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Sample Lab Report Exp 6
Sample Lab Report Exp 6
Sample Lab Report Exp 6
Experiment No.: 06
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Experiment No.: 06
Objectives:
ASK and PSK signal generation and demodulation.
Theory:
Digital Modulation:
The process of modulating digital signal is digital modulation. Carrier can be both continuous
(analog) and discrete (digital).
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modulation techniques to shift the phase of the PSK signal. A shift in phase occurs at transition
of every binary 1 to binary 0 and transition of binary 0 to binary 1 of the digital intelligence
signal. The amount of phase shift depends on the transmitting and receiving devices. The
frequency and the amplitude of the PSK signal remain fixed. PSK signals can be demodulated
using only synchronous detector since asynchronous detector cannot detect phase shifts in a
signal.
Figure 01:
ASK Generation:
For ASK the DC offset voltage is adjusted to add a dc voltage to the digital signal so that a
binary 0 is above zero volt. When the digital signal is binary 1, the carrier is multiplied by the
maximum positive value of the digital signal. ON-OFF keying is one sort of ASK. Here the DC
offset voltage of the balanced modulator is adjusted in such way that it adds a dc voltage to the
digital signal that a binary 0 equal to zero volts. When the digital signal is 1, the carrier is
multiplied by the maximum positive value of the carrier signal. So, the product appears as the
large amplitude portion of the OOK signal. And when the digital signal is binary 0, the carrier
signal is multiplied by zero. In this case, the product appears as the minimum amplitude portion
or zero volts in the OOK signal.
PSK Generation:
For PSK no DC offset voltage is applied. But the digital intelligent signal is made polar (having
negative and positive polarities). When the digital signal is binary 1, the carrier is multiplied by a
positive voltage. The product is the PSK signal output by the modulator. When the digital signal
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is binary 0 the carrier is multiplied by a negative voltage. This process inverts the product,
making binary 0 representation of the PSK signal 180 degrees out of phase with the binary 1.
When the digital signal return to a binary 1, the carrier is again multiplied by a positive voltage
and this will invert the product again, shifting binary 1 representation of the PSK signal 180
degrees out of phase with binary 0.
Figure 01:
Asynchronous Detection:
ASK signal can be demodulated by Asynchronous detection, detector doesn’t require the
receiver carrier to be synchronized with carrier frequency of the transmitted signal.
Demodulation of PSK cannot be done by this method as it cannot determine the shift of phase.
The detector consists of a Band pass filter, an envelope detector consist of full wave rectifier and
low pass filter, and a pulse shaping circuit. The BPF is tuned to the carrier frequency is used after
the modulator to attenuate excessive harmonics and shape the envelope of the signal. The full
wave rectifier of the envelope detection circuit, inverts the negative portion of the signal from
BPF and provide a full wave rectified wave at the output. The low pass filter of the envelope
detection circuit removes the high frequency components of the rectified signal and resembles
the envelope shape of the BPF output. The pulse shaping circuit is used to shape the signal
output from LPF. The sloping binary 1 to 0 and binary 0 to binary 1 transition are squared and
results the fully recovered digital intelligent signal.
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Synchronous Detection:
This type of detection process can detect both PSK and ASK. Synchronous detector circuit
consists of a product detector, carrier synchronizer, low pass filter and pulse shaping circuit to
recover the digital intelligent signal from ASK and PSK signal. The carrier synchronizer
produces a locally generated reference signal that matches the carrier signal in phase and
frequency. The reference signal and the ASK/PSK signals are input to the product detector.
Product detector multiplies both of the signals. Output of product detector is fed into the LPF.
LPF removes high frequency components and smoothes the signal. The pulse shaping circuit is
used to shape the signal output from LPF. The sloping binary 1 to 0 and binary 0 to binary 1
transition are squared and results the fully recovered digital intelligent signal.
Block Diagrams:
To Frequency
Counter CH-2
CH-1
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To Frequency
Counter
J39
ASK DEMOD / VOLTAGE
J40 PSK DEMOD J41 J42 COMPARATOR J44
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Wave Shapes:
1.5
0.5
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8
-5
x 10
Figure 03: Intelligence signal [0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1] and carrier wave.
1.5
0.5
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8
-5
x 10
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1.5
0.5
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8
-5
x 10
20
15
10
-5
-10
-15
-20
-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5
-4
x 10
Figure 06: After bandpass filter ASK modulated signal ready to be transmitted.
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20
15
10
-5
-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8
-5
x 10
1.2
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
-0.2
-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8
-5
x 10
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1.2
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
-0.2
-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8
-5
x 10
Figure 09: After comparator the finally revived ASK signal [0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1].
1.5
0.5
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8
-5
x 10
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1.5
0.5
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8
-5
x 10
20
15
10
-5
-10
-15
-20
-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5
-4
x 10
Figure 12: After bandpass filter PSK modulated signal ready to be transmitted.
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25
20
15
10
-5
-10
-15
-20
-25
-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8
-5
x 10
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8
-5
x 10
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1.2
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
-0.2
-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8
-5
x 10
Figure 15: After comparator the finally revived PSK signal [0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1].
Results:
Answers of the questions and data taken in different steps of the procedure are given below.
Step 03: The signal at J19 is the carrier wave for the transmission.
Step 04: The signal at J20 is the digital intelligence signal to be transmitted.
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Binary 0 Binary 1 Transition
Amplitude 2V p-p 4.8V p-p 0
Phase Shift 0° 0° 180°
Step 07: The XMT band pass filter leaves out the low frequency components and lets only
frequency components within ±66KHz range of 192KHz pass through (i.e. 126
KHz~258KHz).This is for modeling the real techniques used in digital data transmission where
due to antenna size constraints high frequency transmission is essential.
Step 08: The kind of ASK modulation in which binary 0 is transmitted by zero amplitude signal
is called On Off Keying (OOK).
Step 10: The signal at J41 represents the demodulated signal. It has frequency components in the
low frequency range and centered about twice the carrier frequency.
Step 11: The post detection filter is a low pass filter which filters out the high frequency
components and the original message signal is reproduced.
Step 12: Because of the intrusion of noise the reproduced signal matches only the shape of the
original intelligence signal. It is essentially a distorted version of the message signal. But with
certain criteria checking it is possible to satisfactorily reproduce the original digital signal. The
receiver decides which of the bit value (0 or 1) the received signal is closest to and it is decided
by the comparator circuit.
Discussions:
Actually in this experiment, the output signals were not same as the input signals, although in
matlab simulation it is shown that they are same. Practically, the output signals were quite
distorted. Because, when the signals pass through a channel some noise add with the signals
which distort the output signal. Moreover, in practical case the filters do not have the same gain
for different frequencies in their pass band. For these reasons the output signals become
distorted.
The End
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