KFS Argonite Software Manual

P/N 38-KFSARG-100
September 2004
Argonite®
Engineered
Fire Suppression System
InertGas Flow Software (IFS),

Version 1.0
Users Guide
FM
APPROVED LISTED
P/N 38-KFSARG-100
September 2004
Argonite®
Engineered
Fire Suppression System
InertGas Flow Software (IFS),

Version 1.0
Users Guide
THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK.
Argonite® InertGas Flow Software (IFS), Version 1.0
FOREWORD
Note: This Manual, P/N 06-236433-001, is to be used by qualified and factory-trained
personnel, knowledgeable of NFPA standards and any other applicable standards
in effect.
This manual is intended to clearly and accurately reflect the Argonite® InertGas Flow Software (IFS),
Version 1.0
Kidde-Fenwal assumes no responsibility for the application of any systems other than those addressed in
this manual. The technical data contained herein is limited strictly for informational purposes only. Kidde-
Fenwal believes this data to be accurate, but it is published and presented without any guarantee or
warranty whatsoever. Kidde-Fenwal disclaims any liability for any use that may be made of the data and
information contained herein by any and all other parties.
Any questions concerning the information presented in this manual should be addressed to:
Kidde-Fenwal, Inc.
400 Main Street
Ashland, MA 01721
Phone: (508) 881-2000
Toll Free: (800) 872-6527
Fax: (508) 881-8920
TERMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
Ar: Argon O2: Oxygen

AHJ: Authority Having Jurisdiction m: Meters
°C: Degrees Celsius mm: Millimeters
CO2: Carbon Dioxide N2: Nitrogen
°F: Degrees Fahrenheit NFPA: National Fire Protection Association
ft.: Feet ppm: Parts per milliion
H20: Water
IG-55: Argonite
IFS: Inert Flow Software
kg: Kilograms
September 2004 i DOC.# 38-KFSARG-100

DOC.# 38-KFSARG-100 ii September 2004

SAFETY SUMMARY
Argonite® fire suppression systems use pressurized equipment; therefore, personnel responsible for fire
suppression systems must be aware of the dangers associated with the improper handling, installation or
maintenance of this equipment.
Fire suppression system service personnel must be thoroughly trained in the proper handling, installation
and service of Argonite equipment and follow the instructions used in this manual and in the Safety Bulletin
and cylinder nameplate contained in this Appendix.
Kidde has provided warnings and cautions at appropriate locations throughout the text of this manual.
These warnings and cautions are to be adhered to at all times. Failure to do so may result in serious injury
to personnel.
In addition, Material Safety Data Sheets for Argonite is provided. Personnel must also be familiar with the
information contained on these data sheets.
SAFETY BULLETIN 1, MARCH 2, 1987
SUBJECT: SAFE CYLINDER HANDLING PROCEDURES
! WARNING
Pressurized (charged) cylinders are extremely hazardous and if not handled properly
are capable of violent discharge. This may result in serious bodily injury, death and
property damage.
Before handling Kidde system products, all personnel must be thoroughly trained in the safe handling of the
containers as well as in the proper procedures for installation, removal, filling, and connection of other
critical devices.
READ, UNDERSTAND and ALWAYS FOLLOW the operation and maintenance manuals, owners manuals, ser-
vice manuals, etc., that are provided with the individual systems.
The following safety procedures must be observed at all times:
Moving Container. Containers must be shipped compactly in the upright position, and properly secured in
place. Containers must not be rolled, dragged or slid, nor allowed to be slid from tailgates of vehicles. A
suitable hand truck, fork truck, roll platform or similar device must be used.
Rough Handling: Containers must not be dropped or permitted to strike violently against each other or
other surfaces.
Storage: Containers must be stored standing upright where they are not likely to be knocked over, or the
containers must be secured.
For additional information on safe handling of compressed gas cylinders, see CGA Pamphlet PI titled Safe
Handling of Compressed Gases in Containers. CGA pamphlets may be purchased from The Compressed Gas
Association, Crystal Square Two, 1725 Jefferson Davis Highway, Arlington, VA 22202.
SAFETY BULLETIN , MAY 1, 1993
SUBJECT: SAFE CYLINDER HANDLING PROCEDURES FOR PRESSURIZED CYLINDERS
Pressurized (charged) cylinders are extremely hazardous and if not handled properly are capable
of violent discharge. This will result in serious bodily injury, death and property damage.
BEFORE handling Kidde system products, all personnel must be thoroughly trained in the safe handling of
the containers as well as in the proper procedures for installation, removal, filling, and connection of other
critical devices, such as flexible hoses, control heads, and safety caps.
READ, UNDERSTAND and ALWAYS FOLLOW the operation and maintenance manuals, owners manuals, ser-
vice manuals, and other information that is provided with the individual systems.
September 2004 iii DOC.# 38-KFSARG-100

THESE INSTRUCTIONS MUST BE FOLLOWED IN THE EXACT SEQUENCE AS WRITTEN TO PREVENT SERIOUS
INJURY, DEATH OR PROPERTY DAMAGE.
PROTECTIVE CAP
a. Each cylinder is factory equipped with a protective cap installed on the cylinder. This device is a safety
feature, and will provide controlled safe discharge when installed if the cylinder is actuated accidentally.
b. The protective cap must be installed in the valve outlet AT ALL TIMES except when the cylinders are
connected into the system piping or being filled.
INSTALLATION AND REMOVAL FROM SERVICE
Refer to Manual 38-KFSARG-000.
DEFINITIONS
! WARNING
Indicates an imminently hazardous situation which, if not avoided, could result in death,
serious bodily injury and/or property damage.
! CAUTION
Indicates a potentiality hazardous situation which, if not avoided, could result in property or
equipment damage.
ARGONITE MSDS SHEETS.
See Manufacturers website.
DOC.# 38-KFSARG-100 iv September 2004

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Forward ............................................................................................................... i
Terms and Abbreviations ............................................................................................. i
Safety Summary ........................................................................................................ iii
List of Appendices ..................................................................................................... vii
List of Figures ........................................................................................................... viii
List of Tables ............................................................................................................ ix
CHAPTER 1 GENERAL .................................................................................................... 1-1

1-1 Introduction ............................................................................................... 1-1
1-2 Use and Limitations ..................................................................................... 1-1
1-2.1 Use ...................................................................................................... 1-1
1-2.2 Use Limitations ...................................................................................... 1-2
1-3 Fire Extinguishment Methods ......................................................................... 1-2
1-3.1 Total Flooding ........................................................................................ 1-2
1-3.2 Selector Valves/Distribution System .......................................................... 1-2
1-3.3 Modular System ..................................................................................... 1-2
CHAPTER 2 DESIGN GUIDELINES ................................................................................... 2-1

2-1 Introduction ............................................................................................... 2-1
2-2 Design Standards ........................................................................................ 2-1
2-3 Personal Safety .......................................................................................... 2-1
2-4 Release Time .............................................................................................. 2-2
2-5 Temperature Considerations .......................................................................... 2-2
2-6 Electrical Clearance ..................................................................................... 2-3
2-7 Pressure Relief Venting ................................................................................. 2-3
CHAPTER 3 SYSTEM DESIGN ......................................................................................... 3-1

3-1 Introduction ............................................................................................... 3-1
3-2 Physical Properties of Argonite ...................................................................... 3-1
3-1.1 Specification for Argonite AR/N2 50%/50% by Volume, Atmospheric ............... 3-2
3-1.2 Purity of AR and N2 ................................................................................ 3-2
3-3 Evaluation of Cylinder Storage Space ............................................................. 3-2
3-4 Inerting ..................................................................................................... 3-3
3-5 Extinguishing Values .................................................................................... 3-3
3-5.1 Equation Formula for Specific Requirements ................................................ 3-3
3-6 Design Concentrations ................................................................................. 3-6
3-6.1 NFPA Design Concentrations .................................................................... 3-6
3-6.2 ISO Design Concentrations ...................................................................... 3-6
September 2004 v DOC.# 38-KFSARG-100

TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONT.)
3-7 Design Factors ............................................................................................ 3-7

3-7.1 Effects of Altitude .................................................................................. 3-7
3-8 Design Considerations .................................................................................. 3-8
3-8.1 Leakage ............................................................................................... 3-8
3-8.2 Temperature Considerations ..................................................................... 3-8
3-8.3 Flow Calculation ..................................................................................... 3-8
3-8.4 Calculation of Room Volume ..................................................................... 3-9
3-8.5 Quantity of Agent Calculation .................................................................. 3-9
3-8.6 Cylinder Content .................................................................................... 3-9
3-8.7 Cylinder/Volume Ratio, Class A and Class C Fires ......................................... 3-10
3-8.8 Cylinder/Volume Ratio, Class B Fires (n-Heptane) ........................................ 3-10
3-9 Nozzles ..................................................................................................... 3-11
3-9.1 Selecting the Number of Nozzles ............................................................... 3-11
3-9.2 Underfloor Nozzles .................................................................................. 3-12
3-9.3 Nozzle Location ..................................................................................... 3-12
3-10 Flow Splits at All Tees ................................................................................. 3-13
3-11 Extinguishing Effect ..................................................................................... 3-13
CHAPTER 4 ARGONITE SYSTEM DESIGN ....................................................................... 4-1

4-1 Flow Calculation .......................................................................................... 4-1
4-2 System Check ............................................................................................ 4-1
CHAPTER 5 HYDRAULIC FLOW CALCULATION PROGRAM ................................................. 5-1

5-1 Introduction ............................................................................................... 5-1
5-2 Commands Available .................................................................................... 5-2
5-1.1 System Information ................................................................................ 5-3
5-1.1.1 Project Data ..................................................................................... 5-3
5-1.1.2 Revision ................................................................................................ 5-4
5-1.1.3 Configuration Variables ............................................................................ 5-4
5-1.1.4 Cylinder Data ........................................................................................ 5-4
5-1.2 Hazard Information ................................................................................. 5-5
5-1.2.1 Hazard Data ..................................................................................... 5-6
5-1.2.2 Area ............................................................................................... 5-6
5-1.2.3 Area Nozzle List ................................................................................ 5-6
5-1.3 Piping Data ........................................................................................... 5-7
DOC.# 38-KFSARG-100 vi September 2004

TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONT.)
5-1.3.1 System Design Considerations for Sectioning of Pipe ............................... 5-7

5-1.3.1.1 Terminal Points ............................................................................ 5-8
5-1.3.2 Column Headings and Descriptions ....................................................... 5-8
5-2.4 Calculate and Display Results ................................................................... 5-12
5-2.4.1 Calculation Results ............................................................................ 5-12
5-2.4.2 Nozzle Performance ........................................................................... 5-14
5-14
5-2.4.3 Hazard Concentration Results .............................................................. 5-15
5-2.4.4 Error Messages ................................................................................. 5-20
5-2.5 Print Data and Results or Print Output Results ............................................ 5-24
5-2.5.1 Items to Print ................................................................................... 5-24
5-2.5.2 Output Units .................................................................................... 5-24
5-2.5.3 Configure Printer ............................................................................... 5-25
5-2.5.4 Printer Font ...................................................................................... 5-25
5-2.5.5 Print To File ...................................................................................... 5-25
5-2.5.6 Print ............................................................................................... 5-25
5-2.6 Clear All Current Data ............................................................................. 5-25
5-3 Output ...................................................................................................... 5-26
5-3.1 Print Data and Results ............................................................................ 5-26
5-4 File Utilities ................................................................................................ 5-26
5-4.1 Load .................................................................................................... 5-26
5-4.1.1 Save ............................................................................................... 5-26
5-4.1.2 Delete ............................................................................................. 5-26
5-4.2 Exit ...................................................................................................... 5-26
5-4.3 Vol./Lb./% Calculate (Vol./Kg/% Calc) ....................................................... 5-26
5-5 Minimum/Maximum Flow Rates ....................................................................... 5-27
5-6 Check Points .............................................................................................. 5-28
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX A
Argonite Surface Requirements .................................................................................... A-1
Argonite Calculation Requirements ................................................................................ B-1
September 2004 vii DOC.# 38-KFSARG-100

