AUTOMATIC TRAFFIC LIGHT CONTROL SYSTEM

A Seminar Report submitted to

Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Anantapur.

In partial fulfillment of the Requirements

for the award of the degree of

BACHLEOR OF TECHNOLOGY
(Electronic and communication
engineering) BY
M. Hemavathi
(208X5A0407)
Under the guidance
Mr.A.M. SHAFEEULLA,,M.tech
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

DEPARTMENT OF Electronics and communication Engineering

MJR College Of Engineering & Technology

(Affiliated to JNTUA. Ananthapuram and Approved by AICTE, New Delhi)

Diguvapokulavaripalli, Pulicherla (Mandal), Chittoor (D)-517 113. A.P

2020-2023
 MJR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF Electronics and communication engineering

CERTIFICATE

Certified that this is a bonafide record of the Seminar work entitled,

”AUTOMATIC TRAFFIC LIGHT CONTROL SYSTEM”, done by M.
HEMAVATHI (208X5A0407)Submitted to the department of ELECTRONICS
AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING, in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the Degree of BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY in Electronics
and communication Engineering from Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University
Anantapur, Ananthapuramu, during the year 2020-2023.

Guide Head of the Department:

Mr.,A.M. SHAFEEULLA M. Tech Mr. C. RAVI M. Tech
Associate Professor HOD & Associate Professor
Dept. Of ECE Dept. Of ECE

MJR College of Engineering & Technology MJR College of Engineering & Technology
Piler Piler

Seminar report submitted on-----------------------

PROJECT MENTOR SENIOR FACULTY HOD

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I consider it is my privilege to express my gratitude and respect to all those who
guided, inspired and helped me in the completion of this Seminar.

I am thankful to our chairman Sri. M. P. Avinash Kumar Reddy garu, Principal Dr.
N. Sudhakar Reddy garu M. Tech, Ph. D, for permitting me to use facilities available in this
college to accomplish the Seminar completely.

I express my deep sense of gratitude to Mr. C. RAVI M. Tech, Head of the

department ECE for his kind help that he extended at every stage of my work for all
provisions made me to complete this endeavor successfully.

I express my deep sense of gratitude to the technical seminar coordinator Mr. K.

NARENDRA M. Tech, for supporting and encouraging me at each stage of my seminar work
and instructed me to do the best.

I am thankful to my guide Mr.C.RAVI , M. Tech Associate professor, all for his

guidance and co-operation to do our seminar work.

I am also thankful to all our staff members of Electronics and communication

Engineering for their co-operation. Last but not least, I wish to thank to all my friends, and
who helped me directly or indirectly in completion of my seminar.
 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this Seminar report is titled " AUTOMATIC TRAFFIC LIGHT
CONTROL SYSTEM "is a genuine work carried out by me, in B. Tech (Electronics and
communication Engineering) degree course of Jawaharlal Nehru Technology University
Anantapur, Ananthapuram

Signature of the Student

M. HEMAVATHI

(208X5A0407)
 ABSTRACT

Traffic control is the big issue in today’s era. Traffic jam is one of the major
problems in a densely populated city like Guwahati whereas its population and
number of running vehicles are much more than its capacity. Faulty traffic signalling
systems, inadequate manpower, narrow road spaces and overtaking tendency of
drivers create pro-longed traffic jams. Due to traffic jam a substantial portion of
working hours have to be left on streets which indirectly put adverse impact on
economy and unavoidable road accident which results loss of lives. The number of
vehicles is ever increasing while the city infrastructures are developing at a much
slower rate. The management of traffic in Guwahati is also a tough job and only
manual efforts can’t stop this kind of problem so we need machines. We need a
system that can handle such a situation effectively. Today’s traffic control system is
able to handle such a situation but not that much effectively because they are static
in nature. We need a system which is dynamic in nature so that it can handle traffic
smoothly and such a system called Automatic Traffic Control System. Here we are
creating the same dynamic traffic control system which has the ability to control the
traffic as well as avoid the congestion of roads. Here we are dealing with the traffic
via IC. It will work in a way, it provides the instruction to the driver whether to
drive through the intersection or yield at the intersection. In this report we proposed
four methods of automatic traffic light control system using digital circuits as well
as using microprocessor and microcontroller
 Contents

