoft
heL1i
nst
ruct
orcanf
aci
l
itat
ewi
tht
eachi
ngandst
udent
s

candev
elopwi
thl
ear
ning.

THEPROBLEM

St
atementoft
hePr
obl
em

Thi
sst
udyai
mst
odet
ermi
net
heEf
fect
ivenessofUsi
ngL1(
Fir
stLanguage)i
nLear
ning

Engl
i
shasanL2(
SecondLanguage)amongt
heThi
rdYearst
udent
sinBSEd-Engl
i
sh

Sect
ionC1i
nCebuTechnol
ogi
cal
Uni
ver
sit
y-Mai
nCampusdur
ingA.Y.2020-
2021.

Speci
fi
cal
l
y,i
tai
mst
oanswert
hef
oll
owi
ngquest
ions:

1.Whati
sthepr
ofi
l
eoft
hest
udent
sint
ermsof
:

a.Age

b.Gender

c.Fi
rstl
anguage

2.Howdot
hest
udent
suset
hei
rL1i
nlear
ningEngl
i
shasanL2i
nter
msof:

a.Readi
ng

b.Speaki
ng
c.Gr
ammar

3.Howcanl
anguagebackgr
oundaf
fectt
hel
ear
ner
'sper
for
mancei
nthet
arget

l
anguage?

4.I
sther
easi
gni
fi
cantr
elat
ionshi
pbet
weent
hel
ear
ner
'sEngl
i
shl
anguageper
for
mance

andt
hei
rident
if
iedpr
ofi
l
e?

5.WhatEngl
i
shl
anguageact
ivi
ti
escanbedesi
gnedt
odet
ermi
net
heef
fi
cacyoft
hei
r

L1i
nlear
ningEngl
i
shasanL2?

Si
gni
fi
canceoft
heSt
udy

Thi
sst
udywi
l
lbenef
itt
hef
oll
owi
ngent
it
ies:

Facul
ty.Thi
sst
udywi
l
lhel
pthef
acul
tyt
oassessandmakesomeobser
vat
ionsonhow

t
heL1af
fect
sthesecondl
anguagel
ear
ningoft
hest
udent
s.Byt
heobser
vat
ion,
they

canmakemet
hodol
ogi
esandst
rat
egi
esonwhatr
ulesandact
ivi
escanbei
mpl
ement
ed

i
nor
dert
oachi
evet
heef
fect
ivenessofusi
ngL1i
nlear
ningt
hel
anguagel
ear
ningoft
he

st
udent
s.

I
nst
ruct
ors/
Prof
essor
s.Thi
sst
udywi
l
lopenupnewhor
izonf
orEngl
i
sht
eacher
stof
ind

ausef
ulmet
hodt
ouset
hel
ear
ner
s'f
ir
stl
anguage.Al
so,
itgi
vest
hem i
deahow

i
mpor
tantt
heuseoff
ir
stl
anguagei
nteachi
ngEngl
i
shasasecondl
anguage.

Lear
ner
s.Thi
sst
udywi
l
lgi
vet
hem benef
it
sinl
ear
ningsecondl
anguageorf
orei
gn

l
anguage.I
tgi
vest
hem i
deashowef
fect
iveL1t
obeassoci
atedi
nlear
ningL2.Al
so,
it
wi
l
lhel
pthem t
obecomef
luenti
nEngl
i
shl
anguagebyknowi
ngt
heef
fi
cacyoff
ir
st

l
anguagei
nlear
ningEngl
i
shasasecondl
anguage.

Fut
ureResear
cher
.Ther
esul
toft
hisst
udywi
l
lassi
stt
hem i
nmaki
ngr
elat
edst
udi
es

t
owar
dst
heef
fect
ivenessofusi
ngf
ir
stl
anguagei
nlear
ningEngl
i
shasasecond

l
anguage.

RESEARCHMETHODOLOGY

Thi
sst
udywi
l
lbeusedescr
ipt
ivemet
hodofr
esear
chuset
odescr
ibet
he

char
act
eri
sti
csoft
hepopul
ati
ont
hatwi
l
lbest
udi
ed.Thest
udywi
l
lbedonet
hrough

t
estandquest
ionnai
res.Descr
ipt
ivemet
hodofr
esear
chemphasi
zest
her
eal
stat
usor

condi
ti
ont
hatexi
stsi
nthesi
tuat
ionsoranyphenomena.

Fl
owoft
heSt
udy

Ther
esear
chpr
ocedur
ewi
l
lbedoneaccor
dingt
otheSy
stem Model
as

pr
esent
edi
nFi
gur
e2.showi
ngt
hei
nput
,pr
ocess,
andout
putappr
oach.Thei
nputwi
l
l

i
ncl
udet
hepr
ofi
l
eoft
hest
udent
sint
ermsoft
hei
rage,
gender
,andt
hei
rfi
rstl
anguage.