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Name Page Number
3-1 360° Nozzle Determination ........................................................................... 3-11
3-2 Nozzle Location ......................................................................................... 3-12
5-1 Introductory Screen ..................................................................................... 5-1

5-2 Commands Available ..................................................................................... 5-2
5-3 System Information Screen ........................................................................... 5-3
5-4 Cylinder Selection ........................................................................................ 5-5
5-5 Hazard Information Screen ............................................................................ 5-5
5-6 Piping Model Data Screen .............................................................................. 5-7
5-7 Piping Model with Restrictor ........................................................................... 5-9
5-8 Piping Data, Type of Pipe ............................................................................ 5-10
5-9 Piping Data, Fittings, Tee/Valve .................................................................... 5-11
5-10 Calculation Results ..................................................................................... 5-13
5-11 Nozzle Performance .................................................................................... 5-15
5-12 Hazard Concentration Results ...................................................................... 5-17
5-13 Venting Requirement ................................................................................... 5-18
5-14 Error Messages .......................................................................................... 5-20
5-15 Print Data and Results or Print Output Results ................................................ 5-24
5-16 Print Font Selection .................................................................................... 5-25
5-17 Volume/Weight/Oxygen Concentration Calculator ............................................ 5-26
DOC.# 38-KFSARG-100 viii September 2004

LIST OF TABLES
Table Name Page Number
3-1 Physical Properties of Argonite ....................................................................... 3-1
3-2 Total Flooding Quantities, Volume Requirements of Argonite (Metric, Mx [kg/m3]) ... 3-4
3-3 Total Flooding Quantities, Volume Requirements of Argonite (US Standard, Mx [kg/ft.3]) 3-5
3-4 Elevation Correction Factors .......................................................................... 3-7
3-5 Cylinder Content .......................................................................................... 3-9
3-6 Cylinder/Volume Ratio, Class A and Class C Fires ............................................. 3-10
3-7 Cylinder/Volume Ratio, Class B Fires (n-Heptane) ............................................ 3-10
5-1 Fitting Details ............................................................................................ 5-10

5-2 Estimating Pipe Sizes .................................................................................. 5-27
September 2004 ix DOC.# 38-KFSARG-100

DOC.# 38-KFSARG-100 x September 2004

Argonite® InertGas Flow Software, Version 1.0
CHAPTER 1
GENERAL
1-1 INTRODUCTION
The interest in inert gas blends continues to increase due to the phase out of Halon systems in
accordance with the Montreal Protocol and the growing interest in meeting the intent of the
Kyoto Protocol.
Kidde Fire Systems Argonite® fire extinguishing system utilizes a 50%/50% mixture of pure
Nitrogen and Argon. Both gases are naturally occurring substances and present in the atmosphere,
and as such, have no ozone depletion potential and no direct global warming risk.
There are no toxicological factors associated with the use of Argonite and it will not decompose
or produce any by-products when exposed to a flame from a fire condition. However, heat and
by-products of the fire itself can still be substantial and could make the area untenable for
human occupancy until the enclosure has been properly vented.
Argonite is stored in high-pressure cylinders at a nominal pressure of 2900 PSI (200 bar) at
70°F (21.1°C). Safety and exposure guidelines, including concentration levels, as established
by NFPA 2001, Standard for Clean Agent Fire Extinguishing Systems, should be followed.
1-2 USE AND LIMITATIONS
Argonite fire extinguishing systems are primarily used as total flooding systems for protection
of self-enclosed equipment or enclosed hazards to contain the extinguishant.
1-2.1 Use
Argonite systems operate safely in temperatures from -20°F to 130°F (-29°C to 54°C).
Argonite will not cause fogging during a discharge, a condition caused by the super-
cooling of the water content in the air. The density of Argonite in air is similar to that of
atmospheric air, which greatly improves the holding time after a release compared with
other heavier/lighter agents.
Argonite is electrically nonconductive and therefore suitable for use to extinguish fires in
electric and electronic equipment, such as that found at electronic data processing and
telecommunication facilities. Argonite is also useful for extinguishing fires:
Involving flammable and combustible liquids and gases
In subfloors and other concealed spaces
In tape file storage areas
Involving delicate artifacts and high-value assets
In places where other extinguishing media could be directly destructive.
Deep-seated fires in solid material require that the Argonite atmosphere
be maintained for an extended period of time (holding time) to achieve
total extinguishment.
Argonite does not leave any hazardous substances after a release. Since cleanup after a
fire will only involve items damaged in the fire, downtime and secondary damage can
therefore be kept to a minimum.
September 2004 1-1 DOC.# 38-KFSARG-100

1-2.2 Use Limitations

Argonite should not be used to extinguish fires involving:
Chemicals containing their own supply of oxygen and which are capable of rapid
oxidation in the absence of air, such as cellulose nitrate, gunpowder, etc.
Mixtures containing oxidizing materials, such as sodium chlorate or sodium nitrate.
Chemicals capable of undergoing autothermal decomposition, such as some organic
peroxides and hydrazine.
Reactive metals, such as sodium, potassium, magnesium, titanium, zirconium,
and lithium.
Reactive hydrides, or metal amides, some of which may react violently with gaseous
extinguishants.
1-3 FIRE EXTINGUISHMENT METHODS
Argonite systems extinguish fires by the following methods:
1-3.1 Total Flooding
Release of Argonite into an enclosure (total flooding) means that an inert atmosphere is
created within the entire room volume.
1-3.2 Selector Valves/Distribution System
If more than one room or hazard in a building is to be protected, a common Argonite
cylinder bank may be used. The capacity of the cylinder bank must be calculated for
protection of the largest room/ hazard and/or adjoining rooms/hazards that may be
involved in a fire simultaneously. In most cases, Argonite selector valve systems reduce
the cost as compared to individual systems protecting the same hazards.
1-3.3 Modular System
In limited space areas where the authority having jurisdiction will allow for a modular
system, cylinders located singly or in multiple units within the room may be used.
The total quantity of stored agent, the number of nozzles etc., shall be that as required
for a central bank system. Cylinders shall be connected either electrically or
pneumatically, allowing for simultaneous discharge. Each individual unit shall be treated
as a separate system.
DOC.# 38-KFSARG-100 1-2 September 2004

CHAPTER 2
DESIGN GUIDELINES
2-1 INTRODUCTION
Design Guidelines for Argonite® systems are as established in NFPA 2001, Standard for Clean
Agent Fire Extinguishing Systems. Argonite has been designated IG-55 in NFPA 2001 as a blend
of two inert gases: Nitrogen and Argon (50% and 50% respectively).
2-2 DESIGN STANDARDS
An Argonite system shall always be designed in accordance with the latest version of applicable
design standards, taking into consideration requirements specified by local Authorities Having
Jurisdiction (AHJ).
NFPA 2001, Standard for Clean Agent Fire Extinguishing Systems
2-3 PERSONAL SAFETY
When extinguishing a fire using Argonite, the oxygen level in the protected
room is reduced to a level that will not sustain combustion. This could create an
imminent risk to personnel occupying the enclosure if the residual oxygen level
becomes less than that which can support life. Products of combustion from the
fire must also be considered a hazard.
Suitable safeguards shall always be provided to ensure prompt evacuation from and prevent
entry into a hazardous atmosphere, and include a safe means for prompt rescue of any trapped
personnel. Safety items such as personnel training, warning signs, discharge alarms, self-
contained breathing apparatus, evacuation plans and fire drills shall be considered and
implemented as required.
Personnel should be acquainted with the fact that Argonite presents a noise
hazard during discharge and may result in damage to hearing if personnel are
present without protection during discharge.
Consideration shall be given to the possibility of migration of Argonite to adjacent areas outside
of the protected space (pressure relief vent openings, etc.).
Argonite systems may be designed for a residual oxygen level of 12% or higher (sea level equivalent)
if personnel can vacate the area within five minutes (exposure time of five minutes or less), but may
be designed to have a residual oxygen level of 10% to 12% (sea level equivalent) if personnel can
vacate the area within three minutes (exposure limited to three minutes or less).
Argonite systems designed to reduce oxygen levels to below 12% should only
be provided in normally unoccupied areas.

Should the possibility exist for the oxygen level to drop below 10%, personnel must be evacuated
prior to such oxygen depletion. A design concentration resulting in an oxygen level of less than
10% may only be used in normally unoccupied areas, and only if the personnel who could
possibly be exposed can vacate the area within 30 seconds.
However, in all situations it is necessary that personnel evacuate the hazard prior to system
discharge, hence the need to include both predischarge alarms and time delays into all
system designs.
Argonite systems designed to concentrations below 42.5% (corresponding to an oxygen
concentration of 12% or higher, sea level equivalent of oxygen) shall be permitted, given
means are provided to limit exposure to no longer than 5 minutes.
Systems designed to concentrations between 42.5% and 52% (corresponding to
between 12% and 10% oxygen, sea level equivalent of oxygen) shall be permitted,
given means are provided to limit exposure to no longer than 3 minutes.
Systems designed to concentrations between 52% and 61.7% (corresponding to
between 10% and 8% oxygen, sea level equivalent of oxygen) shall be permitted,
given the following:
- The space is normally unoccupied.
- Where personnel could possibly be exposed, means are provided to limit the exposure
to less than 30 seconds
Systems designed to concentrations above 61.7% (corresponding to 8% oxygen or below,
sea level equivalent of oxygen), shall only be used in unoccupied areas where personnel
are not exposed to such oxygen depletion.
2-4 RELEASE TIME
NFPA 2001 recommends 95% of the design quantity of Argonite be released within 60 seconds.
Other countries/authorities may have different requirements than those mentioned above.
2-5 TEMPERATURE CONSIDERATIONS
During a discharge of the agent only, the temperature within the protected enclosure will drop
approximately 10°F to 20°F (5°C to 10°C). After the end of the discharge, the temperature will
rise again within approximately two to three minutes.

2-6 ELECTRICAL CLEARANCE

All system components shall be located to maintain no less than minimum clearance from
energized electrical parts. Should a design insulation level not be available and where nominal
voltage is used for the design criteria, the highest minimum clearance listed for this group shall
be used.
The following references shall be considered as the minimum electrical clearance requirements
for the installation of clean agent systems:
ANSI C2, National Electrical Safety Code
NFPA 70, National Electrical Code®
29 CFR 1910, Subpart S
NFPA 2001, Standard for Clean Agent Fire Extinguishing Systems
2-7 PRESSURE RELIEF VENTING
When released, fixed fire extinguishing systems employing compressed gases will create a
considerable volume of gas within the room due to expansion. To compensate for the overpressure,
suitable means of pressure relief venting must be employed. The free area of these openings/
vents shall be appropriately sized to avoid structural damage.
Normal rooms will withstand an increase of pressure of approximately 5 millibars (2 in. H2O).
Pressure relief vents should be located at a high level on the wall or on the ceiling, clear of any
direct nozzle discharge. At the end of the discharge the pressure relief vents shall close in order
to maintain the extinguishing concentration for as long as possible.
The fire rating of all pressure vents should be equal to or greater than the rating of the
structure. The required vent area should always be verified by the use of the system flow
calculation program.