Chapter-1
Introduction

1.Introduction……………………………………..………………........0-1

2. History……………………………………………............................0-1
3. Future Scope…………………………………………………………0-1
4. Theoretical Background……………………………………………..1-2
4.1 Typical sequence of colour…………………………………...2
4.2 Three colours and their meanings…………………………….2
5. Block Diagram……………………………………………………….2
6. Standards of Traffic Signal……………………………………...……2-3
7. Lane Control ……………………………………………………........4
8. Light Design ……………………………………………….…...……4-5

Chapter-2

Components and Working principle

1. Working principle …………………………………………....6-8

2. Major Components Used for the Project……………………….8-9

3. Resistor………………………………………………………...9

4. Bridge Rectifier………………………………………………..9-10

5 . LM 7805 Positive Voltage Regulator………………………...11-12

6. LM 555 Timer IC……………………………………………..12-16

7. BC547 Transistor………………………………………………16-17

8. Relay’s (5V,1C/O)…………………………………………….18

9. Capacitor………………………………………………………18-19

10. Transformer…………………………………………………..19-20

i
Chapter-3

1. Introduction…………………………………………….21
2. Schematic Diagram of Traffic Controller……………...21
3. Hardware Implementation of Traffic Controller……….22
4. Different Views of Project……………………………...23

Chapter-4

1.Advantage……………………………………………….24

2.Limitations………………………………………………24

3.Conclusion………………………………………………25

References …………………………………………………………………26

ii
 Chapter 1
Introduction

1 Introduction
Traffic lights, also known as traffic signals, traffic lamps, signal lights, robots are signalling devices
positioned at or near road intersections, pedestrian crossings and other locations to control competing
flows of traffic. Traffic lights were first installed in 1868 in London, United Kingdom; now used in
almost every city of the world. Traffic lights alternate the right of way accorded to road users by
displaying lights of a standard colour (red, yellow/amber, and green) following a universal colour
code (and a precise sequence to enable comprehension by those who are colour blind).

2 History
On 10 December 1868, the first traffic lights were installed outside the British Houses of Parliament
in London, by the railway engineer J. P. Knight. They resembled railway signals of the time, with
semaphore arms and red and green gas lamps for night use. The gas lantern was turned with a lever at
its base so that the appropriate light faced traffic. It exploded on 2 January 1869, injuring or killing the
policeman who was operating it. The modern electric traffic light is an American invention. As early
as 1912 in Salt Lake City, Utah, policeman

Figure 1.1: installation of a traffic signal in San Diego in December 1940

3 Future Scope
As the systems take care of few drawbacks of the existing system, there is scope for further
improvement and expansion of this work. The system can be expanded with smart traffic light control
and congestion avoidance system during emergencies emergency cars such as fire engines and
ambulance and have priority over other traffic. This system gives highest priority to emergency
vehicle to pass them

1
 3.1 In the typical sequence of colour phases
• Illumination of the green light allows traffic to proceed in the direction denoted, if it is safe to
do so
• Illumination of the orange/amber light denoting prepare to stop short of the intersection, if it
is safe to do so
• Illumination of the red signal prohibits any traffic from proceeding

Usually, the red light contains some orange in its hue, and the green light contains some blue,
said to be for the benefit of people with red-green color blindness.

4 The three colors and their meanings

There are three colors (or traffic lights):

 RED - personal for named recipients only

In the context of a meeting, for example, RED information is limited to those present at the
meeting. In most circumstances, RED information will be passed verbally or in person.

 YELLOW - limited distribution

The recipient may share YELLOW information with others within their organization, but only
on a „need-to-know‟ basis. The originator may be expected to specify the intended limits of
that sharing.

