Фонетика емтихан:

Билет 1

1) In general, the basic unit of phonology is the phoneme, which is an individual speech
sound (such as /p/) that can often be represented by a single grapheme, or letter
(such as the letter p).
Speech organs include the lips, teeth, tongue, palate, uvula, nasal and oral cavities, and vocal
cords, as located in Figure 2. By manipulating the speech organs in various ways, human beings
can produce an unlimited number of different sounds.
2) The modification of a consonant by a neighbouring consonant m the speech chain is
known as assimilation,e. g. the alveolar [t] followed by the interdental [θ] becomes
dental: eighth, at three.

Билет 2

1) according to the manner of articulation. Mistakes typical of Russian learners of English

and way of correcting them.
Consonants are made with air stream that meets an obstruction in the mouth or nasal cavities.
That is why in the production of consonant sounds there is a certain degree of noise.
Consonants are the bones of a word and give it its basic shape. 
3) The main components of speech intonation:
All the phonetic features (pauses, speech melody, sentence-stress, rhythm, tempo, timbre) form
a complex unity, called intonation.

Билет 3

1) The body of the tongue moves in the mouth to shape each vowel, and for some vowels, the lips
are rounded as well. Linguists classify vowels according to four pieces of information: tongue
height, tongue backness, lip rounding, and tenseness.
2) Syllable formation in English is generally based on the phonological opposition “vowel vs
consonant “. Vowels are usually syllable while consonants are not, with the exception of [I,m,n].
The English language possess a great variety types of syllable.

Билет 4

1) The /h/ sound is called the “voiceless glottal fricative,” which means that the sound is made
with the motion of your vocal chords but is not voiced.The /h/ sound is made through the
mouth, which means air comes out of your mouth as you say the sound.
Vowels [ae][ai][ei].
1. /ae/ this vowel is a low vowel. Position your tongue low in your mouth, and shift it
toward the front.
2. /eɪ/ is a diphthong sound which means it is a combination of two vowel sounds that are
pronounced within the same syllable.
3. If the long a sound is at the beginning or middle of the word or syllable, consider /ai/

||| types of syllable.

1. Closed syllable.
2. Open syllable.
3. Vowel-consonant-e syllable.

Rules of syllable:

Rule 1: If there are 2 consonant letters between 2 separated vowels, divide between them.
Rule 2: If there is only 1 consonant letter between 2 separated vowels, FOR NOW…the consonant letter
goes with the first syllable.

3) Syllable formation in English is generally based on the phonological opposition “vowel vs

consonant “. Vowels are usually syllable while consonants are not, with the exception of [I,m,n].
The English language possess a great variety types of syllable.

Билет 5

1) The modification of a consonant by a neighbouring consonant m the speech chain is known

as assimilation,e. g. the alveolar [t] followed by the interdental [θ] becomes dental: eighth, at
three.
2) There are two types of tails: the low tail and the rising tail. The low tail goes after the falling
tone and is pronounced at a low pitch. The rising tail occurs after the rising tone and gradually
rises in pitch.

Билет 6

1) Consonant /w/ - the sound /w/ is a voiced, bilabial glide. Make a tight circle with your lips and
pull your tongue back. 
Consonant /ŋ/ - the sound /ŋ/ is a velar, nasal consonant. Touch your soft palate with the back
of your tongue.
Consonant/r/ - sound /r/ is a voiced, palatal, liquid consonant.
Move the tip of your tongue upwards and backwards, so that it almost touches the top of your
mouth. 

Vowel /a/ - the sound /ɑ/ is a low, central, tense vowel.Lower your jaw and tongue.
Vowel /u/ - the sound /ʊ/ is a back, high, lax, rounded vowel.Make a circle with your lips.

Reading the vowel under the stressed position.

Vowels are modified by lip position: rounded, neutral, spread. They are modified by tongue
height: high, mid, low. And they are modified by tongue position: front, central, back.

The modification of a consonant by a neighbouring consonant m the speech chain is known

as assimilation,e. g. the alveolar [t] followed by the interdental [θ] becomes dental: eighth, at
three.
2) Word Stress In English, we do not say each syllable with the same force or strength. In one
word, we accentuate ONE syllable. We say one syllable very loudly (big, strong, important)
and all the other syllables very quietly.

