Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Reviewer Midterms Pcomm
Reviewer Midterms Pcomm
MODULE 1
NATURE OF LANGUAGE ● This is the process of language acquisition, which is the
process of building the ability to understand a language,
using it to communicate with others.
DEFINITION OF LANGUAGE
● The language acquired growing up is known as a first
● The world is shrinking rapidly today. language (also called as mother tongue or native
● Advances in information technology, scientific knowledge language).
and applications have transformed a sprawling earth into ○ A first language is the language a person has learned
a global village. from birth or within the critical period, or that a person
● People of various cultures and nationalities now meet, speaks the best and so is often the basis for
interact, trade, and socialize with ease on a daily basis. sociolinguistic identity.
● Making this possible is the use of a common language. ○ In some countries, the terms native language or
WHAT IS LANGUAGE? mother tongue refer to the language of one's ethnic
● Language is purely human and non-instinctive method of group rather than one's first language.
communicating ideas, emotions and desires by means of ○ Sometimes, there can be more than one mother
voluntarily produced symbols tongue, those children are usually called bilingual.
● It is a system of communication by sound, operating ● By contrast, a second language is a language that a
through the organs of speech, among members of a given person learns in addition to his or her first language.
community, and using vocal symbols possessing arbitrary ○ It may be learned in a formal or informal way, such as
conventional meaning at school or in a family, and this active process is
● Language is the ability to produce and comprehend both called language learning.
spoken and written (and in the case of sign language, ○ People learn languages as they use them to
signed) words. communicate their thoughts, feelings, and
● Understanding how language works means reaching experiences and establish relationships with family
across many branches of psychology—everything from members and friends.
basic neurological functioning to high-level cognitive ○ For example, a student may come to school speaking
processing. more than one language, or learn another language
● Language shapes our social interactions and brings order in school.
to our lives. ○ In their early years, children develop language
COMPLEX LANGUAGE informally.
● is one of the defining factors that make us human. ● Language development is continuous and recursive.
Linguists agree that a language can only be called a ● Students enhance their language learning by using what
language, if it has a they know in new and more complex contexts.
○ System of rules (also known as grammar), ● Finally, language is a tool that enables people to
○ Sound system (phonology) communicate, express needs and wants, issue directives,
○ Vocabulary (lexicon). create and produce through our own tongue.
● These are the requirements for identifying a means of ALL ABOUT COMMUNICATION
communication as a language, therefore it is an
exclusively human condition. WHAT IS COMMUNICATION?
● Other species definitely do communicate through ● The term communication comes from the Latin word
movements and sounds, but they are definitely not in the “communicare” – which means to share something in
same class as humans. common, to unite, to join, or to have things in common.
● When people use language, they can understand each ○ It is a process by which people send messages or
other because they belong to the same speech exchange ideas or thoughts with one another in a
community. verbal or non-verbal manner.
● They can interact with each other because in their speech ● Speech Communication
community, people share the same set of rules in the ○ is a process of transmitting information, thought or
language system. feeling from one person to another through spoken
● While growing up, people acquire the languages used by words.
those in the community. ● Non-verbal Communication
MODULE 2
COMMUNICATION AND CULTURE that greatly influence what and how they
communicate.
(3) Social context
COMMUNICATION CONTEXT
■ It refers to the kind of relationship that exists
● How people from different cultures communicate among between the sender and the receiver.
themselves, how communication differs among cultures ■ For example, the way you talk to your parents
and how communication is similar among cultures, are all differs from the way you talk to your friends,
questions we ask in the study of communication and younger siblings, and more so with your
culture. classmates.
● At its most basic, communication is the exchange of (4) Psychological context
information and meaning. ■ It includes the emotional feelings of the
● We are constantly communicating, in a wide range of participants in the communication process.
different contexts, such as physical, social, psychological ■ It involves their opinions, judgements, prejudices,
and cultural context. attitudes, and perceptions towards each other
● However, to understand the relationship between culture which can play part in the transmission of
and communication, we need to understand the place of messages.
communication in culture. (5) Cultural context
● Culture as a term is widely used in academic as well as in ■ It includes sets of beliefs, value systems, guiding
daily speech and discourse, referring to different concepts principles, and assumptions based on one’s
and understandings. race, ethnicity, age, gender, sexual orientation,
● While the term originally stems from ancient Greek and gender identity, and religion within which
Roman cultures (Latin: cultura) it has various dimensions communication happens.
today built from the different needs and uses of each field,
COMMUNICATION AND CULTURE
be it anthropology, sociology or communication studies.
● A more holistic understanding of communication
● For communication studies, we might start by defining
necessitates knowledge of culture and appreciating
culture as a set of learned behaviors shared by a group of
cultural diversities.
people through interaction.