 GREEN - community wide

Information in this category can be circulated widely within a particular community. However,
the information may not be published or posted publicly on the Internet, nor released outside
of the community.

BLOCK DIAGRAM:

2
5. Standards of Traffic Signal

5.1 Australian Standard

• Green: a green man means cross.
• Flashing Red: a red flashing man means finish crossing.
• Red: a red man means do not cross.
• Some traffic lights in Melbourne have countdown timers for pedestrian crossing lights,
usually they countdown from 30 when the red flashing man appears.

5.2 European Standard

The light sequence is:

• Green: Cross.
• Yellow/Orange: Continue to cross only if unable to stop safely.
• Flashing Yellow/Orange: Cross with caution (usually used when lights are out of order or shut
down).
• Red: Do not cross.

5.3 British Standard

• In the United Kingdom, British Crown Dependencies and dependent territories, and former
possessions like Hong Kong:
• Green walking-man: Cross with caution (pedestrians have the right of way; motorists turning
left or right must yield to pedestrians
• Flashing green walking-man: Continue to cross if already in the intersection, but do not start
to cross
• Red/Orange standing-man: Do not cross

The same system is used also in Macau.

5.4 China Standard

• Green: Cross.
• Yellow/Orange: Do not cross.
• Flashing Yellow/Orange: Do not cross.
• Red: Do not cross.

5.5 North American Standard

The light sequence is:

• Green/white walking human or Walk: Cross with caution (pedestrians have the right of way;
motorists turning left or right must yield to pedestrians)

3
 • Flashing red/orange stop hand or Don't Walk: Do not cross unless in middle of intersection
• Red/orange stop hand or Don't Walk: Do not cross intersection

6. Lane Control

Lane-control lights are a specific type of traffic light used to manage traffic on a multi-way road or
highway. Typically, these lights allow or forbid traffic to use one or more of the available lanes by the
use of green lights or arrows (to permit) or by red lights or crosses (to prohibit). In the US, lane-
control lights are often used to control and/or direct the flow of traffic through toll plazas and highway
tunnels, such as during unusually-heavy traffic flow when more lanes may be required in one
direction than in the other direction, or during a hurricane evacuation, when the lane signals for all
lanes will show green for one direction to assist in more rapid traffic flow from the evacuation site.
Lane-control lights are also used at highway weigh stations to direct tractor-trailers and other heavy or
oversized vehicles into the proper lanes for weighing, inspection or exit. lane will revert to the normal
traffic pattern for adjacent lanes, except that turning or moving into or out of the restricted lane is still
prohibited.

7. Light Design
In the United States, traffic lights are currently designed with lights approximately 12 inches (300
mm) in diameter. Previously the standard had been 8 inches (200 mm), however those are slowly
being phased out in favor of the larger and more visible 12 inch lights. Variations used have also
included a hybrid design, which had one or more 12 inch lights along with one or more lights of 8
inches (200 mm) on the same light. For example, these "12-8-8" (along with 8-8-8) lights are standard
in most jurisdictions in Ontario, Manitoba, and British Columbia (that, is, the red light is 12 and others
8, making the red more prominent). In the United Kingdom, 12 inch lights were implemented only
with Mellor Design Signal heads designed by David Mellor. These were designed for symbolic optics
to compensate for the light loss caused by the symbol.

