Understanding Offshore Lifting Operations And Engineering Analysis

Offshore lifting is a common operation in offshore construction or installation projects at

sea. In this article, we will discuss offshore lifting operations and associated engineering
analysis, safety precautionary measures, contingency plans, and challenges involved in
lifting.

When is offshore lifting required?

 During offshore installation, i.e., Installing any process module, structure at

the operation site
 When shore crane cannot perform the lifting. Sometimes, when a vessel is
berthed port side, but it’s required to lift up or install equipment in starboard
side, which cannot be reached by the shore crane
 Shore crane with limited lifting capacity: Generally shore crane lifting capacity
is only up to 200 tonnes. Equipment exceeding the capacity of the shore
crane is usually lifted using floating crane

Figure 1: Offshore lifting

Examples of offshore lifting
  Offshore module lifting: Offshore vessels like FPSO, FLNGs have various
process modules like chemical injection package, sulphate removal system,
water injection system, etc.
 Offshore jacket platform installation in the offshore site
 New helideck installation

Challenges involved in offshore lifting

 Dynamic nature of ocean environment

 Lifting gears strength

We will address these challenges and will explain in detail, how to tackle these problems.

For example, a process module to be installed on FPSO. Let’s assume the weight of the
module is about 1000 Tonnes.

Let’s consider the weight of the module is about 1000 Tonnes. The most basic
requirement is the lifting crane supposed to be of a capacity higher than 1000 tonnes (As
per norms, crane safe working load to be at least 1.25 times the weight of the equipment).
Let us discuss how the load of the module is transferred to the crane. Load of the
equipment is transferred to the crane through the lifting pad eyes, spreader beams, lifting
wires, shackles etc. (In general, these are called as lifting gears). Hence all the lifting
gears involved in the load transfer must be able to withstand the load imposed during the
lifting operation. To analyse whether a lifting gear can withstand a given load, we must
first estimate the load imposed on the lifting gear.
In the above lifting arrangements, the 1000 tonne module is lifted using 4-pad eyes.
Hence each pad eye is subjected to a load of 250 tonnes. The sling wires transfer the
load to the lifting beam. There are four wires used, hence each wire is subjected to 250
tonnes (For time being we will ignore effects due to sling angle). The sling wire transfers
the load to the lifting beam. In this case, the lifting beam is subjected to 1000 tonnes
(Note: the two pad eyes that transfer the load is subjected to 500 tonnes each).

SLING GEOMETRY

In the above load assessment, we assumed the sling angle to be 90 degrees. In reality,
it is not 90 degree. The point of suspension of the equipment should always be in line
with the centre of gravity of the equipment to avoid tilting of the equipment.
HOW LOADING CHANGES WITH SLING ANGLE?

Loading changes drastically with the sling angle. Following tables depicts the comparison
of loading at 900, 600, 300.

90 degree 60 degree 30 degree

Each sling is subject to a load Applying resolution of forces Applying resolution of forces

of 500 tonnes concept, concept,

Load on one sling = Vertical Load on one sling = Vertical

load/sin(60). load/sin(60).

Vertical load =500 tonnes. Vertical load =500 tonnes.

Therefore load on one sling = Therefore load on one sling =

500/sin(60) =500/0.866 500/sin(30) =500/0.5

= 577.35 Tons = 1000 Tons

0% increase 15.47% increase 100% increase

= 577

From the above table, we can understand how loads can drastically increase with the
reduction in sling angles. Sling angle factors are critical in load assessment. Following
Sling angle factors are given in ANSI B30.9.

Figure 4: Sling angle factors

LIFTING BEAM

-In figure 3, the lifting arrangement was depicted without the use of lifting beam. Usage
of lifting beam helps to reduce the sling angle and thereby load on the sling.
From the above figure, it is evident how sling angle is increased using spreader beam
(Ø>Q).

LIFTING BEAM ANALYSIS

Bending and Buckling strength of the beam has to be assessed and proven they are
within the requirement.
BENDING STRENGTH

Using Euler beam equation, we can find Bending stress s = M * I/y

Where s is Bending stress, M is the Maximum bending moment, while “I” is the second
moment of area and y is the distance from the neutral axis.

In this case, the maximum bending moment can be evaluated as F1H* d.

The second moment of area is πr4/4 (Since the cross section of the spreader beam is
circular.

As per class, s evaluated should not be greater than 0.6 * yield strength of the
spreader beam material.

Note that in the above evaluation, the weight of the beam is ignored.

BUCKLING STRENGTH

F1H and F2H are potential forces to buckle the beam. Buckling check can be done by
evaluating the Euler critical load. If the subjected load is greater than the Euler critical
load then the beam will buckle.
Euler critical load P is given by : π2EI/(KL)2

Where E is the young’s modulus of the beam material, I is the Moment of Inertia , K is
effective length factor and L is the unsupported length.

