Submitted to: 2nd International Conference on Wireless and Telematics (ICWT)

2016-08-01~2016-08-02 Yogyakarta, Indonesia

DWDM System Design:

DIY-Semarang-Surakarta Ring
Devi Tiarani Putri Tutun Juhana Sigit Haryadi
Telecommunication Engineering Telecommunication Engineering Telecommunication Engineering
Institut Teknologi Bandung Institut Teknologi Bandung Institut Teknologi Bandung
devitiarani87@gmail.com tutun.j@gmail.com sigit@stei.itb.ac.id

Abstract—the bandwidth continued to rise significantly due to the revolution in information services, so a system that can meet the
bandwidth demand is needed. Existing development undertaken by service providers was less efficient and effective so it is necessary to
build an integrated fiber optic communication system for all service providers. The object of this paper is to design a fiber optic
transmission system network using DWDM (Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing) for Yogyakarta, Semarang and Surakarta ring
which will be used by all operators. Results from the design and calculations showed that the capacity demand for 2030 is 931.832 Gbps,
uses amplifiers, power link budget may reach 203.578 km back and forth, as well as the value of the sub link’s rise time exceeds the value
of the system, it will be compensated by DCM (Dispersion Compensating Module) on the sub link, rise time budget system value is 70
ps.

Keywords—DWDM; Link Power Budget; Rise Time Budget; Amplifier; DCM; Yogyakarta-Semarang-Surakarta Ring

I. INTRODUCTION
Communication, which in the past was confined to narrowband voice signal, now demands a high quality visual, audio, and data
context. In addition, an increased need for bandwidth is also influenced by the growth of competition in the telecommunications
sector through government deregulation and market-driven economic stimulation and also development of new applications,
requiring a transmission system that is able to meet the bandwidth need. This transmission system need to guarantee signal quality,
access time (no delay), data security, wide receiver coverage area as well as a competitive price. Optical fiber technology is the most
appropriate choice to meet these need because the optical fiber has distant communication range, the attenuation is relatively small
and is not affected by the interference.
Each optical fiber communications service providers build optical fiber to meet the bandwidth demand and are required to ensure
that their network is fault tolerant and resistant to the outage. To meet these challenges almost every service provider in expanding
its fiber service by install a fiber optic cable either aerially, in duct, undersea or buried directly in the ground. Development
undertaken by each service provider is neither efficient nor effective so it is necessary to integrate fiber optic communication system
for all service providers.
In the last few decades, the fiber optic cable used by service providers operates as the backbone of their interoffice networks, is
becoming a major telecommunication infrastructure. Along with the increasing bandwidth needs, a technology called DWDM
developed and implemented. DWDM technology is an improvement of WDM technology that previously developed, the
improvements are the wide spacing between channels, resulting an increase in the number of channels that can be multiplexed and
increase the capacity of optical fiber. WDM itself is a form of transmission that utilizes wavelength division within the transmission
system. The basis of WDM is to use multiple source operating at slightly different wavelength to transmit several independent
information streams over the same fiber.
The purpose of this project is to design optical fiber communication systems using DWDM technology for DIY-Semarang-
Surakarta link which is expected to meet the bandwidth demand in 2016 up to 2030. To understand the communication link, it is
also important to calculate link budget rise time budget parameter and also Bill of Quantity (BOQ).

II. BASIC THEORY

A. Optical Fiber
An optical fiber is a dielectric waveguide that operate at optical frequency. It confines electromagnetic energy in the form
of light to within its surface and guides the light in a direction parallel to its axis. The most widely accepted structure of optical
waveguide is a single solid dielectric cylinder of radius a and index of refraction 𝑛1 . This cylinder is known as the core of the fiber.
The core is surrounded by a solid dielectric cladding which has a refractive index 𝑛2 that is less than 𝑛1 .
Variation in the material composition of the core gives rise to the two commonly used fiber type. The refractive index of
the core is uniform throughout fiber and undergoes an abrupt change (or step) at the cladding boundary this called a step-index
fiber. The core refractive index is made to vary as function of the radial distance from the center of the fiber. This type is a graded-