8. Types
There are two primary types of traffic signal:

8.1 Pre-timed Signals (fixed)

At pre-timed traffic signals each signal phase or traffic movement is serviced in a programmed
sequence that is repeated throughout the day. Main street traffic receives a fixed amount of green time
followed by the amber and red clearance intervals. The same interval timing is then repeated for the
minor or side street. The amount of time it takes to service all conflicting traffic movements is
referred to as the cycle length. The signal timings and cycle lengths may vary by time of day to reflect
changes in traffic volumes and patterns. During peak traffic periods for example, cycle lengths may
range from 90 -128 seconds to accommodate heavier volumes, particularly on the busier arterial
4
roadways.
8.2 Actuated Signals

Actuated signal control differs from pre-timed in that it requires “actuation” by a vehicle or pedestrian
in order for certain phases or traffic movements to be serviced. Actuation is achieved by vehicle
detection devices and pedestrian push buttons. The most common method of detecting vehicles is to
install inductive loop wires in the pavement at or near the painted stop bar. Video detection is also
used at select locations. Actuated signals consist of two types : semi-actuated and fully-actuated.

a)Semi-actuated - vehicle loop detectors are installed on the minor street approaches and push
buttons are provided for pedestrians wanting to cross the major roadway. The traffic signals remain
green on the major roadway until either a cross street vehicle is detected or a pedestrian pushes the
button. When this occurs a “call” is sent to the traffic signal controller and at the appropriate time in
the cycle main street green will terminate and time its clearance intervals before the minor street is
serviced. If the side street is servicing vehicle demand only, a minimum green of 5-7 seconds is
provided which can extend up to a preset maximum provided additional vehicles are being detected.

b)Fully-actuated - vehicle detector loops and pedestrian push buttons are installed on all
approaches. All signal phases including left turn arrows have preset minimum and maximum greens
and will be serviced on demand only. Pedestrians must activate the push buttons in order to receive
the “walk” & “flashing don‟t walk” indications

5
 Chapter-2

Operation and Working Principle of Traffic Controller

1. Working principle

Figure 2.1: main three line shorted with another

At first main power is stepped down by transformer X1 to deliver a secondary output of 9v, 300
mA. The transformer out put is rectified by a full-wave bridge rectifier comprising diodes D1 through
D4. Filtered by capacitor C1 and regulated by voltage regulator IC1 7805.
IC2 is wired as a multivibrator with „ON‟ and „OFF‟ periods of 35 and 30 seconds. As soon as main
power is switched on, pin 3 of IC2 goes high for 35 seconds. This in turn energies relay RL1 its
normally-open(N/O) contact through transistor T1 then the red lamp R1, R2 glows for stopping
Road1 and Road2‟s vehicle also green lamp G3, G4 glows through its normally-open contact to
running Road3 and Road4‟s vehicle for 35 seconds shown in figure.

6
 Figure 2.2: first step of traffic controller
At the same time main power is disconnected from the pole of relay RL2. As the on time of
IC2, a pulse at its pin 3 triggers IC3 through C5. IC3 is configured as a monostable with „ON‟ time of
about 5 second. which means pin 3 of IC3 will remain high for this period and energies relay RL2
through driver transistor T2. The yellow lamps Y1,Y2,Y3 and Y4 lights up for 5 seconds shown in
figure.

Fig: Second Step of Traffic Controller

7
As soon as 5 second time period of timer IC3 at pin 3 lapses, relay RL2 de-energies and finally the red
lamp R3, R4 glows for stopping Road3 and Road4‟s vehicle also green lamp G1,G2 glows through
its normally-closed (N/C)contact to running Road1 and Road2‟s vehicles for 30 seconds shown in
figure.

Figure 2.4: final step of traffic controller

Major Components:
2. Required Apparatus

• 220/9v Center taped Transformer.

• 1N4001 Diode (06 pcs).
• 1000 μF capacitor(01 pcs).
• 470 μF capacitor(02 pcs).
• 0.01 μF capacitor(03 pcs).
• 0.1 μF capacitor(01 pcs).
• 7805 Voltage Regulator(01 pcs).
• 555 Timer IC(02 pcs).
• 1C/O Relay(02 pcs).
• BC 547 Transistor(02 pcs).
8
 • 10 K Resistor(04 pcs).
• 100 K Resistor(01 pcs).
• 1 K Resistor(01 pcs).
• 15W,230v Dim Light(12 pcs).
• Others some necessary things.