CHAPTER 3
SYSTEM DESIGN
3-1 INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this chapter is to provide the minimum design requirements for Argonite® fire
extinguishing systems based upon sound engineering principles, current international standards,
test data and field experiences.
General requirements and design criteria are based on NFPA 2001.
Nothing within this chapter intends to restrict new technologies or findings, providing
that the level of safety prescribed is not reduced. This chapter does not cover general
requirements and design criteria for fire detection and control systems. Reference should be
made to local requirements.
3-2 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ARGONITE
Table 3-1. Physical Properties of Argonite
Property Units Value
Molecular Weight N/A 33.95
Boiling Point at 760 mm Hg °C -190.1
Freezing Point °C -199.7
Critical Temperature °C -134.7
Critical Pressure kPa 4150
Specific Heat, Vapor at Constant Pressure (1 atm) and 25°C kJ/kg°C 0.782
N2 (Nitrogen) 50%
Chemical Formula
Ar (Argon) 50%

3-1.1 Specification for Argonite AR/N2 50%/50% by Volume, Atmospheric

Tolerance of mixture in air:
Ar 48% to 50%
N2 50% to 52 %
3-1.2 Purity of AR and N2
Argon:
Ar á 99.99%:
O2 [ 10 ppm
H2O [ 10 ppm
Nitrogen:
N2 á 99.7%:
O2 [ 10 ppm
H2O [ 10 ppm
Note: Only principal contaminants are shown. Other measurements may include:
CO; NO; NO2, CO2, etc., most at < 20 ppm.
3-3 EVALUATION OF CYLINDER STORAGE SPACE
The following items must be considered when evaluating the cylinder storage spaces:
A standard Argonite system will operate within a temperature range of -20°F to 130°F
(-29°C to 54°C).
If closed pipe sections are involved, safety reliefs are required for all closed sections of pipe.
Pressure relief venting.
Cylinder storage room equipped with proper exhaust ventilation.
Cylinder storage space.
Allowance for proper access to cylinders during installation and service/maintenance.
Floor capable of carrying the load.
Wall/structure strong enough for mounting wall brackets supports.
Storage room should not be used for other purposes that could result in fire exposure
to cylinders.

3-4 INERTING
Inerting concentrations shall be used where conditions for subsequent reflash or
explosion could exist. These conditions exist when:
The quantity of fuel expected to be in the enclosure is sufficient to develop a
concentration equal to or greater than one-half of the lower flammable limit throughout
the enclosure, and
The volatility of the fuel before the fire is sufficient to reach the lower flammable limit in
air (maximum ambient temperature or fuel temperature exceeds the closed cup flash
point temperature), or
The system cannot respond quickly enough to detect and extinguish the fire before the
volatility of the fuel is increased to a dangerous level because of the fire.
The minimum design concentration used to inert atmospheres involving flammable liquids and
gasses shall be the normal design value plus an added 10% safety factor.
3-5 EXTINGUISHING VALUES
Class A and Class C:
31.6%
Class B:
30.1% - n-Heptane
Class A and Class C:
Flammables require a safety factor of 20%. Design concentration 37.9% (Oxygen
Concentration = 12.97%).
Class B:
Flammable liquids require a safety factor of 30% above the extinguishing concentration
or 30% above the cup burner value established for the fuel. Design concentration 39.1%
for n-Heptane (Oxygen Concentration = 12.72%).
3-5.1 Equation Formula for Specific Requirements
X = 2.303 * (VS/s) * Log10(100/(100-C) = VS/s * Ln (100/(100-C))
Where:
X = Volume of agent required per m3 of protected volume to produce the indicated
concentration at temperature specified.
VS = Specific volume of Argonite at 70°F (21.1°C) = 0.71086 m3/kg at 1013 mbar.
C = Design concentration of Argonite in the protected area
s = Specific volume of superheated Argonite vapor.
Can be approximated by the formula s = 0.6598 + 0.00242t
t = Temperature in the Hazard (°C).
For further details regarding specific vapor volumes at various temperatures, refer to
NFPA 2001, Appendix A.
Mx = X/s
Where:
Mx = The mass of Argonite/volume of protected area. [See Tables 3-2 and 3-3 for Mx
(kg/m3 and kg/ft3) values at various temperature and design concentration conditions.]

Table 3-2. Total Flooding Quantities, Volume Requirements of Argonite (Metric, Mx [kg/m3])
Typical Design Concentration (% by Volume)

Temperature From NFPA 2001
(°C)
34 38 40 42 46 50 54
-30 0.8566 0.9856 1.0532 1.1231 1.2703 1.4290 1.6009
-25 0.8224 0.9461 1.0110 1.0781 1.2196 1.3719 1.5369
-20 0.7899 0.9093 0.9711 1.0352 1.1710 1.3182 1.4768
-15 0.7602 0.8741 0.9338 0.9960 1.1259 1.2670 1.4193
-10 0.7316 0.8417 0.8986 0.9582 1.0840 1.2193 1.5369
-5 0.7041 0.8106 0.8653 0.9233 1.0437 1.1750 1.3155
0 0.6791 0.7806 0.8339 0.8897 1.0064 1.1322 1.2686
5 0.6549 0.7532 0.8041 0.8574 0.9705 1.0910 1.2235
10 0.6317 0.7267 0.7759 0.8276 0.9358 1.0528 1.1800
15 0.6092 0.7012 0.7492 0.7989 0.9038 1.0173 1.1394
20 0.5889 0.6779 0.7238 0.7725 0.8742 0.9830 1.1002
25 0.5694 0.6554 0.6997 0.7471 0.8443 0.9498 1.0637
30 0.5504 0.6337 0.6768 0.7225 0.8167 0.9191 1.0297
35 0.5334 0.6127 0.6550 0.6987 0.7900 0.8894 0.9969
40 0.5156 0.5936 0.6342 0.6769 0.7655 0.8607 0.9651
45 0.4997 0.5752 0.6144 0.6559 0.7418 0.8342 0.9344
50 0.4843 0.5573 0.5955 0.6355 0.7188 0.8084 0.9058
55 0.700 0.5405 0.5776 0.6159 0.6967 0.7837 0.8780

Table 3-3. Total Flooding Quantities, Volume Requirements of Argonite (US Standard, Mx [kg/ft.3])
Typical Design Concentration (% by Volume)

Temperature From NFPA 2001
(°F)
34 38 40 42 46 50 54
-20 0.02404 0.02765 0.02955 0.03151 0.03565 0.04010 0.04492
-10 0.02295 0.02642 0.02827 0.03013 0.03407 0.03829 0.04294
0 0.02199 0.02529 0.02706 0.02883 0.03259 0.03668 0.04109
10 0.02107 0.02422 0.02586 0.02759 0.03123 0.03513 0.03936
20 0.02019 0.02323 0.02479 0.02648 0.02991 0.03365 0.03770
30 0.01935 0.02228 0.02379 0.02538 0.02874 0.03232 0.03620
40 0.01858 0.02141 0.02284 0.02437 0.02758 0.03104 0.03476
50 0.01789 0.02058 0.02195 0.02343 0.02650 0.02981 0.03341
60 0.01722 0.01978 0.02111 0.02254 0.02550 0.02867 0.03212
70 0.01657 0.01904 0.02032 0.02171 0.02454 0.02761 0.03096
80 0.01595 0.01834 0.01957 0.02092 0.02366 0.02659 0.02979
90 0.01536 0.01770 0.01887 0.02015 0.02280 0.02564 0.02872
100 0.01482 0.01704 0.01821 0.01946 0.02198 0.02473 0.02771
110 0.01430 0.01645 0.01756 0.01874 0.02122 0.02385 0.02674
120 0.01383 0.01591 0.01696 0.01813 0.02049 0.02304 0.02585
130 0.01335 0.01536 0.01641 0.01750 0.01980 0.02227 0.02495

3-6 DESIGN CONCENTRATIONS

3-6.1 NFPA Design Concentrations
Class A:
The minimum design concentration for a Class A surface fire hazard shall be the
extinguishing concentration times a safety factor of 1.2.
Class B:
The minimum design concentration for a Class B fuel hazard or an only manually
actuated system shall be the extinguishing concentration times a safety factor of 1.3.
Class C:
The minimum design concentration for Class C hazards shall be at least that for a
Class A surface fire.
3-6.2 ISO Design Concentrations
The minimum design concentration for all hazards shall be the extinguishing concentration
of the flammable times a safety factor of 1.3.

3-7 DESIGN FACTORS

In addition to the concentration requirement, additional Argonite may be required due to special
conditions that would affect the extinguishing efficiency, such as non-closable openings and
their effect on distribution and maintaining concentration; reignition from heated surfaces;
enclosure geometry; and obstructions and their effect on distribution.
3-7.1 Effects of Altitude
At elevations above sea level, Argonite expands to a greater specific vapor. A system
designed for sea level will develop a greater concentration level at an elevation above
sea level. To correct for the effects of a higher elevation, the quantity of agent used
should be reduced. The correction factors are listed in Table 3-4.
Table 3-4. Elevation Correction Factors
Altitude Enclosure Pressure

Correction Factor
ft. km PSIA cm Hg
-3000 -0.92 16.25 84.00 1.11
-2000 -0.61 15.71 81.20 1.07
-1000 -0.30 15.23 78.70 1.04
0 0 14.71 76.00 1.00
1000 0.30 14.18 73.30 0.96
2000 0.61 13.64 70.50 0.93
3000 0.92 13.12 67.80 0.89
4000 1.22 12.58 65.00 0.86
5000 1.52 12.04 62.20 0.82
6000 1.83 11.53 59.60 0.78
7000 2.13 11.03 57.00 0.75
8000 2.44 10.64 55.00 0.72
9000 2.74 10.22 52.80 0.69
10000 3.05 9.77 50.50 0.66
Note: Multiply the correction factor by the seal level design quantity of Argonite to obtain the correct quantity
for a given altitude.

3-8 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

3-8.1 Leakage
Not only is it important that the Argonite design concentration be achieved within the
prescribed discharge time, but also that the extinguishing concentration is maintained
for the specified period of time to allow effective emergency action by trained personnel.
This is equally important in all classes of fires (A, B, C) since a persistent ignition source
(e.g., an arc, heat source, oxyacetylene torch or deep-seated fire) can lead to a resurgence
of the fire once the Argonite has dissipated.
It is necessary to insure that the agent leakage does not occur during discharge and that
the required concentration levels can be maintained for the entire holding period.
Guidelines as established by NFPA 2001 should be followed.
3-8.2 Temperature Considerations
During discharge the temperature within the protected enclosure will drop approximately
10°F to 20°F (5°C to 10°C). The temperature will rise again after approximately two to
three minutes.
3-8.3 Flow Calculation
The Kidde Fire Systems flow calculation program is required to design an Argonite system.
It is based on the input of:
Cylinder storage pressure at 70°F (21.1°C).
Hazard enclosure temperature (start of pipe).
Hazard enclosure volume(s), raised floor, room and suspended ceiling as applicable.
Specific Argonite Quantity (kg).
Argonite design concentration.
Cylinder size (15.9 L, 66.7 L or 80 L).
Number of cylinders.
Discharge time required (normally 60 seconds).
Minimum and maximum temperatures of the hazard.
Number of nozzles selected per hazard.
Piping data, estimated pipe dimensions and pipe schedule.
Maximum pressure the enclosure/building structure can withstand.
The program calculates and determines/verifies:
Orifice diameter for the restrictor.
Pipe sizes and required pipe schedule.
Maximum pressure in distribution pipe network.
Orifice diameter for each individual discharge nozzle.
Estimated size of pressure relief vent opening.
Final Argonite concentration for each protected hazard.

