Course Correspondence

and
Learning Modules
for
The Contemporary World
 Preface

Why do you need to study the world? At first glance, the world, as a concept is abstract. After
all, your daily experiences are considered interactions with your country. When you read the news, you
read about the Philippines. When you engage in an official transaction, like paying taxes, you deal with
the Philippine government. Almost all of your classmates and teachers are Filipino.

However, you only need to step back a little bit to see that the world “out there” is already here.
For example, you likely have relatives who are overseas Filipino workers (OFWS). Every time these
relatives visit or send something home, they are bringing part of the world with them. Even if you have
not traveled outside the Philippines, you have likely heard stories about foreign countries from these
family members. Some relatives might have told you about the wonders of Rome. Others may have
shown you pictures of San Francisco’s Golden gate Bridge. Others may have described the lights and
towering buildings of Shinjuku. Needless to say, the media and the internet are also your windows to
the contemporary world. You watch American movies and can probably sing at least one K-pop song. If a
major political event occurs, you don’t even need to go to CNN.com to find out more details; friends are
already posting articles on Facebook.

Finally, your consumption habits are global. You have dined in a Mcdonald’s, ridden in a
Japanese car, maybe owned a Korean phone, and eaten Australian beef. You are already a citizen of the
world whether you are aware of it or not. Just by living your life, you automatically think about the
contemporary world. This course will be your guide

The Contemporary World is a required course for all the programs in the tertiary level. This
course will help you understand your roles as a global citizen in the modern-day globalized setting and
help you expand your knowledge and skills required for you to be able to cope with the integration of
different concepts around the world because of globalization. The content of this resource covers the
course description as provided for by the CMO:

COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES: In the context of learning as a global citizen, all students in this course
are expected to be able to:

1. Understand the importance of this course as included in their curriculum;

2. Analyze the various drivers of globalization;
3. Describe the emergence of global and economic and political systems;
4. Discover the world in a global citizen’s perspective;
5. Explain the role of global processes in everyday life;
6. Understand how diverse the world and the people are;
7. Explain the interconnections among population, migration and environmental sustainability;
8. Develop a sense of belongingness and be aware of his/ her role in this globalized world.

To ensure that you will demonstrate the above cited course learning outcomes at the end of the
semester, this module is divided into the following:

Module 1: This unit will introduce you to the various drivers of the globalization process, with specific
focus on economics and politics. Although it emphasizes that you experience globalization on an
“everyday” level, you must also realize that there are big institutions that create large- scale changes.
This unit will first trace the emergence of these institutions historically. It will then move on to explain
how they affect the countries and people today.

Module 2: This unit focuses on how the globalization structures discussed in Module 1 affect various
forms of cultural life. “Culture” is used here in the broadest possible sense, referring to the daily
practices of people. Thus, this unit will specifically focus in on everyday globalization in the realms of
religion, culture, and city life.

Module 3: This unit will discuss the various impacts of globalization on human populations and the
environment at its core, it will go back to one of the basic questions of the social sciences. How do
people interact with their surroundings? These interactions, as you will see, are increasingly being
molded by the globalization processes discussed in the previous lessons.

Module 4: Finally, this unit will aim to summarize the different learnings you have gain so far by making
a thorough study of the different issues and topics surrounding globalization. You will develop a sense
of responsibility as you inflect in your studies your role as a global citizen, balance ideas and utilize tools
that would eventually lead your studies to a deeper conclusion that would make people understand and
appreciate the occurrence of globalization as part of this truly modernized era.

Course Guide

The successful completion and understanding of this course depend on you and simply lies in your
hands. As would- be graduates of your chosen course equipped with the knowledge honed by the of a
Dela Salle supervised school, accomplishing this will contribute a lot to your becoming a globalized
citizen that has an in-depth understanding about the surrounding and the world. Aside from meeting
the content and performance standards of this course in accomplishing the given activities, you will be
able to learn other invaluable learning skills which you will be very proud of as a responsible learner. The
following guides and house rules will help you further to keep you on the right track:

1. Schedule and manage your time to read and understand every part of the module and strictly follow
your schedule to avoid overlapping and stockpiling of workloads.
2. If you did not understand the readings and other tasks, re-read the items for you to be clarified. Have
focus as you study. If this will not work, engage with all possible human resources closest to you. You
may ask other family members to help and guide you. If this will not work again, text me first so that I
can call you or text you back for assistance.
3. Before you start doing your tasks, read and understand the assessment tools provided in this module.
Target the highest standards in doing your assigned tasks.
4. You are free to browse and read the different units of the module before you do your tasks in each
unit and please ensure that you will not miss any part of the module and you will not miss to accomplish
every activity in every unit as scheduled. If needed, do not hesitate to keep in touch with me through
any available means. Remember, if there is a will, there is a way.
5. In answering all the assessment and evaluation activities, write legibly and error-free in your modules.
You must remember that all activities in the module are academic activities, which means that the
relevant academic conventions apply. Think before you write.
 a. Your answers should be composed of complete and grammatically correct sentences. Do not use
abbreviations and acronyms unless these are introduced in the readings, and do not write in text-speak.
Avoid writing in all caps.
b. In the self-processed discussions, write appropriate and well-thought point of views and judgments.
Avoid merely approving or disapproving with what is expressed in the material. You have to support
your inputs in the discussions from reliable information or from practical and realistic observations. Do
not write unreliable opinions.
c. Do not beat around the bush or write lengthy answers. Be concise and clear with your main point in
expressing your thoughts. Make use of the spaces in the module as your answer sheet.
d. If you have other sources for your answers, quote or acknowledge them properly in answering all the
activities.
6. Lastly, you are the learner; hence, you do the module on your own. Your family members and friends
at home will support you but the activities must be done by you. As a DMCian, we always need to
demonstrate our attributes such as God-loving, competent, and committed to serve, and also to
manifest our core values in everything we do.
Study Schedule and Course Outline

Week Topic Learning Outcomes Activities

Module 1 The Structures of Globalization
Unit 1 What is Globalization?
Aug 24 – 28 1. Agree on a working definition of Pre- assessment: Analyzing a story
globalization for the course; Comprehension Check: Answering of
2. Differentiate the competing conceptions of Guide questions
globalization; and Activity I: How Globalized is Your Home
3. Narrate a personal experience of activity. You can use a checklist and then
globalization make a conclusion about your
observation.
Post assessment: List five advantages
and five disadvantages of globalization.
Present situations for each of your given
advantages and disadvantages.
Self- Assessment: Reflection paper

Unit 2 The Globalization of World Economics

Aug 31- Sept 04 1. Define economic globalization;
2. Identify the actors that facilitate economic
globalization;
3. Narrate a short history of global market
integration in the twentieth century; and
4. Articulate your stance on global economic
integration
Unit 3 A History of Global Politics; Creating an International
Order
Sep 07- Sep 11 1. Identify key events in the development of
international relations;
2. Differentiate internationalization from
Pre – Assessment: Simple recall
Comprehension Check: Answering of
guide questions
Deepening Activity: Interview an old
member of your family about economic
status during his/her time. Present your
conclusion based on the result of your
interview through a drawing.
Post Assessment: Make a position paper
about your stand on the importance of
global economic integration.
Self -Assessment: reflection Paper
Pre – Assessment: Simple recall
Comprehension Check: Answering of
guide questions
 globalization; Deepening Activity: Compare and
3. Define the state and the nation; contrast nation and state using a graphic
4. Distinguish between the competing organizer.
conceptions of internationalism; and Post Assessment: Essay writing: What is
5. Discuss the historical evolution of the role of politics in the growth and
international politics development of a nation?
Self -Assessment: Reflection Paper
Unit 4 The United Nations and Contemporary Global
Governance
Sept 14- Sep 18 1. Define global governance; Pre – Assessment: Simple recall
2. Identify the roles and functions of the Comprehension Check: Answering of
United Nations; and guide questions
3. Determine the challenge of global Deepening Activity: Make an
governance in the twenty- first century infographics about the United Nations,
its organs and the role of the United
Nation in the current pandemic that the
world is facing.
Self -Assessment: Reflection Paper

