INTERNATIONAL MARITIME COLLEGE OMAN

IMCO

HARVARD REFERENCING

GUIDELINE

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1 REFERENCE VERSUS BIBLIOGRAPHY

The reference list in Harvard style is as follows:
List your references at the end of your work organised with the surname of the author
alphabetically.
 A reference list covers all works referred to in the assignment.
 A bibliography comprises all consulted materials in writing your assignment even if
you have not cited them within it.
 A citation refers to the indication of the source within the text.

2 CREATING A CITATION
Harvard style is an author/date method.
The in-text citation is cited by giving the name of the author (s), followed by the date of
publication.
Indirect citation example (Al Yamani 2019), Al Yamani (2019) or (Al Yamani, 2019)
Direct quotations example (Al Yamani 2019, P.2) or Al Yamani (2019, p.2) if there is no
page number then use the paragraph number (Al Yamani 2019, para.2) or Al Yamani
(2019, para.2)
 If you reference the name of the author as part of the text, then the year follows the name on round
brackets, e.g. according to Al Hinai (2018).
 If the author name is not the body of the text, then the name and date both should be in brackets,
e.g. (Al Hinai, 2018).
 If you are naming more than one source for the same author, please do add a lower case letter after
the year, e.g. (Al Hadrami 2019a) (Al Hadrami, 2019b).
 If you are citing two different authors, but they have similar surnames and years of publication, use
their initials for differentiation, e.g. (Al-Balushi, A. 2019) and (Al-Balushi, K. 2019)
 If the citation includes more than three authors, the citation should be as follows:
the first author’s surname tailed by “et al. year,” e.g. (Al Maghribi et al. 2018)
 If the author is a corporation use the corporation’s name, e.g. (IMCO 2019)
 If the work has an anonymous author, use Anon instead, e.g. (Anon 2019)
 If there is no date use no date, e.g. (IMCO no date)
 If you use the date of copyright, e.g. either IMCO reveals that… (cop. 2019) alternatively, IMCO
website used… (@2019)

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3 QUOTING
Quoting directly requires the page number in the citation. “quotation” (Al Farsi 2019, pp. 10-15).

Al Farsi (2019, pp.10-15) argues that “quotation.”

If you are omitting parts of the quotation, indicate this as below: Al Farsi (2019, p.10) argues that
“quotation…quotation.”

4 SUMMARISING
Summarising is putting someone else's ideas into your own words, but it is not simply to changing the
odd word/sentence or rearranging them. The summary should be a clear restatement of the original
meaning of the text. Ensure that you cite and reference whatever you are going to summarise using
either direct or indirect quotes.

5 FREQUENTLY REFERENCED ITEMS

5.1 Book with one author
5.1.1 In the text
 Al Balushi (2019) claims that….
 Business is getting better nowadays… (Al Balushi, 2019).

5.1.2 In the bibliography/reference list

Author Surname, Initial(s)., (Year). Title. Edition (if not first edition). Place of publication:
Publisher.
Al Balushi, K., (2019). Business Strategies. 6th ed. Sohar: Shams Al-Nour.

5.2 Book (with two or three authors)

5.2.1 In the text
 Al Ghaithi and Al Moqbali (2018) found that….
 Blended learning is required in the twenty-first century… (Al Ghaithi and Al Moqbali, 2018)

5.2.2 In the bibliography/reference list

Author Surname, Initial(s). and Author Surname, Initial(s)., (Year). Title. Edition (if not first
edition). Place of publication: Publisher.
Al Ghaithi, S. and Al Moqbali, R., (2018). Teaching Methods. 1st ed. Muscat: Dar Al Maarifa.

5.3 Book (with more than three authors)

5.3.1 In the text
 Al Shibli et al. (2019) found that...
 The learning outcomes should...( Al Shibli et al. 2014).

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5.3.2 In the bibliography/reference list

Author Surname, Initial(s)., Author Surname, Initial(s)., Author Surname, Initial(s). and
Author Surname, Initial(s)., (Year). Title. Edition (if not first edition). Place of publication:
Publisher.
Al Shibli, A., Al Ansari, K., Al Timimi, S. and Al Kalbani, K., (2019). MANAGEMENT. 2nd ed. Muscat:
McGraw–Hill.

5.4 Online image

5.4.1 In the text
 Sunrise by Al Farisi (2019) depicts the...
 The image Sunrise shows the ... (Al Farisi, 2019)

5.4.2 In the bibliography/reference list

Artist surname, Initial(s)., (Year). Title of the image [Type of image]. [Date viewed].
Available from: URL
Al Farisi, B., (2019). Sunrise [digital image]. [Viewed 02 March 2019]. Available from: Website.

5.5 Journal article Print

5.5.1 In the text
 Slimi (2019) argues that...
 It is evident that... (Slimi, 2019)

5.5.2 In the bibliography, in the reference list

Author of article Surname, Initial(s)., (Year). Title of the article. Journal title. Volume in bold(Issue),
page range.
Slimi, Z., (2019). The impact of artificial intelligence on education. The Canadian Journal of educational
science. 4(3), 68–70.

5.6 Journal Article with a DOI (Electronic)

5.6.1 In the text
 Al Habsi (2019) identified that...
 Python should be part of IT programmes...(Al Habsi, 2019).

5.6.2 In the bibliography/reference list

Author of article Surname, Initial(s)., (Year). Title of the article. Title of the journal [online]. Volume in
bold(Issue), Page range. [Date viewed]. Available from: doi:

Al Habsi, A., (2019). Python the solution for IT challenges. Journal of IT discoveries [online]. 19(1), 40–50.
[Viewed 02 March 2019]. Available from: doi: 11.1122/j.1530-5931.2018. 00203.X

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5.7 Reports
5.7.1 In the text
 Aykour and Al Kalbani (2019) note that street users...
 Logistics challenge resides in... (Aykour & Al Kalbani, 2019)

5.7.2 In the bibliography/reference list

Author Surname, Initial(s) or Corporate Author., (Year of publication). Title of report. Paper
number [if applicable]. Place of Publication: Publisher.
Aykour, A. and Al Kalbani, K., (2019). The influence of artificial intelligence on the supply chain. Sohar:
IMCO Press.

5.8 Online/Electronic
5.8.1 In the text
 Al Jabri and Al Bousaidi (2019) note that street users...
 Logistics challenge resides in... (Al Jabri and Al Bousaidi, 2019)

5.8.2 In the bibliography/reference list

Author Surname, Initial(s) or Corporate Author., (Year of publication). Title of report Paper number (if
applicable) [online]. Place of Publication: Publisher. [Date Viewed]. Available from: URL or doi:

5.9 Web page

5.9.1 In the text
 IMCO (2019) explains that logistics in Oman...
 Logistics in Oman... (IMCO, 2019).

5.9.2 In the bibliography/reference list

Author of section Surname, Initial(s)/corporate author., (Year). Title of part [online]. Name of the website.
[Date viewed]. Available from: URL

IMCO., (2019). What is logistics? [online]. IMCO. [Viewed 02 April 2019]. Available from:
https://www.imco.edu.om/

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5.10 Video
5.10.1 In the text
 IMCO stream (2019) has...
 Academic development (IMCO stream, 2019) shows that...

5.10.2 In the bibliography/reference list

Name of Channel., (Year of release in the country of production). Title of Film [Medium]. Director
of Film (full name). Place of production: Production Company. [Date Viewed]. Available from: URL
IMCO Stream., (2019). Academic Development [online]. Directed by Martin MacDaid. Sohar. [Viewed 02
April 2019]. Available from https://imcoman.sharepoint.com/_layouts/15/sharepoint.aspx

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