TheEngl
i
shl
anguageper
for
manceoft
hest
udent
swi
l
lal
sobemeasur
edi
nter
msof

r
eadi
ng,
speaki
ng,
andgr
ammar
.
 I
NPUT OUTPUT
PROCESS
1.Profi
leofthe ●Effect
ivenessofL1
respondent
si nt
erms ●Tr
ansmi
tt
all
ett
er
i
nlearni
ngEngl i
shas
of: ●Tabul
ati
on anL2

a.Age ●Comput
ati
on
b.Gender ●I
nter
pret
ati
on
c.Fi
rstLanguage ●Narr
ati
vediscussi
on
2.Measur ementof oft
heeff
ecti
venessof
howst udentsuse L1i
nlear
ningL2
theirL1inlear
ning
EnglishasanL2i n
termsof :

a.Readi
ng

b.Speaki
ng

c.Gr
ammar

Fi
gur
e2

Fl
owoft
heSt
udy
Env
ironment

CebuTechnol
ogi
cal
Uni
ver
sit
y(CTU)i
sast
ateuni
ver
sit
ysy
stem wi
tht
hemai
n

campusi
nCebuCi
ty.I
tisoneoft
hey
oungestuni
ver
sit
iesi
nthePhi
l
ippi
nesand

cur
rent
lyhasni
nesat
ell
i
tecampusesand11ext
ensi
oncampusesont
hei
slandofCebu.

Themai
ncampusst
art
edi
n1911ast
heCebuTr
adeSchool
.Itwast
henr
enamedt
o

CebuSchool
ofAr
tsandTr
ades(
CSAT)i
n1940wheni
test
abl
i
shedi
tssecondar
y

school
.CSATpr
ovi
dedabachel
or'
sdegr
eepr
ogr
am i
nIndust
ri
alEducat
ioni
n1954.

Ev
ent
ual
l
y,i
topenedmor
eunder
graduat
eandgr
aduat
ecour
ses,
li
keTeacherEducat
ion,

I
ndust
ri
alTechnol
ogy
,andPubl
i
cAdmi
nist
rat
ion.

Thr
oughBat
asPambansaBi
l
ang412,
CSAT,
toget
herwi
thei
ghtot
herschool
s

i
nCebu,
wer
eint
egr
atedi
ntot
heCebuSt
ateCol
l
egeofSci
enceandTechnol
ogy(
CSCST)

sy
stem i
n1983.I
n2009,
thest
atecol
l
egesy
stem ear
nedi
tsst
ateuni
ver
sit
yst
atus,

becomi
ngCebuTechnol
ogi
cal
Uni
ver
sit
y.Thatsamet
ime,
theni
necampuseswer
e

r
enamedaccor
dingt
othei
rlocat
ion—Ar
gao,
Bar
il
i,
SanFr
anci
sco,
Car
men,

Daanbant
ayan,
Danao,
Moal
boal
,andTubur
an.

Si
ncet
hen,
CebuTechnol
ogi
cal
Uni
ver
sit
yhasseennot
hingbutgr
owt
h.Today
,

t
heCebuCi
tycampusi
shomet
o40,
000st
udent
s,st
udy
ingv
ari
edunder
graduat
e

cour
sesacr
ossf
ourcol
l
egeuni
ts:
Col
l
egeofEducat
ion,
Col
l
egeofEngi
neer
ing,
Col
l
ege

ofTechnol
ogy
,andCol
l
egeofAr
tsandSci
ences.Themai
ncampusal
sohasaGr
aduat
e

School
depar
tmentwi
thav
ail
abl
emast
er'
sanddoct
oral
degr
eepr
ogr
amsi
nTeacher

Educat
ion,
Publ
i
cAdmi
nist
rat
ion,
andI
ndust
ri
alTechnol
ogy
.
 Fi
gur
e3

Locat
ionMapofResear
chEnv
ironment
 CebuTechnol
ogi
cal
Uni
ver
sit
yisr
ecogni
zedbydi
ff
erentor
gani
zat
ionsf
ori
ts

commi
tmentt
odel
i
ver
ingexcel
l
entacademi
cinst
ruct
ion.Theuni
ver
sit
yisanI
SO

9001:
2008cer
ti
fi
edi
nst
it
uti
onasgr
ant
edbyt
heAngl
o-JapaneseAmer
ican(
AJA)

Regi
str
arsI
nc.TheCommi
ssi
ononHi
gherEducat
ion(
CHED)al
soaut
hor
izedCTUas

bei
ngaSUCofLev
elsI
VandV,
thehi
ghesti
nthenat
ional
andr
egi
onal
lev
els,

r
espect
ivel
y.Al
otofpr
ogr
amsi
nCTU,
cov
eri
ngunder
graduat
e,gr
aduat
e,andpost
-

gr
aduat
eones,
alsohav
eaccr
edi
tat
ionsf
rom t
heAccr
edi
ti
ngAgencyofChar
ter
ed

Col
l
egesandUni
ver
sit
iesi
nthePhi
l
ippi
nes,
Inc.(
AACCUP)
,wi
tht
heEl
ement
aryand

Secondar
yEducat
ioni
nCTUMai
nCampushav
ingLev
elI
IIRe-
accr
edi
tat
ion.

(
www.
edukasy
on.
ph)

Respondent
s

Thi
sst
udywi
l
lbeconduct
edt
otheBachel
orofSecondar
yEducat
ion-Maj
or

i
nEngl
i
shSect
ionC1st
udent
sofCebuTechnol
ogi
cal
Uni
ver
sit
y-Mai
nCampus

academi
cyear2020-
2021i
nCTU-Mai
nCampus.Ther
ewi
l
lbe22st
udent
s,14ofwhi
ch

ar
egi
rl
sand6ofwhi
char
eboy
s.