3.RESISTOR

4.Bridge Rectifier
A diode bridge is an arrangement of four (or more) diodes in a bridge circuit configuration that
provides the same polarity of output for either polarity of input. When used in its most common
application, for conversion of an alternating current (AC) input into a direct current (DC) output, it is
known as a bridge rectifier.

The essential feature of a diode bridge is that the polarity of the output is the same regardless of the
polarity at the input. The diode bridge circuit is also known as the Graetz circuit after its inventor,
physicist Leo Graetz, and the single-phase version, with four diodes, may also referred to as an H
bridge.

Figure 3.1: Bridge Rectifier

9
4.1 Input And Output Waveshape

Figure 3.2: I/O Waveshape of Bridge Rectifier

4.2 The Rectifier with a Filter Capacitor –The Peak Rectifier

Figure 3.3: Waveform in the full-wave peak rectifier

10
5. LM 7805 Positive Voltage Regulator

Figure 3.4: LM 7805 voltage regulator

5.1 Description
7805 is a voltage regulator integrated circuit. It is a member of 78xx series of fixed linear voltage
regulator ICs. The voltage source in a circuit may have fluctuations and would not give the fixed
voltage output. The voltage regulator IC maintains the output voltage at a constant value. The xx in
78xx indicates the fixed output voltage it is designed to provide. 7805 provides +5V regulated power
supply. Capacitors of suitable values can be connected at input and output pins depending upon the
respective voltage levels.

5.2 Features

 Output Transistor Safe Operating Area Protection

 Screening options available
 5 volt regulator
 Output current up to 1.5a
 Thermal overload protection
 Short circuit protection

5.3 Application

 Post regulator for switching DC/DC converter 

Bias supply for analog circuits.

11
5.4 Circuit Diagram of LM 7805

Figure 3.5: circuit diagram LM 7805 Voltage Regulator

Pin No Function Name

1 Input voltage (5V-18V) Input

2 Ground (0V) Ground
3 Regulated output; 5V (4.8V-5.2V) Output

6. LM555C Timer IC

The 555 timer IC is an integrated circuit (chip) used in a variety of timer, pulse generation, and
oscillator applications. The 555 can be used to provide time delays, as an oscillator, and as a flip-flop
element. Derivatives provide up to four timing circuits in one package.

Introduced in 1972 by Signetics, the 555 is still in widespread use, thanks to its ease of use, low price,
and good stability. It is now made by many companies in the original bipolar and also in low-power
CMOS types. As of 2003, it was estimated that 1 billion units are manufactured every years.

12
 Figure 3.6: 555Timer IC

6.1 Pin Diagram Of Timer IC

Figure 3.7: Pin Diagram of 555

The connection of the pins for a DIP package is as follows:

Pin Name Purpose

1 GND Ground reference voltage, low level (0 V)

The OUT pin goes high and a timing interval starts when this input falls below
2 TRIG
1/2 of CTRL voltage (which is typically 1/3 of VCC, when CTRL is open).

3 OUT This output is driven to approximately 1.7V below +VCC or GND.

4 RESET not begin again until RESET rises above approximately 0.7 volts.

5 CTRL Provides "control" access to the internal voltage divider (by default, 2/3 VCC).

The timing (OUT high) interval ends when the voltage at THR is greater than
that at CTRL.
6. DIS Open collector output which may discharge a capacitor between intervals. In
phase with output.

7.VCC Provided with +5V supply

Pin 5 is also sometimes called the CONTROL VOLTAGE pin. By applying a voltage to the
CONTROL VOLTAGE input one can alter the timing characteristics of the device. In most

13
applications, the CONTROL VOLTAGE input is not used. It is usual to connect a 10 nF capacitor
between pin 5 and 0 V to prevent interference. The CONTROL VOLTAGE input can be used to build
an astable with a frequency modulated output.

