3D Numerical Simulation and Evaluation o

EUROMECH Colloquium 464b
Wind Energy
International Colloquium on Fluid Mechanics & Mechanics of Wind Energy Conversion
October 4 - 7, 2005
University of Oldenburg, Germany
• wind climate & wind field
• gusts, extreme events & turbulence
• rotor aerodynamics & wake effects
• power production & fluctuations
• sea states & wave loads
• materials & fatigue
• structural health monitoring
© 2005 Die Alchemisten GmbH, Oldenburg
www.forwind.de/euromech • euromech@forwind.de • phone: +49-(0)441-36116-720

Preamble of the EUROMECH Colloquium No.464b - Wind Energy
October 4 – 7, 2005
Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg
Oldenburg, Germany
Welcome to the EUROMECH Colloquium No.464b – Wind Energy!

Chairs of the Organizing Committee are Prof. Dr. Joachim Peinke and Prof. Dr.-Ing. Peter Schaumann.
Members of the Scientific Committee are Prof. Dr. Martin Kühn, Prof. Dr. Gijs van Kuik, Prof. Dr. Soeren E.
Larsen, Prof. Dr. Eur.-Ing. Ramgopal Puthli and Prof. Dr. Daniel Schertzer.
The meeting is being hosted by ForWind – Center for Wind Energy Research at the Carl von Ossietzky University
of Oldenburg and the University of Hannover. Local organizers are: Moses Kärn, Elke Seidel, Margret Warns,
Martin Grosser, Stephan Barth, Frank Böttcher.
The colloquium is supported by: EUROMECH, Federal Ministry for Education and Research, City of Oldenburg,
University of Oldenburg.
For additional information, please refer to the meeting’s website at http://www.forwind.de/euromech/.
Meeting Site
The meeting is held at the Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Wechloy campus. The University is
located at the west end of Oldenburg with easy access to the downtown area by public transfer. The Wechloy
campus can be reached from downtown with the bus line 306 and is the terminal stop. The city of Oldenburg
offers a variety of events, galleries and museums at which visitors and residents can experience art, history and
culture. And Germany’s first pedestrian area offers many shopping opportunities. We encourage you to discover
and explore the vitality that makes Oldenburg a great place to live and visit.
Oral Sessions
All oral presentations will be held in the lecture hall (W3-1-161) of the Wechloy campus. Contributed papers
are limited to 10 minutes (15 minutes for invited speakers) with an additional 4 minutes for discussion and 1
minute for transition to the next speaker. To avoid disadvantages of following speakers we will use restrictive
time control: A warning via a timing monitor will be given at 8 minutes (13 minutes for invited speakers) to
indicate that the speaker has to finish in 2 minutes. At 10 minutes (15 minutes for invited speakers), a warning
will indicate that the speaker’s presentation time is over. At 14 minutes (19 minutes for invited speakers), a
signal informs the speaker and audience that the transition to the next speaker must take place.
Poster Session
Posters will be presented in front of the lecture hall. The poster session will be on Thursday, Oct. 6th , but
posters will be up during the whole meeting. Poster boards and pushpins will be provided. The poster boards
will be labeled with a letter number combination. Authors must hang up their poster at the board labeled with
the combination that is given for their poster in this program. All authors of a poster have the opportunity to
advertise their poster in a short oral presentation (limited to 2 minutes and 2 slides) at the shotgun-session on
Wendesday, Oct. 5th .
Audiovisual Equipment
The lecture hall will be equipped with an LCD projector, a computer with PowerPoint and Acrobat Reader
installed on it, overhead projector, screen, pointer, and a microphone.
Speakers should hand over their presentation to the organizers at the meeting check-in upon arrival and have it
tested on the computer used for presentation. Speakers are strongly advised NOT to use their own laptop for
presentation. Any loss of time due to technical problems will otherwise be taken off their time to speak.
Conference Dinner
A highlight of the meeting will be the Conference Dinner on Thursday evening, October 6th , 2005. The Reception
will be held on a boat on Lake Bad Zwischenahn. Moor, heath, woods and meadows, well-tended parks with
mighty trees and old farmhouses characterize the wonderful countryside around the lake of Zwischenahn – the
“pearl of the Ammerland”. All fully registered attendees receive a ticket to this event which includes free food
and one welcome drink. Additional drinks are not included. Shuttle bus will be provided.
Special Events
th
On Tuesday evening, October 4 , a guided city tour in English language will be offered. Interested participants
should meet at the Acara Hotel at 8.30 pm.
On Wednesday evening, October 5th , the mayor of Oldenburg will welcome participants at the “Ehemalige
Exerzierhalle”, located downtown within easy walking distance of the Hotel Acara. We will provide guides for
the walk from the hotel to the reception. The street address is: “Am Pferdemarkt” – in case one needs to find it
on the map. At the reception catering with free snacks and drinks will be available. You also have the chance to
see the exhibition “Mehr Licht! – Die Geschichte der Energieversorgung Ems-Weser-Elbe” devoted to the history
of electrification of the Oldenburg region (English tour provided).
Registration & Information

All participants must be registered, and badges must be worn to gain entrance into all sessions and events. The
registration fee includes lunch and coffee breaks during the meeting from Wednesday until Friday. The Thursday
evening dinner (without drinks), the special events, as well as bus tickets for inner city transportation are also
included. Check-in to the meeting will be possible at Acara Hotel on Tuesday, Oct. 4th from 5 to 7 p.m. From
Wednesday to Friday the registration and information desk will be located in room W2 1-143 close to the lecture
hall with opening hours starting at 8 a.m.
Campus Plan
EUROMECH COLL. 464b WIND ENERGY - OCT. 04-07, 2005
TUE, 10/04/2005 WED, 10/05/2005 THU, 10/06/2005 FRI, 10/07/2005
08:30 (C) P. Sorensen 08:30 (E) J.N. Soerensen
Conference Check-in 08:50 (C) M. Greiner 08:50 (E) V.L. Okulov
at Conference Venue 09:10 (C) A. Rauh 09:05 (E) A. Wessel
09:30 (C) K. Kaiser 09:20 (E) S. Ivanell
9:00 - Opening 09:45 (C) J.J. Trujillo 09:35 (E) S. Aubrun
09:30 (A) B. Lange 10:00 (C) T. Weidinger 09:50 (E) L. Fuchs
09:50 (A) L. Bergdahl
10:15 - COFFEE 10:05 - COFFEE
10:10 (A) S. Larsen
10:25 (A) J. Tambke 10:35 (D) B. Hillmer 10:25 (F) M. Vormwald
10:55 (D) W. Z. Shen 10:45 (F) M. Seidel
10:40 - COFFEE
A: Wind Climate & Wind Field 11:10 (D) H. Yang 11:05 (F) F. Wilke
B: Gusts, Extreme Events 11:00 (A) W. Bierbooms 11:25 (D) R. Bourguet 11:20 (F) I. Weich
& Turbulence 11:20 (A) J. Fernández Puga 11:35 (F) J. Reetz
11:40 - LUNCH
C: Power Production & Fluctuations 11:35 (A) J.L. Palma 11:50 (F) L. Batisti
D: Rotor Aerodynamics 11:50 (A) E. Bibor 13:20 (D) W. Geissler
12:05 - LUNCH
E: Wake effects 13:40 (D) C. Sicot
12:05 - LUNCH
F: Materials, Fatigue & Structural 13:55 (D) J. Rauch 13:40 (F) W. Hillger
Health Monitoring 13:50 (B) C. Wagner 14:10 (D) R. Langtry 14:00 (F) B.F. Sorensen
14:10 (B) F.G. Schmitt 14:20 (F) L. Lohaus
14:25 - COFFEE
14:30 (B) T. Neumann 14:35 (F) K. Mittendorf
14:50 (B) D. Schertzer 14:50 (F) Bergers/Huhn
15:10 (B) K. Leroux 15:05 - Closing Remarks
15:25 - COFFEE 15:30 - End of day#3
15:45 (B) J. Mann
14:45 - Poster
16:05 (B) H. Kantz
16:25 (B) G.C. Larsen
16:40 - Shotgun Session
17:40 - End of day#1 17:00 - End of day#2 Departure
17:00 - 19:00
Welcome and Conference 19:00 - Reception at 18:30 - Conference Dinner
Check-in at Acara Hotel "Ehemalige Exerzierhalle" on a boat on
Lake Bad Zwischenahn
20:30 Guided City Tour
EUROMECH COLL. 464b WIND ENERGY, 2005
• Oldenburg, October 04 – 07 •
Tuesday, October 04, 2005
17:00 Welcome and conference check-in at Acara Hotel
20:30 Guided city tour
Wednesday, October 05, 2005
08:00 Conference check-in at conference venue
09:00 Opening
A: Wind Climate & Wind Field
Chair: NN
09:30 Offshore wind power meteorology

(Invited Talk)
B. Lange
ISET e.V., Kassel, Germany page 13
09:50 Wave loads on wind power plants in deep and shallow water
(Invited Talk)
L. Bergdahl, C. Eskilsson, J. Trumars
Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden page 14
10:10 Profiles of mean wind and turbulence in the atmospheric

boundary layer above the surface layer
S. Larsen, S.E. Gryning, N.O. Jensen, H.E. Jørgensen, J. Mann
Risø National Laboratories, Denmark page 15
10:25 Wind speed profiles, convection and turbulent momentum

fluxes in the marine boundary layer above the North Sea
J. Tambke, J. A. T. Bye, L. Claveri, L. v. Bremen, C. Poppinga,
B. Lange, J.-O. Wolff
ForWind, University of Oldenburg, Germany page 16
10:40 Coffee
Euromech Coll. 464b Wind Energy (2005) 2
11:00 Time domain comparison of simulated and measured wind

turbine loads using constrained wind fields
(Invited Talk)
W. Bierbooms, D. Veldkamp
Delft University of Technology, Netherlands page 17
11:20 Fundamental aspects of fluid flow over complex terrain for

wind energy applications
J. Fernández Puga, M. Fallen, F. Ebert
University of Kaiserslautern, Germany page 18
11:35 Models for computer simulation of wind flow over sparsely

forested regions
J.L. Palma, J. C. Lopes da Costa, F. A. Castro
Universidade do Porto, Portugal page 19
11:50 Power performance via nacelle anemometry on complex terrain

E. Bibor, C. Masson
Ecole de technologie supérieure de Montréal, Canada page 20
12:05 Lunch
B: Gusts, Extreme Events & Turbulence
Chair: NN
13:50 Turbulence modelling and numerical simulation of turbulent flows

(Invited Talk)
C. Wagner
German Aerospace Center (DLR) Göttingen, Germany page 21
14:10 Gusts in intermittent wind turbulence and the dynamics of

their return times
(Invited Talk)
F.G. Schmitt
CNRS, University of Lille, France page 22
14:30 Design parameters/Load assumptions for offshore wind turbines

in the German Bight on the basis of FINO1 measurements
(Invited Talk)
T. Neumann, S. Emeis, C. Illig
DEWI, Wilhelmshaven, Germany page 23
14:50 Wind extremes and scales:

multifractal insights and empirical evidence
D. Schertzer, I. Tchiguirinskaia, S. Lovejoy, J.M. Veysseire
1CEREVE, ENPC, Marne-la-vallee Cedex, France. page 24
15:10 Boundary layer influence on orographic-flow extreme events

K. Leroux, O.S. Eiff
Météo France, Toulouse, France page 25
15:25 Coffee
15:45 Simulation of turbulence, gusts and wakes for load calculations

(Invited Talk)
J. Mann
Risø National Laboratory, Roskilde, Denmark page 26
16:05 Short time prediction of wind speeds from local measurements

(Invited Talk)
H. Kantz
MPIKS, Dresden, Germany page 27
16:25 The statistical distribution of turbulence driven velocity

extremes in the atmospheric boundary layer
G.C. Larsen, K.S. Hansen
Shotgun Session
Chair: NN
16:40 Poster presentation (2 min each)
17:40 End of scientific program
Evening Program
19:00 Reception at ’Ehemalige Exerzierhalle’

Thursday, October 06, 2005
C: Power Production & Fluctuations
Chair: NN
08:30 Wind farm power fluctuations

(Invited Talk)
P. Sorensen, J. Mann , U. S. Paulsen, A. Vesth
08:50 Network perspective of wind-power production

(Invited Talk)
M. Greiner
Siemens AG, Munich, Germany page 30
09:10 Phenomenological response theory to predict power output

(Invited Talk)
A. Rauh
University of Oldenburg, Germany page 31
09:30 Turbulence correction for power curves

K. Kaiser, W. Langreder, H. Hohlen, J. Højstrup
Wind Solutions, Lübeck, Germany page 32
09:45 Online modelling of wind farm power for performance

surveillance and optimisation
J.J. Trujillo, A. Wessel, H.-P. Waldl, B. Lange
10:00 Uncertainty of available wind energy estimation based on

long term meteorological measurements in Hungary
T. Weidinger, Á. Kiss, A. Z. Gyöngyösi, K. Krassován, B. Papp
Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary page 34
10:15 Coffee
D: Rotor Aerodynamics
Chair: NN
10:35 Modelling of the transition locations on a 30% thick airfoil

with surface roughness
(Invited Talk)
B. Hillmer, Y.S. Chol, A.P. Schaffarczyk
University of Applied Sciences Kiel, Germany page 35
10:55 Determination of angle of attack (AOA) for rotating blades

W.Z. Shen, M.O.L. Hansen, J.N. Sørensen
Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark page 36
11:10 Unsteady characteristics of flow around an airfoil at high

angle of attacks and low Reynolds numbers
H. Yang, H. Guo, Y. Zhou
Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong page 37
11:25 Multi-criteria aerodynamic shape optimization of

VAWT blades profile by viscous approach
R. Bourguet, G. Martinat, G. Harran, M. Braza
Institut de Mécanique des Fluides de Toulouse, France page 38
11:40 Lunch
13:20 Helicopter aerodynamics with emphasis placed on dynamic stall

(Invited Talk)
W. Geissler
German Aerospace Center (DLR), Göttingen, Germany page 39
13:40 Rotation and turbulence effects on pressure distribution on

a wind turbine blade – unsteady experimental approach
C. Sicot, P. Devinant, S. Loyer, J. Hureau
Ecole Polytechnique de l’Université d’Orléans, France page 40
13:55 Simulation and evaluation of the air flow through wind turbine
rotors by comparing 2D and 3D numerical simulations
with focus on the hub area
J. Rauch, T. Krämer, B. Heinzelmann, J. Twele, P.U. Thamsen
Technische Universität Berlin, Germany page 41
14:10 Predicting 2D and 3D wind turbine performance using

a transition model for general CFD codes
R. Langtry, J. Gola, S. Völker, F. R. Menter
ANSYS Germany GmbH, Otterfing, Germany page 42
14:25 Coffee
14:45 Poster session (see pages 8-10)
17:00 End of scientific program
Evening Program
18:30 Departure to Conference dinner on boat on lake Bad Zwischenahn

Friday, October 07, 2005
E: Wake Effects
Chair: NN
08:30 Modeling of far wake behind wind turbine

(Invited Talk)
J.N. Soerensen, V. L. Okulov
Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark page 43
08:50 Stability of tip vortex equilibrium in far wake

behind Wind Turbine
V.L. Okulov, J.N. Sørensen
Institute of Thermophysics, Novosibirsk, Russia page 44
09:05 Modelling turbulence intensities inside wind farms

A. Wessel, J. Peinke, B. Lange
09:20 Numerical computations of wind turbine wakes

S. Ivanell, D. Henningson
Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden page 46
09:35 Modeling wind turbines wakes with a porosity concept

S. Aubrun
Laboratoire de Mécanique et d’Energétique, Orléans, France page 47
09:50 Acoustic analogy applied on wind turbine noise

generation and propagation
L. Fuchs, D. Moroianu
Lund Institute of Technology, Sweden page 48
10:05 Coffee
F: Materials, Fatigue & Structural Health Monitoring
Chair: NN
10:25 Fatigue assessment of truss joints based on local approaches

(Invited Talk)
M. Vormwald, H. Th. Beier, J. Lange
Technische Universität Darmstadt, Germany page 49
10:45 Advances in offshore wind turbine technology

(Invited Talk)
M. Seidel, J. Gößwein
REpower Systems AG, Osnabrück, Germany page 50
11:05 Benefits of fatigue assessment with local concepts

F. Wilke, P. Schaumann
Universität Hannover, Germany page 51
11:20 Extension of life time of welded dynamic loaded structures

I. Weich, T. Ummenhofer, T. Nitschke-Pagel
Technische Universität Braunschweig, Germany page 52
11:35 Structural health monitoring of WEC using the

multiparameter eigenvalue problem
J. Reetz, W.-J. Gerasch, R. Rolfes
University of Hannover, Germany page 53
11:50 Influence of wind turbine’s type and size on antiicing

thermal power requirement
L. Battisti, R. Fedrizzi, S. Dal Savio
University of Trento, Italy page 54
12:05 Lunch
13:40 Structure health monitoring – visions, possibilities

and research tasks
(Invited Talk)
W. Hillger
German Aerospace Center (DLR), Braunschweig, Germany page 55
14:00 Performance and qualification of materials used for rotor blades

(Invited Talk)
B.F. Sorensen, P. Brondsted
14:20 High-cycle fatigue of “ultra-high-performance concrete” and

“grouted joints” for offshore wind energy turbines
L. Lohaus, S. Anders
14:35 A modular concept for integrated modeling of offshore WEC

applied to wave-structure coupling
K. Mittendorf, M. Kohlmeier, A. Habbar, W. Zielke
14:50 Solutions of details regarding fatigue and the use of high-strength

steels for towers of offshore wind energy converters
J. Bergers, H. Huhn, R. Puthli, M. Veselcic
University of Karlsruhe, Germany page 59
15:05 Closing
15:30 End of colloquium

Poster Session
A1 On the atmospheric flow modelling over complex relief

I. Sládek, K. Kozel, Z. Jaňour
Czech Technical University, Prague, Czechia page 63
A2 Pollutant dispersion in flow around bluff bodies arrangement

E. Moryn-Kucharczyk, R. Gnatowska
Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland page 64
A3 The improved mesoscale turbulence model for wind climate

and pollutant dispersion in cites
A.F. Kurbatskiy, L. I. Kurbatskaya
Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch and Novosibirsk
State University, Russia page 65
A4 Comparison of logarithmic wind profiles and power law wind

profiles and their applicability for offshore wind profiles
S. Emeis
Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbH, Germany page 66
B1 Superposition model for atmospheric turbulence

St. Barth, F. Böttcher, J. Peinke
B2 Extreme events under low-frequency wind speed variability

and wind energy generation
A.A. Cârsteanu, J.J. Castro
Cinvestav, Mexico City, Mexico page 68
B3 Stochastic modelling and prognosis of turbulent wind

time series
J. Cleve, M. Greiner
Siemens AG, München, Germany page 69
B4 Quantitative Reconstruction of Drift and Diffusion Functions

from Time Series Data
D. Kleinhans, R. Friedrich
University of Münster, Germany page 70
B5 Scaling turbulent atmospheric stratification: a

turbulence/wave wind model
S. Lovejoy, D. Schertzer
McGill University, Montreal, Que., Canada page 71
C1 Characterization of the Power Curve for Wind Turbine

by Stochastic Modelling
E. Anahua, J. Peinke, S. Barth
C2 Handling systems driven by different noise sources

F. Böttcher, J. Peinke, D. Kleinhans, R. Friedrich
C3 Experimental researches of characteristics of

windrotor models with vertical axis of rotation
F. Kayan, S.A. Dovgy, V.A. Kochin
Institute of Hydromechanics NASU, Kyiv-57, Ukraine page 74
C4 Methodical failure detection in grid connected wind parks

D. Schulz, K. Knorr, R. Hanitsch
Hochschule Bremerhaven, fk-wind: Forschungs- und
Koordinierungsstelle Windenergie, Germany page 75
D1 Performance of the Risø-B1 airfoil family for wind turbines

C. Bak, M. Gaunaa, I. Antoniou
D2 Dynamic lift of airfoils

T. Bohlen, R. Grüneberger, J. Peinke
D3 Aerodynamic behaviour of a new type of slow running

vertical axis wind turbine
J.L. Menet
Université de Valenciennes, France page 78
D4 Simulating dynamic stall using spectral CFD-code

B. Stoevesandt, A. Shishkin, C. Wagner, J. Peinke
ForWind – Center for Wind Energy Research, Oldenburg, Germany page 79
E1 Comparing linear and non-linear wind flow models

D. Cabezón, A. Iniesta, I. Martı́
National Renewable Energy Centre (CENER), Sarriguren,
Navarra, Spain page 80
E2 Large eddy simulation of an aeroturbine wake

A. Jiménez
Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain page 81
E3 Infrasound in wind energy

G. Sokol
Dniepropetrovsky National University, Dniepropetrovsk, Ukraine page 82
E4 Prediction of wind turbine noise generation and propagation

based on an acoustic analogy
D. Moroianu, L. Fuchs
Lund Institute of Technology, Sweden page 83
F1 On the influence of low-level jets on energy production and

loading of wind turbines
N. Cosack, S. Emeis, M. Kühn
University of Stuttgart, Germany page 84
F2 A new damage approach for concrete towers of wind energy

converters subjected to multi-stage fatigue loading
J. Göhlmann, J. Grünberg
F3 Reliability of wind turbines experiences of 15 years

with 1,500 WTs
B. Hahn, M. Durstewitz, K. Rohrig
ISET e.V., Kassel, Germany page 86
F4 Systematic modelling of wind turbine dynamics

M. Hänler, U. Ritschel, J. Kirchner, I. Warnke
Windrad Engineering GmbH, Zweedorf, Germany page 87
F5 Design, fabrication and testing of the wind turbine

rotor blades from composite laminated materials
B. Rašuo
University of Belgrade, Serbia and Montenegro page 88
F6 Multibody system simulation of offshore wind turbines

B. Schlecht, T. Schulze, Th. Hähnel, Th. Rosenlöcher
Technische Universität Dresden, Germany page 89
F7 Integrated monitoring system for offshore wind energy plants

R.G. Rohrmann, W. Rücker, S. Said, S. Stöhr
Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing
(BAM), Berlin, Germany page 90
TALKS
Session A – Talk 1 13
Offshore Wind Power Meteorology

B. Langea
a ISET e.V., Königstor 59, 34119 Kassel, Germany
The wind over the sea is the energy source, which is tapped by offshore wind farm installations. At the same
time it is the main source of loads on the wind turbines. Comprehensive knowledge about the wind conditions
at offshore sites is therefore crucial for the successful development of offshore wind power. On the other hand,
in the past there has been little need to investigate the wind at locations and heights relevant for wind power
utilization, i.e. over coastal waters and in heights of 30-200 meters. The knowledge about wind conditions and
meteorological effects at these locations is therefore limited.
From the point of view of offshore wind power utilization, there are fundamental differences between the wind
conditions over land and offshore. Three reasons are most important for these:
• the surface roughness of the sea is very low, but also dependent on the wave field
• the thermal properties of water are very different to those of land, leading to a different thermal stratification
• both the surface roughness and the surface temperature change abruptly at the coastline, which leads to
large transition effects for wind blowing from land to the sea
For weather prediction purposes, measurements over the sea are made by buoys, lightships, ships, lighthouses,
etc. These measure the wind usually at low heights and are not particularly well suited for precise wind speed
measurements. Meteorological research focuses mainly on air-sea interaction processes and highly accurate wind
speed measurements are often made at low heights and for limited time periods. In recent years, purpose built
measurements for offshore wind power utilizations have been erected at a number of locations.
The measurements improved the knowledge about the wind conditions relevant for offshore wind farm instal-
lations. It has been found that the wave field dependence of the sea surface roughness is of minor importance for
resource calculations, but may be crucial for extreme wind conditions. Thermal effects, on the other hand, can
have a large influence on the wind conditions and power production, because they can modify the wind profile
in the coastal zone significantly when wind blows from land out over the sea.
Numerical meteorological models are used to investigate the spatial behaviour of these effects. Their advantage
is to provide data for a large area in space. Fed by the output of global models, mesoscale meteorological models
are used to determine, investigate and forecast the wind over the sea. While there are still a number of open
challenges in modelling wind at offshore locations with these models, the results are very promising. Comparisons
between the commonly used wind resource calculation program WAsP and mesoscale models show important
differences, which reveal the importance of offshore effects.
But resource assessment for planned offshore wind farms is only one of the applications of offshore wind power
meteorology. Another important application is the prediction of the wind power output, which is needed for
the grid integration of the electricity produced. Because of the large capacity of the planned wind farms a high
prediction accuracy is needed. First investigations indicate that the prediction accuracy of numerical weather
prediction models is indeed better offshore than for stations on land.
Bernhard Lange – blange@iset.uni-kassel.de