Module 2 A World of Ideas: Cultures of Globalization

Unit 1 The Globalization of Religion
Unit 6 1. Explain how globalization affect religious Pre – Assessment: Simple recall
Sept 21- 25/ practices and beliefs; Comprehension Check: Answering of
Sept 28 – Oct 02 2. Identify the various religious responses to guide questions
globalization; and Deepening Activity: Interview 3
3. Discuss the future of religion in a globalized persons who are affiliated with
world different religions. Focus your
interview on their practices and
beliefs in the old days, ask for some
changes in those practices as time
goes by and how are their practices
affected by modern ways. Summarize
their answers and make a narrative
essay about it.
Post Assessment: Choose one symbol
that would represent the role of
religion in your life.
Self -Assessment: Reflection Paper
Unit 7 Media and Globalization
Oct 05- Oct 09 1. Analyze how various media drive different Pre – Assessment: Simple recall
forms of global integration; Comprehension Check: Answering of
2. Compare the social impacts of different media guide questions
on the processes of globalization; Deepening Activity: Make a poster
3. Explain the dynamic between local and global showing the effect of television and
cultural production; and social media to the young
4. Define responsible media consumption generations. Make sure to present
the positive and negative effects of
the two mediums.
Post Assessment: Movie Analysis:
Choose one movie from the
Philippines and make an analysis
about it, then, choose another
 internationally produced movie/series
and make another analysis about it.
Summarize your answer by making a
conclusion about the two movies.
Self -Assessment: Reflection Paper
Unit 8 The Global City
Oct 12- Oct 16/ 1. Explain why globalization is a spatial Pre – Assessment: Simple recall
Oct 19 – Oct 23 phenomenon; Comprehension Check: Answering of
2. Identify the attributes of a global city; guide questions
3. Analyze how cities serve as engines of Deepening Activity: Photo Essay:
globalization Contrast your barangay/municipality
to neighboring cities like Dipolog
through pictures. Each picture must
explain the description that you want
to convey in your photo essay.
Self-Assessment: Reflection Paper
Module 3 Movement and Sustainability
Unit 9 Global Demography
Nov 03 – Nov 06 1. Discuss the relationship between population Pre – Assessment: Simple recall
and economic welfare; Comprehension Check: Answering of
2. Identify the effects of aging and guide question
overpopulation; and Deepening Activity: Go to your
3. Differentiate between contrasting positions respective barangay and gather data
and reproductive health about the growth of your barangay
and compare the population from
1990 to the present year. Answer the
following question?
1.Is there a significant change in the
population growth on your place? Ask
5 neighbors (follow safety protocol by
wearing mask) their stand about
population control.
Post Assessment: Essay: What is your
stand about using controls to
minimize population growth?
Self-Assessment: Reflection Paper
Unit 10 Global Migration
Nov 19- Nov 13 1. Identify the reasons for the migration of Pre – Assessment: Simple recall
people; Comprehension Check: Answering of
2. Explain why states regulate migration; and guide questions
3. Discuss the effects of global migration on the Deepening Activity: Interview five
economic well- being of states OFW who work in different countries
and family/ relatives who migrated to
a different countries. Ask them their
reasons in leaving the country and ask
them to share their experiences
about ways of living in that particular
place.
Post Assessment: Narrative Essay
about the result of your interviews.
Self-Assessment: Reflection Paper
Unit 11 Environmental Crisis and Sustainable Development
Nov 16- Nov 20 1. Discuss the origins and manifestations of
global environmental crises;
2. Relate everyday encounters with pollution,
global warming, desertification, ozone
depletion, and many others with a large
picture of environmental degradation;
3. Examine the policies and programs of
governments around the world that address
the environmental crisis.
Module 4 The Research Paper
The Attributes of a Good Research
Nov 30 – Dec 04 1. Know the attributes of good research
2. Develop a good research topic
3. Identify the different types of research
4. Assess the research process
5. Know the methods of documentations
Research Paper Writing
Dec 07- Dec 11 1.analyze the importance of knowing how to make
a research paper
2. Understand the important role of research for
developments and understanding of concepts in
the society
Dec 14 – Dec 18 Completion of Final requirements
Pre – Assessment: Simple recall
Comprehension Check: Answering of
guide questions
Deepening Activity: You are an
ambassador of Planet Green, discuss
your platforms on how to preserve
the beauty of nature and balance in
the environment .Discuss also the
environmental crisis that the world is
facing and how would you make a
change? Make a speech about it and
record yourself.
Post Assessment: Make a written
documentary regarding global
environmental crises, highlight the
origins and the manifestations of
these crises. Include in your
documentary your own everyday
encounters with pollution, global
warming, environmental degradation
and other environmental crises.
Discuss the different policies and
programs of government around the
world to address the environmental
crisis. You may add your own
comments, suggestions and proposal
regarding the problem at the end of
your documentary work
Self-Assessment: Reflection Paper
Pre – Assessment: Simple recall
Comprehension Check: Answering of
guide question
Deepening Activity: Choose a study/
research conducted by researchers
and make an analysis about it. Start
from the title, how it was introduced
and the methodologies used by the
researchers in seeking for answers to
their surveys/ interviews.
Self-Assessment: Reflection Paper
Pre- Final Task: Title Proposal for the
research
Final Task: Business Proposal Defense
DMCCFI Calendar for the First Semester of AY 2019-2020
August 10 General Online Orientation at 9:00 a.m.
11 Departmental Online Orientation
17 Start of Classes
September
17-18 Prelim Exam
October
05 World Teachers' Day
21 Vision - Mission Day
22-24 Founder's Celebration
26-27 Midterm Exam
November
01 All Saint's Day
18-19 Semi-final Exam
30 Bonifacio Day
December
17-18 Final Exam
19 Institutional Christmas Party

Evaluation

To pass the course, you must:

Formative Assessment Activities

 You are required to answer the pre-assessment quizzes, self-assessment activities, and
reflection questions but your scores in the quizzes will not be counted in your final grade.
 The reflection questions are designed to help you to critically analyze the course readings for
better understanding while the pre-assessment quizzes and self-assessment activities are
designed as a review management tool to prepare you for the two graded quizzes and the
periodical examinations.
 Answering these will serve as prompts to tell you if you need to study further or if you may
already move forward to the next unit of the module.
 The completeness of your answers to the pre-assessment quizzes, self- assessment activities,
and reflection questions will still be checked and will still be part of your grade completion.
Hence, no pre-assessment quizzes, self-assessment activities, and reflection questions must be left
unanswered.
 In doing your formative assessment activities, you can always ask the help of your family.
 The pre-assessment quizzes, self-assessment activities, and reflection questions are required
so you can take them anytime within the scheduled days assigned for each unit.

Evaluative Assessment Activities

A. Quizzes and Examinations

B. Assignments and Final Projects

Technological Tools
To be able to accomplish all the tasks in this course, you will be needing the following software
Applications: Word Processing, Presentation, Publication, and Spreadsheet. These are
Applications that are available in your desktop or laptops that will not require internet connection for
you to use them. All materials and activities that will involve discussions on the use of net based
productivity tools in module 3-5 will be video -recorded and will be sent to you together with the
printed modules. You need to actualize how these are used in teaching when you will be given the
chance to have a net access. You may also access the Google Classroom prepared for your class and try
to participate in the discussion, if the condition will allow it.
Feedback system will be facilitated through text messaging, hence, you need to have with you a cell
phone. If you need to call or you want to talk to me, send me a message first and wait for me to
respond. Do not give my CP number to anybody. I will not entertain messages or calls from numbers
that are not registered in my phone. Hence, use only the CP number you submitted to me.

Grading System
For Graded Quizzes, Participation and Periodical Exams

Obtained Raw Score_ x 50 + 50

Total Number of Items

For Term Grade

(Quizzes x 30%) + (Participation x 20%) + (Attendance x 10%) + (Exam Grade x 40%)

For Semestral Grade

(Prelim Grade x 20%) + (Midterm Grade x 20%) + (Semi-Final Grade x 20%) + (Final Grade x 40%)
Feedback will be done through SMS. I will be providing my phone number and you will submit yours and
make sure to use that number throughout the duration of our class. I highly discouraged you to share
my phone number with anyone else and whatever videos and learning materials are given to you
should only be use for the sole purpose of being a learning aid to your studies. Illegal reproduction,
editing and posting of my owned and pre- recorded videos will be a ground for any sanctions and
appropriate punishment. Remember to value one’s own privacy and read the Data Privacy Act to orient
yourselves with the limitations and practice proper netiquette always.
 Module 1 The Structures of Globalizations

Introduction

This unit will introduce you to the various drivers of the globalization process, with specific focus
on economics and politics. Although it emphasizes that you experience globalization on an “everyday”
level, you must also realize that there are big institutions that create large- scale changes. This unit will
first trace the emergence of these institutions historically. It will then move on to explain how they
affect the countries and people today.

Major Learning Outcomes:

1. Analyze the various contemporary drivers of globalization; and

2. Describe the emergence of global economic and political systems.

What is Globalization?

Unit I

At the end of the module, you should be able to;

1. Agree on a working definition of globalization for the course;

2. Differentiate the competing conceptions of globalization; and
3. Narrate a personal experience of globalization

Building Blocks: Read the story and take note of the details.
 A Story : Gio, Latif, and the Laksa

When Gio was a second- year international affairs student in a university in Cebu City, he obtained
funding to join the school team participating in an international Model UN competition in Sydney,
Australia. At the height of the competition, Gio made plenty of new friends and became particularly
close to Latif from the Malaysian team. The two first started talking when Latif asked Gio where he was
from. Upon discovering that Gio was from the Philippines, Latif lit up and declared that he was a big fan
of Filipino actors Jericho Rosales and Kristine Hermosa. Gio was pleasantly surprised to learn that Latif
had seen every episode of the ABS- CBN telenovela Pangako Sa’ Yo(“ The Promise”). The show had aired
in Malaysian TV a few years back, and its two stars had developed a modest following.

Ashamed that he did not know as much about Malaysia as Latif knew about the Philippines, Gio asked
Latif what his country was like. Latif, he discovered, was from a Muslim university in Kuala Lumpur. Gio
asked him what he liked best about living in “KL,” and Latif immediately mentioned the food. Latif
explained that in Kuala Lumpur, one can find Chinese, Indian, and Malay cuisines. He told Gio that this
assortment of foodways was the result how the British reorganized Malaysian society during the colonial
times. the British did little to change the way of life of the Malays who were the original residents, but
brought in Chinese laborers to work in the rubber plantations and tin mines, and Indians to help manage
the bureaucracy and serve as the initial professional core of a potential middle class. One of the ways
that these ethnic groups were identified was through their floodways.

