Date: 09-16-21

CHAPTER 3: Cell Structures and

their Functions
(Human Anatomy and Physiology)

❗ Organelles and their Locations and

Functions
CONCEPTS OF THE CELL THEORY
 Nucleus

 A cell is the basic structural and functional unit
of living organisms.
 The activity of an organism depends on the
collective activities of its cells.
 Often near the center of the cell
 Contains genetic material of cell (DNA)
and nucleoli; site of RNA synthesis and
ribosomal sub-unit assembly

 According to the principle of complementarity,  Ribosomes

the biochemical activities of cells are dictated
by the relative number of their specific sub-
cellular structures.
 Continuity of life has a cellular basis.
 In cytoplasm
 Site of protein synthesis
 Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

 In cytoplasm

CHEMICAL COMPONENTS OF CELLS  Has many ribosomes attached; site of

protein synthesis (rough ER)
THEORY
 Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
 Most cells are composed of the following four  In cytoplasm
elements:
 Site of lipid synthesis; participates in
 Carbon detoxification (smooth ER)
 Hydrogen  Golgi apparatus
 Oxygen  In cytoplasm
 Nitrogen  Modifies protein structures produced in
the cell; formed by the Golgi apparatus;
secreted by exocytosis

CELLS AND TISSUES  Secretory vesicle

 In cytoplasm
 Carry out all activities needed to sustain life.

 Cells are the building blocks of all living things.
 Lysosome
 Tissues are groups of cells that are similar in
structure and function.  In cytoplasm

 Peroxisome
  In cytoplasm

 Mitochondrion

 In cytoplasm

 Microtubule

 In cytoplasm

 Centrioles

 In cytoplasm ❗ The Nucleus

 Facilitate the movement of chromosomes  Control center of the cell

during cell division
 Contains genetic material (DNA)
 Cillia

 On cell surface with many on each cell

 Move substances over surfaces of certain

cells

 Flagella

 On sperm cell surface with one per cell

 Propel sperm cells

 Microvilli

 Extensions of cell surface with many on  Three Regions

each cell
 Nuclear envelope (membrane)
 Increase surface area of certain cells
 Barrier of the nucleus

 Consists of a double membrane

ANATOMY OF THE CELL  Contains nuclear pores that allow for
exchange of material with the rest of
 Cells are not all the same
the cell
 All cells share general structures
 Nucleoli
 All cells have three main regions
 Nucleus contains one or more
 Nucleus nucleoli

 Plasma membrane  Sites of ribosome assembly

 Cytoplasm  Ribosomes migrate into the

cytoplasm through nuclear pores

 Chromatin

(put ur notes in the cell structure video  Composed of DNA and protein

 Present when the cell is not dividing

 Scattered throughout the nucleus

  Condenses to form chromosomes
when the cell divides
❗ Plasma Membrane
 Barrier for cell contents
 Double phospholipid layer
 Hydrophilic heads
 Hydrophilic tails
 Also contains proteins, cholesterol and
glycoproteins
 Plasma Membrane Junctions
 Tight junctions
 Impermeable junctions
 Bind cells together into leakproof
sheets
 Desmosomes
 Anchoring junctions that prevent
cells from being pulled apart
 Gap junctions
 Allow communication between cells
❗ Cytoplasm
 The material outside the nucleus and
inside the plasma membrane
 Site of most cellular activities
 Three Major Elements
 Cytosol
 Fluid that suspends other elements
 Organelles
 Metabolic machinery of the cell
 “Little organs” that perform functions
for the cell
 Inclusions
 Chemical substances such as stores
nutrients or cell products
 Cytoplasmic Organelles
 Mitochondria
 “Powerhouses” of the cell
 Change shape continuously
 Carry out reactions where oxygen is
used to break down food
 Provides ATP for cellular energy
 Ribosomes
 Made of protein and RNA
 Sites of protein synthesis
 Found at two locations
 Free in the cytoplasm
 As part of the Rough ER
 Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
 Fluid-filled tubules for carrying
substances
 Two types of ER
 Rough ER
 Studded with ribosomes
  Synthesizes proteins
 Smooth ER
 Functions in lipid
metabolism and
detoxification of drugs and
pesticides
 Golgi Apparatus
 Modifies and packages proteins
 Produces different types of
packages
 Secretory vesicles
 Cell membrane components
 Lysosomes
 Lysosomes
 Contain enzymes produced by
ribosomes
 Packaged by the Golgi Apparatus
 Digest worn-out or nonusable
materials within the cell
 Peroxisomes
 Membranous sacs of oxidase
enzymes
 Detoxify harmful substances
such as alcohol and
formaldehyde
 Break down free radicals
(highly reactive chemicals)
 Replicate by pinching in half
 Cytoskeleton
 Network of protein structures that
extend throughout the cytoplasm
 Provides the cell with an internal
framework
 Three different types of elements
 Microfilaments (largest)
 Intermediate filaments
 Microtubules (smallest)
 Centrioles
 Red-shaped bodies made of microtubules
 Direct the formation of mitotic spindle
during cell division
CELLULAR PROJECTIONS
 Not found in all cells
 Cilia move materials across the cell
surface
 Located in the respiratory system to
move mucus
 Flagella propel the cell
 The only flagellated cell in the
human body is sperm
 Microvilli are tiny, finger-like extensions
of the plasma membrane
 Increase surface area for absorption
SOLUTIONS AND TRANSPORT
 Solution - homogeneous mixture of two or
more components
 Solvent - dissolving medium; typically
water in the body
 Solutes - components in smaller
quantities within a solution
 Intracellular fluid - nucleoplasm and cytosol
 Interstitial fluid - fluid on the exterior of the
cell
SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY
 The plasma membrane allows some materials
to pass while excluding others
 This permeability influences movement both
into and out of the cell
  Highly polar water molecules
easily cross the plasma
membrane through aquaporins

CELL HYSIOLOGY: MEMBRANE

TRANSPORT

 Membrane transport - movement of

substance into and out of the cell

 Cell membranes are selectively permeable

(some substances can pass through but other
cannot)

 Two basic methods of transport

 Passive processes

 No energy is required

 Active processes

 Cell must provide metabolic energy

(ATP)

❗ Passive Processes

 Diffusion

 Particles tend to distribute themselves

evenly within a solution

 Movement is from high concentration to

low concentration, or down a
concentration

 Types of diffusion

 Simple diffusion

 An unassisted process

 Solutes are lipid-soluble

materials or small enough to
pass through membrane pores

 Osmosis - simple diffusion of water