By Tefera B (MSc.

}
11/23/2021 1
 OBJECTIVES
Components of pharyngeal apparatus
Components and derivatives of pharyngeal arches
Components and derivatives of pharyngeal clefts
Components and derivatives of pharyngeal pouches
Development of thyroid
Development of tongue

11/23/2021 2
 Pharyngeal apparatus and their derivatives

• The differentiation of structures derived from the arches,

pouches, clefts, and membrane is dependent upon epithelial-
mesenchymal interactions.

11/23/2021 3
 Pharyngeal apparatus consists of :

Pharyngeal
membran

Pharyngeal groove Pharyngeal pouch

Pharyngeal arch

11/23/2021 4
 Pharyngeal arches
Mesenchymal condensation on either side of the pharynx are
know as pharyngeal arches
Each pharyngeal arch consists of a core of mesenchymal tissue
covered on the outside by surface ectoderm and on the inside
by epithelium of endodermal origin

In addition to mesenchyme derived from paraxial and lateral

plate mesoderm, the core of each arch receives substantial
numbers of neural crest cells, which migrate into the arches to
contribute to skeletal components of the face.

11/23/2021 5
 After the formation of
Before the formation of pharyngeal arches pharyngeal arches
6
 The original mesoderm of the arches gives rise to the
musculature of the face and neck.
Thus, each pharyngeal arch is characterized by its own
muscular components.
The muscular components of each arch have their own
cranial nerve, and wherever the muscle cells migrate,
they carry their nerve component with them.

11/23/2021 7
 In addition, each arch has its own arterial component
In summary six pharyngeal arches are formed
But the 5th arch is never formed or regresses
immediately it is formed

11/23/2021 8
 1st Pharyngeal arch and Its derivatives

Consists of:
Dorsal portion, the maxillary process, which extends
forward beneath the region of the eye
A ventral portion the mandibular process, which
contains Meckel’s cartilage
During further development, Meckel’s cartilage
disappears except for two small portions at its dorsal
end that persist and form the incus and malleus
The middle part of the cartilage regresses, but its
perichondrium forms the anterior ligament of malleus
and the sphenomandibular ligament
9
11/23/2021
 Mesenchyme of the maxillary process gives rise to:
Premaxilla
Maxilla
Zygomatic bone
Part of the temporal bone through membranous
ossification.
The mandible is also formed by membranous
ossification of mesenchymal tissue surrounding
Meckel’s cartilage

11/23/2021 10
11/23/2021 11
 Muscel of first pharyngeal arch includes :
The muscles of mastication (temporalis, masseter, and
pterygoids)
Anterior belly of the digastric
Mylohyoid
Tensor tympani and tensor palatini
• The nerve supply to the muscles of the first arch is
provided by the mandibular branch of the trigeminal
nerve

11/23/2021 12
 The first pharyngeal arch arteries are the first of the
branchial arch arteries to form or aortic arch.
As expected from their name, they form within the first
pair of branchial arches.
They regress by the end of the fourth week of
gestation.
After birth, the only remnants of them are the maxillary
arteries
Since mesenchyme from the first arch also contributes
to the dermis of the face, sensory supply to the skin of
the face is provided by
Ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular branches of
the trigeminal nerve

11/23/2021 13
 2nd pharyngeal (hyoid) arch and its derivatives
The dorsal end of second
The ventral end of second arch arch cartilage (Reichert
cartilage (Reichert cartilage) cartilage) ossifies to form
ossifies to form the lesser cornu the stapes, styloid process
and upper part of the body of the and stylohyoid ligament
hyoid bone

11/23/2021 14
 • Muscles of the hyoid arch are:
Stapedius
Stylohyoid
Posterior belly of the
digastric
Auricularis, and muscles of
facial expression
• The facial nerve, the nerve of
the second arch, supplies all of
these muscles.

11/23/2021 15
 • The arteries of the second arch formed within the arch
around the 4th to 5th week of development.