According to Latif, Malaysia eventually became famous for these cuisines which can be found in the
various “hawker centers” across the nation’s cities and towns. These food stands are located in outdoor
food parks where locals and tourists taste the best of Malaysia, from nasi lemak to laksa.

Gio interrupted Latif and asked, “What is Laksa?” He felt more ashamed at his lack of knowledge. “Ahh…
let me show you what it is and how it is prepared!’ replied Latif.

The next day, Latif took Gio to a Malaysian restaurant a few blocks away from the university. Gio was
surprised to discover that Malaysian food was readily available in Sydney. Having noticed this, Latif
explained to his Filipino friend that, over years, as more and more Malaysian students moved to Sydney
to study, Malaysian restaurant followed suit. Soon after, they were catering not only to these students,
but to Australia-born “Sydneysiders” as well, whose culinary tastes were becoming more and more
diverse.

Gio finally had his first taste of laksa---a rice noodle soup in a spicy coconut curry sauce. He found the
flavor intense since, like most Filipinos, he was not used to spicy food. However, in deference to his
friend, he persisted and eventually found himself enjoying the hot dish.

After the meal, Gio and Latif went to a nearby café and ordered “flat whites”—an espresso drink similar
to latte, which is usually served in cafes in Australia and New Zealand. Both knew what flat whites were
since there were Australian- inspired cafes in both Kuala Lumpur and Cebu.
The new friends promised to stay in touch after the competition, and added each other on Facebook and
Instagram. Over the next two years, they exchanged e- mails and posts, congratulated each other for
their achievements, and commented on and liked each other’s photos. Latif sent his mother’s recipe to
Gio and the latter began cooking Malaysian food in his home.

A few years after graduation, Gio moved to Singapore, joining many other overseas Filipino workers
(OFW’s) in the city- state. the culture was new to him, but one thing was familiar: the food served in
Singapore was no different from the Malaysian food he had discovered through Latif. He would later
learn from Singaporean colleagues that the island country was once part of the British colony of Malay
and the postwar independent Federation of Malaysia. Singapore, however, separated from the
Federation in August 1965 and became nation- state. Today, they may be two distinct countries in this
part of the world, but Singapore and Malaysia still share the same cuisine.

After he settled down in his apartment, Gio sought out and found a favorite laksa hall in Newton Hawker
Center. He would spend his weekends there with friends eating laksa and other dishes.

One Saturday, while Gio was checking his Facebook feed along the very busy Orchard Road- Singapore’s
main commercial road—he noticed that Latif had just posted something 5 minutes earlier. It was a
picture from Orchard Road. Surprised but also excited, Gio sent Latif a private message. Latif
immediately saying that he too moved to Singapore and was, at that moment, standing in front of a
department store just a few blocks away from where Gio was. The two friends met up. And after a long
hug and quick questions as to what each was up to, they ducked into a café and renewed their
international friendship…..by ordering a pair of flat whites.
Global Experiences

Gio and Latif’s story is fictional but very plausible since it is, in fact, based on the real- life
experience of one of the authors. It was through such friendships that one was able to appreciate the
meaning and impact of globalization.

We begin our definition of globalization with this narrative to illustrate how concrete the
phenomenon is. The story shows how globalization operates at multiple, intersecting levels. The spread
of Filipino TV into Malaysia suggests how fast this popular culture has proliferated and criss- crossed all
over Asia.

What other hints of globalization can be found in the story?

Gio’s story is a very privileged way of experiencing global flows, but for other people, the
shrinking of the world may not be as exciting and edifying. For example, it is very common for young
women in developing countries to be recruited in the internet as “mail order brides” for foreign men
living in other countries. After being promised a good life once married to a kind husband in a rich city,
they end up becoming sexual and domestic servants in foreign lands. Some were even sold off by their
“husbands” to gangs which run prostitute rings in these cities. Like Gio, they too have experienced the
shrinking of the world, albeit negatively.

Because different people encounter globalization in a variety of ways, it is deemed useful to ask
simple questions like: “Is globalization good or bad? Is it beneficial or detrimental?” The discussions
begin with two premises. First, globalization is a complex phenomenon that occurs at multiple levels.
Second, it is an uneven process that affects people differently.

Globalization: A Working Definition

For most accounts, globalization is viewed as primarily and economic process.

Academics view the process through various lenses that consider multiple theories and perspectives.

The best scholarly description of globalization is provided by Manfred Steger who described the process
as “the expansion and intensification of social relations and consciousness across world- time and across
world space.

Manfred Steger is a Professor at the University of Hawaii at Manoa. He was also a professor of Global Studies and
Director of the Globalism Research Center at RMIT University in Australia

Expansion refers to “both the creation of new social networks and the multiplication of existing
connections that cut across traditional political, economic, cultural, and geographic boundaries.

Example: Social media establish new global connections between people

NGO’s are networks that connect a more specific group – social workers and activists
Intensification refers to expansion, stretching and acceleration of these networks, not only are global
connections multiplying, but they are also becoming more closely- knit and expanding their reach.

Example: There has been a strong financial market connecting London and New York. With the
advent of electronic trading, however the volume of that trade increase
exponentially, since traders can now trade more at higher speeds. The connections is
thus accelerating. Apart from this acceleration, however, as the world becomes more
financially integrated, the intensified trading network between London and New York
may expand and stretch to cover more and more cities.

Globalization according to Steger “Do not occur merely at an objective, material level but they also
involve the subjective plane of human consciousness.” People begin to feel that the world has become
a smaller place and distance has collapsed from thousand of miles to just mouse- click away.

Example: One can now e-mail a friend in another country and get a reply instantaneously.

Globalism on the other hand is a widespread belief among powerful people that the global integration
of economic markets is beneficial for everyone, since it spreads freedom and democracy across the
world.

Arjun Appadurai – an Indian- American anthropologist recognized as a major theorist in globalization

studies.

-according to him, different kinds of globalization occur on multiple and intersecting

dimensions of integration that he calls “scapes”

- his argument is simple: there are multiple globalizations

Different Scapes

1. Ethnoscape –refers to the global movement of people

2. Mediascape – refers to the flow of culture
3. Technoscape – refers to the circulation of mechanical goods and software
4. Financescape – denotes the global circulation of money
5. Ideoscape – the realm where political ideas move around

Connecting Ideas

1. How have you experience globalization?

Indeed, by purchasing less expensive items from different nations and furthermore my
standard life consistently via web-based media I can see the existence of VIPs through
their web-based media accounts despite the fact that they are structure the northern
nations.
2. Why it is crucial to emphasize that globalization is uneven?
The world economy has gotten more inconsistent throughout the most recent two
centuries. The countries that acquired the most from globalization are those helpless
 nations that changed their arrangements to misuse it, while the ones that acquired the
least didn't, or were excessively confined to adequately change monetary and political
strategy.
3. What is the difference between globalization and globalism?
Globalism, at its center, looks to portray and clarify simply a world which is described by
organizations of associations that length multi-mainland distances. In short, think about
globalism as the hidden fundamental organization, while globalization alludes to the
unique contracting of distance for an enormous scope.

4. Give an example of a manifestation of globalization in your community.

Web based shopping, for example, Shopee and Lazada the majority of their items were
from china, which we like since it all the more inexpensively yet we need to place as a
top priority the dangers of the item that we buy in light of the fact that in any case it's
our choice to get them.

Learning Activity

How Globalized is Your home?

Go around your house and do an inventory of everything you have in your

possession. You will find out that the most essential among the “things” in your room are
footwear, clothes, computers (if any), cell phones, television (if possible), and maybe a
radio. If you are a student, you may also notice books, newspapers, news magazines, not
to mention school supplies and equipment.

Organize your inventory into two types: first, “things” that are made in the
Philippines and second, those that are of foreign brands. List the countries of origin of
your foreign- brand items.

MADE IN THE PHILLIPINES MADE IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES

 • Furniture’s • Electronics
o Sofa • Television
o Bed • Radio
o Cabinets • Speakers
o Chairs • Laptop
o Tables • Cellphones
• Refrigirators
• Printers

• Kitchenwares
• Tupperware
• Spoon and fork
• Plates

• Clothing

Do the same thing for the kitchen and the living room. These should include
appliances. Discuss why you or your family members decided to purchase those things
from the Philippines or from other countries. is there a certain pattern when you and your
family purchase goods or products?

Deepening Activity: List five advantages and five disadvantages of globalization. Present a situation
where your given advantages and disadvantages can be observed.

Advantages Observable Situations Disadvantages Observable Situations

Our OFW from abroad NOT ALL DOLLAR RATES There are times when the
and when they return ARE EQUAL. economy shut downs the
Financial or Money here in the Philippines dollar money will be low
Exchange they bring Dollars and too, so not all dollars are
trade it for Philippine high cash, there are times
peso. Which can assist our they get low.
country with improving
and our general public

Needy individuals can Its not the best nature of Purchasing modest item
purchase modest items items on the grounds that can cause house fire or
Products at very low cost from different nations at its cost. different mishaps since it
since its modest. is anything but a decent
quality item.
 We can look are inquiries Its not all great on the At the point when we get
through the web and web here and there a ton phony news from the web
through the web counterfeit news or here and there it could
Technological Advances. exceptionally today that articles are likewise on the get us on Jail since we
online classes are web. spread phony news and
executed. we don't think about it.

