Incompressibie i l

r e e surlace

Chapter

200

Hydraulic

Brade
v
line (HGL) 28

Va

4
2

Datum (z = 0) frictionless
flow.
lines for
hydraulic
grade
and
6.6 Energy consists entire pt
Figure so the EGL
Is zero gage,
ideas when
sketchin
atmosphere.
Here the pressure summarize
two
important

to the We can

is the exit = HGL,.

Station
at
and HGL,
energy
terms,
We will see in ChapterR
and potential of work
devices.
in the EGL
kinetic
absence
HGL curves:
flow in the lead to a fall
EGL and inviscid
friction will
always
of velocity V depends
incompressible, on
for and
decrease the EGL, the value
constant
EGL is Note that when the
1. The increase o r
distance V2g.
occur
devices may velocity only
that work lower than
the EGL by changes in but
diameter, etc.),
HGL is always height, pipe
2. The reservoir
(e.g.,
the overall system
diameter changes.
EQUATION
INTEGRATION OF EULERS
EQUATION:
BERNOULLI
UNSTEADY
6.5
ALONG A STREAMLINE
flow. The purpose Or
the Bernoulli equation to steady illustrate its u
of
to restrict the
development streamline and to
it is not necessary for unsteady flow along a
in the negative directiou
z
the corresponding equation
section is to develop
6.1) can be written (with
momentum
for
equation
frictionless flow (Eq.
The
(6.17
DV
Vp-gk
Dt P ithds

be converted to a scalar equation by taking the dot prouu

Equation 6.17 is a vector equation. It can

element of distance along a streamline. Thus

where ds is an

(6.1
DVd=Dds=v ds+ds =-vp-ds-gk ds
Dr ds P
 6.5 Unsteady Bernouli Equation: Integration of Euler's Equation Along a Streamline 201

6. 18, we n o t e that
terms
in Eq.
rhe
Examnn

ds
ds
=daV (the change in V along s)

Vp d s = dp (the change in pressure along s)

ds dz (the change in z along s)

we obtain
6.18,
into Eq.
(6.19)
Substituting
V dV +- ds-"-g
P
dz
streamline from point 1 to point 2 yields
a
lategrating
along
d , i+ gz, - z,)+|,ads=0 (6.20)
2

For this special case, Eq. 6.20 becomes

is constant.
incompressible tlow, the density
For
(6.21)
. P

Restrictions:

1. Incompressible flow.
2. Frictionless flow.
streamline.
3. Flow along a
6.8 by
differs from the Bernoulli equation Eq.
This is a equation for unsteady flows. It
form of the Bernoulli of
rate of increase of m o m e n t u m
the factorV1at ds. We can interpret
this factor as the work involved in the
the
m o m e n t u m o v e r distance, represented by
to the change in
the fluid
on the streamline over time, as opposed
6.9 will demonstrate this idea. Equation 6.21 may be applied to any
change in velocity from V, to V2. Example
with the physical situation.
flow
in which the restrictions are compatible

EXAMPLE 6.9 Unsteady Bernoulli Equation

with water to a depth of 3 m. The pipe is 150
0ng pipe is connected to a large reservoir that initially is filled as a tunction ot time attera cap is

indiameter and 6 m long. Determine the flow velocity leaving the pipe
removed from its free end.

uiVen: Pipe and large reservoir as shoWn.

Find: V t).
h = 3 m
-D = 150 mm
Solution
Pply the Bernoulli equation to the unsteady flow Flow
g a
streamline from point ) to
point 2). L =b
Governing equation:
= O(6)
O(5)

Assumptions:
Incompressible
2.
. Ictionless flow
flow.
ow alonga ow.
stre
reamline from to 2.
5.P= Pa
he tve
likelu, to Ch
 Flow
202 Incompressible Inviscid
Chapter 6

6. 3= 0.
7. z, = hh= constant
8. Neglect velocity in reservoir, except tor small region near the inlet to the tube, The

Then

In view of assumption (8), the integral becomes

In the tube, V = V, everywhere, so that

This is the rate of change over time of the momentum (per unit mass) witnin the
pipe; the
approach zero. Substituting gives
in
long termt

Separating variables, we obtain

dV,
2gh-V2
Integrating between limits V= 0 at t =0 and V = V, at r = t,.

dv V
2gh-V 2g,tanh
2gh 21
Since tanh' (0) = 0, we obtain

tanh P V Vt)
2gh 2gh
or
2gh tanh2gh
For the given conditions,

2gh= 2x9.81x 3m 7.67 m/s =

and

2gh-5*7.67" 0.639t
The result is then V, =
7.67 tanh (0.639t) m/s, as shown: n i s p r o b l e mi l l u s t r a t e s

Notes Berno
10 u n s t e a d y

of the
eera
8 equation. head
avaa
the
n i t i a l l y

used
to Bcu
is
state

headatst:
d in
the
pi
4 fluid
nead
atstate

v =
7.67 tanh (0.639
)
the
e v e n t u a l l y

s t h e
the
h e a would
t e

equ t r i c t i o n

important
In andre
reality,

nificant
velocity Signia

(s) 5