Wave loads on wind power plants in deep and shallow water

Lars Bergdahl a , Claes Eskilsson a and Jenny Trumars a
a Water Environment Transport, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Chalmers University of Technology
Due to the dynamic behaviour of wind turbines and their foundations, load effects may be quite sensitive to
the precise modelling of the wave loading. As the offshore wind turbine technology progresses, larger and larger
turbines will be placed in deeper and deeper waters, causing the resonant frequency of the first eigen mode of a
traditional bottom- fixed support structure to be typically in the range of 0.25 Hz to 0.35 Hz. The deeper the
water and the larger the turbine, the lower the resonance frequency will be.
Both in deep and shallow waters spectra from steep waves exhibit a second order peak at a frequency twice the
modal peak frequency. This is due to the fact that in steep waves the linear assumption that the wave elevation is
symmetrical around the mean water level no longer holds: Wave crests are peaked and wave troughs are shallow.
In shallow water the effect is enhanced. As an example, measured wave spectra from the offshore wind farm
Bockstigen with modal peak frequencies of 0.12 to 0.15 Hz show second peaks at 0.25 to 0.3 Hz. Such peaks
cannot be modelled with a linear wave model, and wave models taking non-linearities into account have to be used.
The pressure and velocity attenuation with depth from the from the double frequency components follows the
attenuation of the first order ”parent”waves and is thus much smaller than anticipated. The structural response
of the turbines may very well be dynamically amplified and more sensitive to such loads at ”unexpected”high
frequency.
In the paper, it is sketched how second order, irregular, non-linear waves can be realised from spectra in
deep and shallow water. The problem of unintended addition of variance in the realisation process, especially for
shallow water, is addressed. It is also discussed how the transmission of waves from deep water into shallow water
can be modelled by phase-average models and phase-resolving models. The phase-average models calculates the
change of the wave spectra as the waves progress over a bottom topography with respect to wind, wave interaction
in the frequency domain and dissipation due to bottom friction and breaking waves. A phase resolving Boussinesq
type model, on the other hand, simulates the progress of an actual wave train keeping track of the phases between
long and short waves as well as locked and free waves, but is more time-consuming and restricted by bottom
depth and wave breaking.
Examples of phase average and Boussinesq-type modelling are given. For the latter an animation of a wave
passing a pile is shown. Also examples of time series of irregular linear and non-linear waves are given and the
effect on the fatigue load is presented for an offshore wind turbine with a slender support structure. The forces
on the structure are either calculated using Morison’s equation, integrating along the structure and lumping the
loads in nodes for the structural calculations or by simulating the pressure distribution in the time domain.
Correspondence: Lars Bergdahl – lars.bergdahl@wet.chalmers.se – fax: +46 31 772 2128

Profiles of mean wind and turbulence in the atmospheric

boundary layer above the surface layer
S.E.Larsena S.E. Gryninga , N.O.Jensena , H.E.Jørgensena and J. Manna
a Department Of Wind Energy, Risø, DK4000, Roskilde, Denmark
The growing height of wind turbines has increased the need for knowledge about the mean wind and turbulence
field at these heights of the atmospheric boundary layer (above, say 100 m). We present a review of the existing
knowledge, and compare with one year of data from the recently established site for testing of larger wind turbines
at Høvsøre at the North Sea coast of Denmark. The site is equipped with a 110-meter climate mast with six levels
of for profiles and turbulence measurements. Additionally two 160-meter masts for warning lights have offered
possibility for measurements at that height as well. The position of the site at a coastline allows us to evaluate
flow models for both homogeneous terrain, and for a water-land surface change. The overall conditions in the
lower atmosphere as well as on the up-stream and down-stream surfaces are integrated into the data analysis
from the NCEP data, together with other databases. Most of the micrometeorological models used in wind power
studies are based on homogeneous surface layer description, and mostly for thermally neutral conditions, with
added models to include the effects in the surface layer of terrain changes. Our studies show that it becomes
increasingly difficult to justify the thermally neutral homogeneous description for increasing height, because the
importance of heterogeneity and thermal structure increases with height. We illustrate this behaviour from our
data.
Also we have found that even for thermally neutral conditions the wind profile was less predictable than
thought, characteristically showing both situation with enhanced shear and reduced shear relatively to the
Logarithmic profile. Although models for both are formulated the predictability is still not satisfactory. These
aspects are enhanced when stability is included .The situations are systematised, with respect to both mean
flow and turbulence, and the importance for power production is discussed. Additionally to the ”homogeneous
situationsthe site has allowed us to compare the behaviour of both mean profiles and turbulence with height
at the positions of the different masts, with fetch varying with wind direction. Hereby, extension of the current
”change of surface modelsfor the wind and power production has been possible. We illustrate these features from
the data set that allow us as well to discuss their quantitative importance at the Høvsøre site, and thereby, by
conjecture, also at other sites.
Correspondence: S.E.Larsen – Soeren.Larsen@Risoe.dk – fax: +45 4677 5970

Wind Speed Profiles, Convection and Turbulent Momentum

Fluxes in the Marine Boundary Layer above the North Sea
J. Tambkea , J. A. T. Byeb , L. Claveria , L. v. Bremena , C. Poppingaa ,
B. Langec , J.-O. Wolffd
a ForWind Center, Institute of Physics, University of Oldenburg, Germany
b School of Earth Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
c ISET e.V., University of Kassel, Germany
d Physical Oceanography (Theory), ICBM, University of Oldenburg, Germany
For wind energy resource assessments, 48 hours wind speed forecasts as well as for calculations of loads and
wakes, the vertical wind profile above the sea has to be modelled with high accuracy [1]. We analysed profiles of
marine wind speeds and momentum fluxes that were measured at the two new met masts Horns Reef (62m high)
and FiNO1 (100m high) in the North Sea. In this work we present a detailed description of the observed profile
characteristics depending on fetch and thermal stratification. In many situations, the wind shear is significantly
higher than expected in commonly used boundary layer models. This discrepancy is shown for different meso-
scale model schemes, especially for the model of the German Weather Service DWD. Consequently the standard
approaches to calculate wind speeds in higher altitudes from observed lower level values lead to considerable
underestimations.
Fig. 1: Scheme for the vertical wind profile used in the ICWP model.
For a better understanding of this newly observed effect, we developed an analytic model of the wind velocity
profile in the marine boundary layer (figure 1) that considers the non-linear wind-wave interaction. In particular,
the flux of momentum through the Ekman layers of atmosphere and sea is described in each fluid by a common
wave boundary layer specified by the inertial coupling relations [2], and two outer constant viscosity layers [3].
The three layers are coupled by matching velocity, shear stress and eddy viscosity at a specific height, which
can be related to the peak wavenumber of the wave spectrum. We extend the basic model in [1] to stable and
convective thermal conditions of the marine boundary layer and present the inertially coupled wind profiles
(ICWP) for this system. The results are expressible in terms of a single parameter, which is predicted for a
prescribed wind at an arbitrary height. Finally, we compare the ICWP and the usually applied Monin-Obukhov
log-linear profiles with the measurements from Horns Reef and FiNO1. The good agreement between ICWP and
observations supports the wave boundary layer approach and our assumption that the Ekman layer begins at 15
to 45 m height above the sea surface.
Literatur
[1] J. Tambke, M. Lange, U. Focken, J.-O. Wolff and J.A.T. Bye (2005): Forecasting Offshore Wind Speeds above
the North Sea, Wind Energy, vol. 8, pp. 3-16.
[2] J.A.T. Bye (1995): Inertial coupling of fluids with large density contrast, Phys. Lett. A, vol. 202, pp. 222-224.
[3] J.A.T. Bye (2002): Inertially coupled Ekman layers, Dyn. Atmos. Oceans, vol. 35, pp. 27-39.
Correspondence: Jens Tambke – jens.tambke@mail.uni-oldenburg.de – phone: +49 (0) 441-36116736

Time domain comparison of simulated and measured wind

turbine loads using constrained wind fields
Wim Bierbooms a and Dick Veldkamp b
a Wind Energy Research Group, Delft University of Technology, Kluyverweg 1, 2629 HS Delft, The Netherlands
b Vestas Wind Energy Systems, Alsvej 21, 8900 Randers, Denmark
Objectives
Comparison between wind turbine load measurements and simulations is complicated by the uncertainty
about the wind field experienced by the rotor. Usually the wind speed is measured at just one location
(hub height) which makes direct comparison between the measured and simulation load time histories im-
possible. Instead the power spectra of the loads and the equivalent fatigue load ranges are compared. The
objective of the present work is to demonstrate a method which makes direct comparison in time domain possible.
Scientific innovation and relevance

At Delft University a new method (so-called constrained stochastic wind field simulation), has been developed
in order to achieve a realistic and verified description of extreme gusts based on the stochastic properties of
wind. Until now this method has been used to generate gusts with maximum amplitude to assess the ultimate
loading of stall turbines, and to generate gusts with an extreme rise time to assess the ultimate loading of
pitch regulated wind turbines. The method of constrained stochastic simulation is general, and it can also
be used to generate stochastic 3D wind fields which exactly match measured time series at one (or more) point(s).
Description of the work

A computer implementation of the method of constrained stochastic simulation is made in order to generate
stochastic wind fields (in the rotor plane, all 3 velocity components) in such a way that the measured wind
speed time series (at more locations) are exactly reproduced. In the method the correlation of the turbulence
components at different locations is taken into account in a consistent way.
The generated wind fields may be considered to be wind fields which could have occurred during the measuring
period; the actual wind field can never be reproduced in case of just a few measurement locations, since turbulence
is a stochastic process.
The influence of the number of anemometers as well as their position will be investigated for a common pitch
regulated variable speed turbine.
Results and conclusions

The scatter in the load time series resulting from different stochastic wind field simulations (for given mean
wind speed, turbulence intensity and (co) spectrum) will be compared to the reduced scatter in case of constrained
stochastic simulation for several configurations of anemometer(s).
Furthermore the method will be applied to compare measured and simulated loads on a Vestas 80 m 2.75 MW
turbine at Tjæreborg.
Correspondence: Wim Bierbooms – w.bierbooms@lr.tudelft.nl – fax: +31 15 278 5347

Fundamental aspects of fluid flow over complex terrain for

wind energy applications
J. Fernández Pugaa M. Fallenb and F. Eberta
a Institute for Mechanical Process Engineering, University of Kaiserslautern,
b Institute for Fluid Flow and Positive Displacement Pumps, University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße,
D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
It is well known that the analysis of wind potential of complex inland sites for wind energy purposes is
very difficult because of local topographic influences such as hills and vegetation. A reliable forecast can be
performed using measurements and computations. Therefore, the flow over steep hills has been investigated
experimentally and theoretically at the University of Kaiserslautern. Sinusoidally-shaped hills have been chosen
for the investigation which follow the parametric shape equations of the RUSHIL experiments.
The velocity and turbulence fields over the hill have been measured with the Laser Doppler Anemometry
(LDA) technique in the wind tunnel of the University (see figure 1 left). The measurements have been carried
out using a three-component system employing seeding particles with a size of 2µm. These particles are made by
spraying a solution of glycerine and water. The atmospheric boundary layer had to be approximated. Since it is
a short wind tunnel a sufficiently thick boundary layer must be generated. To this end several devices thickening
the boundary layer artificially have been investigated. Designs based on cylindrical rod generators and spires
have been analysed.
Fig. 1: Measured and computed profiles of the longitudinal (left) and the vertical (right) velocity in the lee of the
2-d hill
The experimental results have been compared with the results of the numerical simulations. Thereby, calcula-
tions have been conducted using different turbulence models. The results show clearly that the velocity field can
be reproduced satisfactorily (see figure 1), whereas the results for the turbulence parameters differ remarkably
from experimental values. This can be observed in the recirculation zone in the lee of the hill where the flow is
mostly affected by the hill. However, depending on whether the detachment point or the reattachment point is
considered some models perform better than others. The hill size has been varied in order to analyse the influence
of the steepness on the flow field.
Additionally, a comparison between a two-dimensional and a three-dimensional hill has been carried out. Large
eddy simulations show clearly the unsteadiness and the vortex structures of the flow over the hills (see figure 2).
Fig. 2: Isosurfaces of constant vorticity; left: 2d hill, right: 3d hill.
Correspondence: José Fernández Puga – fernandez@mv.uni-kl.de – fax: +49 (0) 631-205-3055

Models for computer simulation of wind flow over sparsely

forested regions
J. C. Lopes da Costa, F. A. Castro, J. M. L. M. Palma
CEsA - Research Centre for Wind Energy and Atmospheric Flows,
Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto,
Rua Roberto Frias s/n , 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
The wind flow near or within forest patches is strongly affected by the presence of the trees. Because of the
flow complexity and wind power reduction, these regions were not considered as candidate for wind parks until
recently. However, because of the shortage of clear sites, this situation was reverted, adding new motivation to
the study of the wind flow over canopies and forested patches.
In the present work, various canopy models [4, 2, 5] are studied over idealised and complex terrains, using a
CFD code, based on a k − ε turbulence model [1]. Computer simulations of the flow over canopy on a flat plate
and sinusoidal hills configurations are compared with wind tunnel measurements [3]. The emphasis is on the
prediction of the flow as it enters and exits the canopy regions. Wind turbines are often located in clearings and
these issues are the most important and difficult to master. The study concludes with computer simulations of
real forested regions and comparison with field measurements at different distances above the ground level.
Fig. 1: Wind flow (longitudinal velocity) over a canopy on a flat plate, based the wind tunnel measurements [3]
Literatur
[1] F. A. Castro, J. M. L. M. Palma, and A. Silva Lopes. Simulation of the Askervein flow. Part 1: Reynolds
averaged Navier-Stokes equations (k- turbulence model). Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 107:501–530, 2003.
[2] J. Liu, J. M. Chen, T. A. Black, and M. D. Novak. E - ε modelling of turbulent air flow downwind of a model
forest edge. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 77:21–44, 1996.
[3] B. Ruck and E. Adams. Fluid mechanical aspects in the pollutants transport to coniferous trees. Boundary-
Layer Meteorology, 56:163–195, 1991.
[4] C. Sanz. A note on k −ε modelling of vegetation canopy air-flows. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 108:191–197,
2003.
[5] U. Svensson and K. Häggkvist. A two-equation turbulence model for canopy flows. Journal of Wind Engi-
neering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 35:201–211, 1990.
Correspondence: J. M. L. M. Palma – jpalma@fe.up.pt – fax: +351 22 5082154

Power performance via nacelle anemometry on complex

terrain
E. Bibora , C. Massona
a Mechanical Engineering Department, Ecole de technologie superieure, 1100 Notre-Dame Ouest, Montreal, Canada
Performance evaluation of wind turbines (WT) to common standards has been carried out for more than
10 years[1]. Standards regarding performance tests have been proposed by the International Electrotechnical
Commission (eg. IEC 61400-12). However, there are still areas of limited knowledge. For example, the performance
testing of a park composed of a large number of turbines reveals the difficulties related to nacelle anemometry.
The basis of this technique is to establish a relationship between nacelle wind speed (Vnac ) and free-stream wind
speed (V∞ ) for the reference WT. The assumption that this correlation can be used for the other WTs of the
farm is reasonable over a flat terrain [1]. The purpose of this study is to investigate the precision of this technique
when applied to complex terrain. More specifically, the consequences on power performance testing and on the
projected annual energy production will be quantified using both experimental and numerical approaches.
The experimental installation used for this study is located on a very complex site, in Riviere-au-Renard,
in Eastern Canada. First, a single general correlation between Vnac ⇔ V∞ has been established using the
measurements from all valid sectors. The influence of the terrain was then quantified by constructing specific
correlations for each individual 10o sector. Significant differences are noted between the specific-sector and general
correlations, as shown on the left figure.
In the range 4 < Vnac < 16m/s, errors in the V∞ estimates associated with the use of the general correlation,
instead of the specific-sector correlation, can reach 5.6%. The consequences of such an error on the free-stream
wind speed estimate can be significant on the measured power curve, as illustrated in the centre figure. Fur-
thermore, numerous control parameters, such as the cut-in and cut-out wind speed, are directly related to the
Vnac ⇔ V∞ correlations. These aspects also can have important impacts on the annual energy production.
A numerical model, based on the commercial code F LU EN T , has been developed in order to have a better
understanding of the nacelle anemometry. This model [2] takes into account the wind acceleration (or dece-
leration) produced by the blades, the nacelle and the anemometer mounting. The rotor is represented by an
actuator-disk with the forces calculated by the blade element method. The model has been validated with the
experimental correlations obtained previously. Good agreements are obtained only when the mounting system
of the anemometer is taken in account (see the right figure).
Literatur
[1] R. Hunter et al. (2001): European Wind Turbine Testing Procedure Developments, Riso-R-1209.
[2] A. SmaÔli, C. Masson (2005): On the Rotor Effects upon Nacelle Anemometry for Wind Turbine, Wind
Engineering, in press.
Correspondence: Christian Masson – christian.masson@etsmtl.ca – fax: 1 (514) 396-8530

Session B – Talk 1 21
Turbulence modelling and numerical simulation of turbulent

flows
C. Wagnera
a Institute for Aerodynamics and Flow Technology, DLR Göttingen, Bunsenstr. 10, Göttingen, Germany
Principally, there are three different approaches to predict turbulent flows numerically. Due to the dramatically
increased efficiency of the super computers and new numerical methods it is possible to solve the time-dependent
Navier-Stokes equations without any turbulence model in a Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS). However, the
huge computational resources, which are required to conduct a DNS restricts their application to turbulent flows
at lower Reynolds numbers with in most cases just an academic objective. The obtained turbulent flows though
are characterized by random three-dimensional fluctuations with a continuous spectrum of length scales ranging
down to flow structures which dissipate the excessive energy, the Kolmogorov scales.
Turbulent flow calculation with a more applied objective were and are still performed solving the Reynolds
averaged Navier-Stokes equations (RANS). In many cases the obtained solution is stationary and, depending on
the number of homogeneous directions involved, one or two dimensional. The statistical approach is associated
with the highest loss of information and with a closure problem which is not satisfactorily solved. Spectral
information is completely lost, since any statistical quantity is an average over all turbulent scales. The obtained
flow field describes the mean flow, which is enough for many applied problems, while the turbulent information
is described with the Reynolds stress tensor. This tensor has to be modeled with empirical or semi-empirical
models. There are a huge number of different turbulence models, because so far there is no generally valid
statistical turbulence model. In the last decade the interest in time-dependent, three-dimensional analysis of
turbulent flows increased, since many technical problems are associated with large scale motions. To obtain
these time-dependent flow structures researchers more and more conducted instationary RANS simulation on
three dimensional meshes with increasing number of grid points. Doing this they pushed the RANS technique
towards the third approach in numerical turbulence simulation, the Large-Eddy Simulation (LES) technique.
This method basically resembles a compromise between RANS and DNS since it allows to predict the dynamics
of the large turbulent scales while the effect of the fine scales are modeled with a subgrid-scale model.
This will be demonstrated at the colloqium presenting results produced in DNS, RANS and LES of turbulent
flows in simple configurations. Further, the popular (k, ω)-RANS turbulence model and the some common subgrid
scale models will be discussed.
Correspondence: Claus Wagner – claus.wagner@dlr.de

Gusts in intermittent wind turbulence and the dynamics of

their return times
F.G. Schmitt a
a CNRS, Wimereux Marine Station, University of Lille 1, UMR ELICO, 28 av Foch, 62930 Wimereux, France
Regions interesting for the installation of windmills possess large mean wind velocity, but this is also associated
to large Reynolds numbers and huge velocity fluctuations. Such fully developed turbulence is generally charac-
terized by intermittent fluctuations on a wide range of scales (see [1, 2]). These fluctuations may be classically
quantified in the inertial range, using the general framework of scaling structure functions. On the other hand,
less efforts have been devoted to the return times of gusts – large fluctuations |V (t + τ ) − V (t)| for a small time
lag τ (for an hydrological example see [1]). Using several atmospheric wind turbulence databases, we consider
the scale (τ ) dependence of the number of gust events |V (t + τ ) − V (t)| for a given time series.
We further consider return times of gust intensities larger than a given threshold: we show that successive
return times of gust events are generally independent, and possess pdfs close to Lévy-stable laws. This means
that the mean return time of gust events diverge with the number of realizations. We quantify this divergence
and its limits, and discuss its practical implications. As another application of the same fully developed turbulent
framework, we consider also the statistics of power fluctuations, focusing specifically on larger fluctuations.
Literatur
[1] F. Schmitt, D. Schertzer, S. Lovejoy, and Y. Brunet (1994): Empirical study of multifractal phase transitions
in atmospheric turbulence, Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics, 1, 95-104
[2] U. Frisch (1995): Turbulence, the legacy of A. N. Kolmogorov, Cambridge University Press.
[3] F. Schmitt and C. Nicolis (2002): Scaling of return times for a high resolution rainfall time series, Fractals,
10, 285-290.
Correspondence: Francois G. Schmitt

Offshore Wind Design Parameters – OWID

T. Neumanna , S. Emeisb and C. Illigc
a DEWI German Wind Energy Institute, Ebertstr. 96, Wilhelmshaven, Germany
b Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research, FZ Karlsruhe (IMK-IfU), Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
c DEWI-OCC Offshore and Certification Centre GmbH, Am Seedeich 9, Cuxhaven, Germany
In this contribution we report about the research project ”OWID”, where the project partners DEWI, DEWI-
OCC and the IMK-IFU are going to evaluate the design conditions for offshore wind turbines and their com-
ponents on the basis of the FINO1–data*. In co-operation with the manufacturers of offshore wind turbines,
certification companies and universities an adaptation for the existing guidelines shall be worked out. The pro-
ject is supported by the Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety and
co-financed by the manufacturers involved**.
Offshore wind energy can play an important role to support the aim of producing 20% of the total electricity
demand by renewable energies by 2020. Most of the projected German areas for the offshore use however lie far
away from the coast in water depths up to 40m. For this situation no real experience is given. Even the Danish
North Sea wind farm “Horns Rev” erected in 2002 cannot be compared directly as it has a much shorter distance
to the coast line of about 14-20km.
The FINO1 platform which is installed in 2003 about 45km before the island Borkum is equipped with a 100m
met mast and records the long term meteorological and oceanographic conditions in the North Sea. It shall be
used to reduce the incomplete knowledge when adapting wind turbines to the maritime conditions.
We start with a thoroughly evaluation of the acquired FINO1-data with the focus on the mechanical loads that
a future offshore wind turbine is exposed to. In addition to the measured undisturbed wind field, the disturbed
wind within a wind farm will be simulated by CFD calculations. Both undisturbed and disturbed wind fields
are used to calculate the loads on an idealised wind turbine in order to evaluate the effect on lay out and life
time. The project shall result in proposals to improve the applicable guidelines to minimise risks in the planning,
building and operating phase of offshore turbines and to set up a reliable basis for financing and insurance of
the scheduled projects in the German Bight.
* FINO: Research Platform in north and baltic sea, financed by the Federal Ministry for the Environment,
Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety
** Ermittlung designrelevanter Belastungsparameter für WEA in der Deutschen Bucht auf Basis der FINO-
Messdaten (OWID), BMU-Project 0329961A
Literatur
[1] Launder, B.E., Spalding, D.B.: Applied Mechanics and Engineering, 3, pp. 269-289, 1974.
[2] Freedman, A.F.R., Jacobson, B.M.Z.: Journal of Boundary Layer Meteorology, 102, pp. 117-138, 2002.
[3] Sten Frandsen, Risø Report R-1188, Risø National Laboratory, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
Correspondence: Your Name – your.name@youremail.edu – fax: +49 (0) 123 456-7891

Wind extremes and scales: multifractal insights and empirical

evidence
D. Schertzerab , I. Tchiguirinskaiaa , S. Lovejoyc , J.M. Veysseired
a CEREVE, ENPC, 6-8, ave. Blaise Pascal, Cité Descartes 77455 Marne-la-vallee Cedex, France
b Météo-France, Paris, 1 Quai Branly, 75007 Paris. France
c Physics, McGill University, 3600 University st., Montreal, Que., Canada
d Direction de la Climatologie, Météo-France, 42 Av. G. Coriolis, 31057 Toulouse Cedex, France
An accurate assessment of wind extremes at various space-time scales (e.g. gusts, tempests, etc.) is of prime
importance for a safe and efficient wind energy management. This is particularly true for turbine design and
operation, as well as for wind potential estimates and wind farm implementation.
We will first show that a theoretical consequence of the multifractal behaviour of the wind field over a wide
range of space-time scales is that the probability tail is a power-law and therefore much ”fatterthan usually
assumed. In this framework, extremes are much more frequent than anticipated with the help of rather thin tail
probabilities. The critical and practical importance of the power law exponent qD of the probability tail could be
understood by the facts that the probability of having an extreme 10 times higher decreases only by the factor
10qD and that all statistical moments of order q ≥ qD are divergent (i.e. the theoretical moments are infinite, the
empirical ones depend on the sample size). Such a behavior have been often called ”self-organized criticality”. If
the wind correlations had only short ranges, then the wind maxima distribution would be a Frechet law (GEV2,
in the classical theory of Generalized Extreme Value) instead of the classical Gumbel law (GEV1), and the
Frechet law tails will have the same power law exponent qD . We will point out generalizations with long range
correlations in a multifractal framework.
We will critically examine quantitative empirical evidence of this extreme behavior for the wind field at different
scales and in various meteorological and climatological conditions, e.g. from mid-latitude to tropical conditions,
including the two tempests over Europe in 1999, cyclones over China sea and some long time series.
Correspondence: Shaun Lovejoy – lovejoy@physics.mcgill.ca – fax: 1-514 398-8434