6.2 Modes of Timer IC

The 555 has three operating modes:

Monostable mode: In this mode, the 555 functions as a "one-shot" pulse generator. Applications
include timers, missing pulse detection, bouncefree switches, touch switches, frequency divider,
capacitance measurement, pulse-width modulation (PWM) and so on. While using the timer IC in
monostable mode, the main disadvantage is that the time span between any two triggering pulses must
be greater than the RC time constant.

Monostable Mode

Figure : Schematic of Monostable Model

• Astable (free-running) mode: The 555 can operate as an oscillator. Uses include LED and
lamp flashers, pulse generation, logic clocks, tone generation, security alarms, pulse position
modulation and so on. The 555 can be used as a simple ADC, converting an analog value to a
pulse length. E.g. selecting a thermistor as timing resistor allows the use of the 555 in a
temperature sensor: the period of the output pulse is determined by the temperature. The use
of a microprocessor based circuit can then convert the pulse period to temperature, linearize it
and even provide calibration means.

14
 Fig: Schematic of Astable Mode

 Bistable mode or Schmitt trigger: The 555 can operate as a flip-flop, if the DIS pin is not
connected and no capacitor is used. Uses include bounce-free latched switches.

6.3 LM555 Technical Description:

The LM555 is a highly stable device for generating accurate time delays or oscillation. Additional
terminals are provided for triggering or resetting if desired. In the time delay mode of operation, the
time is precisely controlled by one external resistor and capacitor. For astable operation as an
oscillator, the free running frequency and duty cycle are accurately controlled with two external
resistors and one capacitor. The circuit may be triggered and reset on falling waveforms, and the
output circuit can source or sink up to 200mA or drive TTL circuits.

6.4 LM555 Features

 Direct replacement for SE555/NE555

 Timing from microseconds through hours

 Operates in both astable and monostable modes

 Adjustable duty cycle

 Output can source or sink 200 mA

 Output and supply TTL compatible

 Temperature stability better than 0.005% per °C

 Normally on and normally off output  Available in 8-pin MSOP package.

15
6.5 LM555 Circuit Schematic:

Fig: Schematic Diagram of 555 Timer IC

7 BC547 Transistor

16
 Figure 3.12: BC 547 Transistor

7.1 General Description

A BC547 transistor is a negative-positive-negative (NPN) transistor that is used for many

purposes. Together with other electronic components, such as resistors, coils, and capacitors, the BC547
transistor can be used as the active component for switches and amplifiers. Like all other NPN transistors,
the BC547 transistor has an emitter terminal, a base or control terminal, and a collector terminal. In a
typical configuration, the current flowing from the base to the emitter of the BC547 transistor controls the
collector current. A short vertical line, which is the base, can indicate the transistor schematic for an NPN
transistor, and the emitter, which is a diagonal line connecting to the base, is an arrowhead pointing away
from the base.

The BC547 transistor is a bipolar junction transistor (BJT). There are also transistors that have one
junction, such as the junction field-effect transistor, or no junctions at all, such as the metal oxide
field-effect transistor (MOSFET).

7.2 Features
 Collector-Emitter Volt (Vceo): 45V
 Collector Current (Ic): 0.1A
 hfe: 110-800 @ 2mA
 Power Dissipation (Ptot): 625mW
 Current-Gain-Bandwidth (ftotal): 300MHz
 Type: NPN

7.3 Out-put wave shape of BC 547

Figure 3.13: Out-put wave shape of BC 547

17
 8. Relay (5V,1C/O) a relay consists of two separate and completely independent circuits. The
first is at the bottom and drives the electromagnet. In this circuit, a switch is controlling power to
the electromagnet. When the switch is on, the electromagnet is on, and it attracts the armature
(blue). The armature is acting as a switch in the second circuit. When the electromagnet is
energized, the armature completes the second circuit and the light is on. When the electromagnet
is not energized, the spring pulls the armature away and the circuit is not complete.