Билет 7

1) The body of the tongue moves in the mouth to shape each vowel, and for some vowels, the lips
are rounded as well. Linguists classify vowels according to four pieces of information: tongue
height, tongue backness, lip rounding, and tenseness.
2) Rhythm is a recurring movement of sound or speech. An example of rhythm is the rising and
falling of someone's voice.
Билет 8

1) Consonant /t,d/ - these sounds are a voiceless, alveolar, stop consonant. Move your
tongue sharply downward and let air out in a short burst.
The /ai/ diphthong is made up of these two vowels, /a/ and /ɪ/. The first sound, /a/, is
not used in the standard American accent. And the final sound is /ɪ/. For example: pain,
main, time.
Reading rules of au,aw,ou,oə:
Rule 1: We use «au» at the beginning or in the middle of a word.
Rule 2: We use «aw» at the roof a word.
Rule 3: If the word rhymes with down (frown, clown, town) we usually use «ou».
Rule 4: We use «oə» at the end.
Intonation statements
There are two basic intonation patterns: Rising and Falling. With rising intonation you have to raise
slightly the pitch at the end of the sentence, whereas with falling intonation you go down a bit. 
Stress in compound adjectives
In compound adjectives the stress is on the second part of the compound. Hyphenated compound
words often have short words in the middle.

3) All the phonetic features form a complex unity, called intonation. The main components of
information are pauses, speech melody, sentence-stress, rhythm, tempo, timbre.

Билет 9
1) The adaptive modification of a consonant by a neighbouring consonant m the speech chain is
known as assimilation,e. g. the alveolar [t] followed by the interdental [θ] becomes
dental: eighth, at three.
2) Word Stress In English, we do not say each syllable with the same force or strength. In one
word, we accentuate ONE syllable. We say one syllable very loudly (big, strong, important)
and all the other syllables very quietly.

Билет 10

1) Vowel combination/ai,au/
We say “ai” with the long A sound.
We use “ai” in the middle of the word (think rain, pail, train, mail).
The vowel combination /au/ can come anywhere in the word, but a-u usually comes at the
beginning or in the middle of a word.

Reading of I and y, in |V types of syllable

I and y are open syllables, because open syllables ends with vowels and has a long sound. I and y
reads with a long sound.

The body of the tongue moves in the mouth to shape each vowel, and for some vowels, the lips
are rounded as well. Linguists classify vowels according to four pieces of information: tongue
height, tongue backness, lip rounding, and tenseness.
2) The Nation of low rise tone
A rising intonation pattern would simply be a rise in the human voice; it would be a change in
pitch; a glide in the pitch of our voice upwards.
Билет 11

1) The type of sentence-stress which gives special prominence to a new element in a

sentence or an intonation group is called LOGICAL STRESS.Logical stress usually
intensifies the phonetic features of a word, information that is new or disputable for
one of the interlocutors.
For example, in the phrase “Your sister came” logical stress may emphasize any one of
the three words. 
2) The body of the tongue moves in the mouth to shape each vowel, and for some vowels,
the lips are rounded as well. Linguists classify vowels according to four pieces of
information: tongue height, tongue backness, lip rounding, and tenseness.

Билет 12

1) Syllable formation in English is generally based on the phonological opposition “vowel vs

consonant “. Vowels are usually syllable while consonants are not, with the exception of [I,m,n].
The English language possess a great variety types of syllable.
2) The high rising tone, also known as high rising intonation. It is a feature of some variants of
English where declarative sentences can end with a rising pitch similar to that typically found in
yes-or-no questions.

Билет 13

1) Reading of preposition at the end of intonation group.

A preposition is a word or group of words used before a noun, pronoun, or noun phrase to show
direction, time, place, location, spatial relationships, or to introduce an object. Some examples
of prepositions are words like "in," "at," "on," "of," and "to."
2) The high fall tone is an emphatic variation of the falling tone. It may be used in informal
situations to show lively interest and friendliness. For example, put it down! Go out!

Билет 14

1) Intonation of compound sentences :

compound sentence is a sentence that has at least two independent clauses joined by a
comma, semicolon or conjunction. When we read compound sentences we use one
component of intonation. It is a pauses. For example, He went to the cinema, but she
stayed at home.
Geographical names are used by a wide range of administrative and planning agencies
such as statistics for population and census planning, and development programs. They
provide a country with technical, economic, social and cultural benefits.In other words,
geographical names we call like toponyms.
3) Fall-rise tone intonation describes how the voice falls and then rises. We use fall-rise intonation
at the end of statements when we want to say that we are not sure. For example, I don’t
support any football team.
Билет 15

1) Consonant /w/ - the sound /w/ is a voiced, bilabial glide. Make a tight circle with your lips and
pull your tongue back. 
Consonant /ŋ/ - the sound /ŋ/ is a velar, nasal consonant. Touch your soft palate with the back
of your tongue.
Consonant/r/ - sound /r/ is a voiced, palatal, liquid consonant.
Move the tip of your tongue upwards and backwards, so that it almost touches the top of your
mouth. 

Vowel /a/ - the sound /ɑ/ is a low, central, tense vowel.Lower your jaw and tongue.
Vowel /u/ - the sound /ʊ/ is a back, high, lax, rounded vowel.Make a circle with your lips.

Reading the vowel under the stressed position.

Vowels are modified by lip position: rounded, neutral, spread. They are modified by tongue
height: high, mid, low. And they are modified by tongue position: front, central, back.