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index fiber. Both the step- and graded-index fiber can be further divided into single-mode and multimode classes. A single-mode
fiber sustain only one mode of propagation, whereas multimode fibers contain many hundreds of mode. [1]
B. Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM)
DWDM is an improvement of Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM). WDM assigns incoming optical signals to
specific frequencies of light (wavelength, or lambdas) within a certain frequency. The difference between WDM and DWDM is
fundamentally only of one degree. DWDM spaces the wavelength more closely than WDM does, therefore has a greater overall
capacity. WDM and DWDM use single-mode fiber to carry multiple light waves of differing frequencies. [2]

C. Link Power Budget

Link power budget analysis is used to determine the power margin between the optical transmitter output and the minimum receiver
sensitivity needed to establish a specified Bit Error Rate (BER). The link loss budget simply considers the total optical power loss
that is allowed between the light source and the photo detector, and allocates this loss to cable attenuation, connector loss, splice
loss, and system margin. [1]

𝑃𝑇𝑥 − 𝑃𝑑𝑒𝑡 = 𝑀𝑠 + 𝛼𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 (1)

D. Rise Time Budget

A rise time budget analysis is a convenient method for determining the dispersion limitation of an optical fiber link. The four basic
elements that may significantly limit system speed are the transmitter rise time, the group velocity dispersion (GVD) rise time of
the fiber, the modal dispersion rise time of the fiber and the receiver rise time. Single-mode fiber do not experience modal
dispersion, so in these fibers the rise time is related only to GVD. Generally, the total transition-time degradation of a digital link
should not exceed 70 percent of an NRZ (non-return-to-zero) bit period or 35 percent of a bit period for RZ (return-to-zero). [1]
𝑡𝑠𝑦𝑠 = √𝑡𝑡𝑥 2 + 𝑡𝑟𝑥 2 + 𝑡𝑓 2 (2)
𝑡𝑓 = 𝐷. 𝜎𝜆 . 𝐿 (3)

E. Statistical Forcasting
Forecasting is the process of making predictions of the future based on past and present data and analysis of trends.
1) Regression Analysis
Linear regression analysis is used to test whether there is relationship between the independent variable on the dependent variable.
In making a decision whether there is relationship of an independent variable (X) on the dependent variable (Y), several statistical
tests are used, namely F test, t test, and correlation test
2) Time Series Forecasting
a) Trend Analysis/Curve Estimation
The trend is the movement of long-term data in time series and often described as lines or smooth curves. The movement of such
data may go up or down. If the movement is rising, it is called a positive trend, whereas if the movement is down, it is called a
negative trend. There are three methods trend that are often used, linier, quadratic and exponential.
b) Exponential Smoothing
Exponential smoothing schemes weight past observations using exponentially decreasing weights. Exponential smoothing is
actually a way of “smoothing” out the data by eliminating much of the “noise” (random effects).
c) ARIMA (Auto Regressive Integrated Moving Average)
ARIMA models process a great deal of information from time-series data, but require the researcher to specify only a minimum
number of parameters. Arima models are highly flexible and compare a wide variety of alternative models in developing the “best”
or “correct” model for time series data. The general model (not considering seasonality) is written as ARIMA (p, d, q) where p is
the order of auto regression, d s the degree of differencing, and q is the order of moving average involved.

II. METHODOLOGY AND SCENARIOS OF OPTICAL FIBER COMMUNICATION SYSTEM DESIGN

A. Methodology of The Design [2]
The methodology used in the design of optical fiber communication systems DWDM link DIY-Semarang-Surakarta are as
follows:

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 Determination of the fiber optic
communication system design's area

Calculation of the bandwidth demand

for each area

Route and topology determination,

and also transmission distance
calculations

Determining specifications and DWDM

transport technology

Planning fiber optic communication

systems's detailed design

Analysis of fiber optic communication

system design
Figure 1 Method of optical fiber communication system design

B. Calculation of The Bandwidth Demand

1) Calculation of The Bandwidth Demand for Each Area
Bandwidth demand calculation is used to determine network capacity in the future. Calculation demand for bandwidth capacity of
each region is conducted based on the relationship of the number of internet subscribers and the average amount of bandwidth,
which is shown by the following equation

𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡h =the average amount of bandwidth × number of internet subscribers

Statistical testing using multiple linear regression method is used to determine the factors that affect the average bandwidth. There
are two variables used in the multiple linear regression method, the dependent variable and independent variable. The average
bandwidth is determine as the dependent variable, while the GDP of each region and the average size of the web is determined as
independent variables. The method used in the calculation of the number of internet users is simple linear regression method, where
the percentage of individual Internet users is set as the dependent variable, while the GDP of each region as independent variables.
Thus the equation for bandwidth capacity demand for each region is obtained.