3-8.4 Calculation of Room Volume

The volume to be used in calculating the required amount of Argonite shall be the gross
enclosure volume less the volume of any internal building structures, such as columns.
The volume shall include ventilation ducts and other related volumes.
3-8.5 Quantity of Agent Calculation
The fire extinguishing or inerting concentrations shall be used in determining the
Argonite design concentration for a particular flammable. For combinations of
flammables, the extinguishing or inerting value for the flammable requiring the greatest
concentration shall be used.
Note: Both the minimum and maximum ambient temperature of the enclosure
are necessary to determine the proper amount of Argonite to be delivered
to the hazard.
If a common bank of cylinders is used for several hazards/systems, these shall be
calculated individually as if they were single systems. The number of cylinders required
for the cylinder bank will be based on the hazard with the largest demand, or the
largest demand required for protecting hazards that may be on fire simultaneously.
The quantity of extinguishant to be stored must, as a minimum, be adequate to
protect the largest hazard, and possibly other hazards if the risk exists of several
fires occurring simultaneously.
It is the project engineers responsibility that the design concentration is chosen based
on the following:
Integrity of the room.
Combustible flammables involved.
Design concentration equal to or higher than required by the most demanding
flammable.
Ventilation conditions.
Elevation/altitude.
Escape possibilities.
Personal safety in general.
3-8.6 Cylinder Content
At a filling pressure of 2900 PSI (200 bar) at 70°F (21.1°C), standard cylinders contain
the following:
Table 3-5. Cylinder Content
Cylinder Volume Nominal Filling Gas Used Gas Remaining

(L) 2900 PSI (200 bar) During Release After Release
15.9 4.4 kg 4.3 kg 0.1 kg
66.7 18.4 kg 18.2 kg 0.2 kg
80.0 22.1 kg 21.8 kg 0.3 kg

3-8.7 Cylinder/Volume Ratio, Class A and Class C Fires

Based on the cylinder size and pressure, each cylinder can protect the following volume
at 70°F (21.1°C):
Table 3-6. Cylinder/Volume Ratio, Class A and Class C Fires
Nominal Protected Volume

2900 PSI (200 bar)
Cylinder Volume
ISO NFPA
(L)
(30% Safety Factor) (30% Safety Factor)
ft.3 m3 ft.3 m3
15.9 205.80 5.83 228.80 6.48
66.7 863.60 24.45 959.50 27.17
80.0 1035.30 29.32 1150.60 32.58
Values are based on the following equation: Venc = Mgas / Mx

For MGas, refer to Table 3-5. For Mx, refer to Paragraph 3-5.1.
3-8.8 Cylinder/Volume Ratio, Class B Fires (n-Heptane)
Based on the cylinder size and pressure, each cylinder can protect the following volume
at 70°F (21.1°C):
Table 3-7. Cylinder/Volume Ratio, Class B Fires (n-Heptane)
Nominal Protected Volume

2900 PSI (200 bar)
Cylinder Volume
ISO NFPA
(L)
(30% Safety Factor) (30% Safety Factor)
ft.3 m3 ft.3 m3
15.9 219.70 6.22 219.70 6.22
66.7 921.80 26.10 921.80 26.10
80.0 1105.00 31.29 1105.00 31.29
Values are based on the following equation: Venc = MGas / Mx

For MGas, refer to Table 3-5; for Mx, refer to Paragraph 3-5.1.

3-9 NOZZLES
3-9.1 Selecting the Number of Nozzles
The nozzles are designed for 360° coverage. The maximum coverage of a single nozzle
is 1,254 ft.2 (116.5 m2).
The 360° nozzle cannot be mounted in a corner or against a wall. The maximum
nozzle discharge radius is 25 ft. (7.6 m), with the longest side not to exceed 35 ft.,
5 in. (10.8 m). These nozzles should be centered in the area of protection when
multiple nozzles are discharged into the same hazard.
The height of the room shall range between 1 ft. (0.31 m) and 16 ft. (4.88 m) from floor
to ceiling. The nozzle should be placed as close or near to the containers as possible to
minimize system piping. The ceiling tiles in the hazard area must be clipped to hold them
in place during a discharge and prevent damage.
35’ 5”
25’ 25’
35’ 5”
25’ 25’
RECOMMENDED
Figure 3-1. 360° Nozzle Determination
Note: The maximum enclosure height that may be flooded by a single tier of nozzles is
16 ft. (4.88 m). For enclosures with ceiling heights above 16 ft. (4.88 m), nozzles
shall be placed at multiple levels/elevations to a maximum height per elevation of
16 ft. (4.88 m).
The number of nozzles, their size and location in the distribution piping network shall be such
that the desired design concentration will be established within the specified discharge time in
all parts of the protected enclosure, and such that the discharge will not unduly splash flammable
liquids or create dust clouds that could extend the fire, create an explosion, harm any personnel
occupying the enclosure or otherwise adversely affect the contents or integrity of the enclosure.
Kidde Fire Systems supplies nozzles ranging in size from 1/2 to 1½ (15 mm to 40 mm), with
orifices from 3 mm to 26 mm. The quantity of Argonite per nozzle will vary based on pressure
and orifice size.
Note: In an Argonite system, pipe diameters, nozzle sizes, nozzle orifices and restrictor
sizes must be verified by the Kidde Fire Systems Argonite flow calculation Software.

When determining the number of nozzles to be used in a system, the shape of the enclosure
(area and volume) as well as the shape of any protected voids (raised floor, suspended ceiling)
must be taken into account. Other important considerations include: installed equipment in the
enclosure/void (chimney effect); pressure in the pipe (pipe wall thickness); obstructions that
may affect the distribution of the discharged Argonite; and architectural considerations, i.e., a
warehouse may allow for the use of a 1½ in. (38 mm) nozzle whereas an office environment
may require a number of smaller nozzles.
In hazards with suspended ceilings, room nozzles shall be installed in such a way that the jets
from the nozzles do not damage the ceiling tiles during discharge. For lightweight ceiling tiles,
it is recommended that the tiles be securely anchored around each discharge nozzle. In addition,
consideration shall also be given to having nozzles installed above the ceiling (simultaneous
discharge) in order to equalize the pressure during discharge, thus reducing the risk of
unnecessarily damaging ceiling tiles.
3-9.2 Underfloor Nozzles
The maximum area of coverage for a single nozzle in an underfloor is 35' 5" x 35' 5"
(10.8 m x 10.8 m), or 1,254 ft.2 (116.5 m2), with the same limitations on height and
positioning noted in the preceding paragraphs. The MINIMUM height of an underfloor
that may be protected is 12 in. (305 mm). The coverage possible in an underfloor is
dependent upon the density of cables, runways, and other equipment that might be
present in the underfloor space. The maximum nozzle coverage should be used only for
underfloors that will be relatively open. This requires some judgment on the part of the
designer, but in general, if the horizontal line of sight is more than 70% obstructed in an
underfloor, these maximum figures should be reduced by 50%.
In protected hazards with underfloors that are unprotected and not gas tight,
consideration shall be given to having nozzles installed below the floor (simultaneous
discharge) in order to equalize the pressure and achieve the extinguishing concentration
below the floor.
3-9.3 Nozzle Location
The nozzle(s) may be positioned flush with the ceiling or within 7.5 in. (191 mm) of the
ceiling with the design radius covering the required area.
PIPING
PIPING
CEILING CEILING
NOZZLE
7.5 in.
(191 mm)
NOZZLE
Figure 3-2. Nozzle Location

3-10 FLOW SPLITS AT ALL TEES

Argonite systems do not have to be balanced systems. When using tees in an Argonite piping
network, the flow split can be as little as 5% to as much as 95% in any configuration. Tees can
be orientated in any direction or configuration.
3-11 EXTINGUISHING EFFECT
The extinguishant Argonite is a 50/50 mixture of Nitrogen and Argon (N2 /Ar). When Argonite
is discharged, an inert atmosphere is created in the protected hazard. Within a short time,
the fire will be suffocated as the oxygen content will decrease from the normal 20.9% to 15
to 10% (depending on the flammables involved).
For most flammable liquids and solid materials, a 15% oxygen level is the lowest limit at which
a fire can be sustained; however 30% safety factor requirements result in the 12 to 10% oxygen
level. A 10% oxygen level is the lowest limit acceptable for short-term personnel occupancy in
the protected hazard/room. (In Denmark the lowest acceptable oxygen level is 11%.)


CHAPTER 4
ARGONITE® SYSTEM DESIGN
4-1 FLOW CALCULATION

Pipe and nozzles for Kidde Fire Systems Argonite® fire suppression systems are sized using the
Kidde Fire Systems Argonite InertGas Flow Software (IFS). The software is based on recognized
hydraulic theory and the results of the program have been verified in rigorous laboratory tests.
Calculations made with this software have been checked by Factory Mutual to assure accuracy
and determine its limitations. The calculations are based on an ambient cylinder temperature of
70°F ± 10°F (21.1°C ± 5.5°C). Therefore, the cylinder shall be located in a climate controlled
environment to ensure the temperature is consistently within this range. Calculations performed
on systems where the cylinders are not maintained within this range may not be accurate and
the designed quantities of agent may not be discharged from one or more discharge nozzles.
4-2 SYSTEM CHECK
While the basic computer program used for calculating pipe and orifice sizes cannot be checked
by manual means, there is a definite need to check the input information upon which the
calculation is based. Since there may be inadvertent or necessary changes due to on-site job
conditions, it is also essential to check the system as calculated against the system as installed.


CHAPTER 5
HYDRAULIC FLOW CALCULATION PROGRAM
5-1 INTRODUCTION
The Argonite® InertGas Flow Software (IFS) has been written within the Windows® environment.
Installation procedures will be provided with the software. (It is our assumption that the user
has a basic knowledge of this operating system and its operation will not be addressed within
this manual.) The computer program will establish pipe sizes as well as calculate terminal
pressures, discharge time and nozzle drill sizes. The primary requirement for a proper calculation
is to ensure that the system is modeled into the computer program correctly. Therefore, the
input parameters may be printed out as well as the calculation results. This makes it possible to
verify the input data against the intended design parameters and/or the actual installation. It is
possible to input either kilograms required for each nozzle or the existing nozzle drill size (fixed
code).
The Argonite IFS program has been divided into three main areas:
1. Commands Available.
2. Output.
3. File Utilities.
Note: The calculation information can be entered and displayed in US Standard or Metric
units. It can be converted at any time upon command by simply using the metric
check box.
Figure 5-1. Introductory Screen

5-2 COMMANDS AVAILABLE

This area has been subdivided into the following categories:
System Information
Hazard Information
Piping Model Data
Calculate and Display Results
Clear All Current Data
Figure 5-2. Commands Available

5-1.1 System Information

Within the Systems Information screen (Figure 5-3), there are four sub-menus:
1. Project Data
2. Revision
3. Configuration Variables
4. Cylinder Data
Figure 5-3. System Information Screen
5-1.1.1 PROJECT DATA

The Project Data section consists of the following data:
Project Number:
Reference number
Project Name:
Name of project or end user
Site Location:
Installation location
Hazard Name:
Name of protected hazard
Note: IMPORTANTDo not enter a comma , in these fields as it is an
illegal character.

5-1.1.2 Revision
This data field is used to track versions/changes on a specific data file and/or submittal.
5-1.1.3 Configuration Variables
Report Title:
The data entered here will appear in the general heading area on all printouts. The
intended use is to allow Kidde Fire Systems distributors to incorporate their company
name into the printouts.
Altitude:
Select a value between -3,000 to 10,000 feet (-914 m to 3,048 m) above sea level.
This has an effect on the quantity of gas required.
Discharge Time:
Set to 60 seconds by default. For industrial applications, the discharge time should
be set to 60 seconds; for Marine applications, the discharge time should be set to
120 seconds.
Other countries/authorities having jurisdiction may have different requirements than
those stated above. Discharge time refers to the time required to discharge 95% of the
design quantity into the appropriate area for an industrial application, or the time required
to discharge 85% of the design quantity for marine applications.
5-1.1.4 Cylinder Data
The Cylinder Data section consists of the following data:
Total Number of Cylinders (Main):
The number of cylinders required to contain the amount of Argonite required for a
discharge. If the Automatic Cylinder Selection option is checked, this value is assigned
automatically by the program. This option is checked by default.
Cylinder Selection: (Figure 5-4)
If the automatic cylinder selection option is checked, the computer automatically
picks the fewest possible cylinders of the same capacity. You have the option of
changing both the cylinder type and the cylinder quantity. Per NFPA 2001, when
using inert agents such as Argonite, it is acceptable to manifold different sized cylinders
together. The cylinder selection form allows you to do that easily. By depressing the
<Close> button in the lower right corner, the form will close and return you to the
System Information screen (Figure 5-3). After completing this part, the total number
of cylinders is displayed in the cylinder data section, along with the total amount of
Argonite that will be supplied.
Pipe Temperature:
The initial pipe temperature should be entered here.