There are four parts in every relay:

a. Electromagnet

b. Armature that can be attracted by the electromagnet

c. Spring

d. Set of electrical contacts

8.1. Circuit Diagram of Relay

Figure 3.15: Circuit Diagram of Relay

9. Capacitor

9.1 Function: Capacitors store electric charge. They are used with resistors in timing circuits because
it takes time for a capacitor to fill with charge. They are used to smooth varying DC supplies by acting
as a reservoir of charge. They are also used in filter circuits because capacitors easily pass AC
(changing) signals but they block DC (constant) signals.

18
9.2. Capacitance

This is a measure of a capacitor's ability to store charge. A large capacitance means that more charge
can be stored. Capacitance is measured in farads, symbol F. However 1F is very large, so prefixes are
used to show the smaller values.

3.7.3. 0.1μf Capacitor

Type: Tantalum,25V DC

10.Transformer:

A transformer is an electrical device that transfers energy by inductive coupling between two or more
of its windings. A varying current in the primary winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the
transformer's core and thus a varying magnetic flux through the secondary winding. This varying
magnetic flux induces a varying electromotive force (EMF), or "voltage", in the secondary winding.
This effect is called inductive coupling.

If a load is connected to the secondary winding, current will flow in this winding, and electrical
energy will be transferred from the primary circuit through the transformer to the load. Transformers
may be used for AC-to-AC conversion of a single power frequency, or for conversion of signal power
over a wide range of frequencies, such as audio or radio frequencies.

In an ideal transformer, the induced voltage in the secondary winding (V s) is in proportion to the
primary voltage (Vp) and is given by the ratio of the number of turns in the secondary (N s) to the
number of turns in the primary (Np) as follows:

19
WORKING PRINCIPLE OF TRANSFORMER

The transformer works on the principle of Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction and mutual
induction.

There are usually two coils primary coil and secondary coil on the transformer core. The core
laminations are joined in the form of strips. The two coils have high mutual inductance. When an
alternating current pass through the primary coil it creates a varying magnetic flux. As per
faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, this change in magnetic flux induces an emf
(electromotive force) in the secondary coil which is linked to the core having a primary coil. This
is mutual induction.

Overall, a transformer carries the below operations:

1. Transfer of electrical energy from circuit to another

2. Transfer of electrical power through electromagnetic induction
3. Electric power transfer without any change in frequency
4. Two circuits are linked with mutual induction

20
 Chapter 3

Project Figure and Result:

3.1 Introduction:
This simple traffic controller can be used to teach children rudiments of traffic rules. The circuit
shown in Figure uses readily available components. It mainly comprises rectifier diodes (1N4001), a
5V regulator 7805, two timers IC 555, two relays (5V, singlechangeover), three 15W, 230V bulbs and
some discrete components. Mains power is stepped down by transformer X1 to deliver a secondary
output of 9V, 300 mA. The transformer output is rectified by a full-wave bridge rectifier comprising
diodes D1 through D4, filtered by capacitor C1 and regulated by IC 7805 (IC1). IC2 is wired as a
multivibrator with „on‟ and „off‟ periods of approximately 30 seconds each with the component
values selected. As soon as mains power is switched on, pin 3 of IC2 goes high for 35 seconds.

3.2 Schematic Diagram of Traffic Controller

Figure 3.1: Main circuit diagram of Traffic controller

21
3.3 Hardware Implementation Of Traffic Controller

Figure 3.2: Hardware implementation of Traffic controller

22
3.4 Different View of project

Figure 3.3: Front View

Figure 3.4: Side View

23
 Chapter 4

4.1 Advantages
 It will reduce the normal recurring.
 Significantly it will enhance operational tools congestion to effectively manage
traffic incidents.
 It will improve Public Transport service.
 Reduce the emergency response times and safer travel.
 It will improve traffic guidance and traffic flow and reduce fuel consumption.

4.2 Limitations:
Traffic Congestion is a serious problem despite costly effort to create an integrated
method of traffic control system. The number of private automobiles used mainly by
people with middle class for income,has increased faster than any form of
transportation in India and this has increased a demand of expansion of
roads,parking space and improved automatic traffic light control system.