I
nst
rument

Thedat
a-gat
her
ingi
nst
rumenti
nthi
sst
udywi
l
lbei
nter
view,
aone-
on-
one

i
nter
viewconv
ersat
ionr
elat
edt
othel
anguagebackgr
oundoft
hest
udent
sthatcan

af
fectt
hei
rper
for
mancei
nthet
argetl
anguageandquest
ionnai
rer
elat
edt
othe

st
udent
susageoft
hei
rL1(
fi
rstl
anguage)i
nlear
ningEngl
i
shasanL2(
second

l
anguage)
.
Dat
aGat
her
ing

Thedat
acol
l
ect
ionandanal
ysi
sfort
hisst
udywi
l
lbear
duousl
ycombi
ned

t
oget
hert
hroughoutt
hephaseoft
hest
udy
.Duet
othepandemi
c,t
hepr
imar
ysour
ceof

dat
afort
hiswi
l
lbet
hrought
elephonei
nter
viewsoft
her
espondent
s.

Qual
i
tat
ivei
nter
viewwi
l
lbet
hepr
imar
ymet
hodofdat
acol
l
ect
ion.Fort
hisst
udy
,

t
elephonei
nter
viewwi
l
lbemadet
ogat
hert
hei
nfor
mat
ionf
rom t
her
espondent
s.

Asaf
ir
stst
epi
nthei
nter
viewpr
ocess,
par
ti
cipant
swi
l
lber
emi
ndedoft
he

pur
poseoft
hest
udy
,ther
esear
chpr
ocedur
es,
expect
edbenef
it
s,t
hei
rri
ghtt
owi
thdr
aw

f
rom t
hest
udyany
time,
andt
hepr
otect
ionofconf
ident
ial
i
ty.Ther
esear
cher
swi
l
l

demonst
rat
efami
l
iar
it
yoft
het
opi
cforgoodr
appor
tandhar
mony
,andwi
l
lident
if
y

t
hemsel
vesasast
udentatCebuTechnol
ogi
cal
Uni
ver
sit
y-Mai
nCampus.

Af
tert
her
espondent
s'appr
oval
,thei
nter
viewwi
l
lbeaudi
o-r
ecor
dedt
oensur
e

compl
etet
ranscr
ipt
.Asemi
-st
ruct
uredi
nter
viewappr
oachwi
l
lbeusedt
ocar
ryt
he

conv
ersat
iont
ogetr
ichdat
athatepwi
l
lbeusedf
ort
hest
udy
.

Ther
espondent
swi
l
lbegi
veni
nter
viewpr
otocol
,appr
oxi
mat
ely7day
sbef
ore

t
heschedul
edi
nter
viewsot
hatt
heywi
l
lhav
eti
met
opr
epar
ethei
rresponsest
othe

i
nit
ial
quest
ions.Open-
endedquest
ionswi
l
lbeusedt
hrought
her
emai
nderoft
he

i
nter
viewt
oencour
agepar
ti
cipant
stot
alkf
reel
yandr
espondopenl
ytoquer
ies

(BogdanandBi
kl
en,
1982;
Kval
e,1996)
.

I
naddi
ti
on,
respondent
swi
l
lbeof
tenasked"
why
"af
terr
espondi
ngt
othe
quest
ions.Thi
spr
ovi
det
her
espondent
smor
eti
met
othi
nksot
hatt
heycoul
dful
l
y

el
abor
ateont
hei
rexper
iences.

Dat
aAnal
ysi
s.Col
l
ect
eddat
afr
om i
ndi
vi
dual
int
erv
iewswer
eanal
yzedbyt
he

pr
imar
yresear
chert
hati
ncl
udedt
ranscr
ipt
ion,
codi
ng,
andi
nter
pret
ati
vedi
scussi
on.

Howev
er,
thi
stookacompr
ehensi
vepr
ocessusi
ngCol
aizzi
’
smet
hodf
or

phenomenol
ogi
cal
dat
aanal
ysi
s(Sander
s,2003;
Spezi
aleandCar
pent
er,
2007)

consi
sti
ngofsev
eral
steps,
1.Ther
esear
cher
sreadandr
e-r
eadeacht
ranscr
iptand

obt
ainedagener
alunder
standi
ngoft
hewhol
econt
ext
;2.Eachpar
ti
cipant
’sr
esponses

wer
ear
rangedi
ntol
i
nenumber
sthateachl
i
ner
esponsewasdesi
gnat
edbynumber
s;

andt
her
esear
chert
ookoutsi
gni
fi
cantst
atement
sforeacht
ranscr
iptt
hatper
tai
nedt
o

phenomenonunderst
udy
.Thesest
atement
swer
erecor
dedonasepar
atesheet
,pages

andl
i
nenumber
s;t
hent
her
esear
cherf
ormul
atedmeani
ngoutofsi
gni
fi
cant

st
atement
s;f
ormul
atedmeani
ngswer
esor
tedi
ntocat
egor
izedcl
ust
ert
hemes.

Thr
ought
hismet
icul
ouspr
ocessoft
ranscr
ibi
ngdat
afr
om audi
orecor
dingsoft
hei
n-

dept
hint
erv
iews,
pausi
ng,
transcr
ibi
ng,
andt
henv
eri
fyi
ngt
het
ranscr
ipt
ion,
the

r
esear
cher
swer
ever
yfami
l
iarwi
tht
hecont
entoft
hedat
aandwasusef
uli
nlat
er

anal
ysi
sst
epoff
ormi
nguni
fyi
ngt
hemes.