C. Calculation of Inter-regional Distribution Bandwidth Capacity

The bandwidth capacity demand of each region is used to calculate the distribution of the capacity for each DIY-Semarang-
Surakarta link. To compute the distribution of bandwidth capacity on each node comparative calculation formula for the DIY-
MGL bandwidth demand is used. Below is the expression of the formula

𝑀𝐺𝐿
= 𝐷𝐼𝑌 ×
𝐷𝐼𝑌 + 𝑀𝐺𝐿 + 𝑆𝑀𝐺 + 𝑆𝑇𝐺 + 𝐵𝑌𝐿 + 𝑆𝐾𝑇 + 𝑆𝐾𝐽 + 𝐾𝐿

Thus, the distribution of bandwidth demand of each node from one region to another is obtained as shown on the following table.

Table 1. Bandwidth demand distribution of each region

Node DIY MGL SMG STG BYL SKT SKJ KL
DIY 50.463 22.216 32.958 0.598 13.613 7.594 10.473 42.754
MGL 22.216 9.781 14.510 0.263 5.993 3.343 4.611 4.611
SMG 32.958 14.510 21.526 0.390 8.891 4.960 6.840 6.840
STG 0.598 0.263 0.390 0.007 0.161 0.090 0.124 0.124
BYL 13.613 5.993 8.891 0.161 3.673 2.049 2.825 2.825
SKT 7.594 3.343 4.960 0.090 2.049 1.143 1.576 1.576
SKJ 10.473 4.611 6.840 0.124 2.825 1.576 2.174 2.174
KL 42.754 18.823 27.924 0.506 11.534 6.434 8.874 8.874
Total
180.67 79.54 118 2.14 48.74 27.188 37.498 153.073
Bandwidth

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D. Total Bandwidth Demand for Each Sub link
Each sub link bandwidth capacity can be calculated by summing bandwidth capacity through the sub link from and to a node. From
table above, the result calculation for the amount of bandwidth capacity for each sub link are described as follows:

Table 2. Bandwidth demand for each sub link

Bandwidth demand
Sub link
(Gbps)
DIY-MGL 260.415
MGL-SMG 125.307
SMG-STG 171.865
STG-BYL 3.883
BYL-SKT 82.426
SKT-SKJ 47.233
SKJ-KL 63.948
KL-DIY 177.754
Bandwidth demand
931.832
total

E. Plan of DIY-Semarang-Surakarta Link

Figure 2 Plan of DIY-Semarang-Surakarta Link

These optical fibers are designed to follow the shortest highway route that connects each city that will be passed by the optical
fiber as it eases the field survey, facilitate the installation of the system and facilitate the maintenance of optical fibers so that the
construction and maintenance of fiber optic communication systems can run effectively and efficiently. DIY, Klaten, Sukoharjo,
Surakarta, Boyolali, Salatiga, Semarang and Magelang are the nodes in this design. Below is the transmission distance in the design
of optical fiber communication systems to link DIY-Semarang-Surakarta

Table 3 Transmission distance of DIY-Semarang-Surakarta link

Transmission
Transmission
length
Sub link length on the
correction on the
map
map (1,1 x)
DIY-MGL 37.3 41.03
MGL-SMG 44 48.4
SMG-STG 13.9 15.29
STG-BYL 25.5 28.05
BYL-SKT 15.6 17.16
SKT-SKJ 3.48 3.828
SKJ-KL 30.2 33.22
KL-DIY 16 17.6