Main/Reserve:
Adjusts the quantity of equipment for the Bill of Material printout.
Figure 5-4. Cylinder Selection
5-1.2 Hazard Information

Within the Hazard Information screen (Figure 5-5), there are three subcategories:
1. Hazard Data
2. Area
3. Area Nozzle List
Figure 5-5. Hazard Information Screen

5-1.2.1 HAZARD DATA

The first section is used to input the hazard area name(s) for reference, the fire
type, concentration and temperatures. More than one area name may be included;
however, each area name must be entered separately.
Area Name:
Enter the name of the specific area.
Type:
By default, this option is set to a Class A type fire.
Conc (% Concentration):
This is the minimum percentage of Argonite concentration required for this
specific area. By default this option is set at 37.9%, values lower than 37.9%
are not approved.
Min. Temp.:
Enter the minimum ambient temperature for the area. By default this value is
set at 70°F (21.1°C). This is the temperature used in determining the amount
of Argonite required for the desired concentration.
Max. Temp.:
Enter the maximum ambient temperature for the area. By default, this value
is set at 70°F (21.1°C).
To edit an area after data has been entered, simply click on the areas name.
You can identify what area is being edited at any time by looking at the current
area label.
5-1.2.2 AREA
Enter the appropriate values in the length, width and height field and the
program will compute the area volume as well as the minimum quantity of
Argonite for that area based upon the hazard type, temperature, and
concentration previously entered.
As you will note, the width and height columns are set to a default value of 1. If
only the volume of the area is known, enter it into the length column, and
leave the width and height as the default Mathematically, the value will be identical.
As data is entered, the program updates the total volume and total weight columns
automatically. To add more areas once the dimensions are inputted, simply click
the add button.
5-1.2.3 AREA NOZZLE LIST
Each area must have one or more radial nozzle with NPT pipe threads associated
with it. Each nozzle will have a unique ID number. When automatically assigned,
these numbers will be incremental, starting with 301.
To add nozzles, you can add the recommended nozzle number generated by the
software by simply pressing the add button.

5-1.3 Piping Data

The piping information is the heart of the system model. This area is where the pipe data
and the agent mass per nozzle is recorded. Several pieces of data are required; Paragraph
5-1.3.2 provides a brief description of each of the columns.
Figure 5-6. Piping Model Data Screen
5-1.3.1 SYSTEM DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR SECTIONING OF PIPE

The first step is to make an isometric sketch of the system. All rises and drops
should be noted, as well as other known pertinent data such as manifold size and
pipe schedule.
A separate pipe section is required for any one of the following conditions:
Change in Pipe Diameter.
Change in Pipe Schedule.
Divisions of Flow (as at a tee).
Rise or drop in elevation greater than 5 ft. (1.52 m).
Before and after the restrictor.
Before and after a selector valve (if applicable).

5-1.3.1.1 Terminal Points

All terminal points should progress in logical numeric succession. The
starting point (point 1) is located at the bottom of the first cylinder.
From here the subsequent points are plotted moving toward the
discharge nozzles.
A terminal point is placed upstream of (before) a tee where a division
of flow occurs. Where flow is routed through only one branch of a tee,
a terminal number can be omitted if none of the four conditions
mentioned above occurs.
A selector valve, if used, should be kept as close to the beginning of a
section as possible (within approximately 2 ft. (0.61 m). A selector valve
can begin a section by placing the terminal point at the valves inlet.
A terminal point should be located at the start of a rise or drop of
greater than 5 ft. (1.52 m).
Number the terminal points consecutively to the end of each distribution
section. Do not duplicate numbers on the same hazard calculation.
Multi-hazard systems demand close attention. The hazard requiring
the greatest quantity of Argonite should be calculated first, since it will
establish the size of the manifold and main discharge header. These
sizes must be used in calculations for the other hazards.
5-1.3.2 COLUMN HEADINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS
Nodes:
These points identify the section of pipe, nozzle or a cylinder that is
being modeled.
Start:
This indicates the beginning of a pipe, manifold, or cylinder section.
End:
This indicates the end of the same section.
Cylinder Qty:
The quantity of cylinders flowing through this specific section of manifold
piping. Enter a quantity of zero (0) to indicate distribution piping. Enter an R
to designate a restrictor.

Figure 5-7. Piping Model with Restrictor
Pipe Len:
Length of pipe in feet or meters, as applicable.
Pipe Elev:
Change of elevation within the pipe section, expressed in feet or meters.
- A positive number indicates a rise in elevation.
- A negative number indicates a drop in elevation.
- A zero indicates no change in elevation.
Pipe Type:
There are several types of pipe available for use, which are accessible through
the drop-down menu:
- 40T: Schedule 40 pipe with threaded fittings.
- 40W: Schedule 40 pipe with welded fittings.
- XXST: Schedule Extra Extra Strong with threaded fittings.
- XXSW: Schedule Extra Extra Strong with welded fittings.
By default, manifolds and restrictors are Schedule 160T. After the restrictor,
Schedule 40T pipe is allowed. When performing the calculation, the program will
automatically change the pipe schedule to what is required, based on the maximum
pressure downstream of the orifice.

Figure 5-8. Piping Data, Type of Pipe
Size:
Pipe diameter is selected in this column. By accessing the pop-down window,
choices from 0 (no fixed pipe size) to 8" are available. If a 0" is selected,
the program will calculate the pipe sizes.
Fitting:
90 and 45 degree elbows and tees for installation.
Table 5-1. Fitting Details
Fitting Equivalent Number of Elbows
90° Elbow 1.0
45° Elbow 0.5
- 90s:
Number of 90 degree elbows in the pipe section. When 45 degree elbows are
used, they are treated as an equivalent number of elbows. In this case, 0.5
should be included for each 45 degree elbow and included in the 90s field.
- Tee/Valve:
Used when a separation of agent flow is required.
a. None:
Choose this option if no tees are in this pipe section.
b. Thru:
If the beginning of the pipe section begins with a thru tee choose this
option. If the side branch of a tee is used to provide pressure for tripping
a pressure switch or pressure release, it is treated as an equivalent number
of elbows. In this case, 0.6 should be included in the 90s field.

Figure 5-9. Piping Data, Fittings, Tee/Valve
c. Side:
If the beginning of the pipe section begins with a side tee, choose this
option. If one of the thru branches of a tee is used to provide pressure for
tripping a pressure switch or pressure release, it is treated as an equivalent
number of elbows. In this case, 2.0 should be included in the 90s field.
d. Blow Out:
Choose this option if a tee used in the pipe section is part of a blow out,
i.e., the last nozzle on a branch line.
e. Sel. Valve:
This option defines a selector valve in the piping model. Selector valves
are available in 1/2 in. (15 mm) to 2 in. (50 mm) sizes. These valves
should be located as close to the manifold as possible.
- Union:
The number of couplings or unions in the pipe section.
Kilograms Reqd:
The number of kilograms required to be discharged from this particular
nozzle, when the option Fixed Pounds is selected. If the Fixed Orifice
option is selected, the value in this field will represent the nozzle orifice
drill diameter.
Equiv. Length:
The equivalent length of a cylinder assembly, check valve, or other unique
components that may be needed in some systems.

Fixed Weight and Fixed Orifices:

It is possible to input either the pounds or kilograms required for each
nozzle or the existing nozzle orifice drill diameter. The program has the
flexibility to calculate an existing system model by allowing the nozzle
orifice diameter to be input as data. The combination of both weight required
from one nozzle and the orifice diameter of the second nozzle is not
permitted and cannot be calculated.
- Fixed Kg:
This radio button should be on when the values in the Kg Required column
indicate the quantity of Kg required to be discharged from a particular
nozzle.
- Fixed Orifices:
This radio button should be on when the values in the Kg Required column
indicate the actual nozzle drill diameter in mm for a particular nozzle.
5-2.4 Calculate and Display Results
By clicking on the Calculate and Display Results button, the data file will be passed on to
the calculation module for processing. Once the calculation process is completed, the
results will be displayed on five different screens:
Calculation Results
Nozzle Performance
Concentration Summary
Venting
Error Messages
Note: Due to the complicated math involved, sometimes the calculation module
freezes or stops responding. If that happens, simply press the <Cancel>
button on the calculation splash screen.
5-2.4.1 CALCULATION RESULTS
The Calculation Results screen depicts the cylinder information and the piping
model information.
Conditions
- Storage Pressure:
The starting pressure prior to the cylinder actuation.
- Maximum Pressure After Orifice:
The maximum pressure in the piping network after the restrictor. This
value is the result of the first calculated increment.
- Cylinders:
The quantity and type of cylinders selected.
Total Kg of Argonite:
The total amount of Argonite within all the cylinders.

Figure 5-10. Calculation Results
Piping Results
- Section Nodes:
The starting and ending nodes for a particular section of the pipe model.
- Nominal Pipe Size:
The computed or inputted pipe size and schedule.
Note: Pipe selection and pressure ratings are based on the use of A-53B/A-
106B SMLS carbon steel pipe with a maximum allowable stress value
(SE) of 18000 PSI (1241 bar).
- Length:
Length of pipe within the section, including elevation changes.
- Elev:
The length of an elevation change within the section of pipe.
- EQL:
Total equivalent length of the section of pipe. This includes pipe, elbows,
tees, couplings, unions, valves and any additional information inputted
into the equivalent length column of the data file.
- Start PSIA (Bar):
The pressure at the beginning of the section.
- Term PSIA (Bar):
The pressure at the termination of the section.

- Flow Rate:
The flow rate through the pipe section displayed in lb./min., or kg/min. if the
metric option is enabled.
Note: Kidde Fire Systems calculation displays instantaneous flow rates. Since
flow rates vary throughout the discharge due to cylinder pressure
recession, the product of the flow rate times the discharge time will
NOT, in general, equal the total quantity of agent. The instantaneous
flow rates are provided for information only and should not be considered
in the evaluation of calculations.
5-2.4.2 NOZZLE PERFORMANCE
Nozzle:
The identification number given to a specific nozzle.
Nozzle Size:
The selected or computed size and schedule of a nozzle.
Nozzle Description:
Description of the nozzle used or the restrictor.
Orifice Drill Dia:
The nozzle drill code that was calculated by the program.
If N/A is displayed in this column, then there is no nozzle available, which
makes the calculation invalid. Note the pipe size of the nozzle in question,
return to the piping model, change the pipe size of that particular nozzle to
something other than the calculated pipe size and rerun the calculation.
Stock Number:
The Kidde Fire Systems stock number for the particular nozzle. If the stock
number ends with 3 dashes (), this indicates that while the nozzle was
calculated, the nozzle selected is either a nozzle that Kidde Fire Systems does
not sell or that the orifice diameter calculated falls outside of our design
parameters. This makes the calculation invalid.
Argonite Discharged:
The quantity of Argonite discharged through a particular nozzle.