Web-based media is a We tend to overshare via Numerous individuals

stage were we associate
with our friends and
Social Media family from different
nations, we utilize this for
correspondence for
simpler admittance to
individuals.
web-based media utilize online media in the
incorrect manner where
they express their feelings
via web-based media that
can raise a ruckus and
upset to others and most
influenced are the kids.

In this age we as a whole No activities that get our Kids not do any exercises
have gadgets particularly body moving on the grounds that there
mobile phones that we are with cell phone or
Devices have today its simpler for tablets which will prompt
to speak with others absence of social
regardless of what times it communication with
is. individuals.

Digested Points: Share your understanding about the lesson below.

I have learned that globalization is

Is all almost interfacing with other nations for the reason of doing commerce conjointly
interfacing with other individuals to assist them with destitution, globalization
moreover joins together other individuals and nations since they are interacting with
each other. And makes a difference to extend trade openings, evacuate social
obstructions and create a worldwide town. Both globalization and worldwide
communication have changed the natural, social, political and financial components of
the world, at the same time, worldwide financial development and mechanical
efficiency are both the driving drive and the major results of globalization. They
moreover have enormous natural results as they contribute to the exhaustion of
common assets, deforestation and the devastation of biological systems and misfortune
of biodiversity.

I have had experienced globalization when

 I had an experienced globalization when I requested things such as dress, shoes or sacks
online and most of it is from china, since these days online shopping is exceptionally
uncontrolled of late due to Covid Widespread that leads us to go shopping online and
hunt for things on our phone not within the shopping center. This I think is one of the
comes about of the innovation and Globalization.

Unit II

The Globalization of World Economics

Introduction

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) regards “economic globalization” as a historical process
representing the result of human innovation and technological progress. It is characterized by the
increasing integration of economies around the world through the movement of goods, services, and
capital across borders. These changes are the products of people, organizations, institutions, and
technologies. As with all the other processes of globalization, there is a qualitative and subjective
element to this definition. How does one define “increasing integration”? is there a particular threshold?

Even while the IMF and ordinary people grapple with the difficulty of arriving at precise
definitions of globalization, they usually agree that a drastic economic change is occurring throughout
the world. According to the IMF, the value of trade (goods and services) as a percentage of world GDP
increased from 42.1 percent in 1980 to 62.1 percent in 2007. Increased trade also means that
investments are moving all over the world at faster speed.

Apart form the sheer magnitude of commerce, we should also note the increased speed and
frequency of trading. These days, supercomputers can execute millions of stock purchases and sales
between different cities in a matter of seconds through a process called high- frequency trading. Even
the items being sold and traded are changing drastically. Ten years ago, buying books or music indicates
acquiring physical items. Today, however, a “book” can be digitally downloaded to be read with an e-
reader, and a music “album” refers to the 15 songs on mp3 format you can purchase and download
from iTunes.

At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:

1. Define economic globalization;

2. Identify the actors that facilitate economic globalization;
3. Narrate a short history of global market integration in the twentieth century;
and
4. Articulate your stance on global economic integration.

International Trading Systems

International trading systems are not new. The oldest known international trade route was the
Silk Road-a network of pathways in the ancient world that spanned from China to what is now the
Middle East and to Europe. It was called as such because one of the most profitable products traded
through this network was silk, which was highly prized especially in the area that is now the Middle East
as well as in the West(today's Europe). Traders used the Silk Road regularly from 130 BCE when the
Chinese
Han dynasty opened trade to the West until 1453 BCE when the Ottoman Empire closed it.

However, while the Silk Road was international, it was not truly global because it had no ocean
routes that could reach the American continent. So when did full economic globalization begin?
According to historians Dennis O. Flynn and Arturo Giraldez, the age of globalization began when
populated continents began to exchange products continuously—both with each other directly and
indirectly via other continents --and in values sufficient to generate crucial impacts on all trading
partners. Flynn and Giraldez trace this back to 1571 the establishment of the galleon trade connected
Manila in the Philippines and Acapulco in Mexico.

The galleon trade was part of the age of mercantilism. From the 16th century to the l8th
century, countries, primarily in Europe, competed with one another to sell more goods as a means to
boost
to boost their country's income (called monetary reserves later on). To defend their products from
competitors who sold goods more cheaply, these regimes (mainly monarchies) imposed high tariffs,
forbade colonies to trade with other nations, restricted trade routes, and subsidized its exports.
Mercantilism was thus also a system of global trade with multiple restrictions. A more open trade
system emerged in 1867 when, following the lead of the United Kingdom, the United States and other
European nations adopted the gold standard at an international
monetary conference in Paris. Broadly, its goal was to create a common system that would allow tor
more efficient trade and prevent the isolationism of the mercantilist era. The countries thus established
a common basis for currency prices and a fixed exchange rate system-all based on the value of gold.

Despite facilitating simpler trade, the gold standard was still a very restrictive system, as it
compelled countries to back their currencies with fixed gold reserves. During World War I, when
countries depleted their gold reserves to fund their armies, many were forced to abandon the gold
standard. Since European countries had low gold reserves, they adopted floating currencies that were
no longer redeemable in gold.
Returning to a pure standard became more difficult as the global economic crisis called the
Great Depression started during the 1920s and extended up to the 1930s, further emptying government
coffers. This depression was the worst and longest recession ever experienced by the Western world.
Some economists argued that it was largely caused by the gold standard, since limited the amount of
circulating money and, therefore, reduced demand and consumption. If governments could only spend
money that was equivalent to gold, its capacity to print money and increase the money supply was
severely curtailed.

Economic historian Barry Eichengreen argues that the recovery of the United States really began when,
having abandoned the gold standard, the US government was able to free up money to spend on
reviving the economy. At the height of World War II, other major industrialized countries followed suit.

Though more indirect versions of the gold standard were used until as late as the 1970s, the world never
returned to the gold standard of the early 20th century. Today, the world economy operates based on
what are called fiat currencies-currencies that are not backed by precious metals and whose value is
determined
by their cost relative to other currencies. This system allows governments to freely and actively manage
their economies by increasing or decreasing the amount of money in circulation as they see fit.
The Bretton Woods System

After the two world wars, world leaders sought to create global economic system that would
ensure a longer-lasting global peace. They believed that one of the ways to achieve this goal was to set
up a network of global financial institutions that would promote economic interdependence and
prosperity.
The Bretton Woods system was inaugurated in 1944 during the United Nations Monetary and Financial
Conference to prevent the catastrophes of the early decades of the century from reoccurring and
affecting international ties.

The Bretton Woods system was largely influenced by the ideas of British economist John
Maynard Keynes who believed that economic crises occur not when a country does not have enough
money, but when money is not being spent and, thereby, not moving When economies slow down,
according to Keynes, governments have to reinvigorate markets with infusions of capital. This active role
of governments in managing spending served as the anchor tor what would be called a system of global
Keynesianism.

Delegates at Bretton Woods agreed to create two financial institutions. The first was the
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD, or World Bank) to be responsible for
funding postwar reconstruction projects. It was a critical institution at a time when many of the world's
cities had been destroyed by the war. The second institution was the International Monetary Fund
(lMF), which was to be the global lender of last resort to prevent individual countries from spiraling into
credit crises. If economic growth in a country slowed down because there was not enough money to
stimulate the economy, the IMF would step in. 1o this day, both institutions remain key players in
economic globalization.
Shortly after Bretton Woods, various countries also committed themselves to further global economic
integration through the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1947. GATT's
main purpose was to reduce tariffs and other hindrances to free trade.

Neoliberalism and Its Discontents

The high point of global Keynesianism came in the mid-1940s to the early 1970s. During this
period, governments poured money into their economies, allowing people to purchase more goods and,
in the process, increase demand for these products. As demand increased, so did the prices of these
goods. Western and some Asian economies like Japan accepted this rise in prices because it was
accompanied by general economic growth and reduced unemployment. The theory went that, as prices
increased
companies would earn more, and would have more money to hire workers. Keynesian economists
believed that all this was a necessary trade-off for economic development

In the early 1970s, however, the prices of oil rose sharply as a result of the Organization of Arab
Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC, the Arab member-countries of the Organization of Petroleum
Exporting Countries or OPEC imposition of an embargo in response to the decision of the United States
and other countries to resupply the Israeli military with the needed arms during the Yom Kippur War.
Arab countries also used the embargo to stabilize their economies and growth. The oil embargo affected
the Western economies that were reliant on oil. 1974 after the United States stopped linking the dollar
to gold, effectively ending the Bretton Woods system. The result was a phenomenon that Keynesian
economics could not have predicted-a phenomenon called stagflation, in which a decline in economic
growth and employment (stagnation) takes place alongside a sharp increase in prices (inflation).To make
matters worse, the stock markets crashed in 1973- Around this time, a new form of economic thinking
was beginning to challenge the Keynesian orthodoxy. Economists such as Friedrich Hayek and Milton
Friedman argued that the governments' practice of pouring money into their economies had caused
inflation by increasing demand for goods without necessarily increasing supply. More profoundly, they
argued that government intervention in economies distort the proper functioning of the market.
Economists like Friedman used the economic turmoil to challenge the consensus around
Keynes's ideas. What emerged was a new form of economic thinking that critics labeled neoliberalism.
From the 1980s onward, neoliberalism became the codified strategy of the United States Treasury
Department, the World Bank, the IME, and eventually the World Trade Organization (WTO)-a new
organization founded in 1995 to continue the tariff reduction under the GATT. The policies they
forwarded came to be called the Washington Consensus. The Washington Consensus dominated global
economic policies from the 1980s until the early 2000s. Its advocates for minimal government spending
to reduce government-controlled services like water, power, communications, and transport. It was a
critical institution at that time When many of the world's cities had been destroyed by the war. The
second institution was the International Monetary Fund (IMF), which was to be the global lender of last
resort to prevent individual countries from spiraling into credit crises. If economic growth in a country
slowed down because there was not enough money to stimulate the economy, the IMF would step in.
To this day, both institutions remain key players in economic globalization.

