NAME: JOHNSON ONGERI

REGISTRATION NUMBER: BDS/08/15

UNIVERSITY: MOI UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE: COLLEGE OF HEALTH AND SCIENCES

COURSE: DENTAL MATERIALS

TITLE: DENTAL CEMENTS

PRESENTED TO: DR.MWIKALI

DENTAL CEMENTS
Hard brittle materials that are formed by mixing a powdered oxide and a liquid

Dental cements are comparatively of low strength, they are not freely adhesive to the enamel and
dentin and most of them will erode in oral fluids (such defects make them impermanent)

IDEAL REQUIRMENTS OF DENTAL CEMENTS

1. Non-toxic/non-irritant to the pulp and other dental tissues.
2. An ideal dental cement should have sufficient compressive strength to ensure that it can
resist compressive forces, therefore not crack or fail under functional occlusal forces or
during brushing or clenching
3. Insoluble in saliva and liquids taken into the mouth.
4. Adhere to enamel, dentin, gold, acrylic, porcelain but not to dental instruments.
5. Bacteriostatic if inserted into a cavity with residual carries.
6. A low coefficient of thermal expansion is desirable; indicating that the cement does not or
only minimally expands or contracts in response to temperature changes
7. Have an obtudent effect to the pulp that is reduce irritation.
8. When used as luting agents they should have low film thickness.
9. When used for cementation of translucent porcelain, should have optical properties similar
to those of the tooth structure.
10. When used under metallic restorations, should provide thermal, electrical and chemical
insulation.
11. When used as a high strength base, should develop sufficient strength to enable the dentist
to pack the material on top to fit.
12. Should not be technique sensitive.
13. The working time must be sufficiently long after mixing for placement of the restoration
before the set/cure begins. The setting time should be quick saving on chairside time .
14. Radiopacity-dental cement should be sufficiently radiopaque to show up clearly on
radiographs. This is essential to ensure that any residual remaining can be removed easily
before the patient is released

COMPARISON OF PROPERTIES OF VARIOUS DENTAL CEMENTS WITH THE

IDEAL PROPERTIES
A) ZINC OXIDE EUGENOL
PROPERTIES
 Has a neutral Ph.
 Has low mechanical strength i.e. compressional and tensile strength and thus could not
withstand either masticatory forces and also cannot withstand amalgam’s condensation
forces.
 Sedative, palliative, obtudent and bacteriostatic effect on the pulp thus does not require a
varnish or cavity liner underneath.
 Has no chemical adhesion to the teeth.
 Type 1 has high solubility in water due to illusion of free eugenol.
 Can protect the pulp chemically when used under metallic restoration.
  They are opaque due to presence of unreacted zinc. This opaque property makes it not to be
used to lute translucent ceramic restorations.
 Has a low film thickness.
 Low particle size as well as thicker mixes hence higher temperatures thus faster setting time.

B) CALCIUM HYDROXIDE CEMENT

PROPERTIES
 Has low mechanical strength.
 Has low thermal conductivity and used in thin sections not enough to provide thermal
insulation.
 Has a pH of (11-12) thus basic
 Its bacteriostatic
 Has a fast setting time (2-7minutes).
 Bonding-it has low bonding strength to both dentin and enamel thus it does not adhere to
tooth surfaces
 Quite soluble in liquids under leaked restorations.
 It is opaque thus not used to lute translucent ceramic restorations

C) ZINC PHOSPHATE CEMENT

PROPERTIES
 Good thermal and electric insulator.
 Low film thickness as low as 15microns
 Adhesion only by mechanical interlocking.
 The set cement is opaque.
 Its ant cariogenic i.e. provide a source of fluoride ions due to addition of tannin fluoride in
some parts.
 It has low thermal diffusivity thus is ideal since it insulate thermal and electrical irritations .
 Pulp irritant, fresh mix is highly acidic and thus a calcium hydroxide liner is required in deep
cavities. Also the thin mix is more irritant than the thick mix. The set material normally
becomes neutral in 48 hours.
 It has moderate tensile and compressional strength thus able to withstand amalgam’s
condensational forces and masticatory forces.

D) ZINC POLYCARBOXYLATE
PROPERTIES
 Shows proper chemical bonding to enamel and dentin as well as perfect bonding to sand
blasted or electrically etched gold alloys as well as stainless steel. Alcohol is a good release
agent.
 Has very little irritant effect to the pulp due to: rapid rise in cement ph. towards neutrality,
localization of acid due to large molecular weight and the fluid in the dentinal tubules shows
minimized movement in response to cements.
 High solubility in distilled water.
 The set material is opaque.
 Good thermal and electrical insulating properties.
  It has moderate tensile and compressional strength thus able to withstand amalgam’s
condensational forces and masticatory forces

E) COMOPMERS
Compomers also called modified composites/acid modified composites, are produced by addition of
fluoride leaching aluminosilicate glass into resin matrix. There is no acid-base reaction at setting.

The primary setting is by free radical polymerization of methacrylate groups which is normally light
activated. A few have alkenoic acid to generate some acid base reaction with the glass
component ,but it rarely occurs due to the absence of water from any of the components as
inclusion of water at packaging will cause premature setting.

Acid base reaction may occur in the oral environment and cause fluoride release.

F) GLASS IONOMER CEMENTS

Introduced in an attempt to combine strength, rigidity and fluoride release of silicate cements and
adhesive characteristics of polyacrylic acid liquid.

COMPOSITION
 Powder/liquid
 Powder/water
 Encapsulated

LIQUID

47.5% solution of 2:1 polyacrylic acid/itacanoic acid + tartaric acid (5%)

-Itacanoic acid lowers viscosity of the liquid and inhibit gelation caused by intermolecular hydrogen
bonding

-Tartaric acid acts as an accelerator by facilitating the extraction of ions from the glass powder.

POWDER

Calcium fluoroaluminosilicate glass.

NB/= If acid is formulated in powder the liquid used is water or a dilute solution of tartaric acid and
water.

SETTING REACTION

When the powder and liquid are mixed, surface of glass particles are attacked by acid.

Then Ca, Al, sodium and fluoride ions are leached into aqueous medium

It is an acid-base reaction, where water is critical for the reaction to occur.

Reaction steps
Acid soluble glass is attacked by the polyacids releasing calcium, aluminium, sodium and fluoride
ions.

Initially calcium, and later, aluminium replaces the hydrogen ions on the carboxyl groups of the
polyacids to make calcium and aluminium polysalts.

The salts hydrate to form a gel matrix while the unreacted portion of the glass particles are
surrounded by silica gel that arises from the loss of the surface cations.

The set cement consists of unreacted glass surrounded by silica gel bound together by a matrix of
hydrated calcium and aluminium polysalts.

Fluoride is not an integral part of the matrix formation; therefore it is available for release without
compromising the structural intensity of the restoration.

PROPERTIES
 Has a low film thickness suitable for cementation.
 Has ant cariogenic properties i.e. release fluoride ions.
 Non-irritating to the pulp.
 Lacks translucency.
 Very high initial solubility so coating is necessary.
 Biocompatible and helps remineralisation of the dentin.
 Adhesion to enamel and dentin.
 Coefficient of thermal expansion and contraction is similar to that of the root structure.