Boundary layer influence on orographic-flow extreme events

K. Lerouxa,b , O. S. Eiffa,b
a Institut de Mécanique des Fluides de Toulouse, allée du Professeur Camille Soula, 31400 Toulouse, France
b Météo-France, Centre National de Recherches Météorologiques, 42 avenue G. Coriolis, 31057 Toulouse Cedex, France
The effects of stratified flow over mountains need a particular attention due to their extreme events nature.
For low Froude-numbers flows, strong downslope winds and lee wave rotors appear, and the wave amplitude
is strong enough for the wave to overturn and break. A good knowledge of such orographic flow is necessary
to forecast aeronautical hazards and to optimize the implantation of wind-energy turbines. Indeed, a 4 m/s
upstream flow can reach a 10 m/s lee side speed on a 600 m mountain in such conditions, but only on a lee side
portion after which it reverses, generating a “rotor”. A lack of in situ measurements due to the sporadic nature
of this phenomenon leads us to pay a detailed attention to the realism of our models boundary conditions. Some
boundary conditions are investigated via a series of experimental studies in hydraulic towing-tanks of different
dimensions. The main focus of our study is the boundary layer effect on downslope windstorms and wave breaking
dynamics.
Previous experiments in our laboratory have shown that in addition to wave-breaking, trapped lee-waves and a
rotoräppear even under uniform flow and stratification conditions [1]. Only when the no-slip boundary condition
on the obstacle was accounted for in our previous numerical simulations, were these additional phenomena well
reproduced, taken into account that the no-slip boundary condition on the obstacle also modifies the severe
downslope windstorm velocities as well as the wave-breaking dynamics [2]. Doyle and Durran [3] confirmed via
numerical simulations that a slip condition inhibits rotor formation for non-uniform flows. Rotor formation was
shown to be due to wave-induced boundary-layer separation. Here we investigate via Particle Image Velocimetry
(PIV) the effect of including no-slip conditions downstream of the obstacles, in addition to no-slip conditions on
the obstacle and for different Reynolds numbers flows.
The experiments, with and without plates attached to the trailing edge of the obstacle, show that the rotoränd
the trapped lee-wave formation occur independently of the boundary condition downstream of the obstacle,
in contrast to the boundary condition on the obstacle itself. The downstream boundary condition only slighly
influences the trapped lee-wave amplitude and wavelength but not the lee-side winds nor the first rotor which
extends from the obstacle beyond the trailing edge. Even for uniform conditions, the rotoränd trapped lee-wave
formation is also shown to occur independently of the presence of wave-breaking. Here, we show that for very low
Reynolds number, the wave breaking event is very sensitive to vertical Froude number for quasi two-dimensional
ridges freed from side effects, but depending on obstacle aspect ratio. This highlights the on-obstacle-developed
boundary layer effect. The bigger the boundary layer is, the more three-dimensionally dispersive the lee waves
are. A comparison with high Reynolds number experiments confirms the strong obstacle-boundary-layer influence
on the wave overturning, so its interaction on the wave field.
Literatur
[1] O. S. Eiff and P. Bonneton (2000): Lee-wave breaking over obstacles in stratified flow, Phys. Fluid, vol. 12,
pp. 1073-1086.
[2] F. Gheusi, J. Stein and O. S. Eiff (2000): A numerical study of three-dimensional orographic gravity-wave
breaking observed in a hydraulic tank, J. Fluid Mech , vol 410, pp. 67-99.
[3] J. D. Doyle and D. R. Durran (2002): The dynamics of mountain-wave induced rotor, J. Atm. Sc., vol. 59,
pp.186-201.
Correspondence: Leroux – karine.leroux@cnrm.meteo.fr – fax: +33 (0) 05 61 95 66

Simulation of turbulence, gusts and wakes for load

calculations
Jakob Mann
Wind Energy Department, Ris¯ National Laboratory Frederiksborgsvej 399, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
In order to simulate dynamic loads on a wind turbine rotor it is necessary to simulate the turbulent inflow to
the rotor realistically. In this presentation we review various methods to do so. In many situations, for example
for strong winds over flat terrain, turbulence is not far from being Gaussian. In this situations it is enough to
know the second-order statistics, e.g. spectra and cross-spectra, to simulate. The second order statistics are either
obtain from empirical one-dimensional spectra and coherences as in the Sandia method, or from a semi-empirical
three-dimensional spectral tensor as in the Mann model. These methods, which both appear in the third edition
of the IEC standard 61400-1, will be compared.
The assumptions of the models, stationarity, homogeneity, and gaussianity, can all be questioned, especially
when the terrain is not simple or when turbines appear in wind farms. Here a variety of methods are possible
and we will present a few practical examples of these. Particular emphasis will be put on “constrained Gaussian
simulation”where extreme gusts can be embedded in a turbulent field. This method can also be used simulate
entire fields based on measurements in a few points. Practical simulations of wake turbulence based on meandering
will also be presented.
Correspondence: Jakob Mann – jakob.mann@risoe.dk – fax: +45 46775970

Short time prediction of wind speeds from local

measurements
Holger Kantza
a Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzer Str. 38, 01187 Dresden, Germany.
The prediction of wind speeds with a prediction horizon of a few seconds based on local measurements would
be extremely useful for the optimal control of wind turbines. We present an overview of different schemes for such
purposes and compare their performance. Special emphasis is laid on the prediction of turbulent gusts, where
data driven continuous state Markov chains turn out to be quite successful. Model verification by reliability
plots and a test of their performance by ROC statistics is discussed in detail. Taking into account correlations
of several measurement positions in space enhances the predictability. As a striking result, stronger wind gusts
possess a better predictability.
Literatur
[1] M. Ragwitz and H. Kantz (2002): Markov models from data by simple nonlinear time series predictors in
delay embedding spaces, Phys. Rev. E 65 056201.
[2] H. Kantz, D. Holstein, M. Ragwitz, N.K. Vitanov (2204): Markov chain model for turbulent wind speed data,
Physica A 342 315.
Holger Kantz – kantz@mpipks-dresden.mpg.de – fax: +49 351 871 1999

The statistical distribution of turbulence driven velocity

extremes in the atmospheric boundary layer –
Cartwright/Longuet-Higgins revised
G.C. Larsena and K.S. Hansenb
a Wind Energy Department, Risø National Laboratories, P.O. Box 49, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
b Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark
The statistical distribution of extreme wind excursions above a mean level, for a specified recurrence period, is
of crucial importance in relation to design of wind sensitive structures. This is particularly true for wind turbine
structures. Based on an assumption of a Gaussian ”mother”distribution, Cartwright and Longuet-Higgens [1]
derived an asymptotic expression for the distribution of the largest excursion from the mean level during an
arbitrary recurrence period. From its inception, this celebrated expression has been widely used in wind enginee-
ring (as well as in off-shore engineering) - often through definition of the peak factor, which equate the mean of
the Cartwright/Longuet-Higgens asymptotic distribution. However, investigations of full scale wind speed time
series, recorded in the atmospheric boundary layer, has revealed that the Gaussian assumption is inadequate for
events associated with large excursions from the mean [2]. Thus, the more extreme turbulence excursions (i.e. the
upper tail of the turbulence PDF) seem to follow an Exponential-like distribution rather than a Gaussian distri-
bution, and a Gaussian estimate may under-predict the probability of large turbulence excursions by more than
one decade, which is obviously unfortunate in relation to modelling of an asymptotic extreme distribution based
on a Gaussian “mother” distribution. The potential problems with applying the Cartwright/Longuet-Higgens
distribution to describe extreme gust events, related to wind speeds in the atmospheric boundary layer, is further
stressed by the fact, that many extreme value investigations of wind speed gusts (e.g. [3, 4, 5]) have shown, that
observed extreme values are well/excellently described the Gumbel EV1 distribution, which, on the other hand,
differ from the asymptotic Cartwright/Longuet-Higgens expression. The present paper presents an asymptotic
expression for the distribution of the largest excursion from the mean level, during an arbitrary recurrence period,
based on a “mother” distribution that reflects the Exponential-like distribution behaviour of large wind speed
excursions. This is achieved on the expence of an acceptable distribution fit in the data population regime of
small to medium excursions which, however, for an extreme investigation is unimportant. Further, the derived
asymptotic distribution is shown to equal a Gumbel EV1 distribution, and the two distribution parameters are
expressed as simple functions of the basic parameters characterizing the stochastic wind speed process in the
atmospheric boundary layer. Finally, model predictions of the derived model are compared to predictions from
the Cartwright/Longuet-Higgens model as well as to results derived from full-scale measurements of wind speeds
in the atmospheric boundary layer.
Literatur
[1] D.E. Cartwright and M. S. Longuet-Higgins (1956). The statistical distribution of the maxima of a random
function, Proc. Royal Soc. London Ser. A 237, pp. 212-232.
[2] M. Nielsen, G.C. Larsen, J. Mann, S. Ott, K.S. Hansen and B.J. Pedersen (2003). Wind Simulation for
Extreme and Fatigue Loads. Risø-R-1437(EN).
[3] G.C. Larsen, K.S. Hansen and B.J. Pedersen (2002). Constrained simulation of critical wind speed gusts by
means of wavelets, 2002 Global Windpower Conference and Exhibition, France.
[4] G.C. Larsen and K.S. Hansen (2001). Statistics of Off Shore Wind Speed Gusts, EWEC’01, Copenhagen,
Denmark, 2-6 July.
[5] G.C. Larsen and K.S. Hansen (2004). Statistical model of extreme shear. Special topic conference: The science
of making torque from wind, Delft (NL), 19-21 April, Delft University of Technology, pp. 433-444.
Correspondence: Gunner C. Larsen – gunner.larsen@risoe.dk – fax: +45 4677 5056

Session C – Talk 1 29
Wind farm power fluctuations

P. Sørensen, J. Mann , U. S. Paulsen and A. Vestha
a Risø National Laboratory, VEA-118, PO Box 49, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
This paper presents the results of a study of horizontal wind speed variations measured on five meteorology
masts on Risøs test site for wind turbines in Høvsøre near the west coast in Denmark. The aim of the study is to
provide input parameters for a model simulating horizontal wind speeds in a number of points corresponding to
the positions of wind turbines in a wind farm [1]. This model is used to simulate power fluctuations in wind farms
[2], which is useful for planning of operation of power systems with large wind power penetration, especially when
a large part of the wind power is concentrated in a limited geographical area. The wind simulation model is based
on power spectral densities for the wind speed measured in a single point, combined with a direction dependent
coherence function describing the coherence between the wind speeds in two points. The simulations with the
wind speed model presented in [2] have assumed a Kaimal PSD, which is also used for structural design of wind
turbines. However, the Kaimal spectrum does not include the large, slow variations of the wind speed, which are
very important for power fluctuations from large wind farms because the slow variations are the most coherent,
and thus they are smoothed less when the power from many wind turbines is added. One way to include the
slow variations in the model is to modify the PSD. Figure 1 shows the PSD of the measured wind speed using
segments of 215 = 32768 seconds, i.e. more than 9 hours length. It is seen that the measured spectrum agrees
reasonably for frequencies above 0.002 Hz, but for slower variations the agreement is poor. It is proposed to add
a low frequency (LF) term to the Kaimal spectrum to fit an analytical spectrum better to the measurements.
Fig. 1: Wind models for simulation of power fluctuations from wind farms. J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. (2002)
(no.90) , 1381-1402
Literatur
[1] P. Sørensen, A.D. Hansen and PAC Rosas (2002): Wind models for simulation of power fluctuations from
wind farms, J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn., vol. 90, pp. 1381-1402.
[2] P.A.C. Rosas : Dynamic influence of wind power in power systems. Ph.D. thesis. Technical university of
Denmark.
Correspondence: P. Soerensen
Network perspective of wind-power production

M. Greinera
a Corporate Technology, Information & Communications, Siemens AG, D-81730 München, Germany
Power production in wind farms faces fluctuations on various levels. On the level of a single turbine it is
the temporal longitudinal fluctuation of the wind velocity coupled with its transverse spatial heterogeneity. The
intra-farm wind flow introduces more spatial and temporal heterogeneity, supplemented with numerous wake-
flow effects. At last, the accumulated power output of a wind farm itself represents a volatile source for the
power grid. It is this layer which demands for a control of these source fluctations as well as those resulting from
intra-grid power redistribution.
New concepts for such a control can be borrowed from modern information and communication technologies.
With a distributive routing and congestion control selforganizing communication networks are able to adapt to
the volatile traffic sources and the current network-wide congestion state [1, 2]. As a result network operation
becomes very robust.
The exportation of these ideas into wind-powered systems requires to see wind farms as well as the power grid
from the network perspective. Intra-communication is needed for information exchange and artificial intelligence
is required for information processing, diagnosis and prognosis. Based on such network-function capabilities, first
distributed control schemes will be presented for the selforganized monitoring and controlling of wind farms and
the power grid.
Literatur
[1] I. Glauche, W. Krause, R. Sollacher and M. Greiner: Distributive routing & congestion control in wireless
multihop ad hoc communication networks, Physica A, vol. 341, pp. 677-701
[2] W. Krause, J. Scholz and M. Greiner: Optimized network structure and routing metric in wireless multihop
ad hoc communication, arXiv:cs.NI/0503010
Correspondence: Martin Greiner – martin.greiner@siemens.com – fax: +49 (0) 89 636-49767

Phenomenological Response Theory to Predict Power Output

A. Rauha
a Institute of Physics, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
When the power output L(ti ) of a wind energy converter (WEC) is plotted versus longitudinal wind velocity
u(ti ), a broadly spread cluster of points is obtained, in general, which hides and covers over the power curve. The
latter can be considered as an attractor which is reached under, sufficiently long prevailing, constant wind speeds.
Apart from the fluctuating wind and of noise, the deviations from the power curve are caused by the fact that
the WEC does not respond intantaneously to wind speed changes but with some delay of the order of a couple
of seconds up to minutes depending on the size of the WEC. In order to examine the influence of the delayed
response on the average power output, we have proposed a phenomenological model [1]: A first order differential
equation which contains a time dependent relaxation parameter r(t). The latter, essentially, couples to the wind
field via a frequency dependent response function of the WEC. The reasoning for the model and implications
are discussed in some detail. As a numerical application, measured data of power output are analysed within the
model, to extract the frequency dependent response function. Thereby, a recent method [2] is used the establish
the power curve from the power and wind data.
Literatur
[1] A. Rauh and J. Peinke, ’ A phenomenological model for the dynamic response of wind turbines to turbulent
wind’, J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerdyn. 92(2003).
[2] E. Anahua, F. Böttcher, S. Barth, J. Peinke, M. Lange, ’Stochastic Analysis of the Power Output for a Wind
Turbine’, Proceedings of the European Wind Energy Conference-EWEC in London 2004, as CD.
Correspondence: alexander.rauh@uni-oldenburg.de
Turbulence Correction for Power Curves

Klaus Kaisera , Wibke Langrederb , Harald Hohlenc , Jørgen Højstrupd
a Wind Solutions, Engelsgrube 25, 23552 Lübeck, Germany
b Ingenieurbüro, Gr. Burgstr. 27, 23552 Lübeck, Germany
c DeWind GmbH, Seelandstr. 1, 23569 Lübeck, Germany
d Suzlon Energy A/S, Kystvejen 29, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
Summary
The awareness that measured power curves depend on more site-specific parameters than covered by international
standards is growing. The effect of turbulence intensity is difficult to evaluate because the anemometer as well
as the turbine react in specific but different ways to turbulence intensity. Furthermore the process of binning
will introduce an inherent numeric error due to the non-linearity of the power curve. Because the physics makes
it difficult to determine the effects of turbulence on anemometer, turbine and numerics separately, a method is
presented to quantify all three effects in total. The method has been tested for different types of turbines with
good results. Hence the uncertainty related to site specific turbulence on the power curve can be reduced.
Description
The awareness for reliable and precise power curve measurements and verifications is growing within the com-
munity of investors, banks and insurances. Most contracts suggest the procedure according to IEC [1] to verify
the power curve of the purchased WT either on site or under standard conditions. However the IEC does not
cover all effects on the measurement related to site specific wind climates like e.g. turbulence. It is known that
power curve measurements depend strongly on turbulence which is influenced by the topography at the wind
turbine’s actual position [2]. Both anemometer and wind turbines respond to turbulence in very specific ways.
Hence measurements of the power curve will naturally be effected by turbulence. Furthermore the process of
binning will introduce an inherent numeric error due to the non-linearity of the power curve. Therefore power
curve measurements of identical turbines at different locations will lead to different results. As a consequence
measured power curves are neither comparable nor transferable. To decrease the uncertainty related to site spe-
cific effects a conversion of power curves from test sites to other sites is needed. As a result the uncertainty of
energy calculations would be reduced.
Because the physics makes it difficult to determine the effects of turbulence on anemometer, turbine and
numerics separately, a method is suggested to quantify all three effects in total. The classical method of bins
can be extended by expressing the measured power as the sum of a turbulence independent and a turbulence
dependent part [3]. With more than two values in a bin the system of equations is over-determined. The redundant
equations can be used to minimise the error of the computation using the least-square method [4]. The presented
method has been successfully tested on preliminary data in [5]. The analysis has been extended for different
types of turbines with good results. A conversion of power curves from site specific turbulence distributions to
different turbulence distributions seems to be possible. Hence besides standardising power curves with respect
to air density a standardisation in relation to turbulence intensity can be introduced.
Literatur
[1] IEC 61400-12: Wind Turbine Generator Systems – Part 12: Wind Turbine Power Performance Testing.
[2] T. F. Pedersen et al: Wind Turbine Power Performance Verification in Complex Terrain and Wind Farms,
Risø-R-1330, Roskilde 2002.
[3] A. Albers, C. Hinsch: Influence of Different Meteorological Conditions on the Power Performance of Large
WECs, DEWI Magazin Nr. 9, Wilhelmshaven 1996.
[4] W. Langreder et al: Numerics of Power Curve Measurements, Proceedings Glowec, Paris 2002.
[5] K. Kaiser et al: Turbulence Correction for Power Curves, Proceedings EWEC 2003, Madrid 2003.
Klaus Kaiser – info@wind-solutions.de

Online modelling of wind farm power for performance

surveillance and optimisation
J. J. Trujilloa , A. Wessela , H.-P. Waldlb , B. Langec
a ForWind Center, Institute of Physics, University of Oldenburg, Germany
b Overspeed GmbH & Co. KG, Oldenburg, Germany
c ISET e.V., University of Kassel, Germany
For wind farms, the surveillance of the energy yield is a crucial task to ensure the positive commercial per-
formance of the project. For this purpose, the performance of single turbines in a farm must be investigated
and optimised. It is known from practical experience that many reasons for an unsatisfying energy yield occur.
Wrong adjustment of parameters as the blade pitch angles, or inadequate control parameters of the turbine
control system can lead to significant energy losses. The turbines in a wind farm interact via wake effects. So
it is hard to tell for a turbine inside a wind farm if the power production meets the expected values or not;
even, if an external met mast is installed. The readings from nacelle anemometers which are used in practice to
obtain the power curve of an individual turbine are also very uncertain. Because it is influenced by the rotor
and the nacelle itself, the measurements are recalibrated by the wind turbine SCADA firm ware which could be
faulty. In addition, the measured values depend on the current control strategy of the turbine. We will present a
method how to obtain the expected performance for each single turbine in a wind farm for comparison to the real
measured power performance. Our approach is based on modelling this value as time series with an advanced
wind farm wake flow model (FLaP, [1, 2]). The modelling was tested against measurement data from two farms,
a large wind farm with 34 stall regulated turbines, and a 7 turbines farm with pitch control. The current power
characteristics and the energy yields are estimated by the model and compared to the real world measurements
for short (10 minutes) as well as for long (month, year) time periods. A main focus of the work is to model
not only the expected energy yields, but also the uncertainty of these values due to limited modelling accuracy.
Furthermore, we will present an on-line application of the method as part of the wind farm management system
OptiFarm [3].
Literatur
[1] FLaP, http://www.forwind.de/gb/produkte dienstleistungen/flap/index.shtml
[2] A. Wessel: Modelling turbulence intensities inside wind farms. This conference.
[3] www.optifarm.de
Correspondence: Igor Waldl – h.p.waldl@overspeed.de – fax: +49 441 361163-10

Uncertainty of Available Wind Energy Estimation Based on

Long Term Meteorological Measurements in Hungary
Tamás Weidingera , Ádám Kissb , András Zénó Gyöngyösia , Krisztina Krassovánb and Botond
Pappb
a Department of Meteorology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány P. st. 1/A, Budapest, Hungary
b Department of Atomic Physics, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány P. st. 1/A, Budapest, Hungary
With the development of low cut-in wind speed turbines for continental climatological conditions (3-4 m/s
yearly mean wind speed), wind power has become an economical source of energy also in Hungary. The first high
power wind turbine of the country is operational since late 2000 (Inota, Balaton Highlands, 250 kW). Currently
6 wind turbines are working at a total power of 3.25 MW. By the end of 2010 3.6% of the total domestic electric
power production is planed to be covered by renewable energy. Major portion (>200 MW) of renewable energy
is planed to be generated using wind energy.
In the estimation of wind energy above various terrain features the joint analysis of long term climatological
data series and local wind measurements become more important. Based on Hungarian wind data series, the
inter-annual variability of average wind speed and the uncertainty of the power-law wind profile method has
been investigated (Figure ). It is can be easily seen that a small deviation in the average wind speed results in a
relatively large deviation in the amount of energy production due to the third power dependence of wind energy
on wind speed. The joint effect of inter-annual variability and the variation of the power law exponent on (i) wind
power estimation and (ii) rate of return at planed wind farm projects has been quantified. We compare energy
estimations based on the Central European Wind Atlas to other available wind data. The annual variation of
available wind energy has been analyzed, and the uncertainty of the estimation methods has been given.
Fig. 1: Uncertainty in the estimation of wind energy at the Balaton Highland Area. Left: Estimated energy
production of the 2003 year compared to the yearly average of the 2001-2003 period. Right: Estimated energy
production of the 2003 year using 1/7 power law comapred to exponential power with a diurnal variation.
In the conclusion of the environmental impact assesment of a planed wind farm in the Balaton Highland Area
(45 MW total energy production), the energy production was 40-45% more for the windy 2001 year and 40-50%
less for the calm 2003 year compared to the production in the 2001-2003 period, respectively.
We are currently working on the temporal and spatial extension of our results, i.e., further details are to be
presented in the proposed paper for longer time period and more meteorological stations.
Correspondence: András Zénó Gyöngyösi – zeno@nimbus.elte.hu – fax: +36 1 372 2904