● As defined, culture is a set of unique and shared beliefs,
● It is vital to understand that the relationship between
values, and norms that guide a certain group of people on
culture and communication, in all its forms, is tightly
how to think, behave and act.
interwoven and interlinked.
● Communication and culture are intertwined. In fact, they
● We can see that communication enables the spread and
are inseparable.
reiteration of culture.
● Culture influences what and how you communicate.
● Both communication and the media propagate the values
Culture plays an important role in shaping the style of
and schemata of a culture through the repeated
communication.
interaction and exchange enabled by the communication
● Generally, people react to how we speak rather than what
process.
we say.
(1) Communication context
● The culture in which individuals are socialized influences
■ It pertains to the personal, physical, social,
the way they communicate, and the way individuals
psychological, and cultural circumstances,
communicate can change the culture.
among others in which communication occurs.
■ It influences the expectations from the CULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS
participants, the meaning derived from the ● People of different cultures have different ways of
exchange of utterances, and the subsequent communicating and evaluating communication messages.
actions in the communication. ● There are two most relevant in giving and receiving
(2) Personal Context constructive feedback and criticism.
■ It involves the background of both the sender ● These are low context and high context.
and the receiver of the message. ● The concepts of high context and low context refer to how
■ It includes their education, religion, people communicate in different cultures.
socioeconomic status, marital status, and beliefs
MODULE 3
GLOBALIZATION AND SOCIAL MEDIA RESPONSIBILITY ● Globalization gives you a larger market. You can sell more
goods and make money and create more jobs.
● Globalization
Consumers also profit from globalization. Products
○ means the speedup of movements and exchanges
become cheaper and you can get new goods more
(of human beings, goods, and services, capital,
quickly.
technologies or cultural practices) all over the planet.
One of the effects of globalization is that it promotes DISADVANTAGES
and increases interactions between different regions ● Globalization causes unemployment in industrialized
and populations around the globe. countries because companies move their factories to
● Related to globalization is diversity places where they can get cheaper workers.
○ the concept that endures respect, acceptance, and ● Globalization may lead to more environmental problems.
understanding. It recognizes that people are unique A company may opt to build factories in other countries
from each other with respect to their age, gender, because environmental laws are more lenient.
race, ethnicity, culture, socio-economic status, ● Poor countries in the Third World may have to cut down
educational background and ideologies. more trees so that they can sell wood to richer countries.
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF Some poor countries in the world, especially in Africa,
GLOBALIZATION may get even poorer. Their population is not as educated
and technological as compared to other developed
● Your dress was made in Bangladesh and your shoes in
countries.
Philippines.
● Your Phone comes from U.S. and power bank from China. COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY
● You can travel to Japan, eat your favorite Samgyupsal ● With the Internet, telecommunications, broadband, cell
and drink your Thai Milk tea while watching the latest phone technology, handheld wireless mobile devices and
Korean Drama. other communication technology, geographically
● Today goods are made and sold all over the world. dispersed workers can now interact and collaborate as
Thanks to globalization. though they all were located together in a downtown
● Globalization lets countries move closer to each other, high-rise.
people, companies and organizations in different countries ● In fact, communication technology has advanced to the
can live and work together. point where instant communications across the globe can
● We can exchange goods, money, and ideas faster and be so ubiquitous that no one really thinks about it
cheaper than ever before. anymore.
● Modern communication and technology like the internet, COMMUNICATION IN THE SOCIAL MEDIA
cell phones or satellite TV help us in our daily lives. ● There are various modes through which we communicate
● Globalization is growing quickly. with each other. In the past, these modes took the form of
● A German company can produce cars in Argentina and handwritten messages, typewritten messages, shirt
then sell them in the United States. telegrams, computer-encoded texts, as well as landline
● Businesses in the Philippines manufacture their products telephone conversations, and audio/video recorded
in China for cheaper labor. messages.
● Fast Food companies open shops around the world ● Because each mode of communication is distinct from the
almost every day. other. The ways in which we craft our messages differ.
● However, there is a growing debate over globalization. ● For example, there is a great tendency for us to write a
● Governments are in favor of globalization because the longer, more visually detailed message if we encode it
economy can grow, while other people hold the contrary. using a computer. If we hand write the same message, or
● Here are some arguments from both sides: deliver it through an audio-recording, the message will not
ADVANTAGES be the same.
● Globalization lets countries do what they can do best. You ● Today in the rapid rise and spread of Internet connection
can buy cheap steel from another country, so you don’t the old forms of communication have given way to new
have to make your own steel. Instead, you can focus on forms that make communication easier and faster
other things related to your product. SOCIAL MEDIA RESPONSIBILITY