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A ring topology is implemented in this design, which will connects eight nodes. From Figure III-3, can be seen that Yogyakarta,
Semarang (SMG) and Surakarta (SKT) node was chosen as the main terminal (OTM), which serves as the central entry and exit
of optical signal between the city, while five other nodes as ROADM nodes which have function to add / drop and pass wavelength
optical signal. Ring topology chosen because it has a high reliability because a ring topology allows the application of the self-
healing function when here is an interference on the fibers of the main link. Selection of topology and transmission route is very
important in the design of optical fiber because it involves a lot of things, including the length of fiber optic cable, the number of
splicer and connector, amplifier usage and the appropriate transmit power of the device so that the transmitted signal can be well
received by the receiver.

Figure 3 Topology of DIY-Semarang-Surakarta Link

Protection system is needed for each link of optical fiber communication systems, so that if there is an interference on a link, the
system can still work normally, and information is still sent and received. Protection system that is applied in the design is the MSP
(Multiplex Section Protection). The MSP protection system works when there is interference on the sub link causing traffic flow
is interrupted. If this condition happens then the system will switch the traffic flow to another fiber automatically so that the system
can maintain its reliability. Figure 3 shows that the black line is the main transmission route in clockwise direction while the red
line is the protection system in counterclockwise direction.
F. Determination of DWDM Device for DIY-Semarang-Surakarta Link
Total bandwidth demand for DIY-Semarang-Surakarta link in 2030 amounted to 931.832 Gbps. Transport technology that is used
to transmit the demand of bandwidth for each channel in this design is STM-64. The bandwidth demand of each region is converted
into STM-64 technology, so the number of STM-64 needed is 98 pieces.
The number of cores required in this design is 72 cores. Two cores are used for the main transmission and the remaining
70 cores and 20 channels from each of the sender and receiver core are used for protection system
The transport network in this design will can meet the total bandwidth demand of DIY-Semarang-Surakarta link until
2030. The following table is the specifications of fiber optic communication system design for DIY-Semarang-Surakarta link

Table 4 Specifications of fiber optic communication system design for DIY-Semarang-Surakarta link

1. Design Parameter
Transmission distane (𝐿𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘 ) 203.578 Km
Bit rate 10 Gbps (STM-64)
Bit Error Rate (BER) ≤ 10−12
Modulation format NRZ
Operation wavelength 1550 nm
Minimum margin 3 dB

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 2. Components of the optical fiber system
a. Singlemode optical fiber : ITU-T G.655 (Non Zero
Dispersion-Shifted Fiber)
Attenuation coefficient 0.35 dB/km
Chromatic dispersion (D) 1-10 ps/nm.km
b. Optical Interface
B.1 Transmitter
Spectral width 0.1 nm

Transmit 10 Gbit/s
4 dBm
power (𝑃𝑡𝑥 ) Multirate-80 km

Rise Time 60 ps
B.2 Receiver
10 Gbit/s
-11 dBm
Multirate-10 km
Minimum
10 Gbit/s
sensitivity -14 dBm
Multirate-40 km
(𝑃𝑟𝑥 )
10 Gbit/s
-24 dBm
Multirate-80 km
Rise Time 35 ps
b.3 ROADM
Minimum sensitivity -17.5 dBm – 4 dBm
c. Additional Component
Attenuation per connector (𝛼𝑐 ) 0.35 dB
Attenuation per Splicer (𝛼𝑠 ) 0.05 dB-0.3 dB
Gain Amplifier 17 dB
3. Business Planning 15 years

III. DESIGN ANALYSIS OF OPTICAL FIBER COMMUNICATION SYSTEM DWDM FOR DIY-SEMARANG-SURAKARTA LINK [3] [4] [5]
[6] [7] [8] [9] [10]
A. The Number of Connector and Splicer
The number of connectors depends on how many terminal devices are bypassed by the optical cable in transmitting data. Each sub
link requires two connectors that connect sub link to the terminal, so the total number of connectors needed is 16 pieces. The
number of splice calculation is affected by cable length. The maximum cable length used in this design is 3 km / roll. The formula
to calculate the amount required to splice sub link is describe below
𝐿𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘
𝑁𝑠 = −1
𝐿𝑐𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒

Then the number of splicer for each sub link is as follows

Table 5 the number of splicer

Sub link The number of splicer
(pieces)
DIY-MGL 13
MGL-SMG 16
SMG-STG 5
STG-BYL 9
BYL-SKT 5
SKT-SKJ 1
SKJ-KL 11
KL-DIY 5

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B. Link Power Budget Calculation
Link power budget calculation is used to determine how much power is required to transmit a signal that can be received well by
the receiver (photo detector). The initial step in calculating the power budget is to determine the total loss on the system. The next
step is determining the value of the power received by the optical detector in the receiver. If the received power is smaller than the
minimum sensitivity receiver, then optical amplifier is added. When the value of the received power is greater than the max
sensitivity, attenuator is added. The next step is to calculate the margin. If the margin is less than a predetermined minimum margin
then amplifier is added.
Link power budget calculation results for each sub link shown below

Table 6 Link power budget calculation

Without Amplifier Using Amplifier
Sub 𝛼𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
link (dB) Margin 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑖𝑛 ’ Margin 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 ′
𝑃𝑖𝑛 (dBm)
(dB) (dBm) (dBm) ’ (dB) (dBm)
DIY- −14,7105 -
15,7105 −11,7105 5,7895 - -
MGL
MGL- - -
18,29 −32,465 -8,465 −16,0005 24,955
SMG
SMG- −5,3015 -
6,3015 −2,3015 15,1985 - -
STG
STG- - 35,223 −2,269
10,9675 −16,269 1,231 0,73
BYL 1
BYL- - -
6,956 −9,225 14,775 - -
SKT
SKT- −4,9102 -
2,0898 1,9102 19,4102 - -
SKJ
SKJ- - −0,7872 33,712 −3,7872
12,877 −17,7872 -0,2872
KL 8
KL- - -
7,11 −10,8972 13,1038 - -
DIY
DIY- −6,11
7,11 −3,11 14,39
KL
KL- - −4,997
12,877 −18,987 -1,487 −1,997 32,503
SKJ
SKJ- - -
2,0898 −7,0868 16,9132 - -
SKT
SKT- −5,956
6,956 −2,956 14,544
BYL
BYL- 34,576 −2,923
10,967 −16,9235 0,5765 0,0765
STG 5
STG-
6,3015 −9,2245 14,7755
SMG
SMG- −17,29
18,29 −14,29 3,21
MGL
MGL-
15,710 −32,99 -8,99 −16,0005 24,955
DIY

C. Rise Time Budget Calculation

Rise time budget analysis is used to determine whether there is a widening pulse dispersion effects in the system. To obtain the
value of the rise time for STM-64 with the NRZ encoding format, Calculation is performed using the formula below
0,7 0,7
𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑠 = = = 70 ps
𝐵𝑅 10 𝑥 10−9

Calculation of the value of rise time system with NRZ encoding format continued by calculation of the value of rise time planned
for each sub link using equation (2) and (3) results in rise time values for each sub link, which described on the table below/table
as follows.

Table 7 Rise time calculation

Sub link
DIY-MGL 60 35 13.055 70.678
MGL-SMG 60 35 15.440 71.149
SMG-STG 60 35 4.860 69.632
STG-BYL 60 35 8.925 70.033
BYL-SKT 60 35 5.460 69.676
SKT-SKJ 60 35 1.218 69.473
SKJ-KL 60 35 10.570 70.262
KL-DIY 60 35 5.600 69.688

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From Table 5 above indicate that the value of rise time for SMG-STG sub link, BYL-SKT sub link, SKT-SKJ sub link and KL-
DIY sub link does not exceed 70 ps (70 percent of the bits NRZ) which means that the signal can be received well by the receiver
, while the value of rise time for DIY-MGL sub link, MGL-SMG sub link, STG-BYL sub link and SKJ-KL sub link exceeds 70 ps
which means that the optical signal distorted so the dispersion compensator is required to make the optical signal received well by
the detector. Huawei Optic OSN 8800 T32 is able to compensate dispersion with a distance of 20 Km, 40 Km, 60 Km, 80 Km, and
100 Km to 120 Km for the G.655 cable.
Below is the calculation of rise time for DIY-MGL sub link, MGL-SMG sub link, STG-BYL sub link, SKJ-KL sub link after DCM
is added
a. DIY-MGL sub link and MGL-DIY sub link
𝑡𝑓 = 𝐷. 𝜎𝜆 . 𝐿
= (3.5 ps/nm.km) x (0.1 nm) x (37.3 km- 20 km)
= 6.055 𝑝𝑠
𝑡𝑠 = √𝑡𝑡𝑥 2 + 𝑡𝑟𝑥 2 + 𝑡𝑓 2