Session D – Talk 1 35
Modelling of the transition locations on a 30% thick airfoil

with surface roughness
B. Hillmera , Yun Sun Cholb & A.P. Schaffarczykb
a Computational Mechanics Laboratory, University of Applied Sciences Kiel, Grenzstr. 3, 24149 Kiel, Germany
b Department of Mathematics & Mechanics, Kim Il Sung University, Pyongyang, DPR of Korea
The sustainability of wind energy production is considerably affected by electricity production costs per kWh.
Concerning rotor blades a reduction of costs means in the majority of cases a reduction of masses. Therefore
at inboard and mid-span locations of multi-megawatt turbines thick airfoils ( > 30%) are increasingly used.
However, an unfavourable design of the leading edge area leads to an increased sensitivity to additional surface
roughness of these airfoils. For the airfoil DU97-W-300 [1, 2] with a slightly modified shape extensive experimental
research in DNW’s cryogenetic wind tunnel at Cologne (KKK) has been done in cooperation with the wind turbine
manufacturer DeWind. Great importance was attached to the influence of surface conditions by investigating
cylindrical tripping wires, zigzag tapes of different heights and sandpaper consisting of Carborundum with
different grain sizes. During the measurement campaign the Reynolds number (Re) was varied from about one to
ten million by decreasing the fluid temperature down to 100K. The analyses done so far considered mainly the
performance depending on Re and on the surface conditions considered as spread roughness [3, 4]. For advanced
basic comprehension of the flow regime at surface roughness and for improved modelling further numerical flow
simulations of the airfoil with tripping wire and zigzag tape have been carried out. For this purpose the CFD code
FLOWer developed by DLR including the transition module has been used. New results from the measurements
regarding the influence of surface roughness on lift and drag are presented and compared with simulation results.
Literatur
[1] R.P.J.O.M. van Rooij, W.A. Timmer (2003): “Roughness Considerations for thick Rotor Blade Airfoils”,
Journal of Solar Energy Engineering, vol. 125, pp. 468-478.
[2] W. A. Timmer, R.P.J.O.M van Rooij (2003): “Summary of the Delft Universtity Wind Turbine Dedicated
Airfoils”, AIAA-2003-0352, pp. 11-21.
[3] W.A. Timmer, A.P. Schaffarczyk (2004): “The effect of roughness on the performance of a 30% thick wind
turbine airfoil at high Reynolds numbers”, WIND ENERGY 7 (4), pp. 295-307.
[4] K.Freudenreich, K. Kaiser, A.P. Schaffarczyk, H.Winkler and B.Stahl (2004): “Reynolds Number and Roug-
ness Effects on Thick Airfoils for Wind Turbines”, WIND ENGINEERING, vol. 28, no. 5, pp.529-546.
Benjamin Hillmer – Benjamin.Hillmer@fh-Kiel.de – fax: +49 (0) 431 210-62612

Determination of Angle of Attack (AOA)

for Rotating Blades
Wen Zhong Shen, Martin O.L. Hansen and Jens Nørkær Sørensena
a Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark
Building 403, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
For a 2D airfoil the angle of attack (AOA) is defined as the geometrical angle between the flow direction
and the chord. The concept of angle of attack is widely used in aero-elastic engineering models (i.e. FLEX and
HAWC) as an input to tabulated airfoil data that normally are established through a combination of wind tunnel
tests and 3D corrections. For a rotating blade the flow passing by a blade section is bended due to the rotation of
the rotor, and the local flow field is influenced by the bound circulation on the blade. As a further complication,
3D effects from tip and root effects render a precise definition of the AOA difficult. Today, there exists a lot of
experimental and numerical (CFD) data from which precise airfoil data may be extracted. However, this leaves
us with the problem of determining lift and drag polars as function of the local AOA.
To determine the angle of attack from e.g. a computed flow field, two techniques have up to now been used.
The first technique corresponds to an inverse Blade Element - Momentum (BEM) method in which a measured
or computed load distribution is used as input. The technique gives reasonable results and the extracted airfoil
data can be tabulated and used for later predictions. Since the theory is one dimensional, the accuracy of the
extracted airfoil data is restricted to the 1D limitation. Moreover, a BEM code needs a tip correction; different
tip corrections results in different airfoil data. The second technique is the averaging technique employed in [1]
and [2]. This method gives good results. Since the method utilizes averaged data, many input points are needed
to evaluate the local flow features. Furthermore, it is difficult to be used for general flow conditions (e.g. at
operations in yaw).
In the present work we have developed a simple and general method for determining angles of attack for
rotating blades. The method only needs load and velocity distributions on a limited number of sections and
control points along the blades. The method works as follows. First, a guessed angle of attack and the actual
loading are used to determine the lift distribution. Next, the circulation is computed using the Joukowski law.
The final step is then to determine a new angle of attack by subtracting the induced velocity due to the bound
circulation on the blades from the measured or computed velocity field. Only a few iterations are needed to
achieve a converged solution. The method can be used for extracting airfoil data from CFD computations or
experiments (for example measurements using a pitot-tube or the PIV technique). In the present work the method
is applied to extract data from 3D CFD computations of the flow past the Tellus rotor [2]. Compared to the
averaging technique [1, 2] the new method shows promising results.
Literatur
[1] J. Johansen and N. N. Sørensen (2004): Airfoil characteristics from 3D CFD rotor computations, Wind
Energy, vol. 7, pp. 283-294.
[2] M. O. L. Hansen and J. Johansen (2004): Tip Studies Using CFD and Comparison with Tip Loss Models,
Wind Energy, vol. 7, pp. 343-356.
Correspondence: Wen Zhong Shen – shen@mek.dtu.dk – fax: +45 45 93 06 63

Unsteady characteristics of flow around an airfoil at high

angle of attacks and low Reynolds numbers
Hui Guoad , Hongxing Yanga , Yu Zhoub , David Woodc
a Department of Building Services Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
b Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
c School of Engineering, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
d School of Aeronautical Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Beijing, China
This paper presents the lift and drag test data, together with laser-sheet visualization, PIV and LDV experi-
mental results of an NACA0012 airfoils at angles of attack from 0◦ to 90◦ and Reynolds numbers of 5 · 103 to
1 · 105 , to explore the aerodynamic characteristics of an airfoil at post-stall angles of attack and low Reynolds
numbers, which are essential in starting process of a small wind turbine [1, 2]. The reasons for this study are: (1)
there lack of lift and drag coefficient test data in this regions of angles of attack and Reynolds numbers in the
available documents; (2) the flow physics in this region is too complex to understand enough by now, where the
flow is dominated by strong unsteadiness and separation, together with instability of the separated shear layer,
flow transition, formation of vortices and their interaction, as well as the interaction of the two shear layers from
leading edge and trailing edge respectively [3].
The Experimental studies are conducted in the Low-Speed Water Tunnel in the Hong Kong Polytechnic
University, with test section of 0.3m × 0.6m, and the chord length of the NACA0012 test model is 0.1m. In view
of the strong unsteadiness of the flow and the low magnitude value of lift and drag acted on the airfoil model
at such low Reynolds numbers, the load cell, which is highly sensitive to the force load, was used to obtain not
only the mean but also the fluctuating value of the life and drag. The visualization, PIV and LDV experiments
aimed to provide detailed information of the flow field to explore the physics of the lift characteristics. From
analysis of these experimental results, some main conclusions can be drawn as follows: (1) The curve of mean
lift coefficient versus angle of attack is characterized by a second going up after stall and reaching its second
maximum at about α ≈ 40◦ , like those at high Reynolds numbers. (2) The flow is strong unsteady but with
obvious regularities, demonstrated by all the results from force measurements, laser sheet visualization, PIV and
LDV. Laser sheet visualization clearly reveal the process of oscillation of the separated shear layer, rolling up
into vortices, the amalgamation of two adjacent vortices into a bigger one, and then amalgamating into to even
bigger one. Such kind of formation and amalgamation of the vortices can be observed at both the leading and
trailing edge. In these events, the flow behaves in periodic way. The LDV results reveal the spectral features.
(3) Lift characteristics versus angle of attack are mainly determined by the vortices evolution, which depends
on the angles of attack. Because change of angle of attack cause the change of adverse pressure gradient at lee
side of the airfoil, which influences the instability and evolution of the separated shear layer, and so the forming
and development of the subsequent vortices. Analysis of vorticity distributions from PIV demonstrates that the
magnitude of lift directly depends on the strength of the formed vortices and the time interval of their flowing
over the upper surface of the airfoil in a fundamental period, with which the Karman-cortex- street like vortices
shed in the wake of the airfoil flow.
Literatur
[1] Wright AK, Wood DH (2004): The starting and low wind speed behavior of a small horizontal axis .
[2] Tangler JL(2004): Insight into a wind turbine stall and post-stall aerodynamics, Wind Energy, vol.7, Issue 3,
pp. 247-260.
[3] Wu JZ, Lu XY, Denny AG, Fan M, Wu JM, 1998, Post-stall flow control on an airfoil by local unsteady
forcing. J. Fluid Mech. 371: 21-58.
Correspondence: Hongxing Yang – behxyang@polyu.edu.hk – fax: +852-2765-7198

Multi-criteria aerodynamic shape optimization of VAWT

blades profile by viscous approach
R. Bourguet, G. Martinat, G. Harran, M. Braza
Institut de Mécanique des Fluides de Toulouse, 6 allée du Professeur Camille Soula, Toulouse, France
1. PHYSICAL CONTEXT OF THE STUDY

The purpose of this study is to introduce an original blade profile optimization method including CFD calculation
in wind-turbine aerodynamic context. This 2D implementation focuses on Darrieus Vertical Axis Wind Turbines
(VAWT). This class of VAWT is generally associated with classical aeronautic blade profiles (NACA00XX)
whereas Reynolds number and stall conditions are different in aerogeneration case (cf.[1]). The objectives of
this multi-criteria optimization are: to increase nominal power production, to widen efficiency range in order to
consider wind instability and to reduce blade weight. Performance graphes are obtained by using Templin static
method (cf.[2]) in which the aerodynamic coefficients are computed for several azimuthal positions. The flow is
simulated by a Reynolds Average Navier-Stokes (RANS) approach with Chen two-equation “near-wall” model
and computed by StarCD.
2. OPTIMIZATION METHOD: DOE/RSM

Blade profiles are parameterized by a Bézier curve and thus, the shape parameters are the coordinates of the con-
trol points. The optimization approach used in Optimus is a parametric Design Of Experiments (DOE)/Response
Surface Models (RSM) method. An hybrid cost function surface is computed by a weighted summation of the
RSM associated to each initial criterion. On this hyper-surface, classical deterministic optimization algorithms
like Sequential Quadratic Programming method or stochastic ones (genetic algorithms, simulated annealing,
auto-adaptive evolution...) are applied to reach the global optimum. An optimization computed on a two para-
meter shape design space produces an original profile (cf. fig.2) thicker than classical ones (+28% nominal power
production, +46% efficiency range). The capabilities of the present method will be emphasized by an increased
Fig. 1: Parametrization, example of RSM and optimal blade profil
number of control points and by an asymmetric profile optimization process. Therefore, this approach is promi-
sing for VAWT optimization. An improvement of the numerical simulation by a more efficient statistical eddy
simulation based on phase-average will accurate the physical model and thus, the realism of the optimization.
The next step of this study will consist in implementing other shape design technics like topological analysis and
level-set method. Furthermore, improved CFD methods will be used to take into account of unsteady effects like
dynamic stall.
Acknowledgements for financial support: ADEME, EDF R&D, “réseau RNTL”/METISSE.
Literatur
[1] I. Paraschivoiu (2002): Wind Turbine Design, with emphasis on Darrieus Concept, Pol. Int. Press
[2] R.J. Templin (1974): Aerodynamic Performance Theory for the NRC Vertical Axis Wind Turbine, N.A.E.
report, LTR-LA-160
Correspondence: Rémi Bourguet – bourguet@imft.fr / Guillaume Martinat – martinat@imft.fr / fax: 33(0)5 61285992
Helicopter Aerodynamics with Emphasis Placed on Dynamic

Stall
Wolfgang Geissler a
a DLR - Göttingen, Germany
Aerodynamic problems on helicopters are versatile and mainly present on blades of the main rotor caused
by the different flight conditions of the vehicle: The helicopter can lift off the ground vertically, may stand
still in the air or fly forward with varying speeds. These different flight conditions are the cause of specific
aerodynamic properties. During the ”hovercondition the rotor blade encounters a so called collective pitch, i.e.
a constant incidence of each blade to keep the vehicle in the air. The aerodynamics during this flight condition
can be assumed as ”steadyör time independent. The condition changes completely if the vehicle starts a forward
flight. Then the blades have to change their incidence during blade rotation which is realized via the swash plate
introducing the so called ”cyclic pitchöf the blades. The cyclic pitch is necessary in order to balance the lift of the
rotor during its rotation. In this flight condition the flow around the blades is unsteady, i.e. time dependent and
therefore of considerable complexity: The forward moving blade (advancing blade) is running into high speeds
up to transonic Mach numbers in the blade tip region and the backward moving blade (retreating blade) has
to increase incidence to balance lift and may run into flow separation. The latter process is called ”Dynamic
Stall”due to the fact that the process of separation and later reattachment is highly unsteady.
In addition to the problems described so far tip vortices are created at the different blade tips and at all flight
conditions of the helicopter. These tip vortices may interact with the rotor blades under special flight conditions
(descent flight) to create noise, the so called ”blade-vortex-interaction (BVI) noise”.
In addition to the aerodynamic problems of the main rotor the interaction between rotor and fuselage plays a
further important role as well as the interaction between main and tail rotor.
In comparison with wind energy converters fundamental differences occur insofar as the helicopter consumes
energy with its engine to drive the rotor and keep the vehicle in the air, the wind turbine rotor extracts energy
from the wind flow. Nevertheless very similar aerodynamic problems occur in both cases: Due to local gust loads
the wind turbine blades run into flow situations corresponding to the dynamic stall condition as mentioned above.
Blade tip vortices are present in both cases as well to either interact again with blades or with a wind turbine
tower in its neighbourhood. In the present paper the different aspects of unsteady flows during the dynamic stall
process are discussed in some detail. Some possibilities are also pointed out to favourably influence dynamic stall
by either static or dynamic flow control devices.
Correspondence: – fax:
Rotation and Turbulence Effects on Pressure Distribution on

a Wind Turbine Blade – Unsteady Experimental Approach
C. Sicot, P. Devinant, S. Loyer and J. Hureaua
a Laboratoire de Mécanique et d’Energétique, Université d’Orléans
8 rue Léonard de Vinci 45072, Orléans, France
Incident flows on wind turbines are often highly turbulent, because these devices operate in the atmospheric
boundary layer and often in the wake of other wind turbines. Wind tunnel tests have been performed earlier in
our laboratory on the influence of turbulence level on wind turbine performance [1]. It has been observed little
effects of turbulence on the wind turbine power and thrust. In order to complement these results, we performed
wind tunnel tests on a model of wind turbine using a blade equipped with 26 pressure taps. The wind turbine
diameter is 1.34 m. The blades have no twist, the airfoil is a NACA 654-421, and its chord length is 71 mm.
The object was to study the turbulence effect on the blade airfoil aerodynamics. A turbulence with integral
length scale of the order of magnitude of the chord length was generated using a grid. Modifying the distance
between the grid and the wind turbine generated three turbulence levels (4.4%, 9% and 12%) on the test section.
Pressure distributions have been measured at three positions along the blade (26%, 51% and 75%). Pressure
taps were uniformly distributed on the chord to get information on how the position of the separation point
on the suction face was influenced by the combination of such turbulence levels with the blade rotation. These
taps were connected to 26 high frequency pressure scanners (PSI / ESP-32 HD and ESP-16 HD). Snel [2] and
Corten [3] expected, in their theoretical work for non-turbulent incident flow, that a negative chordwise pressure
gradient in the separated area arise for a rotating airfoil, due to the Coriolis force. This pressure gradient has
been observed in our experiment whatever turbulence level. Moreover, the value of it seems to be independent
of turbulence level. It has been observed a significant increase of the measurements dispersion and an important
variation of the separation point position with turbulence level. These observations allow a better comprehension
of the blade airfoil unsteadiness behaviour, which increases with turbulence level. Comparisons between these
results and pressure measurements performed earlier in our laboratory on a non-rotating airfoil have been made,
specially focusing on the differences in the stall behaviour.
Literatur
[1] T. Laverne (2003): Aérodynamique des éoliennes à axe horizontal. Effets de la turbulence de l’écoulement
amont et de la rotation sur le comportement aérodynamique des profils constitutifs. Conséquences sur le
fonctionnement et les performances, Ph.D. Thesis.
[2] H. Snel (2003): Review of Aerodynamics for Wind Turbines, Wind Energy, vol. 6, pp. 203-211.
[3] GP. Corten (2001): Flow separation on wind turbine blades, Ph.D. Thesis.
Correspondence: Sicot – christophe.sicot@univ-orleans.fr – fax: +33 (0) 2 38 41 73 83

Simulation and Evaluation of the Air Flow through Wind

Turbine Rotors by Comparing 2D and 3D Numerical
Simulations with Focus on the Hub Area
J. Rauch, T. Krämer, B. Heinzelmann, J. Twele, P.U. Thamsen a
a Fluidsystemdynamik, Technische Universität Berlin

Sekr. K2, Straße des 17. Juni 135
10623 Berlin, Germany
Blade Element and Momentum Methods (BEM) are the traditional design approach to calculate drag and lift
forces of wind turbine (WT) rotor blades. The major disadvantage of these theories is that the airflow is reduced
to axial and circumferential flow components [1].
A 3D numerical simulation is accomplished to map and analyze the flow field of the WT with a focus on
the hub area and regarding radial flow components. The comparison of 2D and 3D simulation results showed
differences especially at the innermost sections.
The knowledge extracted from visualizations of radial effects on the flow field along the blade can be used as
a tool for the design optimization of wind turbine rotor blades.
In this study the simulation grid is generated with Ansys ICEM 5.1 r and the numerical solution is achieved in
a multigrid consisting of 3 · 106 hexahedron using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) commercial software
CFX 5.7.1 . r The rotor blade manufacturer EUROS provided the geometric data and the CFD Service Provider
CFX-Berlin provided the software support.
Fig. 1: Velocity Distribution 1 m behind the Rotor.
Literatur
[1] Glauert H. Airplane Propellers, Vol. 4, Div. L in Aerodynamic Theory, edited by Durand W.F., Dover ed.
1943.
Barbara Heinzelmann – bashftfa@mailbox.tu-berlin.de – fax: +49 (0) 30 314 21472

Predicting 2D and 3D Wind Turbine Performance using a

Transition Model for General CFD Codes
R.B. Langtrya , J. Golaa , S. Völkerb , F. R. Mentera
a ANSYS CFX Germany GmbH, b General Electric Company
Wind energy is rapidly becoming an economically viable energy source. Like many aerodynamic devices such as
turbine blades and wings, a better understanding of the flow field around the wind turbine could result in design
changes that might significantly improve the performance. Because of the costs associated with performing wind
tunnel experiments, there is a significant amount of interest in predicting the aerodynamic characteristics of a
wind turbine using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). However, a survey of the available literature indicates
that there are still some significant issues associated with accurately predicting wind turbine performance using
CFD. According to Wolfe and Ochs [4] there are two main issues, poor separation prediction and the need
to model laminar-turbulent transition. Recently, a new correlation-based transition model has been developed,
which is based strictly on local variables. As a result, the transition model is compatible with modern CFD
approaches such as unstructured grids and massive parallel execution and can predict transition in 3D flows.
The transition model was first detailed in [1] and has been extensively validated for predicting transition in both
turbomachinery (Langtry et al, 2004) and aeronautical flows ([2]). The first part of the presentation will compare
the predicted 2D aerodynamic coefficients of the S809 wind turbine airfoil [4] to experiments and the well-known
X-Foil airfoil design code. The second part of the presentation will detail the results obtained for the NREL
Phase IV experiment [5], which was a 3D wind turbine that used the S809 airfoil for the blade profile. It will be
shown that the transition model results in a significant improvement of the predicted power output, particularly
at the higher angles of attack (see Figure 1). The differences between the 2D and 3D airfoil characteristics will
also be discussed, particularly at the higher angles of attack were there is a significant amount of separated flow
and the 3D effects are substantial.
Fig. 1: Shaft torque for the NREL Phase IV wind turbine (left) at different wind speeds (i.e. the higher the wind
speed, the higher the angle of attack). Also shown is the flow topology on the suction side for fully turbulent and
transitional simulations (right).
Literatur
[1] Menter, F.R., Langtry, R.B., Likki, S.R., Suzen, Y.B., Huang, P.G., and Völker, S., (2004) (...)
[2] Langtry, R.B., Menter, F.R., Likki, S.R., Suzen, Y.B., Huang, P.G., and Völker, S. (2004) (...)
[3] Langtry, R.B., Menter, F.R., Likki, S.R., Suzen, Y.B., Huang, P.G., and Völker, S. (2004) (...)
[4] Wolfe, W.P. and Ochs, S.S. “CFD Calculations of S809 Aerodynamic Characteristics”, AIAA Paper AIAA-
97-0972.
[5] Simms, D., Schreck, S., Hand, M, and Fingersh, L.J. (2001) (...)
Correspondence: R.B. Langtry

Session E – Talk 1 43
Modelling of Far Wake behind Wind Turbine

J.N. Sørensena , V.L. Okulovab
a Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark
b Institute of Thermophysics, SB RAS, Lavrentyev Ave. 1, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
To simulate basic features of wind turbine rotor aerodynamics various vortex models for far wakes are analyzed,
resulting in the development of a new analytical wake model. In the model the vortex system is replaced by N
helical tip vortices of strength (circulation) embedded in an inner vortex structure representing the vortices
emanating from the inner part of the blades and the hub (see figure 1). The mathematical formulation of the
model relies on a combination of the solution of Okulov [1] for the velocity field induced by a single helical vortex
and the solution from [2] for columnar helical vortices. A simplified model, in which the inner structure of the
wake is represented by a single central vortex line of strength, was firstly formulated by Joukowski (1912). This
model can be derived by assuming a constant distribution of circulation of the rotor blades and results in a flow
field in which the azimuthally averaged axial velocity is constant and thus independent of the radial distance
from the rotor axis. This is in contradiction to experimental results where the axial velocity distribution is found
to exhibit Gaussian-like behaviour [3]. To ameliorate the model of Joukowski the developed model is generalized
to include various vorticity distributions representing the flow field in the inner part of the wake. In fact, it turns
out that a simple model consisting of distinct helical tip vortices embedded in a Gaussian vorticity distribution
is capable of modeling almost all measured velocity distributions of wakes behind wind turbines (see figure 2).
In the presentation the model will be shown and compared to a series of measurements [3]. In particular we will
show how some measured time-series can be explained as a combination of meandering and nonlinear dynamics
of the tip vortices.
Fig. 1: Chronological allocation of WEC-outages of eight systems in the wind park over five months
Literatur
[1] V.L. Okulov (2004) On the stability of multiple helical vortices. J. Fluid Mech., vol. 521, pp. 319-342.
[2] P.A. Kuibin, V.L. Okulov (1996) One-dimensional solutions for a flow with a helical symmetry. Thermophys.
& Aeromech., vol. 3(4), pp.335-339.
[3] D. Medici, P.H. Alfredsson (2004) Measurements on a wind turbine wake: 3D effects and bluff-body vortex
shedding, In The Science of making Torque from Wind (ed. G.A.M. van Kuik) pp. 155-165. DUWIND, Deft
University of Technology.
Correspondence: Jens N. Sørensen - jns@mek.dtu.dk – fax: +45 4593 0663

Stability of Tip Vortex Equilibrium in Far Wake behind Wind

Turbine
V.L. Okulovab and J.N. Sørensena
a Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark
b Institute of Thermophysics, SB RAS, Lavrentyev Ave. 1, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
As a means of analysing the stability of the wake behind a multi-bladed rotor the stability of a multiplicity of
helical vortices embedded in an assigned flow field is addressed. In the model the tip vortices are approximated
by helical vortices that are spaced equally along the azimuth. The work is a further development of a model
developed by one of the authors [1] in which linear stability of N equally azimuthally spaced helical vortices
were considered. In the present work the analysis is extended to include an assigned vorticity field due to root
vortices and the hub of the rotor. Thus the tip vortices are assumed to be embedded in an axisymmetric helical
vortex field formed from the circulation of the inner part of the rotor blades and the hub. As examples of inner
vortex fields we consider three generic vorticity distributions (Rankine, Gaussian and Scully vortices) at radial
extents ranging from the core radius of a tip vortex to several rotor radii.
The analysis shows that the stability of tip vortices to a large extent depends on the radial extent of the hub
vorticity as well as of the type of vorticity distribution. As a part of the analysis it is shown that a model of
[2] in which the vortex system is replaced by tip vortices of strength Γ and a root vortex of strength −N Γ is
unconditional unstable. Stability of far wakes behind wind turbines, assuming uniform distribution of the hub
vorticity in the inner cross-section of the wake [3], has been investigated using the new model. The model is
capable of reproducing experimental observations about far wake stability/instability with realistic values of tip
vortex pitch (figure 1).
Fig. 1: Neutral curves for far-wake model [3] with different numbers of tip vortices (N = 2, 3) as function of
various wake parameters (2πl – helical pitch of tip vortices; a – radius of tip vortex system; σ - radius of tip
vortex core; and δ - radius of hub vortex core.
Literatur
[1] V.L. Okulov (2004): On the stability of multiple helical vortices. J. Fluid Mech., vol. 521, pp. 319-342
[2] W. Margoulis (1922) Propeller theory of Professor Joukowski and his pupils, NACA Memor. No. 79
[3] J.N. Sørensen and V.L. Okulov (2005): Modelling of Far Wake behind Wind Turbine, present symp.
Correspondence: Valery L. Okulov - vokulov@mail.ru – fax: +45 4593 0663