Et
hicalConsi
der
ati
on.Thi
ssect
ioni
spur
elyandst
ri
ctl
yofpr
ovi
dingf
ull

pr
otect
ionoft
hei
nfor
mant
s’anony
mit
yandconf
ident
ial
i
tyofal
ldat
athatwer
e

col
l
ect
edi
nthei
nvest
igat
ionpr
ocess.Ther
esear
chermustseet
oitt
hathecangi
vef
ull

assur
anceofpr
eser
vingt
hepar
ti
cipant
s’i
dent
it
yandot
herper
sonal
det
ail
s.The

r
elat
ionshi
pthati
sest
abl
i
shedbet
weent
her
esear
cher
sandi
nfor
mant
sinqual
i
tat
ive

st
udi
escanr
aisear
angeofdi
ff
erentet
hical
concer
ns,
andqual
i
tat
iver
esear
cher
sface
di
l
emmassuchasr
espectf
orpr
ivacy
,est
abl
i
shmentofhonestandopeni
nter
act
ions,

andav
oidi
ngmi
srepr
esent
ati
ons.

Tr
ust
wor
thi
nessofResear
ch.Cr
edi
bil
i
tyi
simper
ati
vet
oqual
i
tat
iver
esear
ch

ensur
ing par
ti
cipantr
epr
esent
ati
on i
s accur
atel
yident
if
ied and depi
cted (
Leonar
d,

2005)
.Thi
s st
udywas conduct
ed wi
th cr
edi
bil
i
tyov
eri
tsr
esul
t.A bi
asov
ert
he

i
nter
pret
ati
onwasav
oidedt
omaket
hest
udyr
eli
abl
e.Thewel
far
eoft
hei
nfor
mant
swas

gui
dedt
oal
lthest
agesoft
hisst
udy
.Inf
ormant
swer
erecei
vedandacknowl
edgedby

si
gnat
uret
hroughanI
nfor
medConsentFor
m whi
chexpl
ainsbot
hthescopeoft
he

st
udyandout
li
nedav
enuesav
ail
abl
etot
hem shoul
dtheyev
erf
eelhar
medbyt
he

pr
ocess.Ther
esear
cher
sabi
dedbyt
hecodeofconf
ident
ial
i
tyandmai
ntai
neddat
aina

pr
otect
ed env
ironment
.Inf
ormant
s’dat
a was coded wi
th an i
nfor
mant
s chosen

pseudony
mfr
om t
hest
artoft
hest
udyanddi
dnotr
epr
esentanyot
heri
dent
if
ier
sfr
om

t
hatpoi
nton.Ther
esear
cher
str
anscr
ibedandanal
yzedt
het
ranscr
ipt
stoget
herwi
th

f
iel
dnot
est
oest
abl
i
sht
het
rust
wor
thi
nessoft
hedat
acol
l
ect
ed.Thef
ourcr
it
eri
athat

det
ermi
net
her
igoroft
hest
udyar
enamel
ytr
ansf
erabi
l
ity
;dependabi
l
ity
;conf
ir
mabi
l
ity
;

andcr
edi
bil
i
ty(
Lincol
nandGuba,
1985)
.

Cr
edi
bil
it
yisi
nvol
vedi
nest
abl
i
shi
ngt
hatt
her
esul
tsoft
her
esear
char
e

bel
i
evabl
e.The r
esear
cher
swentbackt
othe i
nfor
mant
sand agr
eesi
nter
msof

aut
hent
ici
tyoft
hei
nfor
mat
ion.Ci
ti
ngl
i
ter
atur
ethatsuppor
tedornegat
edt
her
esul
tsof

t
hisst
udyal
sohel
pedachi
evei
tscr
edi
bil
i
ty.

Tr
ansf
erabi
li
tyr
efer
stot
hedegr
eei
nwhi
cht
her
esear
chcanbet
ransf
err
ed

t
oot
hercont
ext
s.I
tisest
abl
i
shedbypr
ovi
dingr
eader
swi
thev
idencet
hatt
her
esear
ch
st
udy
’sf
indi
ngsmaybeappl
i
cabl
etoot
hercont
ext
s,si
tuat
ions,
times,
andpopul
ati
ons.

Dependabi
li
tyensur
est
hatt
her
esear
chf
indi
ngswer
econsi
stentandcoul
d

ber
epeat
ed.Thi
swasmeasur
edbyt
hest
andar
dofwhi
cht
her
esear
chwasconduct
ed,

anal
yzedandpr
esent
ed.Eachpr
ocessi
nthest
udywasr
epor
tedi
ndet
ail
toenabl
ean

ext
ernal
resear
chert
orepeatt
hei
nqui
ryandachi
evesi
mil
arr
esul
ts.Thi
sal
soenabl
ed

r
esear
cher
stounder
standt
hemet
hodsandt
hei
ref
fect
iveness.

Conf
ir
mabi
li
tyi
sapr
ocesst
oest
abl
i
shwhet
hert
her
esear
cher
shav
ebeen

bi
asdur
ingt
hest
udy
;thi
sisduet
otheassumpt
iont
hatqual
i
tat
iver
esear
chal
l
owst
he

r
esear
cht
obr
ingauni
queper
spect
ivet
othest
udy
.Toenhancet
heconf
ir
mabi
l
ityoft
he

i
nit
ial
concl
usi
on,
anaudi
ttr
ail
wascompl
etedt
hroughoutt
hest
udyanddemonst
rat
ed

howeachdeci
sionwasmade.