= √602 + 352 + 6.0552

= 69.725 ps
b. MGL-SMG sub link and SMG-MGL sub link
𝑡𝑓 = 𝐷. 𝜎𝜆 . 𝐿
= (3.5 ps/nm.km) x (0.1 nm) x (44 km-20 km)
= 8.4 𝑝𝑠
𝑡𝑠 = √𝑡𝑡𝑥 2 + 𝑡𝑟𝑥 2 + 𝑡𝑓 2

= √602 + 352 + 8,42

= 69.968 ps
c. STG-BYL sub link and BYL-STG sub link
𝑡𝑓 = 𝐷. 𝜎𝜆 . 𝐿
= (3.5 ps/nm.km) x (0.1 nm) x (25.5 km-20 km)
= 1.925 𝑝𝑠
𝑡𝑠 = √𝑡𝑡𝑥 2 + 𝑡𝑟𝑥 2 + 𝑡𝑓 2

= √602 + 352 + 1,9252

= 69.48 ps
d. SKJ-KL sub link and KL-SKJ sub link
𝑡𝑓 = 𝐷. 𝜎𝜆 . 𝐿
= (3.5 ps/nm.km) x (0.1 nm) x (30.2 km-20 km)
= 3.57 𝑝𝑠
𝑡𝑠 = √𝑡𝑡𝑥 2 + 𝑡𝑟𝑥 2 + 𝑡𝑓 2

= √602 + 352 + 3,572

= 69.553 ps

IV. CONCULSION
A. Conculsion
Based on the design of optical fiber communication systems by the author, it can be concluded that:
1. The prediction of bandwidth demand for DIY-Semarang-Surakarta link until 2030 is 931.832 Gbps, can be met by using
optical fiber communication system DWDM with STM-64 (10 Gbps) transport technology. The total number of STM-64
takes as many as 98 pieces for 16 sub link. The number of cores is calculated based on the bandwidth demand for highest
sub link, DIY-MGL sub link, hence it needs 72 cores with 2 cores for the main transmission and 70 cores for protection
system as well as each of the 20 channels from sender and receiver core.
2. The design of optical fiber communication systems DWDM for DIY-Semarang-Surakarta link with a transmission
distance of 203.578 km, requires six amplifiers and the amplifiers are placed at the MGL, STG, BYL, SKJ and KL nodes.
The design also requires 65 pieces of splicer, 16 pieces of connectors and 4 pieces of dispersion compensator.

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 V. REFERENCE
[1] Roger L, Freeman. “Fundamentals of Telecommunications”. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1999
[2] Haryadi, Sigit. “Telecommunications Traffic: Technical and Business Considerations. Lantip Safari Media. 2013.
[3] Keiser, Gerd.“ Optical Fiber Communication Third Edition”. McGraw-Hill,inc. 2000
[4] Al-azzai, Abdul.“ Fiber Optics: Principle and practice”. CRC Press. 2006
[5] Roger L, Freeman.“ Fiber Optic System for Telecommunication”. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2002
[6] Tricker, Ray.“Optoelectronic and Fiber Optic Technology”. Newnes. 2002
[7] “Introduction to DWDM Technology“. Cisco Systems, Inc.2001
[8] Killen, B Harold. “Fiber Optic Communication”. New Jersey: Prentice Hall International Editions. 1991
[9] Agrawal, Govind P. “Fiber-Optic Communication Systems Third Edition”. New York John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2001
[10] Corsi, Thomas M. “A Guidebook for Forcasting Freight Transportation Demand”. Washington, D.C.: National Academy
Press, 1997.