Modelling turbulence intensities inside wind farms

Arne Wessela , Joachim Peinkea , Bernhard Langeb
a ForWind, University Oldenburg, Marie-Curie-Str.1, Oldenburg, Germany
b now at ISET e.V., Koenigstor 59, 34119 Kassel, Germany
As a result from turbulence generated by the rotors of the wind turbines, the turbulence inside wind farms is
enhanced. The higher turbulence lead to increased loads and a reduction in lifetime compared to free standing
turbines might result. For the optimization of wind farm layouts (on- and offshore) these turbulence effects have
to be taken into account and therefore an accurate model is important.
Here we present a semi-empirical model for calculating these turbulence intensity inside a wind farm. The
calculated turbulence intensity profile in the wake of a wind turbine is based on the wind deficit profile. Which
is derived from an axialsymmetric solution of a simplified Reynolds-Equation based on the model from Ainslie
[1]. Additionally Meandering effects of the wake, assumed to follow a gaussian distribution of the wind direction,
are taken into account. Furthermore, in wind farm situation, the model deals with superposition of the wakes
and partial wake covering of the incident rotor.
The model has been verified with measurements from different wind farms. A detailed comparison with measu-
rements from the offshore wind farm Vindeby uses turbulence intensity profiles from double and quintable wake
measurements. For the Middelgrunden offshore wind farm, mean turbulence intensities at the wind turbines for
particular wind directions are compared with our model results. The turbulence intensities at the wind turbines
were estimated from power output fluctuations of the turbines by Jørgensen [2]. The model results are also
compared to the results obtained with the Frandsen model [3]
Literatur
[1] J.F. Ainslie (1988): Calculating the Flowfield in the Wake of Wind Turbines, Journal of Wind Engineering,
vol. 27, pp. 213–224
[2] Hans E. Jørgensen, S. F. and P.V. (2003): Wake Effects on Middelgrunden Wind Farm, Risø-R-1415(EN),Risø
National Laboratory
[3] Sten Frandsen and M.L. Thogersen (1999): Integrated Fatigue Loading for Wind Turbines In Wind Farms
By Combining Ambient Turbulence And Wakes , Wind Engineering, vol. 23(6), pp. 327–340
Correspondence: Arne Wessel – arne.wessel@forwind.de – fax: +49 (0) 441 36116-735

Numerical Computations of Wind Turbine Wakes

S. Ivanella , D. Henningsonb
a Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden / Gotland University, Visby, Sweden
b Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
Numerical simulations using CFD methods are performed for wind turbine applications. The aim of the project
is to get a better understanding of the wake behaviour, which is needed since today’s industrial design codes
for wind power applications are based on the BEM (Blade Element Momentum) method. This method has been
extended with a number of empirical corrections not based on physical flow features. The importance of accurate
design models does also increase as the turbines become larger. Therefore, the research is today shifting toward a
more fundamental approach, aiming at understanding basic aerodynamic mechanisms. The result from the CFD
simulation is evaluated and special interest is given to the circulation and the position of vortices. From these
evaluations, it will hopefully be possible to improve the engineering methods and base them, to a greater extent,
on physical features instead of empirical corrections.
The simulations are performed using the program ËllipSys3D”developed at DTU (The Technical University
of Denmark). The Actuator Line Method is used, where the blade is represented by a line instead of a large
number of panels. The forces on that line are introduced by using tabulated aerodynamic coefficients. In this
way, the computer resource is used more efficiently since the number of node points locally around the blade is
decreased, and they can instead be concentrated in the wake behind the blades.
An evaluation method to extract values of the circulation from the wake flow field is developed.
The result shows agreement with classical theorems from Helmholtz, from which it follows that the wake tip
vortex has the same circulation as the maximum value of the bound circulation on the blade.
Fig. 1: The figure shows an iso surface of the vorticity with a pressure distribution on the iso surface. The
x=0-plane also shows the pressure distribution. The y=0-plane shows the streamwise velocity distribution.
Literatur
[1] S. Ivanell (2005): Numerical Computations of Wind Turbine Wakes, ISRN/KTH/MEK/TR/–05/10–SE.
Correspondence: Stefan Ivanell – Stefan.Ivanell@hgo.se – fax: +46 (0) 29 99 63

Modelling wind turbines wakes with a porosity concept

S. Aubruna
a Laboratoire de Mécanique et d’Energétique, 8 rue Léonard de Vinci; F-45072 Orléans cedex 2, France
The wind ”quality” of a site is neither controllable nor improvable by wind energy users. Then it must be
correctly assessed before the implantation of a wind farm. Indeed the wakes from turbines impinge other turbines,
modifying their inflow conditions and thus, their performance. Some attempts are made to use roughness-based
models to calculate the wind field within a wind farm, increasing the roughness length to take the wind turbines
into account [1]. Results are not satisfying and it is not really surprising since this concept is based on the
global influence of roughness elements on the above boundary layer, whereas wind farms should be considered
as spaced single roughness elements locally disturbing the atmospheric boundary layer. Wind turbines are not
plain obstacles and are, for particular applications, considered as porous elements, extracting kinetic energy from
the flow, distorting streamlines and generating turbulence. The use of a porosity-drag approach, inspired from
concepts developed to model the urban of forest canopy flows [2] would be probably well adapted to simulate
the influence of wind turbines on the atmospheric boundary layer. It enables to study the flow between the
obstacles, which is unfeasible with a roughness-based concept. The porosity-drag approach is generally employed
for numerical modelling but could be also used in physical modelling in wind tunnel. Aubrun et al. [3] used it to
model the forest canopy.
The present project is to model in a wind tunnel at a geometric scale of 1:400 a wind farm with metallic mesh
discs to replicate the actuator discs. A parametric study of the flow field downstream of the wind turbine model
(porous disc + cylindrical mast) has been performed in a homogeneous approaching flow (freestream turbulence
intensity 5%) upon the disc size, the porosity level, the mesh size. It shows that, according to the porosity
level of the mesh, the porous disc generates a constant velocity loss in its wake characterised by an axial flow
induction factor up to 1/3, associated with a shear-generated turbulence at its circumference (Figure ). Then
the interaction between several porous discs will be studied in order to model an off-shore located wind farm. In
this goal, the wind tunnel ”Lucien Malavard” of the Laboratoire de Mécanique et d’Energétique (L.M.E.) will
be modified to enable the physical modelling of the atmospheric boundary layer above the sea and under neutral
conditions
Fig. 1: Streamwise mean velocity and turbulence intensity distribution, 2 diameters downstream of the wind
turbine model, for an axial flow induction factor a = 1/4 (in black, porous disc border, porosity 50%).
Literatur
[1] G.P. Corten and A. Brand (2004): “Resource decrease by large scale wind farming” EWEC 2004, November
22-25, London ,UK.
[2] Dupont, S., Otte, T.L, Ching, J.K.S. (2004): Simulation of Meteorological Fields within and above Urban
and Rural Canopies with a Mesoscale Model (MM5). Bound-Layer Met. 113/1, 111-158.
[3] S. Aubrun, R. Koppmann, B. Leitl, M. Möllmann-Coers, A. Schaub (2005): Physical Modelling of a complex
forest area in a wind tunnel – Comparison with field data. Agr. and Forest Met. 129, 121-135.
Correspondence: Sandrine Aubrun – sandrine.aubrun@univ-orleans.fr – fax: +33 (0) 238417383

Acoustic analogy applied on wind turbine noise generation

and propagation
L. Fuchs a and D. Moroianu a
a Division of Fluid Mechanics, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, S-22100 Lund, Sweden
The aerodynamical noise produced by a wind turbine is computed using a hybrid method: Large Eddy Si-
mulations (LES) and an acoustical analogy known in literature as the Ffowcs Williams and Hawkings equation
[1]. The underlying assumption of the approach is that for the far-field the acoustic analogy ([2, 3, 4]) is rather
accurate for describing the acoustic wave propagation. The boundary conditions are such that the acoustic waves
are reflected from the ground and are allowed to leave the computational domain without being reflected. At
the near field, the quality of the approach depends on the quality of the approximation of the acoustical sources.
The acoustical sources include the contribution from the spatial variations in the flow field, the pressure that the
blades exert on the air and the acoustical source due to the acceleration of the blades. To ensure an adequate
quality of the source terms we use LES for the fully 4-D problem. The LES resolves all the scales that are re-
sponsible for the coherent structures generated by the rotating blades and the mast. Also, The spatial resolution
is such that it resolves a portion of the inertial subrange.
The dynamics of tip and hub vortices together with some coherent structures that appear in the downstream
side of the wind turbine mast are depicted in Fig. 1a). A typical acoustical far-field is depicted in Fig. 1b.
Fig. 1: a) Tip and hub vortices; b) Cross sectional wave reflections by the ground at y = 2.5D, full geometry
The paper will present details of the current computational approach. Different characteristics of the flow
(the content of turbulent kinetic energy spectrum in different monitoring points, vortex visualizations) and also
different features of the acoustical field (acoustical spectrum and typical frequencies in different monitoring
points, sound pressure level, wave interaction among the wind-turbine blades) will be also included.
Literatur
[1] Brentner, K. S., Farassat, F., ”Modeling Aerodynamically Generated Sound of Helicopter Rotors”, Progress
in Aerospace Sciences 39, pp. 83-120, 2003.
[2] Lighthill, M. J., ”On Sound Generated Aerodynamically: I. General Theory”, Proceedings of the Royal Society
of London, Series A, Vol. 211, pp. 564-587, 1952.
[3] Lighthill, M. J., ”On Sound Generated Aerodynamically: II. Turbulence as a Source of Sound”, Proceedings
of the Royal Society of London, Series A, Vol. 222, pp. 1-32, 1954.
[4] Lighthill, M. J., ”Waves in Fluids”, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-29233-6, 1978.
Correspondence: Laszlo Fuchs – Laszlo.Fuchs@vok.lth.se – fax: +46 - 46 - 222 43 00

Session F – Talk 1 49
Fatigue assessment of truss joints based on local approaches

H. Th. Beier, J. Lange, M. Vormwalda
a IFSW, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Petersenstr. 12, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
Modern steel-constructions try to use optimised member connections. For often used connection-types the
engineer must be able to calculate the bearing capacity (static and cyclic loading) in an easy and safe way.
A methodology to obtain Wöhler-curves is outlined in the present paper by applying it to truss joints with
pre-cut gusset plates (PCGP-joint), figure 1. The approach itself is supposed to be generally applicable to new
constructional details, of which the fatigue performance is certainly not yet classified. The question of the static
bearing capacity of the PCGP-joint has been answered by Adam and Zhang [1] for elastic and by Suppes [2]
and Klinkenberg et al [3] for plastic behaviour. In order to obtain the fatigue resistance of the PCGP-joint a
modern concept was used [4]: a minimised number of 15 tests were carried out on two types of normal scale
specimens: (a) joints with sharp edges (r=2mm) and (b) with radii (r=10mm) at the free gap. Additionally, the
fatigue resistance of these tests were calculated by the local strain approach for the crack initiation and by linear
elastic fracture mechanics for crack growth. The Wöhler-curves of the tests and the calculations showed very
good agreement. The verified calculation-model was then used to perform an extensive parameter study to obtain
the fatigue resistance of PCGP-joints typically used in structural steelwork. As a result the PCGP-joints with
radii at the free gap can only be classified in FAT 36 according to EC3 part 1-1 [5]. The joint version with the
sharp edges can not be classified in a FAT-class and can therefore not be used in situations with cyclic loading.
Fig. 1: PCGP-joint
Literatur
[1] V. Adam, X. Zhang (1994): Eine praktische Bemessungsmethode für ausgeschnittene Knotenbleche zum
Anschluß von I-Profilen, Stahlbau, vol. 63, pp. 49-58.
[2] A. Suppes (1998): Tragverhalten und Optimierung von ausgeklinkten Knotenblechen in Fachwerkbindern,
Institut für Stahlbau und Werkstoffmechanik, TU Darmstadt, vol. 58.
[3] A. Klinkenberg, A. Peter, H. Saal (1999): Berechnungsmodell für geschweißte Anschlüsse in ausgeschnittenen
Knotenblechen, Stahlbau, vol. 68, pp. 173-180.
[4] H. Th. Beier (2003): Experimentelle und rechnerische Untersuchungen zum Schwingfestigkeitsverhalten von
ausgeklinkten Knotenblechen in Fachwerkträgern, Institut für Stahlbau und Werkstoffmechanik, TU Darm-
stadt, vol. 68
[5] Eurocode 3, Part 1-1, DIN V ENV 1993-1-1 (1994): Stahlbau, Stahlhochbau. Beuth Verlag.
Correspondence: M. Vormwald – vormwald@wm.tu-darmstadt.de– fax: +49 (0) 6151-163038

Advances in Offshore Wind Turbine Technology

M. Seidela , J. Gößweina
a REpower Systems AG, Franz-Lenz-Str. 1, 49084 Osnabrück, Germany
The new generation of large wind turbines which is specifically designed for Offshore application is now in
the prototyping phase. Late 2004 the first prototype of the REpower 5M has been installed in Brunsbuettel /
Germany. With 5 MW rated power and a rotor diameter of 126 m the 5M is currently the largest wind turbine
on the market. Since February 2005 the machine is in normal operation. Results with respect to the dynamic
behaviour, power output and the technical performance will be presented.
The first Offshore project with this turbine will be realized in 2006 – the DOWNVInD Demonstrator in
Scotland in 45m water depth. For such a water depth Monopile and Gravity base foundations are no longer
feasible. For the DOWNVInD Project a jacket structure is foreseen as substructure. Commercially available load
calculation software (e.g. Flex 5 and Bladed) is only able to incorporate Monopiles as substructure below the
tower, thus new developments are required for the integrated treatment of wind and wave loading for this type
of support structure. REpower has developed a solution that combines the two existing programs Flex 5 and
ASAS(NL) into one solution which makes integrated calculation of wind and wave loading possible.
The paper will concentrate on the following aspects:
• Experiences from erection and operation of the 5M prototype in Brunsbuettel.

• Technical approach to combine Flex 5 and ASAS(NL) incl. validation.
• Treatment of fatigue and extreme loading conditions.
Correspondence: Marc Seidel – m.seidel@repower.de

Benefits of Fatigue Assessment with Local Concepts

P. Schaumann, F. Wilkea
a Institute for Steel Construction, University of Hannover, Appelstraße 9A, Hannover, Germany
For the design of structural parts of wind energy converters assessment of fatigue strength is essential because
of high dynamic effects from wind loading and operation. For offshore converters additional dynamic effects arise
from wave loading. Due to the combination of both actions the fatigue strength of connections often governs
the design of structural parts. This contribution compares, based on load calculations in the time domain, some
important issues of the fatigue design for recently discussed types of support structures for offshore wind energy
converters (OWECS) taking into account the special environmental influences of their location.
For the design of braced or lattice structures, which are discussed for offshore wind farms in greater water
depths [1], local concepts for fatigue assessment are required. The most popular one, which is basis of all offshore
standards, is the structural stress approach, also known as the hot-spot-concept. Besides the stress calculation
with finite element models the offshore standards allow simplified fatigue design using parametric equations for
the governing hot-spot stresses. It is shown that some of the special structural concepts for OWECS as well as
the loading history do not meet the limitations of these parametric equations. In these cases the use of the finite
element method is demonstrated to be essential. Moreover it is shown that more detailed guidelines have to be
given for extrapolation techniques and definition of boundary conditions to produce reliable results.
Fig. 1: Typical levels of FE-models for the fatigue assessment with local concepts
The design results for typical structures are compared to those of more sophisticated local concepts like the
notch stress approach (Figure 1), showing advantages and limits of the different concepts. As for higher water
depths fatigue design leads to increased plate thicknesses, special focus is given to the evaluation of size and
mean stress effects.
Literatur
[1] P. Schaumann, P. Kleineidam and F. Wilke (2004): Fatigue Design of Offshore Wind Energy Conversion
Systems, Stahlbau 73, No 9, pp. 716-726.
Correspondence: Fabian Wilke – wilke@stahl.uni-hannover.de – fax: +49 (0) 511 762-2991

Extension of Life time of welded dynamic loaded structures

T. Ummenhofera , I. Weicha , T. Nitschke-Pagelb
a Institut für Bauwerkserhaltung und Tragwerk, Technische Universität Braunschweig,
Pockelsstr.3, Braunschweig, Germany
b Institut für Füge- und Schweißtechnik, Technische Universität Braunschweig,
Langer Kamp 8, Braunschweig, Germany
Research has been initiated on the application of weld improvement methods to increase the fatigue life of
new and existing wind energy plants. The research is particularly relevant because a large number of welded
wind energy plants will reach their calculated life time during the next years. Therefore the main investigation
involved fatigue tests of specimen which have been treated with weld improvement methods after they reached
their calculated life time. The effect of the application of Ultrasonic Peening (UP) has been compared to the
effect of shot peening. These enabled the influence of the treatment method on the improvement of the fatigue
life of “old” weld details to be investigated. The tests included testing of butt-, fillet- and longitudinal welds as
well as double bevel seam. The results obtained out of the running tests show that both improvement methods
produce very good results for preloaded specimen as well as for new notch details. The effect for plates with a
thickness of 8mm and 30 mm could be analysed and the influence of the thickness could be determined.
S-N-curves for treated notch details are the basis for the implementation of the methods in the design for repair
of existing or new wind energy plants. Results show that the value of the slope m of the S-N-curves for treated
specimen increases, so that the fatigue strength increases respectively the fatigue life will be raised further more.
Laser measurements of the weld seam show that the UP increases the overall weld toe radii but also introduces
sharp burrs at the edges of the treated zones. Residual stress measurements prove the introduction of inherent
compressive stresses. It can be concluded that the positive effect of the treatment methods results from the
inherent compressive stresses.
The investigations demonstrate that UP is an effective and practical means to improve the service life of wind
energy plants and other dynamic loaded structures, to increase their fatigue strength and last but not least for
repair procedures.
Fig. 1: S-N-curves for the 95%- survival probability of the different treated notch details.
Literatur
[1] T. Ummenhofer, I. Weich and T. Nitschke-Pagel (2005): Lebens- und Restlebensdauerverlängerung geschweiß-
ter Windenergieanlagentürme und anderer Stahlkonstruktionen durch Schweißnahtnachbehandlung, Stahlbau,
vol. 6, pp 412- 422.
Correspondence: Imke Weich – i.weich@tu-bs.de – fax: +49 (0) 531 391-2502

Structural Health Monitoring of WEC using the

Multiparameter Eigenvalue Problem
J. Reetza , W.-J. Gerascha and R. Rolfesa
a nstitute for Structural Analysis, University of Hannover, Appelstr. 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
The potentiality to prolong the life cycle and thus to improve the efficiency of structures of windenergy
converters (WEC) lies in the early identification of the occurring damages on the construction and the prevention
of the consequential damage.
Due to the bad accessibility to these constructions a regular survey is very complex and expensive. In view of
this situation the aim of manufacturers, operators and insurers amongst others is the development of a system
of early detection of damages. Eigenfrequencies of the structure depend on the current condition of the structure
and are the modal quantity that can be measured most exactly.
Assumed that damages on elasto-mechanical structures influence the dynamical behavior the approach is to
measure current modal quantities and hence to inference the current condition. In the project presented here
the problem is solved by means of inverse identification of the stiffness of the structure on the basis of measured
current modal quantities.
Therefore, parametrised mathematical models reproducing the dynamical behavior are set up and the eigen-
values of the current structure are measured. With the test data and the numeric model the model-parameters
are calculated. Transferring the problem into a multiparameter eigenvalue problem only a minimal set of test
data is necessary.
In order to apply the method in a Condition Monitoring System for WEC-structures a validation of the method
is carried out. Therefore numerical simulations, laboratory tests on models and tests on real constructions have
to be made. Questions to be answered are about the quality and quantity of diagnostics. Additionally, the
measurement procedures have to be further developed in order to ensure the sensitivity required and to provide
a simple and robust system, that can resist the rough offshore conditions over many years.
The present status of theoretical investigations shows e.g. high sensitivity, a wide working range and a small
detection limit. Future work will be the extension of the method for larger models, other structures and further
fields of application.
Correspondence: Johannes Reetz – j.reetz@isd.uni-hannover.de – fax: +49 (0) 511/762-8673

Influence of wind turbine’s type and size on antiicing thermal

power requirement
Battisti Lorenzoa , Fedrizzi Robertoa and Dal Savio Stefanoa
a DIMS - Dept. Of Mechanical and Structural Engineering - University of Trento Via Mesiano, 77, 38050 POVO - Italy
There is a growing interest in Europe to build wind power plants at inland sites and especially within moun-
tainous regions, and also in the far north. Characteristics of such sites are not only low air temperatures but
also icing accretion on blades and other components. Ice accretion on wind turbine components affects system
safe operation and performance. Therefore, special design requirements as ice prevention systems are necessary
for wind turbines operating in cold climates.
The aim of this paper is to present a model for evaluating the anti-icing energy requirements whit respect to
wind turbines size and type as three, two and one bladed.
A comparison of the results obtained with other models has been carried out. A sensitivity analysis, helpful
in the early design phase, showed the effect of the different variables involved in the evaluation of the thermal
power and energy for anti-icing purpose. The investigations enlightened the influence of the type and the size
of the wind turbine on their anti-icing power requirements. As example, the figure 1 is reported It shows the
variability of the specific heat flux qtb [W/m2 ], the anti-icing thermal power requirement for the wind rotor Qt
[kW ] and ratio between rotor anti-icing thermal power and rated machines power with respect to the angle of
attach configuration of the blade, for a series of rotors.
The higher optimal turning speed at nominal conditions due to the different number of blades of the turbines
leads to a direct increase in the cooling thermal fluxes. At the same time, however, there is also an increase
in the heat flux due to aerodynamic heating, so there is actually no significant difference with a variation of
number of blades in terms of specific anti-icing heat flux. However the total anti-icing heat flux requirement Qt,
which depends on the number of blades, nonetheless decreases considerably from a three-blade to a single-blade
machine, in a manner that is nearly proportional to the number of blades.
From this analysis an indication of the anti-icing power requirements can be deduced, like as the optimum
feature of wind turbines dedicated to cold climates.
Literatur
[1] Seifert, H., Technical requirements for rotor blades operating in cold climate, DEWI, Deutsches Windenergie-
Institut GmbH, 2003.
[2] Makkonen L., Laakso T., Marjaniemi M., Finstad K. J., Modeling and prevention of ice accretion on wind
turbines, Wind Engineering, 2001, 25(1), 3-21.
[3] L. Battisti, R.Fedrizzi, M. Rialti, S. Dal Savio, A model for the design of hot-air based wind turbine ice
prevention system WREC05 22-27 May 2005 Aberdeen
Correspondence: Lorenzo Battisti – Lorenzo.battisti@ing.unitn.it – fax: +39 (0) 461 882599

Structure Health Monitoring – Visions, Possibilities and

Research Tasks
W. Hillger a
a Institute of Composite Structures and Adaptronics/DLR
Lilienthalplatz 7
D-38108 Braunschweig, Germany
There is a large need for a coast and time effective testing of rotor blades of wind generators for in- service
inspections. Conventional NDT-methods such as thermography and ultrasonics are very time consuming and
expensive. Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) has been defined as the “acquisition, validation and analysis of
technical data to facilitate life-cycle management decisions” [1]. Furthermore, future SHM-systems will detect
critical loadings and will give warnings before defects will be generated. Also the component will carry out a
self test and automatically call the service if critical defects are detected. These statements sound futuristic, and
of cause it will take more than fifteen years of research and development to design such a system. The basic
research for this purpose is already described by many authors.
Ultrasonic Lamb waves provide propagation over long distances in composites. In most of all application for
the generation and receiving of Lamb waves separate piezo patches are used. The piezos can be embedded into
the structure are implicated from outside. The complex construction of the rotor blades of wind generators,
especially the different materials and thicknesses, meets a challenge for Lamb wave testing. For a given frequency
at least two modes a symmetric and a anti-symmetric one are generated. The modes are dispersive, which means
that that their velocities are frequency-depending. For the damage detection it is important to select the optimal
wave mode and to know the propagation and the interaction with defects. Therefore research fields are: sensors,
excitation, bonding/embedding of sensors, excitation, propagation, interaction with defects, signal processing
and signal evaluation.
Research tasks at DLR are visualisation of the Lamb wave propagation and the interaction between damages
and signal correlations between progressing damage types and active Lamb wave signals. The ultrasonic imaging
technique has been adapted for the visualisation of Lamb waves. Figure 1a shows a “classic C-scan” of a CFRP-
component with two drillings (black) and a delamination (red) recorded by air- coupled ultrasonic testing, 1b
presents a “Lamb-wave C-scan” of the same component with wave propagation and interaction with defects.
One piezo bonded on the component has been used as a transmitter; an air-coupled transducer scanned the
component. The diffraction at the defect is clearly indicated.
Fig. 1: Lamb wave interactions between bore holes and a delamination.
Literatur
[1] Glauert H. Airplane Propellers, Vol. 4, Div. L in Aerodynamic Theory, edited by Durand W.F., Dover ed.
1943.
Wolfgang Hillger – Wolfgang.Hillger@dlr.de – fax: +49 (0) 531 295 22 32