Figure 5-11. Nozzle Performance
5-2.4.3 HAZARD CONCENTRATION RESULTS

This screen is divided into two areas:
1. Concentration Summary
2. Hazard Performance Summary
Concentration Summary
- Hazard:
The designation for each area inputted.
- Room Volume:
The dimensional volume of a particular hazard.
- Total Kg Discharged:
The quantity of Argonite that was discharged into a particular hazard area.
- Concentration Requested:
Based on the data input, the desired concentration.
- Min. Concentration Achieved:
Based on the results of the calculation, the concentration that was achieved
based on the minimum hazard temperature given.
- Max. Concentration Achieved:
Based on the results of the calculation, the concentration that was achieved
based on the maximum hazard temperature given.

- O2% @ Max.:
The percentage of oxygen left in the hazard area after the discharge based
on the minimum temperature. This is dependent on the maximum
concentration achieved. This value is based on a 20.9% O2 quantity in the
hazard prior to the discharge.
Hazard Performance Summary
- Hazard:
The designation of each area inputted.
- Room Volume:
The dimensional volume of the hazard.
- Kg Req. for Hazard:
The kilograms of agent required to achieve the desired concentration.
- Kg Disch. in Hazard:
The quantity of Argonite that was discharged into the hazard.
- Kg Req. in 60 Sec.:
95% of the agent required for a particular hazard MUST be discharged in
60 seconds. This value represents the 95% requirement.
- Kg Disch. in 60 Sec.:
The quantity of Argonite discharged in 60 seconds.
- Pass or Fail:
If the amount of agent discharged into the hazard is greater than or equal
to the kilograms required for the hazard AND the amount of Argonite
discharged in the hazard in 60 seconds is greater than or equal to the
kilograms required in 60 seconds, then PASS is displayed. If not,
concentration in general is not achieved and FAIL is displayed. However,
even if PASS is displayed, there may still be errors in the calculation.
Check the error messages.

Figure 5-12. Hazard Concentration Results
Venting Requirement
- Hazard:
The designation for each area inputted.
- Argonite Flow Rate:
The maximum flow rate into the hazard. This value comes from the first
calculated increment.
- Venting Safety Factor:
By default this is set to 3. Other values may be chosen based on engineering
judgment.
- Enclosure Strength:
This is a factor based on the International Building Code (IBC). A default
value of 5 lb./ft.2 is used, based on an internal partition made of wood and
drywall. Other values can be chosen based on engineering judgment. Before
changing the strength of the enclosure, check with the architect to verify
its IBC factor.

Figure 5-13. Venting Requirement
The pressure venting calculation for an inert gas discharge into an enclosure is
based on the following. The following derivation uses the equation for flow through
an orifice as the starting point.
w = 0.525 ⋅ d 2 C P i ⋅ ρ
w = lb./sec. of atmosphere flowing out of vent
d = diameter of vent opening (inches)
C = flow coefficient
Pi = pressure differential across vent opening in psi
r = density (lb./cu. ft.) of atmosphere flowing through vent
d 2 = w / (0.525 ⋅ C P i ⋅ ρ)
X (area of orifice in square inches) = d2 ð/4
W (flow in lb./min.) = 60 w
X = W / (401
. ⋅ C P i ⋅ ρ)
144 Pi (lb./sq. in.) = Pf (lb./sq. ft.)
X = W / (3.34 ⋅ C P f ⋅ ρ)

For an inert gas heavier than air, a conservative vent area will be calculated
assuming:
1. Maximum flow rate of inert gas into the enclosure
2. The atmosphere being vented is comprised solely of air from the enclosure.
For example, consider Argonite with a specific gravity relative to air of 1.18.
Under equilibrium pressure conditions, for every unit mass of Argonite entering
the enclosure, 0.847 units of air mass will exit the enclosure.
Since flow calculations for Argonite discharge systems provide mass flow rates
for Argonite, it is useful to convert the vent area equation to use the Argonite
mass flow rate as an input quantity.
Let W equal the peak calculated mass flow rate of Argonite in kg/min. Then:
X = W /(1867
. ⋅ C P f ⋅ ρ)
Substituting 0.07528 lb./cu. ft. (the density of air at 68°F and 1 atmosphere), the
final equation is:
X = 195
. ⋅W / ( C P f )
C is the flow coefficient for the vent opening. The value of C depends on the
geometry of the opening, the type of louver or screen which is on the opening,
the flow velocity through the opening, and other factors. If an actual value for C
is available for the specific vent in a system, that value may be used. In most
cases, the value for C will not be available. A reasonably conservative value for a
louvered vent is 0.5. Using C = 0.5 and rounding the numerical constant gives
the generalized equation:
X = 4 ⋅W / Pf
The above equation gives the area of an orifice through the enclosure boundary
through which a volume of air just equal to the injected volume of Argonite will
flow with a pressure differential P across the orifice.
Theoretically a vent of area X will limit the pressure in the enclosure to P during
an Argonite discharge at a rate of W. In application, P is the maximum permitted
pressure across the boundary of the enclosure which will not cause structural
damage to the enclosure; W is the peak mass flow rate of Argonite into the
enclosure. Various physical unknowns make it mandatory to build a safety factor
S into the calculation. The resulting equation is:
X = 4 ⋅W / P f / S
The maximum permitted pressure is divided by the safety factor thus limiting, in
theory, pressure in the enclosure to P/S.
In the Argonite Flow Calculation Program, the vent calculation procedure uses a
default safety factor of 3. The user may choose other values for the safety factor
based on his engineering judgment.
In using the pressure vent calculation, it is essential to note that the calculation
assumes a simple vent opening through a wall, floor or ceiling discharging directly
to outside atmosphere. The calculation is theoretically similar to that given in
NFPA 12 for carbon dioxide systems.

The calculation is not valid for vents discharging into ductwork. For vents that
discharge into a duct or plenum and then to outdoor atmospheric pressure, the
pressure losses due to flow through the conduit must be considered. For vents
discharging into adjacent rooms or anywhere except to outdoor atmospheric
pressure, the effects of pressure variations on the outlet side of the vent opening
must be considered. Such special cases require analysis by an engineer with
expertise in air movement systems.
5-2.4.4 ERROR MESSAGES
This screen will display various piping model input errors and/or system calculation
errors. The following is a list of error messages generated by the calculation math
module after the initial error checking is performed and/or the calculation is
complete.
Figure 5-14. Error Messages
A. Errors involving specification of pipe sections and tee branches

- (9) Section ### - ### has more than one tee.
- (13) Section ### - ### shows tee with no matching branch.
- (14) Section ### - ### and section ### - ### show branching without
proper tees.
- (15) Section ### - ### and section ### - ### do not have enough tees
specified.
- (16) ErrorSection ### - ### has more than two outlets.
- (22) ErrorManifold section may not feed nozzle branch directly. Section
### - ### is shown as manifold section.
- (23) Section ### - ### shows zero flow - check data. Nozzle designators
must be 301 or greater. Manifold sections need a manifold indicator.
- (22a) No manifold orifice found in system.

B. Errors due to excessive system pressure, excessive pressure loss in

the system, or excessively large pipe volume
- Error during pressure drop calculation run number 1.
Problem: Extreme pressure drop with the pipe section terminal pressure
approaching zero is calculated for the first increment of Argonite leaving
the storage container. This is usually caused by a fixed piping/nozzle network
that cannot accommodate the required flow rate. This is also caused by
errors in specifying the quantity of Argonite to be discharged from the
nozzles or by discharge times that are too short.
Calculation of fixed pipe and fixed nozzle system fails. Piping system
is too long or pipe sizes too small or nozzle sizes too large.
Problem: This is usually caused when a fixed piping/nozzle network cannot
accommodate the required flow rate, or the pressure falls below the minimum
430 PSIA.
Pressure falls below 20 bar for first increment of Argonite discharging
from cylinder in Section ### to ###. Take measures to decrease
pressure losslengthen discharge time, increase number of cylinders,
shorten pipe runs, check fixed pipe sizes.
Problem: Extreme pressure drop with the pipe sections terminal pressure
below 20 bar during the first calculated increment of Argonite leaving the
storage container. This is usually caused by a fixed piping/nozzle network that
cannot accommodate the required flow rate. This is also caused by errors in
specifying the quantity of Argonite to be discharged from the nozzles or by
discharge times that are too short.
Maximum pipe schedule is not sufficient for downstream pressure.
Problem: The maximum pressure downstream of the restrictor is greater
than what our greatest pipe schedule can handle, i.e., Schedule XXS cannot
handle the maximum pressure in the piping.
Pressure in section ### - ### drops to ### psia. Check for fixed
pipe sizes, excessive pipe lengths or flow rates.
Problem: Extreme pressure drop with the pipe sections terminal pressure
below 430 PSIA during the first calculated increment of Argonite leaving the
storage container. This is usually caused by a fixed piping/nozzle network that
cannot accommodate the required flow rate. This is also caused by errors in
specifying the quantity of Argonite to be discharged from the nozzles or by
discharge times that are too short.
Calculated flow velocity exceeds velocity of sound in section ### -
### during ##% increment.
Problem: Choked Flow in pipe section may result in unpredictable pressure
downstream of the pipe section in question. Possible causes include a fixed
piping/nozzle network that cannot accommodate the required flow rate. This
is also caused by errors in specifying the quantity of Argonite to be discharged
from the nozzles, or by discharge times which are too short. If the restrictor is
a fixed orifice in the input, it is too small. Pressure drop through the orifice
cannot be more than 51% of the incoming pressure to the restrictor.

Warning: Flow rate is too low to pressurize pipe within calculated time.
Actual pressure in pipe may not reach calculated pressures.
Problem: The percent of the stored Argonite needed to pressurize the pipe to
peak pressure is greater than 11% of the total stored Argonite. In such
instances, the actual system pressures fail to reach the theoretically predicted
pressure. This is usually caused by excessive pipe volume (large pipe ID and/
or very long pipe runs).
Warning: Pipe schedule in section ### to ### is thinner than required.
- This warning is based on the use of A-53B or A-106B seamless pipe with
SE = 18000.
- This pipe has a maximum pressure rating of #### psi for the
required diameter.
Problem: The calculated maximum pressure in the specified section of pipe is
greater than what the pipe schedule designated for that pipe section can handle.
To fix this, increase the pipe schedule in the specified pipe section.
Branch piping leading to Nozzle ### is too long. ### seconds to reach
peak pressure - maximum allowable time is ### seconds. Actual
pressure and quantity at nozzles may not match calculation.
Problem: Extreme difference in length, pipe volume or flow rate among branch
lines leading to various nozzles may cause unpredictable variation between
predicted and actual pressure at system nozzles. Resolution: move nozzles
closer together or redesign to eliminate excessive pipe length.
Pressures fell below minimums as ##% increment left cylinder. -or
Warning: Flow calculation failed to converge after ## percentile of
agent discharge.
Problem: If pressure drop and flow rates fail to converge for a calculation of
an increment less than the 50th percent increment leaving the storage cylinder,
the system calculation may be unreliable. Usually caused by fixed pipe sizes
and/or excessively long pipe runs.
Warning: Flow of ###.## in section ### - ### is above maximum of
###.## kg/min.
Problem: The pipe size is to small for the specified section of pipe. It has
exceeded the limits established during agency testing. To fix this, increase the
pipe diameter.
C. Error messages for when ULC Listing and FM Approval limits are
exceeded:
- Warning: Flow in section ### - ### is below minimum for complete
turbulence.
- Warning: Pipe volume exceeds 60% of cylinder volume. Pressure drop
calculation may be unreliable.
- Warning: Flow in section ### - ### is below minimum of ###.## kg/
min.
- Ratio of orifice diameter to feed pipe diameter > 65% for manifold orifice.
- Ratio of orifice diameter to feed pipe diameter < 30% for manifold orifice.
- Warning: Nozzle pressure for ### is below 430 psia minimum.

