Name: Leara Avy C.

Macaraig Date Submitted: November 16, 2021

Course/Year/Section: CE- 1111 Instructor: Miss: Tifanny Jade Medrano

Experiment No. 3
Metals

1. Define the following terms:

a) mineral
Minerals exist as a solid under normal conditions and are naturally occurring on Earth,
meaning to say minerals are not man-made. They are inorganic and have a fixed chemical
formula. Their atoms are arranged in an orderly structure.
b) ore
Ores are mineral deposits containing a high percentage of a particular mineral with
economically essential elements, typically metals, extracted economically. The ores are obtained
by mining from the Earth. They are then refined to extract valuable elements.
c) metallurgy
Metallurgy is the science of separating metals from their ores for the production of
metallic components for use, such as construction material. It also involves the refining of metals
and the production of alloys of metals. Impurities must be separated to obtain the desired metal.

2. List three metals that are usually found in an uncombined state in nature and three metals that
are always found in combined state in nature.
Uncombined state:
gold
silver
copper
Combined state:
 fluorides:
aluminum
sodium
calcium
3. Write the chemical formulas for the following minerals:
a) calcite - CaCO₃ f) magnetite - Fe3O4
b) dolomite - CaMg(CO3)2 g) beryl - Be₃Al₂SiO₆
c) fluorite - CaF₂ h) galena - PbS
d) halite - NaCl i) epsomite - MgSO4
e) corundum - Al2O3 j) anhydrite - CaSO4

4. Describe the main step involved in the preparation of an ore.

In the preparation of ore, the primary step is separation. The desired mineral must be
separated from unwanted materials, usually clay and silicate minerals, also known as the gangue.
The minerals need to be extracted from the ore. Further separation methods are necessary since
most minerals are not pure metals. The methods of separation include Flotation,
Electromagnetism, and Amalgamation.
5. Briefly discuss the steelmaking process.
Steelmaking is the process of producing steel with the use of iron ore. The primary
material must be input into the blast furnace. Together with coking coal and limestone, iron ore
is added to the top of the blast furnace. Coke supplies heat for chemical reactions and produces
carbon monoxide to reduce iron ore. Limestone is used as a flux to react with and remove
impurities in molten iron. The iron ore and other materials will undergo combustion. The result
of this process is called pig iron. Steel is produced by placing the obtained pig iron in the Basic
Oxygen Furnace (BOF).
6. Briefly discuss the nature of bonding in metals, insulators, and semiconducting elements.
Metallic bonding describes the electrostatic attraction between the metal ions, arranged in
a lattice structure and the free-floating elections around them. These explain the many properties
of metals: they are good conductors of heat and electricity, have high melting and boiling points,
and are malleable and ductile.
Insulators are any materials that do not conduct energy, such as electricity or heat. It
possesses a high resistivity and low conductivity. Since its electrons are static and not freely
moving, a current cannot easily pass. Insulators include paper, rubber, glass, and plastic.
Semiconductors are substances with properties somewhere between conductors such as
metals and insulators such as ceramics. It can be pure elements like silicon and germanium. Also,
it can be compounds such as gallium arsenide and cadmium selenide. 
7. Briefly discuss the properties and characteristics of the following:
a) alkali metals
It includes Lithium, Sodium, Potassium, Rubidium, Cesium, and Francium. They have
one electron in their valence shell and can lose this valence electron to form an ion with a +1
charge. They appear soft, shiny, and silvery. Alkali metals' melting points are low. They float on
top of the water and react vigorously with water to produce an alkaline solution.

b) alkaline earth metals

It includes Beryllium, Magnesium, Calcium, Strontium, Barium, and Radium. They
readily lose two outermost electrons in their valence shell to form cations with a 2+ charge since
two valence electrons are not tightly bound to the nucleus. They appear shiny and silvery-white
as pure metals. They have low electron affinities as well as low electronegativity. Alkaline earth
metals have low density, low melting, and boiling point.

c) aluminum
Aluminum is a lightweight, durable, malleable, and non-magnetic metal. One significant
characteristic of aluminum is being non-corrosive since it has a very high affinity to oxygen. Its
electrical and thermal conductivity is high. They have high ductility. That is why aluminum can
be beaten very thin