Performance and qualification of materials used for rotor

blades
B. F. Soerensena , Povl Brønsteda
a Materials Research Department - Risoe National Laboratory - DK 4000 Roskilde
The optimal design of rotor blades is today a complex and multifaceted task and requires optimization of
properties, performance, and economy. These requirements blades lead to that polymer reinforced composites are
candidate materials. The fibres and the matrix resins for the composites are described, and their high stiffness, low
density, and good fatigue performance are emphasised. The mechanical properties of fibre composite materials are
discussed, with focus on fatigue performance. Methods for qualifying the materials are based on measurements
of static and fatigue properties. Damage and materials degradation during fatigue is described. The testing
procedures for documentation of properties are reviewed. Stiffness, static strength, and fatigue performance are
measured by testing test coupons or components. The properties measured are used to qualify the materials
and to document that the materials fulfill the design demands originated in aero elastic modeling of the blades
under expected wind loads. Uniform static tests are carried out under quasistatic loading, and fatigue tests are
carried out under varying loading conditions. Properties are measured under tensile loads, compressive loads,
shear loads, or combinations of these in bi- and multiaxial loading modes.
Correspondence: B. F. Soerensen
High-cycle fatigue of ”Ultra-High-Performance Concreteänd

”Grouted Jointsfor Offshore Wind Energy Turbines
L. Lohausa and S. Andersa
a Institute of Building Materials, University of Hannover, Appelstraße 9A, 30161 Hannover, Germany
”Grouted Joints”have already been used in Monopile-foundations for offshore wind energy turbines and Tripod-
constructions for offshore platforms in the oil and petroleum industry. In offshore wind energy applications
ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) has been solely used up to now. UHPC is known for its outstanding
mechanical characteristics in static tests, but only little is known about its dynamic behaviour in terms of fatigue
strength, damage development or the interplay of forces in the ”Grouted Joints”.
Experiments on UHPC [3] have indicated that attention has to be paid to its fatigue limit, which seems to be
significantly lower compared to normal-strength concrete, as illustrated in figure 1. Even the addition of fibres
does not enhance the fatigue limit, only the explosive failure of UHPC can be avoided. Comparable results were
obtained in an investigation of the University of Kassel [1].
As stated in the existing design rules for ”Grouted Jointsë.g [2] specimens containing shear keys showed an
increasing ultimate load with an increasing shear key height. Another aspect about the behaviour of ”Grouted
Jointsı̈s the mode of failure. Almost every specimen with shear keys indicates a shear failure along the shear keys
as well as an exceeding of the grout matrix capacity. Both modes of failure can be clearly observed in figure 2.
From the results obtained so far it seems as if the first linear part of load-displacement curve is related to the
failure of the grout matrix capacity and the second linear section to the shear failure. Apart from the height of
the shear keys, the ultimate load of the ”Grouted Jointsßpecimens seems to depend on the concrete mix used.
Steel-fibre reinforced concrete mixes showed an enhanced first linear part of the curve, whereas the second part
(the ultimate load) was not affected significantly.
Comparative calculations have shown, that the Scandinavian regulations [2] overestimate the ultimate load
assuming that the end of the first part represents the ultimate value for design purposes. Therefore further tests
are needed to adapt the existing rules to the results described. In addition, tests indicating the influence of
fatigue loading are being performed and prepared for numerical analyses.
Literatur
[1] E. Fehling, M. Schmidt, et al. (2003): Entwicklung, Dauerhaftigkeit und Berehnung Ultra-Hochfester Betone,
Forschungsbericht an die DFG, Projekt Nr. FE 497/1-1, Universität Kassel.
[2] Det Norske Veritas (1998): Rules for Fixed Offshore Installations, Det Norske Veritas.
[3] Lohaus, L.; Anders, S. (2004): Effects of polymer- and fibre modifications on the ductility, fracture properties
and micro-crack development of ultra-high performance concrete. In Proceedings “International Symposium
on Ultra-High Performance Concrete”, p. 625-636, Kassel, 13.-15.09.04
Correspondence: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Ludger Lohaus – lohaus@baustoff.uni-hannover.de – fax: +49 (0) 511-762 4736
A modular concept for integrated modeling of offshore WEC

applied to wave-structure coupling
K. Mittendorfa , M. Kohlmeiera , A. Habbara and W. Zielkea
a Institute of Fluid Mechanics and Computer Applications in Civil Engineering University of Hannover, Appelstr. 9A,
30167 Hannover, Germany
Offshore wind energy can only become economical if adequate design methods allow highly optimized and
robust structures with a long lifespan. To achieve this there is a need for reliable design methods to perform
integrated simulation of offshore wind turbines in time domain. The analysis in time domain is necessary because
of the nonlinearity of the structure response as well as the nonlinearity of the wind and wave loads. In the offshore
environment, we have to consider a coupled system, consisting of the support structure, the foundation, the
aeroelastic system for the wind model and the hydrodynamic loads due to waves (Fig. 1). The achievement of an
integral model suffers from the diversity of different processes and process interactions to be taken into account
for the analysis of an offshore wind turbine and its associated sub systems. Thus, the models used by research
teams and consulting engineers are normally heterogeneous. Therefore, a flexible structure of the integral model
is the main target of current research. A well designed object-oriented and easily extendable set of models and
interfaces have to be developed in order to fulfill future demands.
Fig. 1: Components of the integrated model, processes, loads and sub systems.
In the first step a model for fluid structure interaction is implemented and will be presented here. The support
structure is modeled with a finite element approach. Regular wave kinematics can be determined from different
linear or nonlinear wave theories (e.g. Stokes or Stream Function). Subsequently with the known kinematics from
the wave theory, the wave loads on the support structure are predicted with the Morison equation. Real sea state
(irregular waves) simulations based on a spectrum even with consideration of the directionality are also feasible
(Fig. 2).
Fig. 2: 2D irregular wave load simulation from spectrum.
Literatur
[1] ForWind (2004): Annual Report 2003/2004, TP IX
Correspondence: Kim Mittendorf – mdorf@hydromech.uni-hannover.de – fax: +49 (0) 511 762-3777

Solutions of details regarding fatigue and the use of

high-strength steels for towers of offshore wind energy
converters
J. Bergers a , H. Huhn b , R. Puthli a and M. Veselcic a
a Research Centre for Steel, Timber and Masonry, University of Karlsruhe, Kaiserstr.12, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
b IMS Ingenieurgesellschaft mbH, Stadtdeich 5, 20097 Hamburg, Germany
In the context of the support and development of alternative energies, many offshore wind parks are planned
in the North Sea, Baltic Sea and Irish sea. Aggravated conditions such as large water depths, increasing heights
of towers and hubs, as well as other environmental conditions require new solutions concerning the stability and
the durability of offshore wind energy converters.
Therefore, a new research project has been brought into life [1]. The aim of this project is to evaluate the
individual problems concerning stability and durability of such constructions and develop new solutions. This
includes the investigation of the influence of steel grade and wall thickness, the assessment of the remaining life
and the questions about cylindrical and conical connections. Another important aspect is the adjustment of the
existing fatigue design concept to the special requirements of offshore wind energy converters.
Generally, it is assumed that with an increasing wall thickness the fatigue strength decreases. To estimate
the influence of wall thickness more exactly, however, there are different approaches depending on the national
standards and the type of construction.
According to the current standards, the choice of the steel grade does not have an influence on the fatigue
resistance. Now, the wall thickness can be reduced by the use of high strength steel. Particularly, constructions
with many welds become more economical that way. This has to be taken into account also with regard to different
methods of post weld treatment which can extend the remaining fatigue life of a construction considerably.
Laboratory tests and model experiments are planned to estimate the influence of the parameters mentioned
above on the fatigue strength. Different construction possibilities, varying dimensions, diverse kinds of post weld
treatment and the use of high strength steel shall be taken into account. In parallel, the practical parameter
studies are supported by extensive numerical calculations. A finite-element analysis will help to determine suitable
surrounding conditions for the fatigue tests and to find a suitable test setup.
The results of the fatigue tests and the finite-element analyses obtained will be presented. These results will
enlarge the existing standardization and simplify the construction of offshore wind energy converters.
Literatur
[1] R. Puthli, M. Veselcic, S. Herion and H. Huhn: Detaillösungen bei Ermüdungsfragen und dem Einsatz hoch-
fester Stähle bei Türmen von Offshore-Windenergieanlagen, Stahlbau, planend for June 2005, not published
yet
[2] Design of Offshore Wind Turbine Structures, Offshore Standard DNV-OS-J101, Det Norske Veritas, February
2004
[3] Guideline for the Certification of Offshore Wind Turbines, Germanischer Lloyd, Edition 2004
Correspondence: Jennifer Bergers – jennifer.bergers@va.uni-karlsruhe.de – fax: +49 (0) 721 608-4078

POSTER
Session A – Poster 1 63
On The Atmospheric Flow Modelling Over Complex Relief

I. Sládeka , K. Kozelb , Z. Jaňourc
a Czech Technical University in Prague, U12101, Karlovo náměstı́ 13, ZIP 121 35, Czech Republic
b Czech Technical University in Prague, U12101, Karlovo náměstı́ 13, ZIP 121 35, Czech Republic
c Institute of Thermo–mechanics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 5, ZIP 182 00, Prague, Czech Republic
The paper deals with a mathematical and numerical investigation of 3D–flow in the atmospheric boundary
layer over complex topography. The concept of a wall functions is evaluated and the results are compared with
a no–slip wall modelling. The turbulence is simulated using two different models: 1) simple algebraic one and 2)
conventional k − ε model. Also the effect of computational grids on numerical results has been tested.
The model is based on system of RANS equations which is modified according to the method of artificial
compressibility. Then, it can be re-casted in the conservative and vector form as follows
           
u v w 0 0 0
 2 p 
~ t +  u + %  +  2vu p  +  wu  =  Kux  +  Kuy  +  Kuz 
         
W  uv   v +%   wv   Kvx   Kvy   Kvz  (1)
uw vw w2 + %p Kwx x Kwy y Kwz z
x y z
~ = (p/β 2 , u, v, w)T stands for the vector of unknown variables: the pressure p, the velocity vector
where W
~
V = (u, v, w )T , β is related to the artificial sound speed and K is the turbulent diffusion coefficient, see [1].
The system (1) is solved in domain under stationary boundary conditions for the artificial time t → ∞ to
obtain the expected steady-state solution. The finite volume method together with (3)–stage explicit Runge–
Kutta scheme are applied. The method is also stabilized by the artificial diffusion term of fourth order.
Hereafter, the computational domain is 43 km long, 35 km wide and 1 km high. The mean free stream velocity
is U0 = 10 m/s, the roughness parameter z0 = 1 m, the power law velocity profile with exponent 2/9 is imposed
at the inlet and neutral stratification is supposed as well. The model (1) closed by the algebraic turbulence model
has been used to compute the velocity–pressure flow field over the topography, see figure .
Fig. 1: Left part shows the relief colored by geographical altitude in [m], the flow is oriented along the x-axis;
Right part represents a near–ground cutplane colored by the u-velocity component in [m/s] together with
stream–lines.
Literatur
[1] Sládek I., Kozel K., Jaňour Z., Gulı́ková E. (2004): On the Mathematical and Numerical Investigation of the
Atmospheric Boundary Layer Flow With Pollution Dispersion, In: Urban Wind Engineering and Building
Aerodynamics, VKI Brussels, May 2004, pp. C.9.1–C.9.10, ISBN 2-930389-11-7.
Ivo Sládek, sladek@marian.fsik.cvut.cz, Phone: (+420-2)24357247, Fax: (+420-2)24920677

Pollutant dispersion in flow around bluff bodies arrangement

E. Moryn-Kucharczyka and R. Gnatowskaa
a Institute of Thermal Machinery, Czestochowa University of Technology, 42-200 Czestochowa, Poland
The process of pollutant dispersion in flow around civil engineering structures depends strongly on the ve-
locity field, responsible for convection and diffusion. To understand the phenomena related with the forming
of concentration fields it is necessary to recognize the local features of the flow around the objects with the
special emphasize for the mean velocity direction random fluctuations and periodical oscillations accompanying
the vortex generation in bodies neighbourhood.
The aim of the paper is to discuss the relations between the complex velocity field around the bluff-bodies
arrangement and the polluted gas concentration in that area. The main attention has been put on the role of
oscillating component of velocity as a factor stimulating the pollutant diffusion process.
The analysis has been performed for the 2D case of two sharp-edged bluff bodies in tandem arrangement for
which the strong level of oscillating component was available as the result of synchronization processes occurring
in the flow surrounding the bodies. The mean concentration profiles of tracer gas (CO2) for various inter-obstacle
gap were measured in wind tunnel flow. The local characteristics of flow were obtained using a commercial CFD
code FLUENT 6.0. The discussion is partially based on the results of the previous data contained in works of
Jarza & Gnatowska [1, 2], which revealed different flow regimes and critical body spacing at which dynamic
properties of vortex structures around bluff-bodies system alter rapidly reflecting the stability mode change.
The specific conditions generated around bluff bodies arrangement mode is possible to study the gas pollutant
dispersion for flow field, in which the main features of built environment are present, namely wind vorticity, high
level oscillations, separation, reattachment etc.
Literatur
[1] A. Jarża, R. Gnatowska: Lock-on effect on unsteady loading of rigid bluff – body in tandem arrangement,
Proceedings Of International Conference Urban Wind Engineering And Buildings Aerodynamics Cost C14,
Rhode-St-Genese Belgium, 5-7 may, pp.c.2.1-10.
[2] A. Jarża, R. Gnatowska: Simulation of lock-on phenomena in systems of bluff-bodies, Proceedings of 12th
international conference on fluid flow technologies, Budapest Hungary, 3-6 september, pp.: 375-380.
Correspondence: Moryn-Kucharczyk – moryn@imc.pcz.czest.pl – fax: +48 (34) 3250555

The Improved Mesoscale Turbulence Model for Wind

Climate and Pollutant Dispersion in Cities
A. F. Kurbatskiyaa , L. I. Kurbatskayabb
a Department of Physics, Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova Str., 2, Novosibirsk, Russia
b Institute of Computationsl Mathematics and Mathematical Geophysics SB RAS
Lavrentieva Ave., 6, Novosibirsk, Russia
A computational scheme for an improved Mellor-Yamada Level-3 model is proposed and its performance is
examined to simulate the wind field structure above the urbanized surface (city) in the atmospheric boundary
layer (ABL). In the present model, two new ingredients are employed: 1) an updated expression for the pressure-
velocity correlation, 2) an updated expression for the pressure-temperature correlation. The turbulent momentum
and scalar fluxes are determined by the full explicit algebraic expressions which are deduced from the closed
transport equations for turbulent fluxes and simplified using the weak-equilibrium assumption. Closure is achieved
by solving the evolution equations for the turbulent kinetic energy, its dissipation rate and scalar variance
(the three-parametric turbulence model). This improved mesoscale model for the turbulent ABL is capable to
reproduce the most important features of a wind field above the city. Simulation results show, that the thermal
circulation caused by a longitudinal temperature gradient between heated up air above city and less heated up
air of its vicinities, increases speed of wind aloft on a leeside, and the term of the longitudinal turbulent diffusion
in the potential temperature equation act to reduce the daytime boundary layer height.
Introduction
It is well-known that the elevated temperatures in cites arise due to anthropogenic heat generation and retardation
of the nocturnal cooling of urban surfaces in contrast to rural surfaces cause higher temperatures over the city
relative to its vicinity (the Urban Heat Island effect; e. g., [1]). The urban heat island effect may produce
major temporal and spatial alterations to the circulation of the urban boundary layer [1]. This study attempts to
formulate a numerical model for the simulation of the urban heat island effect and its influence on the modification
of background (synoptic and mesoscale) winds by cites. In this model, the transfer of momentum and scalar
(temperature, concentration) in the ABL is computed by the improved Mellor-Yamada Level-3 model.
Literatur
[1] Bornstein, R. D. and Oke T. R. Influence of pollution on urban climatology, Adv. Environ. Sci. Engrg., vol.
2, pp. 171-202.
[2] Kurbatskii A. F., computational modelling of the penetrative convection above the urban heat island in a
stably stratified environment, J. Appl. Meteor., vol. 40, No. 10, pp. 1748-1761.
Kurbatskiy A. F. – kurbat@nsu.ru – fax: +7 (383) 330-72-68

Comparison of logarithmic wind profiles and power law wind

profiles and their applicability for offshore wind profiles
S. Emeis a
a Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Kreuzeckbahnstr. 19, 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
Two types of wind profile laws are frequently used for vertical extrapolation of wind speeds in the atmospheric
surface-layer for wind energy purposes: the theoretically derived logarithmic profile with corrections for non-
neutral thermal stratification and the empirically derived power law. Due to its mathematical simplicity the
power law is widely used. The first part of this study investigates in which situations the power law is a good
approximation to the logarithmic profile. In extension to existing studies it is stipulated that not only the slope
of the logarithmic and the power law profiles should coincide in a selected height but simultaneously also the
curvatures of the two profiles should coincide in this height in order to give a good fit over a wider height range.
The surface roughness and thermal stratification conditions for which such a simultaneous coincidence is possible
are calculated analytically.
For neutral and unstable conditions slope and curvature of a power law profile cannot coincide simultaneously
with that of the logarithmic profile. This can only happen under certain circumstances in a stably stratified flow.
The practical result of this study is that the power law offers a good fit to the logarithmic profile over a wider
height range for slightly stable conditions and for very smooth surfaces only. Thus the power law profile provides
a good description of the offshore vertical wind profile but is not suitable for rough terrain.
Fig. 1: Logarithmic wind profiles for non-neutral stratification (thin) and their approximation by power law
profiles (dashed). The middle pair of profiles is shifted by 0.5, the rightmost pair by 1.0 to the right. The two
numbers at the top give z/z0 (z0 is roughness length in m) and z/L∗ (giving the static stability: negative means
unstable, zero means neutral, positive means stable), the number in the middle the exponent n of the power law.
Whether these profile laws are suitable at all for offshore application has to be clarified by analysing the data
from the FINO1-offshore platform in the OWID project (funded by the German Ministry of the Environment,
BMU). Wind and turbulence profiles from this dataset are currently processed at our lab. It is expected - at
least for stable and neutral conditions - that the surface layer (for which the logarithmic law and the power law
are valid only) is only a few tens of meters deep, due to the smooth sea surface. Therefore most of the offshore
wind turbines will operate in the Ekman layer that is situated ontop of the surface layer. Here the vertical wind
speed gradient is usually smaller than in the surface layer but the wind direction turns with height.
Correspondence: Stefan Emeis – stefan.emeis@imk.fzk.de – fax: +49 (0) 8821 73 5 73 – tel: +49 (0) 8821 183 240
Session B – Poster 1 67
Superposition Model for Atmospheric Turbulence

S. Bartha , F. Böttchera , J. Peinkea
a ForWind - Center for Wind Energy Research, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
In this work we focus on the scale dependent statistics of atmospheric velocity increments measured at different
on- and offshore locations and compare them to that of homogeneous, isotropic and stationary turbulence as
realized in laboratory experiments. For isotropic turbulence the statistical moments of increments, the so-called
structure functions have been intensively studied. Their functional dependence on the scale τ is described by a
variety of multifractal models. Alternatively to the analysis of structure functions, probability density functions
(PDFs) are often considered. For turbulent laboratory flows they show a change of shapes. For large scales the
distributions are Gaussian while for small scales they are found to be intermittent.
The here examined atmospheric PDFs differ from those of turbulent laboratory flows. They show a markable
feature of a shape which is nearly independent of the scale. This corresponds to the striking feature of intermittent
pdf shapes (heavy tailed and not Gaussian) but perform for the structure functions non multifractal K41 scaling.
Speaking mathematically such constant shapes for larger and larger scales is expected only for stable distributions
such as Gaussian ones or the Lévy stable laws. Although the decay of the tails indicates that distributions should
approach Gaussian ones (as for isotropic turbulence) they show a rather robust exponential-like decay.
The challenge is to describe and to explain the measured fat-tailed distributions and the corresponding non-
convergence to Gaussian statistics. This is of great interest because increment values in the tails directly corre-
spond to an increased probability (risk) to observe large and very large events (gusts).
We introduce a model that interprets atmospheric increment statistics as a large scale mixture of subsets of
isotropic statistics [1]. When mixing is weak the same statistics as for isotropic turbulence is recovered while for
strong mixing robust intermittency is obtained.
Literatur
[1] F. Böttcher, St. Barth and J. Peinke. ’Small and Large Scale Fluctuations in Atmospheric Wind Speeds’,
Stoch. Environ. Res. Risk Assess. (accepted), 2005.
Correspondence: Stephan Barth – stephan.barth@forwind.de – fax: +49 (0) 441 798-3579

Extreme events under low-frequency wind speed variability

and wind energy generation
A.A. Cârsteanu a and J.J. Castro b
a Mathematics Department, Cinvestav, Av. IPN 2508, México D.F. 07360, México
b Physics Department, Cinvestav, Av. IPN 2508, México D.F. 07360, México
Low-frequency wind speed variability represents an important challenge to statistical estimation for atmos-
pheric turbulence and its impact on wind energy generation, given that it does not allow for the usual stationary
assumption in time series analysis. This work presents a framework for the parameterization of a state-space re-
presentation of turbulent processes, where low-frequency variability would be resolved by computing conditional
probabilities of visitation for the different states. The conditional probabilities are extrapolated for the purpose
of obtaining the probabilities of extreme events for wind speed variation and its application in wind energy.
Correspondence: A.A. Cârstenau – lalin@math.cinvestav.mx – fax: +52-55-5061-3876

Stochastic modelling and prognosis of turbulent wind time

series
J. Clevea , M. Greinera
a Corporate Technology, Information & Communications, Siemens AG, D-81730 München, Germany
A precise understanding and modelling of small-scale turbulent wind fields is important for the design and
operation of modern wind power plants. For example, the design of rotor blades requires detailed knowledge
of the wind field and its statistical properties. The control of single wind turbines as well as whole wind farms
require the predictive modelling of the wind field.
We will present a stochastic model for the small-scale turbulent wind field. The model is based on a multifractal
extension of fractional Brownian motion. It provides a consistent description of the statistics of the velocity field
as well as the energy dissipation field.
Although the modelling of the turbulent wind field statistics already provides some predictive power in itself,
superior for on-line control is a direct prognosis of the time series. There are many tools which can perform
this task. Among them, artificial neural networks (ANN) are the most promising candidates. Ultra short-term
predictions for turbulent wind time series based on state-of-the-art ANN architectures are presented.
Correspondence: Jochen Cleve – jochen cleve@web.de – fax: +49 (0) 89 636-49767

Quantitative Reconstruction of Drift and Diffusion Functions

from Time Series Data
D. Kleinhansa , R. Friedricha
a Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Institut für Theoretische Physik, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 9, 48149 Münster
Stochastic analysis of wind measurements is of increasing interest in wind energy research for example for the
description of the power output of wind turbines [1]. Such processes in many cases can be characterized by their
drift and diffusion functions.
We discuss the extraction of drift and diffusion functions from measured data. In the common procedure [2]
deviations enter when performing the required limit of small time increments. Additionally statistical errors
complicate the interpretation of the results. The impact of such sources of error is estimated.
Furthermore an extension to this method is presented that circumvents the limiting procedure. It is based on the
minimization of the Kullback-Leibler distance between the joined probability density functions of the measured
data and simulated stochastic processes. By this means quantitatively accurate results can be obtained even for
sparsely sampled measurements.
Literatur
[1] E. Anahua, M. Lange, F. Böttcher, S. Barth and J. Peinke. Stochastic Analysis of the Power Output for a
Wind Turbine, Proceedings of the European Wind Energy Conference (EWEC), London, UK, 2004.
[2] S. Siegert, R. Friedrich and J. Peinke. Analysis of datasets of stochastic systems, Physics Letters A 243, 1998.
Correspondence: D. Kleinhans – email: kleinhan@uni-muenster.de