• They regress by the start of the fifth week of gestation.

• The only remnants of the second branchial arch arteries

after birth are the hyoid arteries and stapedial arteries

11/23/2021 16
 3rd arch and its derivatives
The third arch cartilage ossifies to
form the greater cornu and the
lower part of the body of the
hyoid bone

11/23/2021 17
 The musculature is limited to the stylopharyngeus
muscles.
These muscles are innervated by the glossopharyngeal
nerve, the nerve of the third arch
The remnant of the 3rd branchial arteries are the
common carotid arteries and internal carotid arteries

11/23/2021 18
 4th and 6th arches
Fourth and Sixth arch
cartilages fuse to form the
laryngeal (Thyroid ,Cricoid ,
Arytenoid ,Corniculate ,
Cuneiform) cartilages except
epiglottis which develops from
hypobrancheal

11/23/2021 19
 Muscles of the fourth arch (Cricothyroid, levator
palatini, and constrictors of the pharynx) are
innervated by the superior laryngeal branch of the
vagus, nerve of the 4th arch

Intrinsic muscles of the larynx are supplied by the

recurrent laryngeal branch of the vagus, the nerve of
the sixth arch.

11/23/2021 20
 ARTERIES OF THE 4TH ARCH
The left fourth pharyngeal arch artery forms part of the
arch of the aorta.
The right fourth pharyngeal arch artery becomes the
proximal part of the right subclavian artery.
The left subclavian artery is not derived from a
pharyngeal arch artery; it forms from the left seventh
intersegmental artery

11/23/2021 21
 Arteries of the 6th arch
Pulmonary artery on each side.
Ductus arteriosus

11/23/2021 22
11/23/2021 23
 Muscular component

11/23/2021 24
 1ST PHARYNGEAL POUCH
The first pharyngeal pouch expands into an elongate
tubotympanic recess.
The expanded distal part of this recess contacts the
first pharyngeal groove, where it later contributes to
the formation of the tympanic membrane
(eardrum).
The cavity of the tubotympanic recess becomes the
tympanic cavity and mastoid antrum.
The connection of the tubotympanic recess with the
pharynx gradually elongates to form the
pharyngotympanic tube (auditory tube).

11/23/2021 25
 2ND POUCH
Give rise to the palatine tonsil
The remnant of the second pouch forms the
tonsillar fossa
3RD AND 4TH POUCHES
The 3rd pouch Give rise to the inferior parathyroid
and the thymus
The 4th give rise to the superior parathyroid

11/23/2021 26
 5th pouch
• Usually consider as part of the 4th
pouch give rise to the
ultimobranchial body which is
incorporated into the thyroid gland to
form the parafollicular cells or C cell
of the thyroid responsible for
secreting calcitonin

11/23/2021 27
 PHARYNGEAL CLEFTS
The 5-week embryo is characterized by the presence of
four pharyngeal clefts of which only one contributes to
the definitive structure of the embryo

The dorsal part of the first cleft penetrates the

underlying mesenchyme and gives rise to the external
auditory meatus

The epithelial lining at the bottom of the meatus

participates in formation of the eardrum
11/23/2021 28
 Active proliferation of mesenchymal tissue in the
second arch causes it to overlap the third and fourth
arches.
Finally, it merges with the epicardial ridge in the
lower part of the neck and the second, third, and
fourth clefts lose contact with the outside
The clefts form a cavity lined with ectodermal
epithelium, the cervical sinus, but with further
development this sinus disappears.
11/23/2021 29
 Structures derived from pharyngeal pouches and clefts,
and formation of cervical sinus

11/23/2021 30
 APPLIED ANATOMY

• Branchial fistulas occur when the second pharyngeal arch fails

to grow caudally over the third and fourth arches, leaving
remnants of the second, third, and fourth clefts in contact with
the surface by a narrow canal

• Such a fistula, found on the lateral aspect of the neck directly

anterior to the sternocleidomastoid muscle, usually provides
drainage for a lateral cervical cyst