4.3 Conclusion
Bangladesh is a populated country. Specially our city area is over populated and congested.
Traffic jam is the common phenomena in city area. Dhaka city is the most traffic jam affected
area . Traffic jam is obstructing for trade and commerce also waste valuable time. The main
reason of traffic jam can be not maintain traffic rules, faulty traffic signaling systems . Illegal
parking is another reason for traffic jam. Cars, trucks and other vehicles are parked almost
everywhere. Faulty traffic signaling systems, inadequate manpower and narrow road spaces and
overtaking tendency of drivers create pro-longed traffic congestions and intensify sufferings of
commuters keeping people motionless as well as creating suffocating condition in the streets. Also
there are bus terminals not authorized by the traffic department and drivers do not go by traffic rules.
VIP protocol maintaining is another reason for frequent traffic jams in the streets and divider problem
in the city‟s different important roads also causes congestion. So if we want to overcome this
problem we must install a modern traffic controller system also grow up the tendency of
maintaining traffic rules. The reason of taking Traffic Controller as a project to reduce that problem,
hopefully this is a good effort.

24
To reduce traffic jam we can take steps such as:

 Install modern and good traffic controller system

 Keep continuous repair and maintenance of traffic controller and signaling system
 Good traffic system
 Good lane system
 Traffic police should do their duty properly
 Use zebra cross and foot over bridge
 Respect the law

25
REFERENCES:
1) The Authoritative Dictionary of IEEE Standards Terms, Seventh Edition, IEEE Press, 2000,ISBN 0-
7381-2601-2, page 588
2) MIT open-courseware, Power Electronics, Spring 2007
3) Griffith, P. (2005, February). Designing Switching Voltage Regulators With the TL494.
Dallas, Texas, USA: Texas Instruments.
4) Hart, D. (2010). Power Electronics. McGraw-HIll.
5) International Rectifier. (2004, September 10). IR2304(S) & (PbF) Half-Bridge Driver. El Segundo,
California: International Rectifier.
6) Ward, Jack (2004). The 555 Timer IC – An Interview with Hans Camenzind. The Semiconductor
Museum. Retrieved 2010-04-05
7) Scherz, Paul (2000) "Practical Electronics for Inventors", p. 589. McGraw-Hill/TAB Electronics.
ISBN 978-0-07-058078-7. Retrieved 2010-04-05.
8) Jung, Walter G. (1983) "IC Timer Cookbook, Second Edition", pp. 40–41. Sams Technical Publishing;
2nd ed. ISBN 978-0-672-21932-0. Retrieved 2010-04-05.
9) van Roon, Chapter "Monostable Mode". (Using the 555 timer as a logic clock)
10) http://www.national.com/ds/LM/LM555.pdf 11) van Roon Chapter: "Astable operation".
12) http://www.customsiliconsowww.alldatasheet.com(CD4017BC)
13) www.DatasheetCatalog.com(LM7808)
14) www.st.com(stp55nf06l)
15) www.baylinear.comCentral Electricity Generating Board (1982). Modern Power Station Practice.
Pergamon. ISBN 0-08-016436-6.
16) Daniels, A.R. (1985). Introduction to Electrical Machines. Macmillan. ISBN 0-33319627-9.
17) Flanagan, William (1993). Handbook of Transformer Design and Applications (2nd ed.).
McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-021291-0.
18) Gottlieb,Irving (1998). Practical Transformer Handbook. Elsevier. ISBN 0-7506-3992-X. 19) Hammond,
John Winthrop. Men and Volts, the Story of General Electric, published 1941 by J.B.Lippincott. Citations:
design, early types - 106-107; design, William Stanley, first built - 178; oil-immersed, began use of - 238.
20) Harlow, James (2004). Electric Power Transformer Engineering. CRC Press. ISBN 08493-1704-

26