Scaling turbulent atmospheric stratification: a

turbulence/wave wind model
S. Lovejoya , D. Schertzerb
a Physics, McGill University, 3600 University st., Montreal, Que., Canada
b CEREVE, ENPC, 6-8, ave. Blaise Pascal, Cité Descartes 77455 Marne-la-vallee Cedex, France
We critically re-examine empirical vertical and horizontal statistics of the horizontal wind and find that the
−5/3
balance of evidence is in favour of the Kolmogorov kx scaling in the horizontal, Bolgiano-Obukov scaling
−11/5
kz in the vertical corresponding to a Ds = 23/9D stratified atmosphere. This interpretation is particularly
compelling once one recognizes that the 23/9D turbulence can lead to long range biases in aircraft trajectories
and hence wind, tempertature and other statistics. Indeed, we show quantitatively that one is able to reinterpret
the major aircraft-based campaigns (GASP, MOZAIC) in terms of the model. In part I we have seen that this
model is compatible with turbulence waves which can be close to classical linear gravity waves in spite of their
quite different mechanism. We then use state-of-the-art lidar data of atmospheric aerosols (considered a passive
tracer) in order to obtain direct estimates of the effective dimension of the atmosphere, the elliptical dimension,
Del = 23/9 = 2.55 ± 0.02. This result essentially rules out the standard 3D or 2D isotropic theories which have
D = 3, 2 respectively. In this paper we focus on the multifractal (intermittency) statistics showing that to within
experimental uncertainty, the high and low order statistics are indeed stratified in the same way as the statistics
near the mean field.
We critically re-examine theories of turbulence in a stratified atmosphere arguing that they should be buoyancy-
driven rather than energy driven and that they should be scaling but anisotropic, not isotropic. We compare
the leading statistical theories of atmospheric stratification: the 7/3D linear gravity theories and the classical
fractionally integrated flux (FIF) 23/9D unified scaling model in which the horizontal wind has a k −5/3 spectrum
as a function of horizontal wavenumber determined by the energy flux and a k –11/5 energy spectrum as a function
of vertical wavenumber determined by the buoyancy force variance flux. We argue that although the 23/9D FIF
model is more physically satisfying - being based on turbulent fluxes – that the key weakness of the classical
version of the model is that it’s structures are too localized, it displays no wave-like phenomenology.
We show how to extend the 23/9D FIF model to account for more realistic wave-like structures. The basic idea
is that the FIF model – which relates turbulent fluxes to observables such as v, ρ – can be readily generalized to
include the wave effects. The key point is that the FIF requires two propagators (space-time Green’s functions).
The first determines the space-time structure of the cascade of fluxes, this must be localized in space-time in
order to satisfy the usual turbulence phenomenology. In contrast, the second propagator relates the turbulent
fluxes to the observables, this propagator can be unlocalized in space-time (although the spatial part is the same
as before, it is still localized in space, now in wave packets). We display numerical simulations (fig. 1) which
demonstrate the requisite (anisotropic, multifractal) statistical properties as well as wave-like phenomologies.
Fig. 1: A cloud rendition of a simulation of a horizontal cross-section of a component of the horizontal wind
(with statistics very close to a passive scalar). The statistics obey anisotropic generalizations of the Kolmogorov
law, and have mulitfractal intermittency characterized by universal mulitfractal parameters α = 1.8, C1 = 0.08.
Note the wave-like structures.
Correspondence: Shaun Lovejoy – lovejoy@physics.mcgill.ca – fax: 1-514 398-8434

Session C – Poster 1 72
Characterization of the Power Curve for Wind Turbine by

Stochastic Modelling
E. Anahuaa , J. Peinkea , and S. Bartha
a ForWind - Center for Wind Energy Research, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
We investigate how the power curve of a wind turbine is affected by turbulent wind fields. The electric power
output can be separated into two parts, namely the relaxation part which describes the dynamic response of
the wind turbine on sudden changes in wind velocity and a noise part. We have shown that those two parts
describe the power curve properly [1] if calculated from stationary wind measurements. This analysis is very
useful to describe power curve characteristics for situations with increased turbulent intensities and it can be
easily applied to measured data.
Literatur
[1] E.Anahua, F. Boettcher, S. Barth, J. Peinke. ”Stochastic analysis of the Power Output for a Wind Turbine”.
Proc. of Wind Energy Conference, European Wind Energy Asociation, London 2004.
Correspondence: J. Peinke – peinke@forwind.de – fax: +49 (0) 441 798-3990

Handling systems driven by different noise sources

F. Böttchera , J. Peinkea , D. Kleinhansb & R. Friedrichb
a Institute of Physics, University of Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany
b Institute of Theoretical Physics, University of Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 9, D-48149 Münster, Germany
A frequent challenge for wind energy applications is to grasp the impacts of turbulent wind speeds properly.
Here we present a general new approach to analyze time series – interpreted as a realization of complex dynamical
systems – which are spoiled by the simultaneous presence of dynamical noise and measurement noise. It is shown
that such noise implications can be quantified solely on the basis of measured times series.
It is argued that a profound understanding of the influence of measurement noise is needed for a proper
description of the response of a dynamical system to the noise. To this end we show how the conditional moments
M (n) can be defined and how they have to be interpreted in order to reconstruct the system characteristics.
On the basis of several examples we show that from our proposed method, the underlying deterministic response
characteristics as well as the magnitude of dynamical noise and measurement noise can be extracted. This will
be illustrated for a simplified dynamical response model of a wind turbine.
Correspondence: Frank Böttcher – frank.boettcher@uni-oldenburg.de – fax: +49 (0)441 798 3990

Experimental Researches of Characteristics of Windrotor

Models with Vertical Axis of Rotation
S.A. Dovgy, V.P. Kayan and V.A. Kochin a
a Department of the informational systems in fluid mechanics and ecologies

Institute of Hydromechanics NASU, 8/4 Zelyabov str., Kyiv-57, Ukraine
Windpowers with vertical axis of rotation (VAR) of windrotor (like the Darye’s rotor) have several advantages in
comparison with widespread windrotors with horizontal axis of rotation, and have attracted increasing attention
of researchers and designers for last two decades. The basic deficiency of such windrotors is high speed of wind
stream at which the rotor starts in rotation. Control of the windrotor blades in a circular trajectory of their
movement allows to lower the magnitude of speed, and also to improve performance of the windrotor.
In the hydrotray of IHM NASU, experimental researches were performed for several windrotor models with
VAR with both a rigid fixing of blades and the mechanism controlling the position of blades. The blade profile
was axisymmetric of the type NACA-0015. With the rigid fixing of blades on cross-pieces of windrotor, the slope
of the blade profile chord to the tangent to the circle of rotation was +4◦ . The mechanism controlling the position
of blades during rotation of the windrotor model allowed varying angles of incidence of blades from −14◦ to +25◦ .
Recording and processing of experimental data, their graphical representation and storing, taking of measu-
rements protocols were carried out by the measuring system created on the basis of 12-digit analog-to- digital
converter installed as an expansion card to IBM-compatible computer. Experiments were done in the hydrotray
with 0.6 × 0.6m2 throat area, flow speeds varied from 0.3 m/s to 0.65 m/s. Three windrotor models (diameter of
blades installation D=0.175 and 0.35 m, blade length lb=0.15 and 0.3 m) were investigated. In the experiments
were determined the flow speed “V” in front of the windrotor model and the promptness “n”, at given the loading
moment “M” on the shaft of model. Results of the research are presented graphically in the form of dependencies
of operating ratios of the flow energy Cp and coefficients of the twisting moment Cm of windrotor models on
the coefficient of specific speed Z. All the windrotor models with controlled blades were able to self-start at
essentially lower flow speed than models with fixed blades. It was revealed, that increased number of blades of
the rotor with controlled blades leads to increasing specific speed of the rotor that is opposite to the case of the
rotor with rigid fixed blades.
Fig. 1: Characteristics of the windrotor model N2 with controlled (1o - 2o) and rigid fixed (1f - 2f ) blades.
For windrotor models with controlled blades, the magnitude of twisting moment coefficient Cm has appeared
2.5-3 times higher than that for similar models with rigid fixed blades, while the excess in magnitude of operating
ratio of flow energy Cp is obvious, but insignificant. Very high twisting moment coefficient Cm and low speed of
self-start allow expecting that windpowers with rotors of the described design will be rather effective as pumping
units for oil or water production.
V.P. Kayan
Methodical failure detection in grid connected wind parks

D. Schulza , K. Knorrb , R. Hanitschb
a University of Applied Sciences/ Competence Center Wind Energy, An der Karlstadt 8, Bremerhaven, Germany
b Technical University Berlin, Einsteinufer 11, Berlin, Germany
This contribution deals with the handling of very common failures and the discussion of outages of wind
energy converters (WECs) with doubly-fed asynchronous generators located in wind parks. Almost all failure
cases were followed by discussions about the error cause and the resulting responsibility due to the high cost
of manpower and cost of necessary measurements. One part of the discussion is the sensitivity of the devices
against external over- and undervoltage, transients and voltage dips. These tolerances are given in EN standards
and IEC-guidelines [1, 2]. In the described wind park with eight WECs a lot of outages cumulated over some
months. The results were: loss of energy yield and additional cost for failure identification. Main question was the
determination of the failure source as an external or device-internal event. Fig. 1 shows a failure-time-circle with
the measured tripping events of the eight devices over a time span of five months. With this long-term failure
monitoring a methodical evaluation of the failure sources and a decision about the counteractive measures were
possible. The final contribution shows, that also for synchronous tripping of some devices the external effects
may only trigger an internal device problem [3]. A detailed description of the measurement devices, the applied
systematic measurement plan and detailed results of the monitored electrical values are presented in the full
paper. This includes an overview of the possible external and internal distortion sources.
Fig. 1: Chronological allocation of WEC-outages of eight systems in the wind park over five months
Literatur
[1] EN 50160: Voltage Characteristics of electricity supplied by public distribution systems. March 2000.
[2] IEC 61000-2-12: Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part 2-12: Environment - Compatibility levels for
low-frequency conducted disturbances and signalling in public medium-voltage power supply systems. 04/2003
.
[3] Plotkin, Y.; Saniter, C.; Schulz, D.; Hanitsch, R. (2005): Transients in doubly-fed induction machines due to
supply voltage sags. PCIM Power Quality Conference, Nuremberg, pp. 342-345.
Correspondence: Detlef Schulz – dschulz@hs-bremerhaven.de – fax: +49 (0471) 4823-341

Session D – Poster 1 76
Performance of the Risø-B1 Airfoil Family For Wind Turbines

Christian Baka , Mac Gaunaaa and Ioannis Antonioua
a Wind Energy Department, Risoe National Laboratory, P.O.Box 49, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
It has been common to choose airfoil sections for wind turbine blades that originally have been developed
for airplanes. These airfoils have shown to perform well and their performances have been known both from
wind tunnels measurements and from their use on wind turbines. However, traditional airfoils are not designed
for operation with roughness at the leading edge, with high relative thickness and they are not tailored for a
particular type of wind turbine power regulation.
Risø has developed the Risø-B1 airfoil family with a relative thickness range from 15% to 53%. The family is
designed for large variable speed pitch controlled wind turbines . The design was carried out using an in-house
method based on numerical optimization. The airfoils are designed for high maximum lift and high driving force
in a broad angle-of-attack range before maximum lift. They are also designed to be insensitive to leading edge
roughness. Efficient thick airfoils combined with roughness insensitivity can potentially result in more slender
blades while maintaining energy capture.
This paper presents the verification of the performance of the 15%, 18%, 24% and 27% Risø-B1 airfoils. They
were tested in the VELUX wind tunnel, which is of the closed return type with an open quadratic jet of side
length 3.4m. The four airfoil-sections of chord length 0.6m were tested at a Reynolds number of 1.6 million with
62 pressure taps along the airfoil surface. In the chord direction the surface pressure was measured at angles of
attack between –8◦ and 32◦ . To measure the drag of the airfoil, the velocity deficit was measured in the wake
using a wake rake with pressure tubes. Lift, drag and moment were found by integrating the measured pressures.
The airfoils were tested both with and without aerodynamic devices typical for wind turbine blades such as stall
strips, vortex generators and Gurney flaps. Furthermore, their roughness sensitivity was tested using different
kinds of adhesive tape simulating roughness applied around the airfoil leading edge.
The measurements showed good agreement with the predicted performance. The airfoils without aerodynamic
devices showed the desired maximum lift of 1.74, 1.64, 1.62 and 1.54 for the 15%, 18%, 24 and 27% airfoil,
respectively. For a MW-size wind turbine corresponding to a Reynolds number of 6 million, CFD computations
showed that the maximum lift would be somewhat higher. Furthermore, the airfoils showed high insensitivity to
leading edge roughness. Vortex generators and Gurney flaps on the 24% and 27% airfoils increase the maximum
lift significantly. Compared to the commonly used NACA and FFA airfoils the maximum lift-drag ratio for the
airfoils was higher.
Correspondence: Christian Bak – christian.bak@risoe.dk – phone: +45 4677 5091 – fax: +45 4677 5960
Dynamic Lift of Airfoils

T. Bohlena , R. Grünebergerb , J. Peinkec
a Faculty of Physics, Carl Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany
b Faculty of Physics, Carl Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany
c Faculty of Physics, Carl Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany
We present preliminary measurements of dynamical lift by rotating an airfoil in a wind tunnel experiment. In
contrast to statical lift values, there is an increase of lift before flow separation on the suction side occurs. The
magnitude of lift depends on the speed of changing the pitch angle of the airfoil.
The measurements correspond to fluctuations of the wind direction in turbulent winds, which lead to extreme
mechanical loads for blades of wind turbines. In order to quantify this effect, the lift is calculated through the
integral of pressure distribution at the wind tunnel walls, while rotating the airfoil with defined angular velocity.
Correspondence: Thomas Bohlen – thomas.bohlen@mail.uni-oldenburg.de – fax: +49 (0)441 798-3579

Aerodynamic behaviour of a new type of slow running

vertical axis wind turbine
J.-L. Menet a
a Ecole Nationale Supérieure d’Ingénieurs en Informatique Automatique Mécanique Énergétique Électronique de

Valenciennes (ENSIAME) - Université de Valenciennes - Le Mont Houy F-59313 Valenciennes Cedex 9
The Savonius rotor (Fig. 1) is a slow running vertical axis wind turbine, the advantages of which are numerous
[1, 2]; however, it has a poor aerodynamic efficiency. We present a study aiming to raise this efficiency by adjusting
several geometrical parameters, in particular the overlap of the paddles and their respective position.
A parametric study [3] has been continued by a bidimensional numerical simulation, using the CFD code
Fluent v6.0. First the numerical model is validated on the conventional Savonius rotor. Then the geometry of an
optimised Savonius rotor is proposed, the overlap ratio of which is 0.242 [4].
Last a different positioning of the paddles (Fig. 2) leads to an optimal paddle angle β of about 55◦ , correspon-
ding to the maximum of the mean starting torque coefficient. The flow around the rotor can be calculated, so
that the pressure distribution (Fig. 3) and consequently the torque coefficients (Fig. 4) and can be predicted on
the new rotor.
Literatur
[1] Ushiyama I., Nagai H. : Optimum design configurations and performances of Savonius rotors. Wind Eng.
1988 ; 12-1 : 59-75.
[2] Menet J.-L., Valdès L.-C., Ménart B. : A comparative calculation of the wind turbines capacities on the basis
of the L-σ criterion. Renewable Energy 2001 ; 22 : 491-506.
[3] Menet J.-L., Bourabaa N. : Increase in the Savonius rotors efficiency via a parametric investigation. 2004
European Wind Energy Conference, Proceedings, London, 22-24 november 2004.
[4] Menet J.-L., Leiper A. : Prévision des performances aérodynamiques d’un nouveau type d’éolienne à axe
vertical dérivé du rotor Savonius, 17è Congrès Français de Mécanique, Proceedings, Troyes, 2005.
Correspondence: Jean-Luc MENET – jean-luc.Menet@univ-valenciennes.fr – fax: (33) 03 27 51 12 25

Simulating Dynamic Stall using Spectral CFD-Code

B. Stoevesandta , A. Shishkinb , C. Wagnerb , J. Peinkea
a Forwind, Marie-Curie-Str. 1, Oldenburg, Germany
b Institute of Fluid Mechanics, DLR Göttingen, Bunsenstr. 10, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
Reduction of weight of wind turbine blades is of large interest to manufacturers. To do so without losing the
necessary stability, loads on blades caused by dynamic stall effects have been a major task in blade-research
during the last years.
The aim of the project is to calculate loads and drag caused by the effect of dynamic stall as they arise in real
turbulent wind fields. This is done by using wind tunnel measurments and CFD simulations. A spectral code
has been chosen to achieve high accuracy[1]. Nevertheless the code appears to be very sensitive to the choice of
boundary conditions. Due to the dynamic stall the boundary conditions have to be flexible. Thus the main focus
of the project lies at the time on the reliability of the CFD code.
Literatur
[1] Karniadakis, G. E. and Sherwin, S. J. (1999): Spectral/HP Element Methods for CFD Oxford University
Press, Oxford, 1999
Correspondence: Bernhard Stoevesandt – bernhard.stoevesandt@forwind.de – fax: +49 (0) 441 798-3579

Session E – Poster 1 80
Comparing linear and non linear wind flow models

A. Iniesta a , D. Cabezón a , I. Martı́ a
a Wind Energy Department, National Renewable Energy Centre (CENER) C/Ciudad de la Innovación, 31621
Sarriguren, Navarra SPAIN
SUMMARY
Traditional linear techniques for wind flow modelling have traditionally been accepted for moderate flat sites with
moderate uncertainties for wind field modelling. Nevertheless, as terrain gets more complicated linear models
begin to fail, being necessary to increase the accuracy of the wind field simulations. That is why the wind
energy market is increasingly demanding more sophisticated methods based on non linear tools which reduce the
uncertainties to be avoided by the developers. The results of the comparison between CFD models versus linear
models are presented, showing the improvements of the CFD in the wind field simulations.
FULL DESCRIPTION
This paper compares and validates a group of four linear and non linear wind field simulation models in order
to analyse their behaviour in the same wind farm located in complex terrain.
Selected linear models – WasP and WasP Engineering – have been widely used for wind resource assessment
as traditional tools reliable for particularly flat sites with very satisfactory results on them. In contrast, selected
non linear models – WindSim and Fluent – are CFD solvers which take into account effects that linear models
are not able to capture,specially in complex terrain. The difference of the CFD models is based on the resolution
of the complete Navier Stokes equations.
Wind speed fields are be compared for the cases of WAsP, WindSim and Fluent whereas turbulence intensity
calculations are compared forWindSim, Fluent and WAsP Engineering. The results are be validated for the
prevailing direction sectors with some meteorological masts installed in the site situated in Navarra (north of
Spain) with an average elevation of 1050 meters above sea level and an average RIX (ruggedness index) of 16%.
Although computing requirements are higher, non linear models are promising tools in complex topography
contexts for reducing wind speed and turbulence intensity uncertainties. The increase of the wind field simulations
accuracy helps to carry out the wind farm design with lower risk.
Correspondence: A. Iniesta – : ainiesta@cener.com – fax: +34 948270774

Large eddy simulation of an aeroturbine wake

Ángel Jiminéza , Antonio Crespoa , Emilio Migoyaa and Javier Garcı́aa
a Fluid Mechanics Laboratory, ETSII, UPM
In industrial or enviromental applications, where Reynolds numbers are usually very high, direct-numerical
simulations (DNS) of turbulence are generally impossible, because the very wide range that exists between
the largest and smallest disipative scales cannot be explicitly simuled even in the largest and most powerful
computers. A large-eddy simulation (LES) approach is conceptually more suitable for studying the turbulence
evolution in an aeroturbine wake, because the larger scales of turbulent motion, those that control turbulent
diffusion of momentum, are computed explicitly, whereas only the effect of the small-scale motion that tends to
be more isotropic and disipative has to be modeled. A LES model with simplified wind boundary conditions has
been implemented in a CFD code to simulate and characterize the turbulence generated by the presence of an
aeroturbine. In this work we present the results obtained by this new aproach as well as a comparison with the
results provided by the code UPMWAKE based on an explicit algebraic model for the components of the stress
tensor, and with experimental data from the Sexiberium wind farm. Also comparison is made with correlations
proposed by the authors in previous works.
Correspondence: – fax:
Infrasound in Wind Energy

G. Sokola
a Department of technical Mechanic, Physical and Technical Institute, Dniepropetrovsky National University
Nauchnaya, St., 13, Dniepropetrovsk, 49050, Ukraine
The fact is that acoustic waves are harmful for the service staff in industry, in Wind Energy and in transport
some times. The standards for security of people working under the influence of low frequency acoustic waves
(LFAW) have been worked out and adopted. In accordance with those standards even at the sound pressure level
of 100 dB time of staying people in the low frequency acoustic waves spreading zone should be limited. Review
of the scientific works in the inadequate research area of the acoustics in particular: in the infrasound oscillations
is presented. It was analyses 803 denominations that have been published for more than 20 years. The review
came into being as the monography “The peculiarities of the acoustic processes within the infrasound frequency
range”. In ten chapters of the book the author describes the works about infrasound in nature; peculiarities of its
spreading; influence of infrasound upon the biological beings; infrasound noise of wind equipment and vibrations;
construction of generators and of significance horn in them; the methods and equipment for measurements
of infrasound signals; the area of technological application of infrasound generators working in liquids and
gases. One of the ways of LFAW generating is by interaction of powerful permanent airflow with surface in the
state of oscillatory movement has been already discovered. Another way of LFAW generating is on the basis
of vortex sound phenomenon the nature of which is connected with vortexes formation in the air flux during
flowing round the obstacles and is already known. There are many works about LFAW produced by different
types of machines with rotating parts and units: turbines, derricks, building machines, construction equipment,
turbo-prop-airplanes and helicopter screws. In atmosphere low frequency acoustic waves are generated by a flux
flowing round a very rough surface, in particular around mountain masses. Powerful single discharges or an
explosion can also generate infrasound. In such a case LFAW are generated as one or some harmonics in the
common spectrum of noises. LFAW are generated in the atmosphere by the bodies moving with high velocities
such as meteors, high-speed trains, underground electric trains. The sound pressure increasing was registered
in tunnels. A LFAW of 4 Hz was registered during rocket starts. On reaching supersonic barrier by an aircraft,
blasts appear. LFAW heat sources of significant interest are engines of airplanes and rockets. Energy peak is
observed at 0.1-2 Hz and 16-18 Hz frequency range. It is possibel the conclusions make, that infrasound is the
problem in the acoustic of the Wind Energy.
[1] G. Sokol. Some Aspects in Low Frequency Acoustic Processes (200).
[2] G. Sokol. Infrasound Review, Annual Scientific Conference GAMM 2001, EHT Zürich February 12-15, 2001.
– Zürich:, 2001 - p. 136.
Correspondence: G. Sokol
Prediction of wind turbine noise generation and propagation

based on an acoustic analogy - Abstract
D. Moroianua , L. Fuchsb
a Division of Fluid Mechanics, Department of Heat and Power Engineering, Lund Institute of Technology, Ole
Römersvag 1 P.O. Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden
b Division of Fluid Mechanics, Department of Heat and Power Engineering, Lund Institute of Technology, Ole
Römersvag 1 P.O. Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden
The aerodynamical noise produced by a wind turbine is computed using a hybrid method: LES and an
acoustical analogy known in literature as the Ffowcs Williams and Hawkings equation[1]. We assume that the
acoustical field can be separated from the flow and the method involves two steps[2, 3, 4]. First is the computation
of the flow field from which the acoustical sources are extracted. The next step comprises the propagation of the
noise.
The flow around of a three dimensional, three blade wind turbine is computed by means of Large Eddy
Simulation. The dynamics of tip and hub vortices together with some other coherent structures that appear in
the back of the wind turbine mast (see Fig. a) are accounted as potential noise sources.
a) b)
Fig. 1: a) Tip and hub vortices; b) Cross sectional wave reflections by the ground at y = 2.5D, full geometry
Once the acoustical sources are extracted from the flow field, the propagation of noise is computed with an
acoustic analogy. Preliminary results of the acoustical density fluctuation are plotted in Fig. b. In order to study
the influence of neighboring turbines, the noise sources can be duplicated in the acoustical domain.
The paper will present details of the current approach of the problem. Different characteristics of the flow
(the content of turbulent kinetic energy spectrum in different monitoring points, vortex visualizations) and also
different features of the acoustical field (acoustical spectrum in different monitoring points, sound pressure level,
wave interaction between two wind turbines) will be included too.
Literatur
[1] Brentner, K. S., Farassat, F., Modeling Aerodynamically Generated Sound of Helicopter Rotors”, Progress
in Aerospace Sciences 39, pp. 83-120, 2003.
[2] Lighthill, M. J., Ön Sound Generated Aerodynamically: I. General Theory”, Proceedings of the Royal
Society of London, Series A, Vol. 211, pp. 564-587, 1952.
[3] Lighthill, M. J., Ön Sound Generated Aerodynamically: II. Turbulence as a Source of Sound”, Proceedings
of the Royal Society of London, Series A, Vol. 222, pp. 1-32, 1954.
[4] Lighthill, M. J., ”Waves in Fluids”, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-29233-6, 1978.
Correspondence: Dragos Moroianu – dragos.moroianu@vok.lth.se – fax: +46 - 46 - 222 47 17