- Ratio of orifice diameter to feed pipe diameter > 65% for nozzle ###.
- Ratio of orifice diameter to feed pipe diameter < 20% for nozzle ###.
- Warning: Flow in section ### - ### is below minimum of ###.## kg/
min.
- Warning: Flow of ###.## in section ### - ### is above maximum of
###.## kg/min.
- Warning: Flow in section ### - ### is below minimum for complete
turbulence.
- Warning: Manifold orifice union size must match feed pipe size.
- Warning: Manifold orifice diameter exceeds diameter of section ### -
### increase pipe diameter in this section to match nominal size of
restrictor.
- After manifold, orifice pipe length must be at least 10 pipe diameters
before flow may be split at a tee.
- Warning: Section ### - ### side outlet branch of side/thru tee carries
## % of flow. Maximum branch flow from side tee is 95 percent.
- Warning: Section ### - ### bullhead tee minor flow branch carries ##%
of flow. Minimum branch flow from bullhead tee is 5 percent.
- Warning: Section ### - ### side outlet flow branch of side/thru tee
carries ##% of flow. Minimum branch flow from side tee is 5 percent.
D. Miscellaneous Error Messages
- (101) Problem with drill diameter table in flow program.
Orifice diameter for Nozzle XXX is greater than what is available. Take
necessary steps to decrease flow rate of nozzle.
Problem: The theoretical drill orifice of this nozzle is greater than 26 mm.
If this happens, the calculation program can no longer calc the flow out of
that nozzle, since the orifice is greater than what we have approved. To fix
this, add more nozzles to decrease the flow rate of the nozzle, thus
decreasing the theoretical orifice.
Orifice diameter for Restrictor is greater than what is available. Take
the necessary steps to decrease flow rate of system and/or check
for fixed pipe sizes.
Problem: The theoretical drill orifice of the restrictor is greater than 57
mm. If this happens, the calculation program can no longer calc the
flow of the system, since the restrictor orifice is greater than what we
have approved. To fix this, decrease the flow rate of the system by
lengthening the discharge time in the System Information screen or by
shortening pipe lengths.

5-2.5 Print Data and Results or Print Output Results

This screen will allow the user to send both the results of the calculation and/or the
input data used for the calculation to either a selected printer or to an ASCII file on a
disk drive.
Figure 5-15. Print Data and Results or Print Output Results
5-2.5.1 ITEMS TO PRINT

Input Data Listing:
When this option is selected, clicking on the adjacent option box will output
the data file.
Calculation Results:
The selection of this option will output the results of the calculation.
Bill Of Material:
The mechanical Argonite system Bill of Material, including pipe and
pipe fittings.
5-2.5.2 OUTPUT UNITS
English:
This option will output the required information with standard English units.
Metric:
This selection will produce a metric unit output.
Note: The input data file will be output in the same units of measurement as
that selected for the data input. The units used to create the input data
file will be designated as (Current) after the appropriate units.

5-2.5.3 CONFIGURE PRINTER

There are numerous types of printers on the market and the program is designed
to incorporate a wide range of printers. It is advisable to click on Configure Printer
to verify the current Windows selected printer.
5-2.5.4 PRINTER FONT
There are virtually hundreds of fonts available in the industry today. Even though
the program will accept and use a number of them, the suggested font is ARIAL.
This font is commonly found within the Windows list of available fonts. However,
there are a number of acceptable fonts and by selecting and trying these fonts,
based on the numerous styles and types of printers, Kidde Fire Systems cannot
assure you of satisfactory results. The printout uses various configurations and
sizes to produce its hard copy printout.
Figure 5-16. Print Font Selection
5-2.5.5 PRINT TO FILE

Should this option be selected, the data requested will be sent to a file on the
selected disk drive. The user will be asked to verify the drive, path, and file name
prior to the data being written to the file. The outputted data will be in Standard
ASCII format and may be imported into various programs for incorporation into
drawings, manuals, etc.
5-2.5.6 PRINT
Clicking on this command will start the printing or writing of the selected data.
5-2.6 Clear All Current Data
When this command is executed the current data file will be cleared from all fields to
allow for entry of new data. If the current data file has modifications that have not been
saved, the program will prompt for verification prior to executing the command.

5-3 OUTPUT
This area will allow the user to export either the data file or calculation results.
5-3.1 Print Data and Results
Refer to Section 5.1.5.
5-4 FILE UTILITIES
This is the data file maintenance section of the program.
5-4.1 Load
An existing data file, stored on a disk drive, may be loaded into the program for
modifications or recalculation.
5-4.1.1 SAVE
The current data file may be saved to a disk drive for historical information.
5-4.1.2 DELETE
A data file may be erased from a disk drive. However, please note that once
the data file has been deleted, it cannot be retrieved.
5-4.2 Exit
The exit button will unload the program and return you to the previous Windows®
system screen.
5-4.3 Vol./Lb./% Calculate (Vol./Kg/% Calc)
This calculator may be used anywhere within the data input or calculation results screens,
wherever the command button is visible.
Figure 5-17. Volume/Weight/Oxygen Concentration Calculator
The required input is:

Temperature:
Defaults at 70°F (21.1°C)
Altitude:
Defaults at 0 feet, sea level

In addition, two of the remaining four fields must be inputted and the remaining fields
will be solved. The remaining four fields are:
1. Volume
2. Weight
3. Concentration
4. Oxygen:
If a concentration and volume is inputted, the program will display the percentage of
oxygen remaining in that volume. If an oxygen value and a volume is inputted, the
program will compute the weight and the concentration achieved.
For example, if the quantity of agent and the volume are known, the concentration may
be computed. If the volume and the concentration are known, the amount of Argonite
can be computed. Should the concentration and the amount of Argonite be known, the
calculator will determine the volume in which these parameters will fit.
5-5 MINIMUM/MAXIMUM FLOW RATES
This button can be pressed to show the following approximate flow rates for estimating pipe
sizes. Maximum flow rates are based on 20 times the minimum.
Table 5-2. Estimating Pipe Sizes
Flow: Kgs/Minute
Pipe Size Schedule 40 Schedule 80 Schedule 160 Schedule XXS
Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum
1/2" (15 mm) 1.3 26.9 0.8 15.3 0.2 3.7 N/A N/A
3/4" (20 mm) 3.0 60.1 2.3 46.1 1.3 25.6 N/A N/A
1" (25 mm) 5.1 101.6 4.2 84.0 2.9 58.5 1.2 23.3
1¼" (32 mm) 8.6 172.3 7.5 149.3 6.2 124.0 3.6 72.8
1½" (40 mm) 11.4 228.8 10.1 201.0 8.1 162.7 5.6 111.7
2" (50 mm) 18.0 360.9 16.1 321.1 12.5 249.7 10.1 201.8
2½" (65 mm) 25.1 501.1 22.4 447.4 19.0 379.7 13.6 272.2
3" (80 mm) 37.9 757.3 34.0 379.4 28.1 561.8 22.0 439.3
4" (100 mm) 65.1 1302.1 58.7 1173.4 47.3 946.7 39.9 798.1
5" (125 mm) 104.9 2097.6 94.7 1893.7 75.1 1501.7 66.3 1326.9
6" (150 mm) 157.5 3149.2 140.3 2805.8 111.4 2227.9 98.3 1965.4
8" (200 mm) 298.2 5964.2 267.5 5349.9 205.4 4108.9 209.8 4196.1

5-6 CHECK POINTS

Although the computer can provide complete flow calculations, it cannot exercise the human
judgement required to decide if the results are satisfactory. Obviously, items such as actual pipe
length, equivalent lengths, elevation changes, and the types of tee junctions must be checked
against the piping layout drawing and the actual installation.
Note: The installer is required to verify that the pipe schedules installed match and conform
to the pipe schedules given in this software. See Appendix Table A-3.

APPENIDX A
®
ARGONITE SURFACE FIRE REQUIREMENTS
Table A-1. Concentration of Argonite® Required
Project: Date:
Hazard: Engineer:
Type of Combustible:
Volume
________ L x ________ H = __________________ cu. ft./m
________ L x ________ H = __________________ cu. ft./m
________ L x ________ H = __________________ cu. ft./m
________ L x ________ H = __________________ cu. ft./m
Total = __________________ cu. ft./m
Argonite Required (Refer to Tables A-3 and A-4)
________
________ Vol. x = __________________ kg
(concentration factor)
________ kgs x ________ = __________________ kg
Total Kilograms Required = __________________
Storage Required
________ kg required / ________ kg/cyl = __________________ cylinders
__________________ Cylinders Main and __________________ Cylinders Reserve
Table A-2. Argonite Cylinder Assembly Information
Usable Capacity
Description Part Number
(kg)
80 L Cylinder Assembly
2900 PSI (200 bar) 38-100800-001 21.83
DOT and TC Versions
66.7 L Cylinder Assembly

2900 PSI (200 bar) 38-100667-001 18.21
DOT and TC Versions
15.9 L Cylinder Assembly

2900 PSI (200 bar) 38-100159-001 4.34
DOT and TC Versions
Note: All Cylinder Assemblies include a filled cylinder and valve.
September 2004 A-1 DOC.# 38-KFSARG-100

Table A-3. Total Flooding Quantities, Volume Requirements of Argonite

(Metric, kg/m3)
Design Concentration
Temperature (% by Volume)
(°C)
34 38 40 42 46 50 54
-30 0.8566 0.9856 1.0532 1.1231 1.2703 1.4290 1.6009
-25 0.8224 0.9461 1.0110 1.0781 1.2196 1.3719 1.5369
-20 0.7899 0.9093 0.9711 1.0352 1.1710 1.3182 1.4768
-15 0.7602 0.8741 0.9338 0.9960 1.1259 1.2670 1.4193
-10 0.7316 0.8417 0.8986 0.9582 1.0840 1.2193 1.3656
-5 0.7041 0.8106 0.8653 0.9233 1.0437 1.1750 1.3155
0 0.6791 0.7806 0.8339 0.8897 1.0064 1.1322 1.2686
5 0.6549 0.7532 0.8041 0.8574 0.9705 1.0910 1.2235
10 0.6317 0.7267 0.7759 0.8276 0.9358 1.0528 1.1800
15 0.6092 0.7012 0.7492 0.7989 0.9038 1.0173 1.1394
20 0.5889 0.6779 0.7238 0.7725 0.8742 0.9830 1.1002
25 0.5694 0.6554 0.6997 0.7471 0.8443 0.9498 1.0637
30 0.5504 0.6337 0.6768 0.7225 0.8167 0.9191 1.0297
35 0.5334 0.6127 0.6550 0.6987 0.7900 0.8894 0.9969
40 0.5156 0.5936 0.6342 0.6769 0.7655 0.8607 0.9651
45 0.4997 0.5752 0.6144 0.6559 0.7418 0.8342 0.9344
50 0.4843 0.5573 0.5955 0.6355 0.7188 0.8084 0.9058
55 0.4700 0.5405 0.5776 0.6159 0.6967 0.7837 0.8780
Concentration Required: _________________%
DOC.# 38-KFSARG-100 A-2 September 2004