Shortly after Bretton Woods, various countries also committed themselves to further global
economic integration through the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1947. GATT's main
purpose was to reduce tariffs and other hindrances to free trade.

Economic Globalization Today

The global financial crisis will take decades to resolve. The solutions proposed by certain nationalist and
leftist groups of closing national economies to world trade, however, will no longer work. The world has
become too integrated. Whatever one's opinion about the Washington Consensus is, it is undeniable
that some form of international trade remains essential for countries to develop in the contemporary
world.

Exports, not just the local selling of goods and services, make national economies grow at
present. In the past, those that benefited the most from free trade were the advanced nations that were
producing and selling industrial and agricultural goods. The United States, Japan, and the member-
countries of the European Union were responsible for 65 percent of global exports, while the developing
countries only accounted for 29 percent. when more countries opened up their economies to take
advantage of increased free trade, the shares of the percentage began to change. By 2011, developing
countries like the Philippines, India, China, Argentina, and Brazil accounted for 51 percent of global
exports while the share of advanced nations including the United States-had gone down to 45 percent
The WTO-led reduction of trade barriers, known as trade liberalization, has profoundly altered the
dynamics of the global economy. In the recent decades, partly as a result of these increased exports,
economic globalization has ushered in an unprecedented spike in global growth rates. According to the
IMF, the global per capita GDP rose over five-fold in the second half of the 20 th century. It was this
growth that created the large Asian economies like Japan, China, Korea, Hongkong, and Singapore.
 And yet, economic globalization remains an uneven p1ot with some countries, corporations,
and individuals benefiting have more than others. The series of trade talks under the WTO have led to
unprecedented reductions in tariffs and other trade barriers, but these processes have often been
unfair.

First, developed countries are often protectionists, as they repeatedly refuse to lift policies that
safeguard their primary products that could otherwise be overwhelmed by imports from the developing
world. The best example of this double standard is Japan's determined refusal to allow rice imports into
the country
to protect its farming sector. Japan's justification is that rice is "sacred." Ultimately, it is its economic
muscle as the third largest economy that allows it to resist pressures to open its agricultural sector.

The United States likewise fiercely protects its sugar industry forcing consumers and sugar-
dependent businesses to pay higher prices instead of getting cheaper sugar from plantations of Central
America. Faced with these blatantly protectionist measures from powerful countries and blocs, poorer
countries can do very little to make economic globalization more just. Trade imbalances, therefore,
characterize economic relations between developed and developing countries. The beneficiaries of
global commerce have been mainly transnational corporations (TNCS) and not governments. And like
any other business, these TNCS are concerned more with profits than with assisting the social programs
of the governments hosting them. Host countries, in turn, loosen tax laws, which prevents wages from
risin8, while sacrificing social and environmental programs that protect the underprivileged members of
their societies. The term “race to the bottom” refers to countries lowering their labor standards,
including the protection of workers' interests, to lure in foreign investors seeking high profit margins at
the lowest cost possible. Governments weaken environmental laws to attract investors, creating fatal
consequences on their ecological balance and depleting them or their finite resources (like oil, coal, and
minerals).

Connecting Ideas

1. How do economic forces facilitate the deepening of globalization?

Progressed monetary arrangements inside nations and universal exchange
understandings between them moreover encourage globalization. Political and financial
soundness encourage globalization as well. The visit increment in competition within
the residential showcase compels organizations to go worldwide. In this way, different
organizations enter other nations (for offering merchandise and administrations) to
extend their showcase share. They trade products in remote markets where the cost of
merchandise and administrations are generally high.

2. How is the Philippines central to the history of economic globalization?

Globalization has been exceptionally compelling within the Philippines. There have
been major changes within the economy since 1995 when the Philippines took
portion in marking understandings with World Exchange Organization. There have
been changes within the country such as more labor and more companies that have
developed to assist the economy. Philippine economy has accomplished developing
arrangement with the global economy. Typically apparent within the common
 increment in product exchange and labor movement. Back is additionally more
coordinates, though at a generally direct speed.

3. Compare and contrast the assumptions of the original Bretton Woods system with
those of the Washington Consensus. Use a graphic organizer to illustrate your
answers.
Bretton Woods Washington Consensus

• fiscal discipline and a curb to

• Low employment
• Stable prices
• Relatively free trade
• Stable currency values
• High levels of international
investment
• World bank promoted general
economic development
• Fixed exchange rates pegged to
the US dollar
• Countries maintained their
currencies
budget deficit
• reduction in public spending
• tax reform a system with a broad-
based and effectively enforcement
• financial liberalization with the
interest rates determined by the market
• competitive exchange rate to
assist export led growth

• promotion of foreign direct

investment

• privatization of state enterprises

• deregulation of the economy

• protection of property right

Deepening Activity

Do a short interview with your grandpa or any old members in your family who knew a
lot about the prices of goods during their time. List all things that he/ she mentioned. Through a
drawing, contrast the current economic status and prices of items to that of your subject. Be
creative.

Criteria: Creativity( show uniqueness and originality – 10 points

Relevance (connected to the interview conducted and to the topic presented- 10 points
Organization (includes neatness) – 5 points
 Unit III
A History of Global Politics: Creating an
International Order

The world is composed of many countries or states, all of them having different forms of
government. Some scholars of politics are interested in individual states and examine the internal
politics of these countries. For example, a scholar studying the politics of Japan may write about the
history of its bureaucracy. Other scholars are more interested in the interaction between states rather
than their internal politics. These scholars look at trade between states. They also study political,
military, and other diplomatic engagements between two or more countries. These scholars are
studying international relations. Moreover, when they explore the deepening of interactions between
states, they refer to the phenomenon of internationalization.

Internationalization does not equal globalization, although it is a major part of globalization. As

we explained in Lesson 1, globalization encompasses a multitude of connections and interactions that
cannot be reduced to the ties between governments. Nevertheless, it is important to study international
relations as a facet of globalization, because states/ governments are key drivers of global processes. In
this lesson, we will examine internationalization as one window to view the globalization of politics.
Although this course is about the contemporary world, we cannot avoid history. What international
relations are today is largely defined by events that occurred as far back as 400 years ago. Don’t worry;
we will eventually discuss contemporary world politics. But to do that, we need first to work backward.
This lesson will begin with identifying the major attribute of contemporary global politics and then
proceed to ask: How did this system emerge? In doing so, you will have a solid foundation to understand
the major issues of global governance in the next lesson.
The Attributes of Today’s Global System

World politics today has four key attributes. First, there are countries or states that are
independent and govern themselves. Second, these countries interact with each other through
diplomacy. Third, there are international organizations, like the United Nations (UN), that facilitate these
interactions. Fourth, beyond simply facilitating meetings between states, international organizations
also take on lives of their own. The UN, for example, apart from being a meeting ground for presidents
and other heads of state, also has task- specific agencies like the World Health Organization (WHO) and
the International Labour Organization (ILO).

What are the origins of this system? A good start is by unpacking what one means when he/ she
says a “country,” or what academics also call the nation-state. This concept is not as simple as it seems.
The nation-state is a relatively modern phenomenon in human history, and people did not always
organize themselves as countries. At different parts in the history of humanity, people in various regions
of the world have identified exclusively with units as small as their village or their tribe, and at other
times, they see themselves as members of larger political categories like “Christendom” (the entire
Christian world).

The nation- state is composed of two non-interchangeable terms. Not all states are nations and
not all nations are state. The nation of Scotland, for example, has its own flag and national culture, but
still belongs to a state called the United Kingdom. Closer to home, many commentators believe that the
Bangsamoro is a separate nation existing within the Philippines but, through their elites, recognizes the
authority of the Philippine state. Meanwhile, if there are states with multiple nations, there are also
single nations with multiple states. The nation of Korea is divided into North and South Korea, whereas
the “Chinese nation” may refer to both the People’s Republic of China (the mainland) and Taiwan.

What then is the difference between nation and state?

In layman’s terms, state refers to a country and its government, i.e., the government of the
Philippines. A state has four attributes. First, it exercises authority over a specific population, called its
citizens. Second, it governs a specific territory. Third, a state has a structure of government that crafts
various rules that people (society) follow. Fourth and the most crucial, the state has sovereignty over its
territory. Sovereignty here refers to internal and external authority. Internally, no individuals or groups
can operate in a given national by ignoring the state. This means that groups like churches, civil society
organizations, corporations, and other entities have to follow the laws of the state where they establish
their parishes, offices, or headquarters. Externally, sovereignty means that a state’s policies and
procedures are independent of the interventions of other states. Russia or China, for example, cannot
pass laws for the Philippines and vice versa.