Session F – Poster 1 84
On the Influence of Low-Level Jets on Energy Production

and Loading of Wind Turbines
N. Cosack a , S. Emeis a and Martin Kühn a
a Endowed Chair of Wind Energy, Institute of Aircraft Design, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 5b, 70569 Stuttgart,
Germany
b Institute of Meteorology and Climatic Research, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbH, Kreuzeckbahnstr. 19 , 82467
Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
Size and height of modern wind turbines have increased rapidly during the last years, resulting in recently
erected prototypes of 5MW power output and hub heights of more than 120m. This raises the question, whether
specific meteorological situations, that are usually neglected for load and power prediction are of more importance
for these large multi-megawatt turbines.
The presented work investigates the influence of low-level jets on energy production and fatigue loading of wind
turbines. Following measurements in the northern part of Germany[1], analytical equations for approximating
wind conditions in the case of a stable boundary layer have been derived. The equations account for the height
dependency of wind speed and of wind direction.
Based on [1], the input to the industrial wind turbine simulation software Flex5 has been modified in order
to reflect the measured conditions. Simulations have been carried out to estimate turbine fatigue loading and
performance using deterministic as well as turbulent wind fields. To capture the influence of turbine size and
height, results have been derived for two different turbine models: a 1.5MW turbine with hub height of 85m and
a rotor diameter of 70m and a scaled version of 5MW with 130m hub height and rotor diameter of 128m.
The results show that low-level jets can have a significant short-term effect on wind turbines behaviour, when
compared to ”normal” situations. This holds true, even in the case of the smaller 1.5MW turbine. As expected,
the consequences are larger for the 5MW turbine. The influence on life-time fatigue loading and annual energy
yield depends directly on the site-specific frequency of occurrence and severity of such events. Therefore it is
much more difficult to provide an overall judgement. Consequently the investigations have been concentrated on
comparison of short-term statistics.
Fig. 1: Time-height-section of mean wind speed (black: 0 m/s, magenta: 10 m/s) showing a low-level-jet in the
night May 28/29, 1997 over Essen, Germany, measured by a SODAR. From [2].
Literatur
[1] Chr. Kottmeier, D. Lege und R. Roth (1983): Ein Beitrag zur Klimatologie und Synoptik der Grenzschicht-
Strahlströme über der norddeutschen Tiefebene. Ann. Meteorol. N.F., 20, 18-19.
[2] O. Reitebuch, A. Straßburger, S. Emeis, W. Kuttler (2000): Nocturnal secondary ozone concentration maxima
analysed by SODAR observations and surface measurements. Atm. Environ., 34, 4315-4329.
Correspondence: Nicolai Cosack – cosack@ifb.uni-stuttgart.de – fax: +49 (0) 711 685-8293

A new damage approach for concrete towers of Wind Energy

Converters subjected to multi-stage fatigue loading
J. Grünberg, J. Göhlmann a
a Institute for Concrete Structures , University of Hanover, Appelstr. 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany.
The development of more efficient Wind Energy Converters (WEC) as well as the planning of offshore wind-
farms leads to strongly increasing requirements on the construction. WEC are subjected to high cycle loading
with number of cycles up to 109. Thus, the fatigue design becomes more important and could be essential for
dimensioning concrete structures and their several components [1]. The fatigue design codes for concrete are
based on a linear cumulative damage hypothesis. But this simplified damage model is not able to evaluate the
effective non-linear damage process in concrete. Therefore, the application of such rules could leads to an unsafe
or uneconomical structure. The aim of the research is to develop a modify damage model, which could take into
account the non-linear fatigue process sufficiently. Several models for describing the fatigue behavior of concrete
were proved and an energy damage model for constant amplitude loading was considered and modified for two-
stage fatigue loading. First numerical results indicated a good conformity with measurement results available in
literature [2]. Hence, the energy damage approach will be further developed and extended for multi-stage loading.
At the time, an external algorithm for the introduced damage approach is associated with the finite element
program ABAQUS. The calculated current fatigue damage state will be transferred to the concrete plasticity
damage model of the FEM-Program in each time step during the nonlinear processing. Therefore, the damage
evolution under multi-stage fatigue loading will be computed [3] and applied to analyzing concrete structures for
WEC [4]. Also, measurements have been started at a concrete tower for a 5-MW-WEC to observe the fatigue
process under real condition [5]. Furthermore, test on cylindrical specimen are performed to investigate the da-
mage increasing under constant and two-stage fatigue loading. The obtained measurement data will be used for
validating numerical models.
Literatur
[1] Grünberg, J. and Göhlmann, J. (2004): Zum Ermüdungsnachweis von Windenergieanlagen in Spannbeton-
bauweise, VDI Tagung: Windkraftanlagen – Sicherheit und Zuverlässigkeit.
[2] Grünberg, J. and Göhlmann, J. (2004): Schädigungen im Beton unter Ermüdungsbeanspruchungen, Erneu-
erbare Energien 14.
[3] Grünberg, J. and Göhlmann, J. (2005): Concrete Shell Structures for Wind Energy Converters subjected to
multiaxial fatigue loading, 5th International Conference on Computation of Shell and Spatial Structures.
[4] Grünberg, J. and Göhlmann, J. (2005): Concrete Foundations for Offshore Wind Energy Converters subjected
to fatigue loading, Copenhagen Offshore Wind (accepted).
[5] Lierse, J. and Göhlmann, J. (2004): Experimentelle Untersuchungen an Windenergieanlagen in Spannbeton-
bauweise, 44. Forschungskolloquium des Deutschen Ausschusses für Stahlbeton.
Joachim Göhlmann – goehlmann@ifma.uni-hannover.de – fax: +49 (0) 511762-2175

Reliability of Wind Turbines Experiences of 15 years with

1,500 WTs
B. Hahn, M. Durstewitz, K. Rohrig a
a Division Information and Energy Economy

Institut fuer Solare Energie Versorgungstechnik (ISET)
Koenigstor 59, D-34119 Kassel, Germany
Wind energy is going to play an important role contributing to the electricity supply. However, the requirements
concerning availability and reliability of wind turbine technology will increase as future plans are going to utilise
wind energy in distances of 50 km offshore. The enormous development of wind technology in the recent decades
lead to more sophisticated turbines, but still this technology has to be proven concerning it’s readiness for offshore
use. Land based wind turbines (WT) achieve an availability of about 98%, meaning that each unit is shut down
for about 150 to 200 hours a year. To investigate this more detailed, a broad study on wind turbine failures, their
causes, and the resulting downtimes was started at ISET using data collected by the ‘Scientific Measurement
and Evaluation Programme’ (WMEP). The WMEP is continuously supervising 1,500 WT in Germany over a
period of at least ten years each. More than 62,000 maintenance and repair reports have been collected and
evaluated up to now. Concerning reliability, the evaluations show e. g. that in the first four years of operation
the failure frequency of 500/600 kW turbines was twice as high as that of smaller turbines whereas megawatt
turbines again show twice as high failures rates compared to the 500/600 kW WTs. But overall the average
duration of downtimes and the failure frequency are decreasing significantly during the first years of operation.
This development is well known from other technical systems. Failures usually occur more often in the first phase
of operation and - after a time of constant failure rate - in the last phase of operation. Out of the experience
with this large number of wind turbines, the conference paper will give statistically proven figures for typical
downtimes, mean time between failures (MTBF) and failure rates sorted by main components and size of turbine.
Thus, it gives an overview of the status of reliability and availability of the current wind turbine technology and
it allows an assumption on necessary improvements of reliability for future offshore wind turbines.
Berthold Hahn – bhahn@iset.uni-kassel.de – fax: +49 (0) 561 7294-260

Systematic modelling of wind turbine dynamics

M. Hänler, U. Ritschel, J. Kirchner and I. Warnke a
a Windrad Engineering GmbH, Querstr. 7, 18230 Zweedorf, Germany
We present results on an ongoing project to develop a new computer simulation code for wind turbine dynamics
and structural loads. This fully independent, self contained program constitutes a multi body system with
a strictly modular structure. All flexible components of the turbine are equipped with a variable number of
free modes which can be adjusted by the user to his needs. Special emphasis has been laid on the interaction of
foundation and ground. The ground response model according to Hsieh [1] and Lysmer [2] has been implemented.
This offers users the possibility to get useful information like the bearing pressure distribution directly from the
simulation. Validations with measured data have been carried out. As an application we present results on
earthquake loads on a wind turbine. Further efforts are made to extend the model to offshore-foundations and
wave loads with the final aim to provide a full-fledged commercially available design code for on- and offshore
wind turbines.
Literatur
[1] T.K. Hsieh (1962): Foundation vibrations, Proc. Institution of Civil Engineers, vol. 22, pp. 211-226.
[2] J. Lysmer (1965): Vertical motion of rigid footings, Dept. of civil eng, Univ of Michigan Report, PhD Dis-
sertation.
[3] J. A. Studer and M.G. Koller (1997): Bodendynamik, Springer-Verlag Berlin.
Dr. Michael Hänler – mhaenler@windrad-engineering.de – fax: +49 (0) 382 94/142 99

Design, Fabrication and Testing of the Wind Turbine Rotor

Blades from Composite Laminated Materials
B. Rašuoa
a Aeronautical Department, University of Belgrade/Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Kraljice Marije 16, Belgrade,
Serbia and Montenegro
The importance of full-scale testing in the development process for fiber-reinforced composite wind turbine
rotor blades is discussed, and illustrated by means of an example drawn from Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
(University of Belgrade) experience in the use of composites in a wide variety of structural applications. The
laboratory investigations of the structural properties are conducted at Aeronautical Department on all flight-
critical dynamic components in order to determine structural adequacy in designing process [1]. In this paper
the design, fabrication and analysis of behavior by full-scale verification testing for a wind turbine rotor blades
of composite laminated materials is given.
A development of a wind turbine rotor blades was performed in four phases: (1) the blades design on the
working station using designing system Howard-Hughes, (2) preparation and cutting of blade components on the
Gerber-Garment cutting system (Figure 1), (3) blade manufacturing in a two-section die (Figure 2), and (4) final
verification testing. In the blade manufacturing procedure the conventional composite materials with epoxy resin
matrix, a fiberglass filament spar, a ten-section skin of laminated fabrics, some carbon filament embedded along
the trailing edge and core were used. All the used materials are standard products fabricated at Ciba-Geigy,
Interglas GmbH, Torayca and others.
The verification test program for a wind turbine rotor blades encompassed static and dynamic testing. The
static tests of the blade involved experimental evaluation of torsional and flexional blade stiffness and its elastic
axis position. Dynamic tests involved testing of vibratory characteristics and verification testing of blade fatigue
properties. The aim of the rotor blade vibratory testing program was to determine the blade main aeroelastic
properties. The program included determination of the natural oscillation modes and the structure’s natural
frequency and also evaluation of blade structural damping for foam core (Rohacell). The logarithmic decrement
of the free vibrations was utilized to characterize the structural damping of blades. Q-factor is also usually used
to define the structural damping and gives relative energy reduce in successive oscillations. The fatigue test
program of the blade included: interlaminar separation (delamination) testing and geometric deformation of the
blade cross-sections following the fatigue test program during which real rotor blade loads where simulated - the
same loads to which blade is exposed under extrime conditions. The applied test loads include simulated steady
centrifugal, vibratory cordwise bending and vibratory torsional pitch motion. The homological fatigue testing
program for the blade root involved, conforming to the standards, fatigue testing of six identical blades. This
testing includes a program with simulated centrifugal force-relaxing loading [1].
Literatur
[1] B. Rašuo, Verification Testing of Aeronautical Constructions from Composite Laminated Materials in Desi-
gning Process, Journal of Aerospace, SAE 1998 Transactions, V-107-1,Warrendale, USA, 1999.
Correspondence: Boško Rašuo – brasuo@mas.bg.ac.yu – fax: +381 11 3370-364

Multibody System Simulation of Offshore Wind Turbines

B. Schlechta , T. Schulzea , Th. Hähnela and Th. Rosenlöchera
a IMM - Institut für Maschinenelemente und Maschinenkonstruktion - Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstrasse
13, D-01062 Dresden
During the last years a multitude of wind turbines has been put into operation with a continuously increasing
power output. Although in the meantime wind turbines with 6 MW output are in the stage of development,
a ”simpleëxtrapolation to larger dimensions of wind turbines on the basis of existing plants and operational
experiences is questionable. The cases of damage of drive train components (especially gear boxes) and complete
plants – in some cases total losses – are definite hints. Regarding planned service lives of up to 20 years the safe
and load adequate dimensioning of the drive train requires the exact knowledge of the acting dynamic loads.
This is relevant to both, the development and design stadium and the operation, especially under rough Off-
Shore-Conditions. Actual Simulation Programs to determine the load situation of wind turbines focus mainly
on aerodynamic problems and use a very simple 3-Mass-Model for the complete drive train. This allows only
a very rough calculation of the outer loads of the main components. It is not possible to analyze dynamical
effects in the drive train and especially in the gear box. The paper deals with the simulation of the dynamic
behaviour of the complete drive train of a Multi-Megawatt-Wind-Turbine by using a detailed Multibody-System-
Model (MBS) with special respect to the internals of the planetary gear box and the drive train. This procedure
allows additionally to the analysis of the torsional vibrations the determination of radial and axial vibrations of
the main components (rotor, gear box, generator) and the gear box internals. The rotor blades as well as the
nacelle frame and the tower structure will be modelled elastically by using Finite-Element-Structures. Parameter
excitation out of the tooth-contact in the gear box will also be taken into account. Therefore one gets much
more information (e.g. radial and axial dynamic bearing loads) that could be calculated neither from a wind
load simulation program nor a torsional vibration simulation. After the model creation process the analysis of
the natural frequencies shows in particular the advantages of the MBS-Simulation compared to the torsional
simulation, because the MBS-model contains much more natural frequencies which are excitable by low frequent
rotor or tower oscillations. In the time domain various load cases (normal operation, overload, run out, emergency
stop and run off) will be discussed. Especially for the load adequate dimensioning of Multi-Megawatt-Wind
Turbines for Off-Shore- Applications the paper shows the advantages of the MBS-Simulation in combination
with FEM-structures because the testing of a real wind turbine under extreme operating conditions is much
more cost-intensive and risky than the virtual testing with a good validated simulation model.
Fig. 1: MBS-Models of complete Turbine with detailed MBS-Model of Drive Train and MBS-Drive-Train on
FEM-Structured Nacelle
Correspondence: Prof. Dr.-Ing. B. Schlecht – berthold.schlecht@tu-dresden.de – fax: +49 (0) 351-463-37137

Integrated Monitoring Systems for Offshore Wind Energy

Plants
R.G. Rohrmanna , W. Rückera , S. Saida and S. Stöhra
a Division Buildings and Structures (VII.2), Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Unter den
Eichen 87, Berlin, Germany
To ensure a high operational reliability of future offshore wind conversion systems (OWEC) with economi-
cally acceptable repair and maintenance efforts, comprehensive diagnosis and supervision concepts are required.
Automatic monitoring systems will be an essential part of such concepts.
Because of the fact, that during operation there will be static and dynamic interaction between the components
’structure’, ’machinery’ and ’blades’ it is necessary to develop the monitoring techniques in an overall concept.
These monitoring systems are supposed to be applied for the design stage as well as for the operation and
maintenance of wind energy plants.
Within the scope of the IMO-WIND research project BAM, the University of Siegen and six industrial compa-
nies are involved in developing an integrated monitoring system for all components of OWEC. Our contribution
to the EUROMECH colloquium describes the approach and the emphases of the research project. Furthermore
the developed approaches for the measurement of actions and the condition monitoring of all components of an
offshore wind energy plant are introduced. This includes the description of the sensors, the data acquisition and
the management and the analysis of the data. Based on numerical and experimental results a first concept for
damage detection and condition assessment of all components of the system will be described.
Fig. 1: Projected sensor distribution at OWEC with tripod foundation
Correspondence: Rolf G. Rohrmann – rolf.rohrmann@bam.de – fax: +49 (0) 30 8104-1727

Author Index
A Geissler Wolfgang 39
Anahua Edgar 72 Gerasch W.-J. 53
Aubrun Sandrine 47 Gnatowska R. 64
Anders S. 57 Göhlmann Joachim 85
Antoniou Ionannis 76 Gößwein J. 50
Gola J. 42
B Greiner Martin 30, 69
Bak Christian 76 Grünberg J. 85
Barth Stephan 67, 72 Grüneberger Réné 77
Battisti Lorenzo 54 Gryning S.E. 15
Beier H. Th. 49 Guo Hui 37
Bergdahl Lars 14 Gyongyösi András Zénó 34
Bergers Jennifer 59
Bibor Etienne 20 H
Bierbooms Wim 17 Habbar A. 58
Böttcher Frank 67, 73 Hähnel Th. 89
Bohlen Thomas 77 Hahn Berthold 86
Bourguet Rémi 38 Hänler Michael 87
Braza M. 38 Hanitsch R. 75
Brønstedt Povl 56 Hansen K.S. 21
Bye J.A.T. 16 Hansen Martin O.L. 36
Harran G. 38
C Heinzelmann Barbara 41
Cabezón Daniel 80 Henningson D. 46
Cârsteanu Alin 68 Hillger Wolfgang 55
Castro F.A. 19 Hillmer Benjamin 35
Castro J.J. 68 Hohlen Harald 32
Chol Yun Sun 35 Højstrup Jørgen 32
Cleve Jochen 69 Huhn Holger 59
Cosack Nicolai 84 Hureau J. 40
Crespo Antonio 81
I
D Illig C. 23
Devinant P. 40 Iniesta A. 80
Dovgy S.A. 74 Ivanell Stefan 46
Durstewitz M. 86
J
E Jaňour Z. 63
Ebert F. 18 Jensen N.O. 15
Eiff O.S. 25 Jiminéz Ángel 81
Emeis Stefan 23, 66, 84 Jørgensen Hans E. 15
Eskilsson Claes 14
K
F Kaiser Klaus 32
Fallen M. 18 Kantz Holger 27
Fernández Puga José 18 Kayan Vladimir P. 74
Friedrich Rudolf 70, 73 Kirchner J. 87
Fuchs Lazlo 48, 83 Kiss Ádám 34
Kleinhans David 70, 73
G Knorr K. 75
Garcia Javier 81 Kochin V.A. 74
Gaunaa Mac 76 Kohlmeier M. 58
Author Index
Kozel K. 63 Ritschel U. 87
Krämer T. 41 Roberto Fedrizzi 54
Krassován Krisztina 34 Rohrmann Rolf G. 90
Kühn Martin 84 Rolfes R. 53
Kurbatskiya Albert F. 65 Rosenlöcher Th. 89
Kurbatskyab L.I. 65 Rücker W. 90
L S
Lange Bernahrd 13, 16, 33, 45 Said S. 90
Lange J. 49 Schaffarczyk A.P. 35
Langrder Wibke 32 Schaumann Peter 51
Langtry Robin B. 42 Schlecht Bertholt 89
Larsen Soeren E. 15 Schmitt Francois G. 22
Larsen Gunnar C. 28 Schulz Detlev 75
Leroux Karine 25 Schulze T. 89
Lohaus Ludger 57 Seidel Marc 50
Lopes da Costa J.C. 19 Shen Wen Z. 36
Loyer S. 40 Shishkin A. 79
Lovejoy Shaun 24, 71 Sicot Christophe 40
Sládek Ivo 63
M Soerensen Bent F. 56
Mann Jakob 15, 26, 29 Soerensen Jens N. 43, 44
Martı́ I. 80 Soerensen Poul 29
Martinat G. 38 Stefano Dal Savio 54
Masson C. 20 Stöhr S. 90
Menet Jean-Luc 78 Stoevesandt Bernhard 79
Menter F.R. 42
Migoya Emilio 81 T
Mittendorf Kim 58 Tambke Jens 16
Moroianu Dragos 48, 83 Tchiguirinskaia Ioulia 24
Moryn-K. Elzbieta 64 Thamsen P.U. 41
Trujillo Juan J. 33
N Trumars Jenny 14
Neumann Tom 23 Twele J. 41
Nitschke-Pagel T. 52
U
O Ummenhofer T. 52
Okulov Valery L. 43, 44
V
P Veldkamp Dick 17
Palma Jose L. 19 Veselcic M. 59
Papp Botond 34 Vesth A. 29
Paulsen U.S. 29 Veysseire J.M. 24
Peinke Joachim 45, 67, 72, 73, 77, 79 Völker S. 42
Poppinga Carsten 16 von Bremen Lüder 16
Puthli Ramgopal 59 Vormwald Michael 49
R W
Rasuo Bosko 88 Wagner Claus 21, 79
Rauch J. 41 Waldl Hans-Peter 33
Rauh Alexander 31 Warnke I. 87
Reetz Johannes 53 Weich Imke 52
Author Index
Weidinger Tamás 34
Wessel Arne 33, 45
Wilke Fabian 51
Wolff J.-O. 16
Wood David 37
Y
Yang Hongxing 37
Z
Zhou Yu 37
Zielke W. 58

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EUROMECH Colloquium 464b

© 2005 Die Alchemisten GmbH, Oldenburg

www.forwind.de/euromech • euromech@forwind.de • phone: +49-(0)441-36116-720

Welcome to the EUROMECH Colloquium No.464b – Wind Energy!

Registration & Information

Tuesday, October 04, 2005

17:00 Welcome and conference check-in at Acara Hotel

20:30 Guided city tour

Wednesday, October 05, 2005

08:00 Conference check-in at conference venue

A: Wind Climate & Wind Field

09:30 Offshore wind power meteorology

10:10 Profiles of mean wind and turbulence in the atmospheric

10:25 Wind speed profiles, convection and turbulent momentum

11:00 Time domain comparison of simulated and measured wind

11:20 Fundamental aspects of fluid flow over complex terrain for

11:35 Models for computer simulation of wind flow over sparsely

11:50 Power performance via nacelle anemometry on complex terrain

B: Gusts, Extreme Events & Turbulence

13:50 Turbulence modelling and numerical simulation of turbulent flows

14:10 Gusts in intermittent wind turbulence and the dynamics of

14:30 Design parameters/Load assumptions for offshore wind turbines

14:50 Wind extremes and scales:

15:10 Boundary layer influence on orographic-flow extreme events

15:45 Simulation of turbulence, gusts and wakes for load calculations

16:05 Short time prediction of wind speeds from local measurements

16:25 The statistical distribution of turbulence driven velocity

16:40 Poster presentation (2 min each)

17:40 End of scientific program

19:00 Reception at ’Ehemalige Exerzierhalle’

Thursday, October 06, 2005

C: Power Production & Fluctuations

08:30 Wind farm power fluctuations

08:50 Network perspective of wind-power production

09:10 Phenomenological response theory to predict power output

09:30 Turbulence correction for power curves

09:45 Online modelling of wind farm power for performance

10:00 Uncertainty of available wind energy estimation based on

10:35 Modelling of the transition locations on a 30% thick airfoil

10:55 Determination of angle of attack (AOA) for rotating blades

11:10 Unsteady characteristics of flow around an airfoil at high

11:25 Multi-criteria aerodynamic shape optimization of

13:20 Helicopter aerodynamics with emphasis placed on dynamic stall

13:40 Rotation and turbulence effects on pressure distribution on

14:10 Predicting 2D and 3D wind turbine performance using

14:45 Poster session (see pages 8-10)

17:00 End of scientific program

18:30 Departure to Conference dinner on boat on lake Bad Zwischenahn

Friday, October 07, 2005

08:30 Modeling of far wake behind wind turbine

08:50 Stability of tip vortex equilibrium in far wake

09:05 Modelling turbulence intensities inside wind farms

09:20 Numerical computations of wind turbine wakes

09:35 Modeling wind turbines wakes with a porosity concept

09:50 Acoustic analogy applied on wind turbine noise

F: Materials, Fatigue & Structural Health Monitoring

10:25 Fatigue assessment of truss joints based on local approaches

10:45 Advances in offshore wind turbine technology

11:05 Benefits of fatigue assessment with local concepts

11:20 Extension of life time of welded dynamic loaded structures

11:35 Structural health monitoring of WEC using the

11:50 Influence of wind turbine’s type and size on antiicing

13:40 Structure health monitoring – visions, possibilities

14:00 Performance and qualification of materials used for rotor blades