2) Fall-rise tone intonation describes how the voice falls and then rises. We use fall-rise intonation
at the end of statements when we want to say that we are not sure. For example, I don’t
support any football team.
In mid level tones the voice starts and finishes on the same level of pitch, showing no emotion. 

Билет 16

1) according to the manner of articulation. Mistakes typical of Russian learners of English

and way of correcting them.
Consonants are made with air stream that meets an obstruction in the mouth or nasal cavities.
That is why in the production of consonant sounds there is a certain degree of noise.
Consonants are the bones of a word and give it its basic shape. 

2) Simple sentences with adverbial phrases at the beginning are usually divided into two
intonation-groups. It is non-final intonation-group and separate intonation group.
The non-final intonation-group is usually pronounced with the low-rising or mid-level
nuclear tone.e.g. At two o’clock we shall have dinner.
Separate intonation group is not form adverbial sentences at the end of sentences and
often remain unstressed.
e.g. We are going out tonight.
Билет 17

1) Vowel combination/ai,au/
We say “ai” with the long A sound.
We use “ai” in the middle of the word (think rain, pail, train, mail).
The vowel combination /au/ can come anywhere in the word, but a-u usually comes at the
beginning or in the middle of a word.

Reading of I and y, in |V types of syllable

I and y are open syllables, because open syllables ends with vowels and has a long sound. I and y
reads with a long sound.

2) A sentence may contain one, two or more nuclei, and consequently as many tone-
groups. Any pair or more of tone-groups in any one sentence constitutes a tone-
sequence.
We can collect typical examples of the various sorts of sequences.
It will be found that tone-sequences may express various forms.
Complex sentence is formed by adding one or more subordinate (dependent) clauses to
the main (independent) clause using conjunctions and/or relative pronouns.For
example, it rains, i like wear my blue coat.
The type of sentence-stress which gives special prominence to a new element in a
sentence or an intonation group is called LOGICAL STRESS.Logical stress usually
intensifies the phonetic features of a word, information that is new or disputable for
one of the interlocutors.
For example, in the phrase “Your sister came” logical stress may emphasize any one of
the three words. 

Билет 18

1) The type of sentence-stress which gives special prominence to a new element in a

sentence or an intonation group is called LOGICAL STRESS.Logical stress usually
intensifies the phonetic features of a word, information that is new or disputable for
one of the interlocutors.
For example, in the phrase “Your sister came” logical stress may emphasize any one of
the three words. 
3) Intonation of parenthetical words and phrases depends on their position in the sentence and
the degree of semantic independence and importance attached to them. These words and
phrases are often used in order to gain time.
For example, by the way, you know, well.
Билет 19

1) Consonant /w/ - the sound /w/ is a voiced, bilabial glide. Make a tight circle with your lips and
pull your tongue back. 
Consonant /ŋ/ - the sound /ŋ/ is a velar, nasal consonant. Touch your soft palate with the back
of your tongue.
Consonant/r/ - sound /r/ is a voiced, palatal, liquid consonant.
Move the tip of your tongue upwards and backwards, so that it almost touches the top of your
mouth. 

Vowel /a/ - the sound /ɑ/ is a low, central, tense vowel.Lower your jaw and tongue.
Vowel /u/ - the sound /ʊ/ is a back, high, lax, rounded vowel.Make a circle with your lips.

Reading the vowel under the stressed position.

Vowels are modified by lip position: rounded, neutral, spread. They are modified by tongue
height: high, mid, low. And they are modified by tongue position: front, central, back.

2) The body of the tongue moves in the mouth to shape each vowel, and for some vowels, the lips
are rounded as well. Linguists classify vowels according to four pieces of information: tongue
height, tongue backness, lip rounding, and tenseness.

Билет 20

1) The /h/ sound is called the “voiceless glottal fricative,” which means that the sound is
made with the motion of your vocal chords but is not voiced.The /h/ sound is made
through the mouth, which means air comes out of your mouth as you say the sound.
Vowels [ae][ai][ei].
2) /ae/ this vowel is a low vowel. Position your tongue low in your mouth, and shift it
toward the front.
3) /eɪ/ is a diphthong sound which means it is a combination of two vowel sounds that are
pronounced within the same syllable.
4) If the long a sound is at the beginning or middle of the word or syllable, consider /ai/

||| types of syllable.

1. Closed syllable.
2. Open syllable.
3. Vowel-consonant-e syllable.

Rules of syllable:

Rule 1: If there are 2 consonant letters between 2 separated vowels, divide between them.
Rule 2: If there is only 1 consonant letter between 2 separated vowels, FOR NOW…the consonant letter
goes with the first syllable.

2) The author's words which follow the direct speech are usually pronounced as an unstressed or half-
stressed tail of the preceding intonation-group.

e. g. "I'm à not \ready," he said.

"Is à this for /me?" he asked with surprise.