11/23/2021 31
11/23/2021 32
 Rarely the branchial fistula
passes deep between the
external and internal carotid
arteries (carotid fork) and opens
into the tonsillar sinus. It is
called internal branchial fistula.
Such a branchial fistula occurs
due to rupture of membrane
between the second pharyngeal
cleft and second pharyngeal
pouch

11/23/2021 33
 Development of Thyroid Gland
The thyroid gland is the first endocrine gland to
develop in the embryo.
It begins to form , approximately 24 days after
fertilization from a median endodermal thickening
in the floor of the primordial pharynx.
This thickening soon forms a small outpouching—
the thyroid primordium.

11/23/2021 34
 As the embryo and tongue grow, the developing thyroid
gland descends in the neck, passing ventral to the
developing hyoid bone and laryngeal cartilages.
For a short time, the thyroid gland is connected to the
tongue by a narrow tube, the thyroglossal duct.
At first the thyroid primordium is hollow, but it soon
becomes a solid mass of cells and divides into right
and left lobes that are connected by the isthmus of the
thyroid gland, which lies anterior to the developing
second and third tracheal rings.

11/23/2021 35
 By 7 weeks , the thyroid gland has assumed its
definitive shape and is usually located in its final site in
the neck.
By this time, the thyroglossal duct has normally
degenerated and disappeared.
The proximal opening of the thyroglossal duct persists
as a small pit in the dorsum (posterosuperior surface) of
the tongue— the foramen cecum.

11/23/2021 36
 Histogenesis of Thyroid Gland
The thyroid primordium consists of a solid mass of
endodermal cells .
This cellular aggregation later breaks up into a
network of epithelial cords as it is invaded by the
surrounding vascular mesenchyme.
By the 10th week, the cords have divided into small
cellular groups.
A lumen soon forms in each cell cluster and the cells
become arranged in a single layer around thyroid
follicles

11/23/2021 37
 During the 11th week, colloid begins to appear in
these follicles; thereafter, iodine concentration and
the synthesis of thyroid hormones can be
demonstrated.
By 20 weeks , the levels of fetal thyroid-stimulating
hormone and thyroxine begin to increase, reaching
adult levels by 35 weeks.

11/23/2021 38
 Anomalies of the thyroid
1. Anomalies of the shape
2. Anomalies of position
3. Ectopic thyroid tissue
4. Remnants of the thyroglossal duct

11/23/2021 39
 1. Anomalies of the shape
Isthmus may be absent
One of the lobe may be very small or absent
2. Anomalies of position
Lingual thyroid
Intra-lingual thyroid
Suprahyoid thyroid
Infrahyoid thyroid
Intrathoracic thyroid
Note: when thyroid tissue is present in the anomalies
position, an additional thyroid may or may not be
present at the normal site
11/23/2021 40
 3. Ectopic thyroid tissue
Small masses of thyroid tissue may be present at
abnormal site
Thryroid tissue may be observed in the
Larynx,trachea
Esophagus
Pons
Pleura
Pericardium
ovaries

11/23/2021 41
 4. Remnants of the thyroglossal duct
These remnant may be persist and lead to formation
of the following
Thyroglossal cyst ,that may be anywhere along the
course of the duct
Thyroglossal fistula, internal papilla(opening at
foramen caecum)

11/23/2021 42
 Development of Tongue
Near the end of the fourth week, a median triangular
elevation appears in the floor of the primordial
pharynx, just rostral to the foramen cecum.
This median lingual swelling (tongue bud) is the first
indication of tongue development.
Soon, two oval lateral lingual swellings (distal tongue
buds) develop on each side of the median tongue bud.
The three lingual swellings result from the
proliferation of mesenchyme in ventromedial parts of
the first pair of pharyngeal arches

11/23/2021 43
 The lateral lingual swellings rapidly increase in
size, merge with each other, and overgrow the
median lingual swelling.
The merged lateral lingual swellings form the
anterior two thirds (oral part) of the tongue.
The fusion site of the lateral lingual swellings is
indicated superficially by the midline groove of the
tongue and internally by the fibrous lingual
septum.
The median lingual swelling does not form a
recognizable part of the adult tongue.