Table A-4. Total Flooding Quantities, Volume Requirements of Argonite

(US Standard, kg/ft.3)
Design Concentration
Temperature (% by Volume)
(°C)
34 38 40 42 46 50 54
-20 0.02404 0.02765 0.02955 0.03151 0.03565 0.04010 0.04492
-10 0.02295 0.02642 0.02827 0.03013 0.03407 0.03829 0.04294
0 0.02199 0.02529 0.02706 0.02883 0.03259 0.03668 0.04109
10 0.02107 0.02422 0.02586 0.02759 0.03123 0.03513 0.03936
20 0.02019 0.02323 0.02479 0.02648 0.02991 0.03365 0.03770
30 0.01935 0.02228 0.02379 0.02538 0.02874 0.03232 0.03620
40 0.01858 0.02141 0.02284 0.02437 0.02758 0.03104 0.03476
50 0.01789 0.02058 0.02195 0.02343 0.02650 0.02981 0.03341
60 0.01722 0.01978 0.02111 0.02254 0.02550 0.02867 0.03212
70 0.01657 0.01904 0.02032 0.02171 0.02454 0.02761 0.03096
80 0.01595 0.01834 0.01957 0.02092 0.02366 0.02659 0.02979
90 0.01536 0.01770 0.01887 0.02015 0.02280 0.02564 0.02872
100 0.01482 0.01704 0.01821 0.01946 0.02198 0.02473 0.02771
110 0.01430 0.01645 0.01756 0.01874 0.02122 0.02385 0.02674
120 0.01383 0.01591 0.01696 0.01813 0.02049 0.02304 0.02585
130 0.10335 0.01536 0.01641 0.01750 0.01980 0.02227 0.02495
Concentration Required: _________________%
September 2004 A-3 DOC.# 38-KFSARG-100

Table A-5. Elevation Correction Factors
Altitude Enclosure Pressure

Correction Factor
ft. km PSIA cm Hg
-3000 -0.92 16.25 84.00 1.11
-2000 -0.61 15.71 81.20 1.07
-1000 -0.30 15.23 78.70 1.04
0 0 14.71 76.00 1.00
1000 0.30 14.18 73.30 0.96
2000 0.61 13.64 70.50 0.93
3000 0.92 13.12 67.80 0.89
4000 1.21 12.58 65.00 0.86
5000 1.52 12.04 62.20 0.82
6000 1.83 11.53 59.60 0.78
7000 2.13 11.03 57.00 0.75
8000 2.44 10.64 55.00 0.72
9000 2.74 10.22 52.80 0.69
10000 3.05 9.77 50.50 0.66
Note: Multiply the correction factor by the sea level design quantity of Argonite to obtain the correct quantity for a given altitude.
DOC.# 38-KFSARG-100 A-4 September 2004

APPENIDX B
®
ARGONITE CALCULATION EXAMPLES
B-1 ARGONITE® CALCULATION EXAMPLE

The following pages depict two example of calculations performed using the Argonite® InertGas
Flow Software (IFS) program.
302
6
5
4 2
1
301
3-MAIN
3-RESERVE
Figure B-1. Example 1, Isometric Drawing
September 2004 B-1 DOC.# 38-KFSARG-100

Figure B-2. Example 1, System Information
Figure B-3. Example 1, Hazard Information
DOC.# 38-KFSARG-100 B-2 September 2004

Figure B-4. Example 1, Piping Model Data
Figure B-5. Example 1, Calculate and Display Results

Figure B-6. Example 1, Nozzle Performance
Figure B-7. Example 1, Hazard Concentration Results

Figure B-8. Example 1, Venting Requirement

11
303
8
5 304
RESTRICTOR 6 4 9
SELECTOR VALVE
301
10
3
302
2
6-MAIN
1 6-MAIN
Figure B-9. Example 2, Isometric Drawing

Figure B-10. Example 2, System Information
Figure B-11. Example 2, Hazard Information

Figure B-12. Example 2, Piping Model Data
Figure B-13. Example 2, Calculate and Display Results

Figure B-14. Example 2, Nozzle Performance
Figure B-15. Example 2, Hazard Concentration Results

Figure B-16. Example 2, Venting Requirement

Table B-1. Dimensions of Welded and Seamless Pipe
Schedule
Nominal Outside
Wall/I.D.
Pipe Size Diameter
40 80 160 XXX
Wall 0.109 0.147 0.187 0.294

1/2 0.840
I.D. 0.622 0.546 0.466 0.252
Wall 0.113 0.154 0.218 0.308

3/4 1.050
I.D. 0.824 0.742 0.614 0.434
Wall 0.133 0.179 0.250 0.358

1 1.315
I.D. 1.049 0.957 0.815 0.599
Wall 0.140 0.191 0.250 0.382

1¼ 1.660
I.D. 1.380 1.278 1.160 0.896
Wall 0.145 0.200 0.281 0.400

1½ 1.900
I.D. 1.610 1.500 1.338 1.100
Wall 0.154 0.218 0.343 0.436

2 2.375
I.D. 2.067 1.939 1.689 1.503
Wall 0.203 0.276 0.375 0.552

2½
I.D. 2.469 2.323 2.125 1.771
Wall 0.216 0.300 0.438 0.600

3 3.500
I.D. 3.068 2.900 2.624 2.300
Wall 0.237 0.337 0.531 0.674

4 4.500
I.D. 4.026 3.826 3.438 3.152
Wall 0.258 0.375 0.625 0.750

5 5.563
I.D. 5.047 4.813 4.313 4.063
Wall 0.280 0.432 0.718 0.864

6 6.625
I.D. 6.065 5.761 5.189 4.897
Wall 0.322 0.500 0.906 0.875

8 8.652
I.D. 7.981 7.625 6.813 6.875


TECHNICAL MANUAL USER FEEDBACK FORM
(Use this report to indicate deficiencies, user remarks and recommendations relating to the publication. Fold on dotted line, tape and mail to
KIDDE-FENWAL, Inc., 400 Main Street, Ashland, MA 01721, Attn. Documentation Manager or FAX to 508-881-8920)
DATE:
1. PART NUMBER 2. VOLUME NO. 3. TITLE (NOMENCLATURE)
4. CHANGE NO. OR REV. DATE 5. SYSTEM/EQUIPMENT 6. PRIORITY OF COMMENT
7. USER EVALUATION
MANUAL IS: q EXCELLENT q GOOD q FAIR q POOR q COMPLETE qINCOMPLETE
8. q PROBLEM q QUESTION q SUGGESTION qCOMMENT: (check one)
9. RECOMMENDED CHANGE TO PUBLICATION
PAGE PARAGRAPH LINE FIGURE TABLE RECOMMENDED CHANGES AND REASON

NO. NO. NO. NO. NO. (Use Blank Continuation Sheets as Required)
10. ORIGINATOR 11. COMPANY NAME
12. ADDRESS
13. KIDDE-FENWAL USE ONLY
a. Received b. Action Necessity c. Priority d. Comments

FOLD
Place
Stamp
Here
KIDDE-FENWAL, Inc.
400 Main Street
Ashland, MA 01721
Attn. Documentation Manager
FOLD
LIMITED WARRANTY STATEMENT
Kidde-Fenwal, Inc. represents that this product is free from defects in material and workmanship, and it will repair or replace
any product or part thereof which proves to be defective in workmanship or material for a period of twelve (12) months from
the date of purchase but not to exceed eighteen (18) months after shipment by Kidde-Fenwal Inc. For a full description of
Kidde-Fenwals LIMITED WARRANTY, which, among other things, EXCLUDES warranties of MERCHANTABILITY and
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE and liability for CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, please read the entire LIMITED
WARRANTY on the Kidde-Fenwal Quotation, Acceptance of Order and/or Original Invoice which will become part of your
sales agreement. Please contact Kidde-Fenwal directly for a return material authorization (RMA) number before returning
material to the factory at Ashland, Massachusetts, shipment prepaid. Kidde-Fenwal will repair or replace and ship prepaid.
Kidde is a registered trademark of Kidde-Fenwal, Inc.

Argonite is a registered trademark of Ginge Kerr.
All other trademarks are property of their respective owners.
These instructions do not purport to cover all the details or variations in the equipment
described, nor do they provide for every possible contingency to be met in connection
with installation, operation and maintenance. All specifications subject to change without
notice. Should further information be desired or should particular problems arise which
are not covered sufficiently for the purchasers purposes, the matter should be referred
to KIDDE-FENWAL INC., Ashland, Masssachusetts
06-236433-001 Rev. AA ©2004 Kidde-Fenwal, Inc. Printed in USA

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P/N 38-KFSARG-100

InertGas Flow Software (IFS),

InertGas Flow Software (IFS),

TERMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

Ar: Argon O2: Oxygen

September 2004 i DOC.# 38-KFSARG-100

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DOC.# 38-KFSARG-100 ii September 2004

September 2004 iii DOC.# 38-KFSARG-100

DOC.# 38-KFSARG-100 iv September 2004

CHAPTER 1 GENERAL .................................................................................................... 1-1

CHAPTER 2 DESIGN GUIDELINES ................................................................................... 2-1

CHAPTER 3 SYSTEM DESIGN ......................................................................................... 3-1

September 2004 v DOC.# 38-KFSARG-100

TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONT.)

3-7 Design Factors ............................................................................................ 3-7

CHAPTER 4 ARGONITE SYSTEM DESIGN ....................................................................... 4-1

CHAPTER 5 HYDRAULIC FLOW CALCULATION PROGRAM ................................................. 5-1

DOC.# 38-KFSARG-100 vi September 2004

TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONT.)

5-1.3.1 System Design Considerations for Sectioning of Pipe ............................... 5-7

September 2004 vii DOC.# 38-KFSARG-100

5-1 Introductory Screen ..................................................................................... 5-1

DOC.# 38-KFSARG-100 viii September 2004

5-1 Fitting Details ............................................................................................ 5-10

September 2004 ix DOC.# 38-KFSARG-100

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DOC.# 38-KFSARG-100 x September 2004

September 2004 1-1 DOC.# 38-KFSARG-100

1-2.2 Use Limitations

DOC.# 38-KFSARG-100 1-2 September 2004

September 2004 2-1 DOC.# 38-KFSARG-100

DOC.# 38-KFSARG-100 2-2 September 2004

2-6 ELECTRICAL CLEARANCE

September 2004 2-3 DOC.# 38-KFSARG-100

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DOC.# 38-KFSARG-100 2-4 September 2004

Table 3-1. Physical Properties of Argonite

Property Units Value

Molecular Weight N/A 33.95

Boiling Point at 760 mm Hg °C -190.1

Freezing Point °C -199.7

Critical Temperature °C -134.7

Critical Pressure kPa 4150

September 2004 3-1 DOC.# 38-KFSARG-100

3-1.1 Specification for Argonite AR/N2 50%/50% by Volume, Atmospheric

DOC.# 38-KFSARG-100 3-2 September 2004

September 2004 3-3 DOC.# 38-KFSARG-100

Typical Design Concentration (% by Volume)

-30 0.8566 0.9856 1.0532 1.1231 1.2703 1.4290 1.6009

-25 0.8224 0.9461 1.0110 1.0781 1.2196 1.3719 1.5369

-20 0.7899 0.9093 0.9711 1.0352 1.1710 1.3182 1.4768

-15 0.7602 0.8741 0.9338 0.9960 1.1259 1.2670 1.4193

-10 0.7316 0.8417 0.8986 0.9582 1.0840 1.2193 1.5369

-5 0.7041 0.8106 0.8653 0.9233 1.0437 1.1750 1.3155

0 0.6791 0.7806 0.8339 0.8897 1.0064 1.1322 1.2686

5 0.6549 0.7532 0.8041 0.8574 0.9705 1.0910 1.2235

10 0.6317 0.7267 0.7759 0.8276 0.9358 1.0528 1.1800

15 0.6092 0.7012 0.7492 0.7989 0.9038 1.0173 1.1394

20 0.5889 0.6779 0.7238 0.7725 0.8742 0.9830 1.1002

25 0.5694 0.6554 0.6997 0.7471 0.8443 0.9498 1.0637

30 0.5504 0.6337 0.6768 0.7225 0.8167 0.9191 1.0297

35 0.5334 0.6127 0.6550 0.6987 0.7900 0.8894 0.9969

40 0.5156 0.5936 0.6342 0.6769 0.7655 0.8607 0.9651

CHAPTER 4 ARGONITE SYSTEM DESIGN ....................................................................... 4-1