On the other hand, the nation, according to Benedict Anderson, is an “imagined community.” It
is limited because it does not go beyond a given “official boundary,” and because rights and
responsibilities are mainly the privilege and concern of the citizens of that nation. Being limited means
that the nation has its boundaries. This characteristic is in stark contrast to many religious imagined
communities. Anyone, for example, can become a Catholic if one chooses to. In fact, Catholics want
more people to join their community; they refer to it as the call to discipleship. But not everyone can
simply become a Filipino. An American cannot simply go to the Philippine Embassy and “convert” into a
Philippine citizen. Nations often limit themselves to people who have imbibed a particular culture, speak
a common language, and live in a specific territory.

Calling it “imagined” does not mean that the nation is made up. Rather, the nation allows one to
feel a connection with a community of people even if he/she will never meet all of them in his/her
lifetime. When you cheer for a Filipino athlete in the Olympics, for example, it is not because you
personally know that athlete. Rather, you imagine your connection as both members of the same
Filipino community. In a given national territory like the Philippine archipelago, you rest in the comfort
that the majority of people living in it are Filipinos. Finally, most nations strive to become states. Nation-
builders can only feel a sense of fulfillment when that national idea assumes an organizational form
whose authority and power are recognized and accepted by “the people.” Moreover, if there are
communities that are not states, they often seek some form of autonomy within their “mother states.”
This is why, for example, the nation of Quebec, though belonging to the state of Canada, has different
laws about language (they are French- speaking and require French language competencies for their
citizens). It is also for this reason that Scotland, though part of the United Kingdom, has a strong
independence movement led by the Scottish Nationalist Party.

Nation and state are closely related because it is nationalism that facilitates state formation. In
the modern and contemporary era, it has been the nationalist movement that have allowed for the
creation of nation- states. States become independent and sovereign because of nationalist sentiment
that clamors for this independence.

Sovereignty is, thus, one of the fundamental principles of modern state politics. Understanding
how this became the case entails going back as far as 400 years ago.

The Interstate System

The origins of the present- day concept of sovereignty can be traced back to the Treaty of
Westphalia, which was a set of agreements signed in 1648 to end the Thirty Years’ War between the
major continental powers of Europe. After a brutal religious war between Catholics and Protestants, the
Holy Roman Empire, Spain, France, Sweden, and the Dutch Republic designed a system that would avert
wars in the future by recognizing that the treaty signers exercise complete control over their domestic
affairs and swear not to meddle in each other’s affairs.

The Westphalian system provided stability for the nations of Europe, until it faced its major
challenge by Napoleon Bonaparte. Bonaparte believed in spreading the principles of the French
Revolution –liberty, equality, and fraternity ---to the rest of Europe and thus challenged the power of
kings, nobility, and religion in Europe. The Napoleonic Wars lasted from 1803- 1815 with Napoleon and
his armies marching all over much of Europe. In every country they conquered, the French implemented
the Napoleonic Code that forbade birth privileges, encouraged freedom or religion, and promoted
meritocracy in government service. This system shocked the monarchies and the hereditary elites
(dukes, duchesses, etc.) of Europe, and they mustered their armies to push back against the French
emperor.

Anglo and Prussian armies finally defeated Napoleon to the Battle of Waterloo in 1815, ending
the latter’s mission to spread his liberal code across Europe. To prevent another war and to keep their
system of privilege, the royal powers created a new system that, in effect, restored the Westphalian
system. The Concert of Europe was alliance of “great powers” ---the United Kingdom, Austria, Russia,
and Prussia --- that sought to restore the world of monarchical, hereditary, and religious privileges of the
time before the French revolution and the Napoleonic Wars. More importantly, it was an alliance that
sought to restore the sovereignty of states. Under this Metternich system (named after the Austrian
diplomat, Klemens von Metternich, who was the system’s main architect), the Concert’s power and
authority lasted from 1815 to 1914, at the dawn of World War I.

Despite the challenges of Napoleon to the Westphalian system and the eventual collapse of the
Concert of Europe after World War I, present-day international system still has traces of this history.
Until now, states are considered sovereign, and Napoleonic attempts to violently impose systems of
government in other countries are frowned upon. Moreover, like the Concert system, “great powers”
still hold significant influence over world politics. For example, the most powerful grouping in the UN,
the Security Council, has a core of permanent five members, all having veto powers over the council’s
decision-making process.

Internationalism

The Westphalian and Concert systems divided the world into separate, sovereign entities. Since
the existence of this interstate system, there have been attempts to transcend it. Some, like Bonaparte,
directly challenged the system by infringing on other states’ sovereignty, while others sought to imagine
other systems of governance that go beyond, but do not necessarily challenge, sovereignty. Still, others
imagine a system of heightened interaction between various sovereign states, particularly the desire for
greater cooperation and unity among states and peoples. This desire is called internationalism.

Internationalism comes in different forms, but the principle may be divided into two broad
categories; liberal internationalism and socialist internationalism.

The first major thinker of liberal internationalism was the late 18 th century German philosopher
Immanuel Kant. Kant likened states in a global system to people living together require a government to
prevent lawlessness, shouldn’t that same principle be applied to states? Without a form of world
government, he argued, the international system would be chaotic. Therefore, states, like citizens of
countries, must give up some freedom and “establish a continuously growing state consisting of various
nations which will ultimately include the nations of the w.” in short, Kant imagined a form of global
government.

Writing in the late 18th century as well, British philosopher Jeremy Bentham (who coined the
word “international” in 1780), advocated the creation of “international law” that would govern the
inter-state relations. Bentham believed that objective global legislators should aim to propose legislation
that would create “the greatest happiness of all nations taken together.”

To many, these proposals for global government and international law seemed to represent
challenges to states. Would not a world government, in effect become supreme? And would not its laws
overwhelm the sovereignty of individual states?

The first thinker to reconcile nationalism with liberal internationalism was the 19 th century
Italian patriot Giuseppe Mazzini. Mazzini was both an advocate of the unification of the various Italian-
speaking mini states and a major critic of the Metternich System. He believed in a Republican
government (without kings, queens, and hereditary succession) and proposed a system of free nations
that cooperated with each other to create an international system. For Mazzini, free, independent states
would be the basis of an equally free, cooperative international system. He argued that if the various
Italian mini-states could unify, one could scale up the system to create, for example, a United States of
Europe. Mazzini was a nationalist internationalist, who believes that free, unified nation- states should
be the basis of global cooperation.

Mazzini influenced the thinking of United States president (1913-1921) Woodrow Wilson, who
became one of the 20th century’s most prominent internationalist. Like Mazzini, Wilson saw nationalism
as a prerequisite for internationalism. Because of his faith in nationalism, he forwarded the principle of
self-determination--- the belief that the world’s nations had a right to a free, and sovereign government.
He hoped that these free nations would become democracies, because only by being such would they
be able to build a free system of international relations based on international law and cooperation.
Wilson, in short, became the most notable advocate for the creation of the League of Nations. At the
end of World War I in 1918, he pushed to transform the League into a venue for conciliation and
arbitration to prevent another war. For his efforts, Wilson was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1919.

The League came into being that same year. Ironically and unfortunately for Wilson, the United
States was not able to join the organization due to strong opposition from the Senate. The League was
also unable to hinder another war from breaking out. It was practically helpless to prevent the onset and
intensification of World War II. On one side of the war where Axis Powers--- Hitler’s Germany,
Mussolini’s Italy, and Hirohito’s Japan—who were ultra- nationalists that had an instinctive disdain for
internationalism and preferred to violently impose their dominance over other nations. It was in the
midst of this war between the Axis Powers and Allied Powers (composed of the United States, United
Kingdom, France, Holland, and Belgium) that internationalism would be eclipsed.

Despite of failure, the League give birth to some of the more task-specific international
organizations that are still around until today, the most popular of which are the World Health
Organization (WHO) and the International Labour Organization (ILO). More importantly, it would serve
as the blueprint for future forms of international cooperation. In this respect, despite its organizational
dissolution, the League of Nation’s principles survived World War I.

The league was the concretization of the concepts of liberal internationalism. From Kant, it
emphasized the need to form common international principles. From Mazzini, it enshrined the principles
of cooperation and respect among nation- states. From Wilson, it called for democracy and self-
determination. These ideas would re- assert themselves in the creation of the United Nations in 1946.

One of Mazzini’s biggest critics was German socialist philosopher Karl Marx who was also an
internationalist but who differed from the former because he did not believe that any true form of
internationalism should deliberately reject nationalism, which rooted people in domestic concerns
instead of global ones. Instead, Marx placed a premium on economic equality; he did not divide the
world into countries, but into classes. The capitalist class referred to the owners of factories, companies,
and other “means of production.” In contrast, the proletariat class included those who did not own the
means of production, but instead, worked for the capitalist.

Marx and his co-author, Friedrich Engels, believed that in a socialist revolution seeking to
overthrow the state and alter the economy, the proletariat “had no nation.” Hence, their now- famous
battle cry, “Workers of the world, unite! You have nothing to lose but your chains.” They opposed
nationalism because they believed it prevented the unification of the world’s workers. Instead of
identifying with other workers, nationalism could make workers in individual countries identify with the
capitalists of their countries.