Effective Length Factor

Below figure can be used to find out the effective length factor (K).
Figure 9: Effect length factor – K
In addition to the buckling check, compressive stress due to the forces F1H, F2H must
be less than 0.6* yield strength of the material.
PAD EYE STRESS ANALYSIS

FORCE ANALYIS

Pad eye is subject ted following forces:

1) Shear force
2) Axial force
3) Normal force
The tension T should be resolved in 3d to estimate the shear force ( the force that is
parallel to the plane), axial force ( the force that is in-line with the axis of pad eye ), normal
force ( the force that is normal to the plane).

SHEAR STRESS

Shear stress = shear force/shear area.

Shear stresses are to be less than 0.4 times the yield stress.

BEARING STRESS

Bearing stress is the contact pressure onto a body. It is given by Design load/bearing
area.

Bearing stresses are to be less than 0.9 times the yield stress.

BENDING STRESS

As seen earlier, Using Euler being equation we can find Bending stress s = M * I/y

Where s is Bending stress, M is the Maximum bending moment, while “I” is the second
moment of area and y is the distance fro the neutral axis.
Bending stresses are to be less than 0.6 times the yield stress.

NOTE: Pad eye bore has to be compatible to the lifting shackle. For example, 20
Tonnes pad eye bore diameter should be large enough for a 20 Tonne shackle pin.

EQUIVALENT STRESS

As we have seen earlier the loading on the pad eyes are multiaxial, hence there is a
combination of shear and bending. Vonmisses stress gives an equivalent stress that can
be used to assess the strength in multiaxial loading condition.

DYNAMIC EFFECTS

Offshore lifting is dynamic in nature due to the ocean waves, currents, wind forces etc. It
is important to include the dynamic effects into the calculation as these can significantly
influence the results.

CRANE TIP MOTIONS

Relative motion between the crane tip (carrying the object to be lifted) and the waves
should be established. The time period of crane tip motion can be formulated as follows:

T = 2π x √((M +A33 + θ)/k)

where
m = mass of hoisting line per unit length [kg/m]

L = length of hoisting line [m]

M = mass of object in air [kg]

A33 = heave added mass of object [kg]

K = stiffness of hoisting system

θ = adjustment factor taking into account the effect of the mass of hoisting line and
possible soft springs.

The Crane tip motion period is compared with the significant wave period and ensured
both are not close to causing resonance.

DYNAMIC AMPLIFICATION FACTOR

All the formulae we saw earlier in this article did not account for dynamic effects. They
are good to use in a static condition (still water condition). Lifting in dynamic conditions
requires slight modification to the formula. All the equation has to be multiplied by a factor
called dynamic amplification factor.

Total force = Force (Static) X DAF.

Various classification societies have given recommended DAF for various scenarios
which can be used in the calculations. DAF can also be established from model testing.

BUMPER AND GUIDES

Bumper and guides are positioned in such a way to prevent the lifting object (for example
module) to strike against any other structure or object during the lifting operation.

LIFTING A SUBMERGED OBJECT

Load on the crane ( and lifting gears) lifting a submerged object can be evaluated by the
following equation:

F(static) = Mg – ρVg.

Where M is the mass of the object.

g is acceleration due to gravity, 9.81m2/s.

ρ is the density of water.

V is the displaced volume of the submerged object.

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS DURING OFFSHORE LIFTING

 Perform risk assessment prior to the lifting

 Mooring analysis and ensure mooring lines are intact
 Detailed lifting plan
 The lifting zone completely cordoned off. Only authorised personnel are
allowed to access the lifting zone
 Lifting should be headed by a lifting supervisor
 Lifting team should include: Lifting supervisor, rigger, signalman, banks man,
crane operator.
 Lifting team should be properly briefed prior to lifting
 Clash check should be done in the lifting route( or path) and ensure no
obstruction during lifting operation
 Prior to lifting, inspect all the lifting gears and ensure they are all intact and
fit for use
 Ensure all the sea fastenings are removed from the equipment to be lifted
and it is free to lift
 In any case, no one should be under the suspended load

CONTINGENCY PLANS

High speed gust wind (Before lifting)

 Counter check on the mooring lines.

 Add additional mooring lines as precautionary measures.
 Hold the lifting operation until the situation is normal.

High-speed gust wind (After lifting)

 Keep all mooring lines tensioned.

 Tugs to push or pull to against wind force;
 Add additional mooring lines as precautionary measures.

Mooring Line Broken

 Deploy tugs to control the vessel movement.

 Add additional mooring lines to control the vessel movement

Floating Crane grounded

  Constantly monitor the hook load and vessel floating status.
 Taking sounding over a period of time to ensure the vessel in intact.

The article gives a brief summary of offshore lifting. In addition to the topics covered (Sling
geometry, Sling wire analysis, Lifting beam analysis, Pad eye analysis and Dynamic
effects during lifting) in the article, mooring analysis, motion analysis does play a critical
role in offshore lifting analysis. These topics are profound, hence will be dealt separately
in a different article.