11/23/2021 44
11/23/2021 45
 Formation of the posterior third
Formation of the posterior third (pharyngeal
part) of the tongue is indicated in the fetus by two
elevations that develop caudal to the foramen
cecum
The copula forms by fusion of the ventromedial
parts of the second pair of pharyngeal arches.
The hypopharyngeal eminence develops caudal to
the copula from mesenchyme in the ventromedial
parts of the third and fourth pairs of arches.

11/23/2021 46
 As the tongue develops, the copula is gradually
overgrown by the hypopharyngeal eminence and
disappears.
As a result, the posterior third of the tongue develops
from the rostral part of the hypopharyngeal
eminence.
The line of fusion of the anterior and posterior parts
of the tongue is roughly indicated by a V-shaped
groove— the terminal sulcus.
Pharyngeal arch mesenchyme forms the
connective tissue and vasculature of the tongue.
Most of the tongue muscles are derived from
myoblasts that migrate from the occipital myotomes
11/23/2021 47
 The hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) accompanies the
myoblasts during their migration and innervates the
tongue muscles as they develop.
Both anterior and posterior parts of the tongue are
located within the oral cavity at birth
The posterior third of the tongue descends into the
oropharynx by 4 years of age.

11/23/2021 48
 Lingual Papillae
Lingual papillae appear toward the end of the eighth
week.
The vallate and foliate papillae appear first, close to
terminal branches of the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN
IX).
The fungiform papillae appear later near terminations of
the chorda tympani branch of the facial nerve (CN
VII).
The long and numerous lingual papillae are called
filiform papillae because of their thread-like shape.
They develop during the early fetal period (10– 11
weeks). They contain afferent nerve endings that are
sensitive to touch.
11/23/2021 49
 Taste buds
Taste buds develop during weeks 11 to 13 by
inductive interaction between the epithelial cells of
the tongue and invading gustatory nerve cells from
the chorda tympani, glossopharyngeal, and vagus
nerves.
Most taste buds form on the dorsal surface of the
tongue, and some develop on the palatoglossal
arches, palate, posterior surface of the epiglottis,
and the posterior wall of the oropharynx.
Fetal facial responses can be induced by bitter-tasting
substances at 26 to 28 weeks , indicating that reflex
pathways between taste buds and facial muscles are
established by this stage.
11/23/2021 50
 Nerve Supply of Tongue
The sensory supply to the mucosa of almost the entire
anterior tongue (oral part) is from the lingual branch of
the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve (CN
V),the nerve of the first pharyngeal arch
Although the facial nerve is the nerve of the second
pharyngeal arch, its chorda tympani branch supplies
the taste buds in the anterior two thirds of the tongue,
except for the vallate papillae

11/23/2021 51
 Because the second arch component, the copula (narrow part
connecting two structures), is overgrown by the third arch,
CN VII does not supply the tongue mucosa, except for the
taste buds in the anterior part of the tongue.
The vallate papillae in the anterior part of the tongue are
innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) of the
third arch

11/23/2021 52
 The posterior third of the tongue is innervated mainly by
the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) of the third arch
The superior laryngeal branch of the vagus nerve (CN X)
of the fourth arch supplies a small area of the tongue
anterior to the epiglottis .
All muscles of the tongue are supplied by the hypoglossal
nerve (CN XII), except for the palatoglossus, which is
supplied from the pharyngeal plexus by fibers arising
from the vagus nerve (CN X)

11/23/2021 53
 Reading assignments
DEVELOPMENT OF SALIVARY GLANDS
DEVELOPMENT OF FACE
CONGENITAL MALFORMATIONS (BIRTH DEFECT)

11/23/2021 54
11/23/2021 55