Marx died in 1883, but his followers soon sought to make his vision concrete by establishing
their international organization. The Socialist International (SI) was a union of European socialist and
labor parties established in Paris in 1889. Although short-lived, the SI’s achievements included the
declaration of May 1 as Labor Day and the creation of an International Women’s Day. Most importantly,
it initiated the successful campaign for an 8- hour workday.

The SI collapsed during World War I as the member parties refused or were unable to join
internationalist effort to fight for the war. Many of these sister parties even ended up fighting each
other. It was a confirmation of Marx’s warning: when workers and their organizations take the side of
their countries instead of each other, their long-term interests are compromised.

As the SI collapsed, a more radical version emerged. In the so-called Russian Revolution of 1917,
Czar Nicholas II was overthrown and replaced by a revolutionary government led by the Bolshevik Party
and its leader, Vladimir Lenin. This new state was called the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, or USSR.
Unlike the majority of the member parties of the SI, the Bolsheviks did not believe in obtaining power
for the working class through elections. Rather, they exhorted the revolutionary “vanguard” parties to
lead the revolution across the world, using methods of terror if necessary. Today, parties like this are
referred to as Communist parties.

To encourage these socialist revolutions across the word, Lenin established the Communist
International (Comintern) in 1919. The Comintern served as the centra body for directing Communists
parties all over the world. This International was not only more radical than the Socialist International
because it followed closely the top-down governance of the Bolsheviks.

Many of the world’s states feared the Comintern, believing that it was working in secret to stir
up revolutions in their countries (which was true). A problem arose during World War II when the Soviet
Union joined the Allied Powers in 1941. The United States and the United Kingdom would, of course, not
trust the Soviet Union in their fight against Hitler’s Germany. These countries wondered if the Soviet
Union was trying to promote revolutions in their backyards. To appease his allies, Lenin’s successor,
Joseph Stalin, dissolved the Comintern in 1943.

After the war, however, Stalin re- established the Comintern as the Communist Information
Bureau (Cominform). The Soviet Union took over the countries in Eastern Europe when the United
States, the Soviet Union, and Great Britain divided the war-torn Europe into their respective spheres of
influence. The Cominform, like the Comintern before it, helped direct the various communist parties
that had taken power in Eastern Europe.

With the eventual collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, whatever existing thoughts about
communist internationalism also practically disappeared. The SI managed to re- establish itself in 1951,
but its influence remained primarily confined to Europe, and has never been considered a major player
in international relations to this very day.
Connecting Ideas

4. What remnants of the Westphalian System can still be felt at this day and age?
The Westphalian and Concert frameworks isolated the world into isolated, majestic
substances. Since the presence of this interstate framework, there have been
endeavors to rise above it. A few, like Bonaparte, straightforwardly challenged the
framework by encroaching on other states’ sway, whereas others looked for to suppose
other frameworks of governance that go past, but don't essentially challenge, sway.
Still, others envision a framework of increased interaction between different
autonomous states, especially the want for more noteworthy participation and
solidarity among states and peoples. This crave is called internationalism.
Internationalism comes totally different shapes, but the rule may be partitioned into
two wide categories; magnanimous internationalism and communist internationalism.

5. In what sense has the world gone beyond the Westphalian system?
World legislative issues nowadays has four key qualities. To begin with, there are
nations or states that are free and administer themselves. Moment, these nations
associated with each other through strategy. Third, there are worldwide organizations,
just like the Joined together Countries (UN), that encourage these intelligent. Fourth,
past essentially encouraging gatherings between states, worldwide organizations too
take on lives of their claim. The UN, for illustration, separated from being a assembly
ground for presidents and other heads of state, also has task- particular organizations
just like the World Wellbeing Organization (WHO) and the Worldwide Work
Organization (ILO).

6. What are the differences between liberal and socialist internationalism? What
are their strengths and weaknesses?
Liberals and Communists objectives and values seem not be more distinctive. Liberals
aim for worldwide capitalism, disregarding the absconds in a vile Capitalist demonstrate
that should be tempered by Social values Socialists try to world communism,
overlooking the endless tremendous disappointments of the Communist framework
that needs a good deal of showcase changes to operate. The qualities of both
progressivism and communism as it were apply to those that are well off and in control.
They are both fair sentimental lies soaks in Marxists publicity. Beyond any doubt in case
you claimed a trade you wouldn't want to pay reasonable least wage for 1 worker after
you might get 3 to 4 for that cost so you'd be all for radicalism because it would
advantage you but what almost the laborers who presently cant bear to live? Liberals
fair make up a few two-faced lies that they will be fair fine with less.

7. Do you think internationalization erodes the sovereignty of states?

For me the reply is NO, since each states has its possess overseeing bodies, approaches
and rules. No other states can manage or eve impact a specific states.
 Internationalization may be a set of standard which can be connected to a specific
items or business.

Learning Activity

Imaginary Interview

Further research/ read on Giuseppe Mazzini, Woodrow Wilson, Karl Marx, or Vladimir
Lenin. Conduct an imaginary interview with one of them. In this interview, have your selected
figures answer the following questions:

1. What do you think of nationalism?

Nationalism, like country, is exceptionally difficult to characterize clearly and
unequivocally. The dispute that patriotism is what patriots make of it is, in reality, an
avoidance. There are no two creators, whether sociologists, history specialists, political
researchers, or analysts, who characterize patriotism within the same way. This may
lead amateurs within the study of nationalism to induce that, having perused a number
of works on the subject, they are indeed less learned than when they started.

2. What is necessary for the development of an international order?

Mazzini organized a modern political society called Youthful Italy. Youthful Italy was a
mystery society shaped to advance Italian unification: "One, free, autonomous,
republican country." Mazzini accepted that a prevalent rebellion would make a bound
together Italy, and would touch off a European-wide progressive development.

3. What do you think of the League of Nations?

The Alliance of Countries was a universal organization established after the Paris Peace
Conference, 1919. The League's objectives included demilitarization, anticipating war
through collective security, settling debate between nations through arrangement
strategy and moving forward worldwide welfare

4. What is the role of revolution in internationalism?

Lowly internationalism is closely connected to objectives of world insurgency, to be
accomplished through progressive or concurrent communist transformations in all
countries. Agreeing to Marxist hypothesis, fruitful ordinary internationalism ought to
lead to world communism and in the long run stateless communism.

Deepening Activity: Compare and contrast nation and state using a graphic organizer.

NATION STATE
 • Is an ethnic concept • Is a political concept

• Ay or may be not independent from • Is not subject to external control

external control
• May consist of one or more nations or peoples
• May be made of several states

Post Assessment: Essay writing: What is the role of politics in the growth and development of a nation?

Legislative issues plays an awfully critical part at the side other components within the
advancement of a nation. Legislative issues alone is the foremost imperative figure in a
country’s improvement because it clears the way to a country’s government and the
government is mindful for the financial , key and other arrangements , which is
straightforwardly related to a country’s improvement .Be that as it may , the word
‘politics’ itself implies ‘the craftsmanship or science of governing’ . The improvement of
a nation, in this manner, is completely involved with “politics” one way or another. A
few financial specialists (and financial specialist wannabes) like to discuss improvement
as in the event that it happens in a vacuum, with supply and request operating without
respect for the genuine control connections inside a given society. This is, often of
course, babble. You can’t get it development, or much of anything else within the
advanced world, without taking “politics” into thought as one of the variables. This is
often why as a citizen in this nation we ought to select the proper pioneer for our co

Unit IV

The United Nations and Contemporary Global Governance

Introduction

Although many internationalists like Bentham and Kant imagined the possibility of a global
government, nothing of the sort exists today. There is no one organization that various states are
accountable to. Moreover, no organization can militarily compel a state to obey predetermined global
rules. There is, however, some regularity in the general behavior of states. For example, they more or
less follow global navigation routes and more often than not, respect each other’s territorial boundaries.

There are may sources of global governance. States sign treaties and form organizations, in the
process legislating public international law ( international rules that govern interactions between states
opposed to say, private companies). International non- governmental organizations ( NGOs), though not
having formal state power, can lobby individual states to behave in a certain way ( for example, an
international animal protection NGO can pressure governments to pass animal cruelty laws). Powerful
transnational corporations can likewise have tremendous effects on global labor laws, environmental
legislation, trade policy, etc. even ideas such as the need for “global democracy” or the clamor for “
good governance” can influence the ways international actors behave.

At the end of the lesson , you should be able to:

1. Define global governance;

2. Identify the roles and functions of the United Nations; and
3. Determine the challenges of global governance in the twenty- first century.

What is an International Organization?

When scholars refer to groups like UN or institutions like the IMF and the World Bank, they
usually call themselves international organizations (IOs). Although international NGOs are sometimes
considered as IOs, the term is commonly used to refer to international intergovernmental organizations
or groups that are primarily made up of member- states.

One major fallacy about international organizations is that they are merely amalgamations of
various state interests. In the 1960s and 1970s, many scholars believed that the IOs were just venues
where the contradicting, but sometimes intersecting, agendas of countries were discussed ----no more
than talk shops. What has become more evident in recent years, however, is that IOs can take on lives of
their own. For example, as seen in Lesson 2, the IMF was able to promote a particular form of economic
orthodoxy that stemmed mainly from the beliefs of its professional economists. IOs can thus become
influential as independent organizations. International relations scholars Michael N. Barnett and Martha
Finnemore listed the following powers of IOs.