DEFI
NITI
ONOFTERMS

Bi
li
ngual
.Someonewhocanspeakorunder
standt
wol
anguages,
especi
all
y
wi
thsomel
eveloffl
uency
.

CommonUnderl
yi
ngPr
ofeci
ency.Theint
erdependenceofconcept
s,ski
l
ls,
andl
i
ngui
sti
cknowl
edgef
oundi
ncentr
alprocessi
ngsystem.

Communicati
on.Theactofdevel
opingmeani
ngamongenti
ti
esorgroups
thr
oughtheusesuf
fici
encymutual
lyunder
stoodsi
gns,
symbol
s,andsemiot
ic
convent
ions.

Compet
ence.Theabi
l
ityt
odosomet
hingwel
loref
fect
ivel
y.

Ef
fect
iveness.Thecapabi
l
ityofpr
oduci
ngadesi
redout
put
.

Fi
rstLanguage.Alsoknownasnati
vetongue,
nativ
etongue,
or
mother
/fat
her/par
enttongue,i
salanguaget
hatthepersonhasbeenexposedt
ofr
om
bi
rt
horwi t
hinthecri
ti
calperi
od.
 Gr
ammat
icalst
ruct
ure.Thear
rangementofwor
ds,
phr
ases,
andcl
ausesi
na
sent
ence.

Int
er-
psychol
ogi
cal
.Ev
eryf
unct
ioni
nachi
l
d'scul
tur
aldev
elopmentappear
s
f
ir
stonsoci
all
evel.

I
ntr
a-psy
chol
ogi
cal
.Ev
eryf
unct
ioni
nchi
l
d'scul
tur
aldev
elopmentappear
s
i
nsi
det
hechil
d.

Language.Asystem ofconventi
onalspoken,
manual
(signed),
orwri
tt
en
symbolsbymeansofwhi chhumanbei ngs,asmemberofasocialgroupand
part
ici
pant
sinitscul
tur
e,expressthemselves.

Lear
ningprocess.Thepr
ocessofacquir
ingnewunder
standi
ng,
knowl
edge,
behav
ior
s,ski
ll
s,val
ues,att
it
udes,
andpref
erences.

Linguist
icInter
dependenceHypothesi
s.Communi cat
ivel
anguageski
ll
sin
chi
ld'sfi
rstlanguagewi l
ltr
ansfert
othesecondlanguageandsuchlanguagei
s
i
nterdependentacr osslanguages.

Mult
il
ingual
.Theuseofmor
ethanonel
anguage,
eit
herbyi
ndi
vi
dual
speaker
orbyagr
oupofspeakers.

Scaff
oldi
ng.Vari
etyofinst
ruct
ionalt
echni
quesusedtomovestudent
s
progressi
velyt
owardstrongerunder
standing,
andult
imat
ely,
great
eri
ndependencei
n
thelearni
ngprocess.

Secondlanguage.Alanguageaper
sonl
ear
nsi
nor
dert
ocommuni
cat
ewi
th
t
henat
ivespeakerofthatl
anguage.

Soci
o-cult
uraltheor
y.Usedinfi
eldssuchaspsy chol
ogyandeducat
ionandis
usedtodescri
beawar enessofci
rcumstancessorroundi
ngindi
vi
dual
sandhowt hei
r
behav
ior
saf f
ectedspecifi
cal
lybythei
rsorroundi
ng,soci
alandcul
tur
alf
actor
s.

Targetl
anguage.Alanguaget
hatsomeonei
slear
ning,
oral
anguagei
nto
whi
chat
exthastobetransl
ated.

Transl
ation.Communicati
onoft
hemeani
ngofsour
ce-
languaget
extbymeans
ofanequiv
alenttarget
-l
anguagetext
.

ZoneofPr oxi
malDevel
opment.Mostimmediatepsy
chologi
caldevel
opment
ofl
ear
nersthati
ncl
udesawiderangeofthei
remot
ional,
cognit
ive,
andvoli
ti
onal
psy
chol
ogicalpr
ocesses.
Ref
erences

But
zkamm,
W.&Cal
dwel
l
,J.( .Thebi
2009) l
ingualr
efor
m:Apar
adi
gm shi
fti
nfor
eign

l
anguaget
eachi
ng.Tübi
ngen,
Ger
many
:Gunt
erNar
rVer
lag.

Cook,
V.( .Usi
2001) ngt
hef
ir
stl
anguagei
nthecl
assr
oom.Canadi
anModer
nLanguage

Rev
iew.

Cummi
ns,
J.( .Ret
2007) hinki
ngmonol
i
nguali
nst
ruct
ionalst
rat
egi
esi
nmul
ti
li
ngual

cl
assr
ooms.Canadi
anJour
nal
ofAppl
i
edLi
ngui
sti
cs.

Del
bio,
A.,
Abi
l
asha,
R.,
Il
ankumar
an,
M.( .Secondl
2018) anguageacqui
sit
ionand

mot
hert
onguei
nfl
uenceofEngl
i
shl
anguagel
ear
ner
s-APsy
choAnal
yti
cAppr
oach.

I
nter
nat
ional
Jour
nal
ofEngi
neer
ing&Technol
ogy
,7(
4.36)497-
500.

Dhar
manand,
J.( .Judi
2017) ciousUseofMot
herTonguei
nEFLCl
assr
oom:Some

Consi
der
ati
ons.NELTAELTFor
um.