First, IOs have the power of classification. Because IOs can invent and apply categories, they
create powerful global standards. For example, it is the UN High Commissioner for refugees (UNHCR)
that defines what a refugee is. And since states are required to accept refugees from entering their
borders, this power to establish identity has concrete effects.

Second, IOs have the power to fix meanings. This is a broader function related to the first.
Various terms like “security” or “ development” need to be well- defined. States, organizations, and
individuals vies of IOs as legitimate sources of information. As such, the meanings they create have
effects on various policies. For example, recently, the United Nations has started to define security as
not just safety from military violence, but also safety environmental harm.

Finally, IOs have the power to diffuse norms. Norms are accepted codes of conduct that may not
be strict law, but nevertheless produce regularity in behavior. IOs do not only classify and fix meanings;
they also spread their ideas across the world, thereby establishing global standards. Their members are,
as Barnett and Finnemore emphasized, the “missionaries” of our time. Their power to diffuse norms
stems from the fact that IOs are staffed independence bureaucracies who are considered experts in
various fields. For example, World Bank economists come to be regarded as experts in development and
thus carry some form of authority. They can, therefore, create norms regarding the implementation and
conceptualization of development projects.

Because of these immense powers, IOs can be sources of great good and great harm. They can
promote relevant norms like environmental protection and human rights. But, like other entrenched
bureaucracies, they can become sealed-off communities that fail to challenge their beliefs.

The United Nations

Having examined the powers, limitations, and weaknesses of IOs, the spotlight will now fall on
the spotlight will now fall on the most prominent IO in the contemporary world, the United
Nations( UN). After the collapse of the League of Nations at the end of World War II, countries that
worried about another global war began to push for the formation of a more lasting international
league. The result was the creation of the UN. Although the organization is far from perfect, it should be
emphasized that it has so far achieved its primary goal of averting another global war. For this reason
alone, the UN should be considered a success.

The UN is divided into five active organs. The General Assembly (GA) is UN’s “ main deliberative
policymaking and representative organ.” According to the UN charter: “ Decisions on important
questions, such as those on peace and security, admission of new members, and budgetary matter,
require a two-thirds majority of the General Assembly. Decisions on other questions are done by simple
majority. Annually, the general Assembly elects a GA President to serve a one-year term of office.” All
member states (currently at 193) have seats in the GA. The Philippines played a prominent role in the
Gas early years when Filipino diplomat Carlos P. Romulo was elected GA president from 1949- 1950.

Although the GA is the most representative organization in the UN, many commentators
consider the Security Council (SC) to be most powerful. According to the UN, this body consists of 15
member states. The GA elects ten of these 15 to two- year terms. The other five—sometimes referred to
as the Permanent 5 (P5)—are China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States. These
states have been permanent members since he founding of the UN, and cannot be replaced through
election. The SC takes the lead in determining the existence of a threat to the peace or an act of
aggression. It calls upon the parties to a dispute to settle the act by peaceful means and recommends
methods of adjustment or terms of settlement. In some cases, it can resort to imposing sanctions or
even authorizing the use of force to maintain or restore international peace and security. Because of
these powers, states that seek to intervene militarily in another state need to obtain the approval of the
SC. With the SC’s approval, a military intervention may be deemed legal. This is an immense power.

Much attention has been placed on the SC’s P5 sue to their permanent sears and because each
country holds veto power over the council’s decision. It only takes one veto vote from a P5 member to
stop an SC action dead in its tracks. In this sense, the SC is heir to the tradition of “great power”
diplomacy that began with the Metternich/ Concert of Europe system. It is especially telling that the P5
consists of the major Allied Powers that won World War II.

The third UN organ is the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC0, which is “the principal body
for coordination, policy review, policy dialogue, and recommendations on social and environmental
issues, as well as the implementation of internationally agreed development goals.” It has 54 members
elected for three- year terms. The current UN’s central platform for discussions on sustainable
development.

The fourth is the International Court of Justice whose task “is to settle, in accordance with
international law, legal disputes submitted to it by states and to give advisory opinions referred to it by
authorized United Nations organs and specialized agencies.” The major cases of the court consists of
disputes between states that voluntarily submit themselves to the court for arbitration. The court, as
such, cannot try individuals (international criminal cases are heard by the International Criminal Court),
which is independent of the UN), and its decision are only binding when states have explicitly agreed to
place themselves before the court’s authority. The Sc may enforce the rulings of the ICJ, but this remains
subject to the P5’s veto power.

Finally, the Secretariat consists of the “Secretary- General and tens of thousands of international
UN staff members who carry out the day- to- day work of the UN as mandated by the General Assembly
and the organization’s other principal organs.” As such, it is the bureaucracy of the UN, serving as a kind
of international civil service. Members of the secretariat serve in their capacity as UN employees and not
as state representatives.

Challenges of the United Nations

Given the scope of the UN’s activities, it naturally faces numerous challenges. Chief among these
are the limits placed upon its various organs and programs by the need to respect state sovereignty. The
UN is not a world government, and it functions primarily because of voluntary cooperation from states.
If states refuse to cooperate, the influence of the UN can be severely circumscribed.

Example: The UN Council on Human Rights can send special rapporteurs to countries where
alleged human rights violations are occurring.

If a country does not invite the rapporteur or places conditions on his/ her activities, however,
this information- gathering mechanism usually fails to achieve its goals.

However, the biggest challenge of the UN is related to issues of security. As mentioned, the Un
Security Council is tasked with authorizing international acts of military intervention. Because of the P5’s
veto power, it is tough for the council to release a formal resolution, much more implement it.

In the late 1990s when the United States sought to intervene in the
Kosovo war. Serbian leader Slobodan Milosević was committing acts of ethnic
cleansing against ethnic Muslim Albanians were victims of massacres, mass
deportations, and internal displacement. Amidst this systematic terror,
members of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), led by the United
States, sought SC authorization to intervene in the Kosovo war on
humanitarian grounds. China and Russia, however, threatened to veto any
action, rendering the UN incapable of addressing crisis. In response, NATO
decided to intervene on its own. Though the NATO intervention was largely a
success, it nevertheless, left the UN ineffectual.
 Today, a similar dynamic is evident in Syria, which is undergoing a civil war. Russia has
threatened to veto any SC resolution against Syria; thus, the UN has done very little to stop state-
sanctioned violence against opponents of the government. Since Syrian President Bashar al- Assad is an
ally of Russian dictator Vladimir Putin, the latter has shied away from any policy that could weaken the
legitimacy of the former. As a result, the UN is again ineffectual amid a conflict that has led to over
220,000 people dead and 11 million displaced.

Despite these problems, it remains important for the SC to place a high bar on military
intervention. The UN Security Council has been wrong on issues of intervention, but it has also made
right decisions. When the United States sought to invade Iraq in 2001, it claimed that Iraq’s Saddam
Hussein had weapons of mass destruction (WMD) that threatened the world. However, UN members
Russia, China, and France were unconvinced and vetoed the Un resolution for intervention, forcing the
United States to lead a small “ coalition of the willing” with its allies. It has since been discovered that
there were no weapons of mass destruction, and the invasion of Iraq has cause problems for the country
and the region that last until today.

Connecting Ideas

1. Why is global governance multi- faceted?

 The framework of worldwide administration is multi-faceted since it envelops
a few worldwide ranges of administration counting security, equity, human
rights, advancement, exchange, and back. Thus, evaluating the affect of this
worldwide framework depends on one's hypothetical focal point

2. How do international organizations take on “lives of their own?”

 When states set up an universal organization (IO), they make an institution
with a life of its claim. In doing so, states hazard the institution getting to be a
creature and acting opposite to their interfact

3. What are the challenges faced by the United Nations in maintaining global security?
 Dangers to Peace and Security dangers from destitution, infection, and
natural breakdown (the dangers to human security distinguished within the
Thousand years Improvement Objectives) dangers from struggle between
states. Dangers from savagery and enormous human rights infringement
inside states. Dangers from terrorism.
Post Assessment: Make an infographics about the United Nations, its organs and the role of the United
Nation in the current pandemic that the world is facing. Use a separate sheet and
attached your below.

Dig

ested Points: Share what you have learned about the lesson below,

 I have learned almost globalization implies the spreading of a trade, culture,

or any innovation on an universal level. When the boundaries of nations and
landmasses matter no more, and the full world gets to be one worldwide
town in itself. Globalization is an exertion to decrease the topographical and
political boundaries for the smooth working of any business. There are four
fundamental components that shape the four columns of globalization.
These are the free stream of merchandise, capitals, innovation, and labors,
all over the world. In spite of the fact that, numerous of the specialists that
bolster globalization clearly deny to recognize the free stream of labor as
their work culture. The worldwide wonder of worldwide culture presents
numerous suggestions and requires a particular environment to prosper. For
occasion, it needs the other nations to come to a common assention in terms
 of political, social, and financial approaches. There's more prominent sharing
of thoughts and information and liberalization has picked up a embrace

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Course Facilitator:
MICHAEL JEFF IBAY LEONG,LPT
Contact Number: 0929-616-9025
G-mail Address: michaeljeffleong1996@gmail.com