Gal
ali
,A.&Ci
nkar
a,E.( .TheUseofL1i
2017) nEngl
i
shasaFor
eignLanguageCl
asses:

I
nsi
ghtf
rom I
raqiTer
ti
aryLev
elSt
udent
s.Adv
ancesi
nLanguageandLi
ter
acySt
udi
es.

Gi
bbons,
P.( .Benef
2018) it
sofUsi
ngFi
rstLanguage(
L1)t
osuppor
tlear
ning.Bet
ter

Bi
l
ingual
.

Kav
ali
auski
eneG.( .Rol
2009) eofmot
hert
onguei
nlear
ningEngl
i
shf
orspeci
fi
c

pur
poses:ESPwor
ld,
Issue1(
22)
,Vol
ume8.

Ki
oko,
A.( .WhySchool
2015) sshoul
dteachy
oungl
ear
ner
sinhomel
anguage.Br
it
ish
Counci
l
.

Li
n,A.M.( .Concept
2015) ual
i
zingt
hepot
ent
ialr
oleofL1i
nCLI
L.Language,
Cul
tur
e,

andCur
ri
cul
um,
28(
1),
74-
89

McMi
l
lan,
B.,
&Tur
nbul
l
,M.( .Teacher
2009) s'useoft
hef
ir
stl
anguagei
nFr
ench

i
mmer
sion:Rev
isi
ngacor
epr
inci
ple.I
nM.Tur
nbul
l&J.Dai
l
ey-
Dai
l
ey-
O'Cai
n(Eds.
)Fi
rst

Languageusei
nsecondandf
orei
gnl
anguagel
ear
ning.Br
ist
ol:
Mul
ti
li
ngual
Mat
ter
s.

Rodr
iguez,
D.,
Car
asqui
l
lo,
A.,
&Lee,
K.S.( .Thebi
2014) l
ingualadv
ant
age:Pr
omot
ing

academi
cdev
elopment
,bi
l
iter
acy
,andnat
ivel
anguagei
nThecl
assr
oom.NewYor
kand

London:
Teacher
sCol
l
egePr
ess.

Sav
age,
C.( .TheI
2019) mpor
tanceofMot
herTonguei
nEducat
ion.I
ndependent

Educat
ionToday
.

Sul
tana,
S.( .Rol
2018) eoff
ir
stl
anguagei
nsecondl
anguagedev
elopment
.Uni
ver
sit
yof

Massachuset
ts,
Amher
st.

Vy
got
sky
,L.S.( .Mi
1980) ndi
nsoci
ety
:Thedev
elopmentofhi
gherpsy
chol
ogi
cal

pr
ocesses.Cambr
idge,
M A:
Har
var
dUni
ver
sit
yPr
ess.

Yadar
a,A.A.E.
;Noé,
M.V.C.
;I
tat
i,U.E.C.( .TheUseofL1i
2019) nthecl
assr
oom,
for

ef
fect
iveor
alcommuni
cat
ioni
nel
event
hgr
adeatGui
l
ler
moCanoBal
l
adar
esI
nst
it
utei
n

Thef
ir
stSemest
er2019.Uni
ver
sidadNaci
onal
Aut
ónomadeNi
car
agua,
Managa.(
p.1-

2)
.
CebuTechnol
ogi
cal
Uni
ver
sit
yHi
stor
y

www.
edukasy
on.
ph

TheFaci
l
itat
ingRol
eofL1i
nESLCl
asses

Cook,
V.(
2002)
.Por
trai
tsoft
heL2user
.Cl
evef
on,
Engl
and:
Mul
ti
li
ngual
Mat
ter
s.

Thei
mpor
tanceoff
ir
stl
anguagedev
elopment

www.
nor
dangl
i
aeducat
ion.
com

Thei
mpor
tanceofmot
hert
onguei
neducat
ion

www.
ie-
today
.co.
uk

Ther
oleoft
hemot
hert
onguei
nsecondl
anguageacqui
sit
ion

www.
rai
nscape.
com

Whyschool
shoul
dteachy
oungl
ear
ner
sinhomel
anguage

www.
bri
ti
shcounci
l
.or
g
 Appendi
xA

TRANSMI
TTALLETTER

June18,
2021

ROSEI
NA.ANCHETA,
JR.ASEANP.
E.,
D.M.
,Ph.
D.

Pr
esi
dent

CebuTechnol
ogi
cal
Uni
ver
sit
y

DearSi
rAnchet
a:

Apl
easantgr
eet
ingt
oyou!

Wear east udentofBachelorofSecondaryEducati

on-Maj ori
nEnglish3-C1inCTU-Main
Campus, andaspar tofourrequir
ementinourResear ch1subj ect
,wehav edecidedto
conductar esear
chont heeffect
ivenessofusi
ngf i
rstlanguageinlearni
ngEnglishasa
secondlanguageamongt hethir
dy earst
udentssecti
onC1i nCebuTechnological
Univesi
ty-Mai nCampus.

Wi t
ht hi
s,wewoul dliketoaskpermissi
onfrom yourgoodoffi
cetoconductour
researchpertai
ningon"TheEf f
ecti
venessofUsingL1(Fi
rstLanguage)i
nLearni
ng
EnglishasanL2( SecondLanguage) .Wewillbeusi
ngaquest i
onnair
estoassessthe
effecti
venessoff i
rstlanguagei
nlearni
ngsecondlanguageamongt hestudent
s.

Wewouldl
i
ket
othanky
oui
nadv
ancef
ort
heoppor
tuni
tyy
ouwi
l
lbepr
ovi
ding.God
bl
essy
ou!

Respect
ful
l
yyour
s,

GELLI
EBOYS.VI
LLACORTA

ANGELOUB.DALONOS

GLADYSJI
LLRENEJANE

GLAI
DELLECADAYUNA
Resear
cher
s

Not
edby
:

ADRI
AND.DUI
TES

I
nst
ruct
or

Appr
ovedby
:

ROSEI
NA.ANCHETAJR.
,ASEANP.
E.,
D.M.
,Ph.
D.

Pr
esi
dent

CebuTechnol
ogi
cal
Uni
ver
sit
y
 Appendi
xB

Name:
(opt
ional
)__
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__

Age:
___
___
___
___
___
___
___

Gender
:__
___
___
___
___
___
_

Fi
rstl
anguage:
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
_

Dir
ect
ion:Pl
easecheckt
heboxt
hatwoul
dcor
respondt
oyouranswerf
rom t
her
elat
ed
quest
ions.

Rel
atedQuest
ions St
rongl
y Agr
ee Uncer
tai
n Di
sagr
ee St
rongly
Agr
ee Di
sagree

A.Gr
ammar

1.Iam morecomfort
able
l
earni
ngEnglishgr
ammar
str
uct
urethroughmyfir
st
l
anguage(L1).

2.Ipr
efertothinkusingmyf i
rst
l
anguage( L1)inconstruct
ing
grammaticalsentences.

3.Ipr
efert
ousemyfirst
l
anguage(L1)i
nscaf
foldi
ng.

4.Iam morecomf or
tabl
eusing
myf i
rstl
anguageinEngl
ish
grammarpeertutori
ng.

5.I
tismoreeasyformet olear
n
andteachEngli
shgrammar
whenIusedmyf ir
stlanguagei
n
myexplanat
ion.
B.Readi
ng

1.WhenIdonotunder st
andthe
contextIpr
efert
otr
anslatei
t
fi
rstusingmyfir
stl
anguage(L1)
.

2.Firstlanguagetr
anslat
ioni
s
veryimpor tantf
ormeespecial
ly
i
nr eadinglongtexts.

3.WhenIr
eadnewv ocabul
aryI
pref
ert
otr
ansl
ateitt
omyf ir
st
l
anguagef
oreasyunderst
anding.

C.Speaki
ng

1.IunderstandEngl
ishlanguage
l
essonsbet terwhentheteacher
usesfir
stlanguage(L1)in
expl
aini
ngt hetopi
c.

2.Ienj
oyEngli
shl
anguage
l
essonsbett
erwhenIam
permit
tedt
ospeakusingmyf
ir
st
l
anguage.

3.Whentheteacheriscorr
ecti
ng
mymi st
akes,Ipr
eferhim/hert
o
speakusi
ngthefir
stlanguage
(L1)
.

4.Icanexpr essmyi deasand

thoughtseasilywhenIuseboth
myf i
rstlanguage(L1)and
secondl anguage(L2)in
speaking.

5.Whenhavingcl
ass
col
labor
ati
onIam more
comfort
abl
einusingmyf i
rst
l
anguageforeasyunder
standi
ng
andcommuni
cat
ion.

6.Speaki
ngthr
oughf i
rst
l
anguageisbenefi
cial
inlear
ning
thetar
getl
anguage.
CURRI
CULUM VI
TAE
 GELLI
EBOYS.VI
LLACORTA

222ndSt
.,Fel
i
naVi
l
.,Ti
na,
CebuCi
ty

09998211529/
09057391063

gel
l
iev
il
lacor
ta@gmai
l
.com

_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
_

PERSONALDATA

Bi
rt
hdat
e: Januar
y4,
1999

Age: 22y
ear
sol
d

Sex: Mal
e

Ci
vi
lSt
atus: Si
ngl
e

Rel
i
gion: RomanCat
hol
i
c

LanguageSpoken: Engl
i
sh,
Fil
i
pino,
andCebuano

Nat
ional
i
ty: Fi
l
ipi
no

EDUCATI
ONALBACKGROUND

Ter
ti
ary Bachel
orofSecondar
yEducat
ion

Maj
ori
nEngl
i
sh

CebuTechnol
ogi
cal
Uni
ver
sit
y-MC

R.Pal
maSt
reet
,CebuCi
ty

June2021

Secondar
y Manl
apayNat
ional
HighSchool

Seni
orHi
ghSchool Manl
apay
,Dal
aguet
e,Cebu

S.Y.2016-2018

Juni
orHi
ghSchool Manl
apayNat
ional
HighSchool
 Manl
apay
,Dal
aguet
e,Cebu

S.Y.2012-2016

El
ement
ary Sant
iconEl
ement
arySchool

Sant
icon,
Badi
an,
Cebu

S.Y.2006-2012

SEMI
NARSATTENDED

Dr
ugSy
mposi
um Semi
nar

Manl
apayCov
eredCour
t-Manl
apay
,Dal
aguet
e,Cebu

Year2017

AWARDSANDHONORS

Gr
aduat
edSeni
orHi
ghSchoolwi
thhonor
s

Manl
apayNat
ional
HighSchool
-Manl
apay
,Dal
aguet
e,Cebu

Apr
il3,
2018

Gr
aduat
edJuni
orHi
ghSchoolwi
thhonor
s

Manl
apayNat
ional
HighSchool
-Manl
apay
,Dal
aguet
e,Cebu

Mar
ch30,
2016

St
udentSupr
emeGov
ernmentLeader
shi
pAwar
d

Manl
apayNat
ional
HighSchool
-Manl
apay
,Dal
aguet
e,Cebu

Apr
il30,
2018
Top1i
nNut
ri
ti
onMont
hPost
erMaki
ngCont
est

Manl
apayNat
ional
HighSchool
-Manl
apay
,Dal
aguet
e,Cebu

Year2016
 ANGELOUB.DALONOS
0593CamagongSt .
Lahug,
CebuCi
ty
09231595670
angel
dalonos99@gmail.
com

_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___

PERSONALDATA:

Bi
rt
hDat
e: Nov
ember9,
1999

Age: 21y
ear
sol
d

Sex: Femal
e

Ci
vi
lSt
atus: Si
ngl
e

Rel
igi
on: RomanCat
hol
ic

LanguagesSpoken: Engl
ish,
Fil
ipi
noandCebuano

Nat
ional
it
y: Fi
li
pino

EDUCATI
ONALBACKGROUND

Ter
ti
ary Bachel
orofSecondar
yEducat
ion

CebuTechnol
ogi
calUni
ver
sit
y

R.
Pal
maSt
reet
,CebuCi
ty

August2022

Secondar
y Wi
ll
yB.Wencesl
aoMemor
ial

Nat
ionalHi
ghSchool

Sal
ay,
Pobl
aci
on,
Sant
ander
,Cebu

S.
Y2012-
2018

Pr
imar
y Sant
anderCent
ralEl
em.School

Pobl
aci
onSant
ander
,Cebu

S.
Y2006-
2012
AWARDS,
HONORS,
ACTI
VITI
ES

Juni
orHi
ghGr
aduat
eWi
thHonor
s

Wi
ll
yB.Wencesl
aoMemor
ialNat
ionalHi
ghSchool

S.
Y.2015-
2016

Seni
orHi
ghGr
aduat
eWi
thHonor
s

Wi
ll
yB.Wencesl
aoMemor
ialNat
ionalHi
ghSchool

S.
Y.2017-
2018

Speci
alAwar
dinI
mmer
sion

Wi
ll
yB.Wencesl
aoMemor
ialNat
ionalHi
ghSchool

2017-
2018
 Gl
aidel
l
eB.Caday
una

Mananggal
Dal
aguet
eCebu

(
+63)9511536474

I
sher
denne@gmai
l
.com

_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
_

Per
sonalDat
a

Bi
rt
hdat
e: Nov
ember30,
1999

Age: 21y
ear
sol
d

Sex: Femal
e

Ci
vi
lSt
atus: Si
ngl
e

Rel
i
gion: RomanCat
hol
i
c

LanguageSpoken:Engl
i
sh,
Fil
i
pino,
andCebuano

Nat
ional
i
ty: Fi
l
ipi
no

Educat
ional
Backgr
ound

Ter
ti
ary CebuTechnol
ogi
calUni
ver
sit
y

M.
JCuencoAv
enueCor
nerR.Pal
maSt
reet
,6000CebuCi
ty

Bachel
orofSecondar
yEducat
ionMaj
ori
nEngl
i
sh

S.
Y.2018-
present

Vocat
ional Dal
aguet
eNat
ionalHi
ghSchool

Pobl
aci
on,
Dal
aguet
e,Cebu

Humani
ti
esandSoci
alSci
ence

S.
Y.2017-2018

Secondar
y Dal
aguet
eNat
ionalHi
ghSchool

Pobl
aci
on,
Dal
aguet
e,Cebu

S.
Y.2015-
2016
Pr
imar
y MananggalEl
ement
arySchool

Mananggal
,Dal
aguet
e,Cebu

Semi
nar
sAt
tended

Dr
ugSy
mposi
um

Dal
aguet
eNat
ional
HighSchool
-Pobl
aci
on,
Dal
aguet
e,Cebu

2017
 GLADYSJILLL.RENEJANE
Lagang,
Ocana,CarcarCi
tyCebu
09205098646
r
enej
anej
il
l28@gmail.
com

_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
_

PERSONALDATA:

Bir
thdate: Apr i
l28,2000
Age: 21y earsold
Sex: Femal e
Civi
lStatus: Single
Reli
gion: RomanCat holi
c
LanguageSpoken: English,Fi
li
pinoandCebuano
National
ity: Fi
lipino

EDUCATI
ONALBACKGROUND:

Ter
ti
ary
Bachel
orofSecondaryEducat
ion
Maj
ori
nEngli
sh
CebuTechnologi
calUni
versi
ty-
MC
R.PalmaStreet,
CebuCity
June2021

Secondar
y St
.Cat
her
ine’
sCol
l
ege

Seni
orHi
ghSchool St.Cat
her
ine’
sColl
ege
6019,Car
carCit
yCebu
S.Y2016-
2018

Juni
orHi
ghSchool St
.Cat
her
ine’
sCol
l
ege
 6019,Car
carCi
tyCebu
S.Y2012-
2016

El
ement
ary OcañaElementar
ySchool
Ocana,
Carcar
,Cit
yCebu
S.
Y2011-2012