SOIL

Phsical popotior 8il

0 prosiy (n) e
42

a)Voids atin ( -D
(a>o)
3) Sagoea 9 sabwatio (S) Vw xico
Vv
C0 S s 100)

AiY Content (ac) =

Vaoo
V
Y.

vods|a) = xoo'/.|
5 Peinccntage a V

(o49 a h ac
a (I-S)
+
Typa Vrik waigkt:
Ww+ Ws
Bulk urit wt (7)
Va+ VVs
G+a Sr

8)Pny unit wt/(7A) W

Vat Vs

u Ws
3) Satuvakod uruk wt a)
Va+ Vs

A) Submaged
unuk w| u 9at-w

wE
une
Ffackiva

buyond writ wt
Suh -(Ge-i)
s (axcucling vods)
Vs

sat
)Abaotut Specific q1avity s
ol toluds| |G Yw
Spacitit gauiby
rue Apacific gaviy

Gns
Gis 6 to a-8|
a) Haxs Spoifiu qraviky | m
sat
Apparant Spauijü g7awiky / '
q ravi Ey
Bulk Spociju w w
m :6 to
(
8 t 2a

Watn ContonE
W w w0
Ws

Rolatons
wG 2 S
5) i+S,)
) 6)- -(1-n)
3) sat 1) ak +n,
1+W
9) e G-1
4) d =C-7a)Gw w
+WG
 w
4) S
(1+w) w Y

ndex Proprtios Sil

Wakor contant akominaion:

Pyco nomekon thod

me

w We-W G-L
G
Wg-W 4

wE 9
empty conkaune

Sand
Contaun +
Watwb +Uata
Contaay+Sand

WE a
3
Wakn
wa)wt q contauI +
a)ansity bStla Hote Bokarrination
Pyconometes1 hod
G Wg-W
Cwa -w) -(w3-w4)
Sonstty botlle maHo
(g-w) xi G0-8a bc
G
CWg-w) - (wg-W)

tompoatura

Spaai goviy @ any

G Tc
Gat 8.7 C ,
Gat Tc
27
Rticda Size
Stvibulion
)Boulda 3 0 0 mm

8o- 300 m
a) Cobbles 80 mm

41S 80
Gyayols>
3) -:75 mm
4) Sard 75
5) S - 75
02 -aP
6)doy
1)Golloid 202
Cooitont, Cu) Pso
Oniporrily Po
Cwwatue (e). -

ooftiod 9
 Fa Sand to ba voll grardod
Cu b Cc t 3
For Gawol to ba well quadod
goaded

Cu>4 Cc too 3
F Uniformly qraded Aod
Cu22

Sonsity ndex | Ralativt danAiy

Oman anat X1Do
man-2mun

p max -imio
kdmún roo/.

nat dman-dman
Whora Vods Yatio a a sil
maumum possibla
man lrosonE stat
at
ids Yatio
yatio a
2min minumuum ossible
i donsost Mate
sol a soils
wds Yatio he soils
n a t Natual
 Value posaiption 1
O-1S Vy loose Stat
S-35 bos2 stat
3S-bs Hadi um danso stoat

&5-8s kensa statu

8S-loo Voy densa sta

Consitancy 2ndex
Flo 1ndox W-W

Cons tanuy îndices:

ti) Plastri t y nde Cap) = wL-Np

sol
L
-

liauid imib
p plastic imit q sol
19 7) Deipton FGs
Non plusti up can't be datovmicd

D p u , 9p- -Va ( )
L7 Loss pluti
Hodi um plaku
> High plastc
a)oughneks ndox ?7
9p- plastiüty inckn T o to 3
t lou thdant
f -

3) Conakoncy ndo WL-Wn y1007.

Value Pel) pakcri ption 3 onsutany

0-&s Vory t
&S-So St
50-7S Hadi um sU
1S- 100b St
>I00 vay ati
1) Liaui di ncdo 9L wn -
Shrinkage umut

w-W-CV-v)Yo X100/
Ws
whoreWs Shukage imi
Ws
W-wE waten

V, Voluuwne q kol spauman

dy sol
VA Voluma
wako
Uhk Urit we 2
WsWE soudsCdy w)
2 hopdical,
whate
Gm
w

1 sohds Shinage Tala

Ge-Spaciji grawity
Activiy Bdivity A)
Y. day Aractioo
poscYiption g clay
Adiviy
20 15 Inattiva
O TS-1aS H+ar Noymal
Active
mt
(-1) ()
hauop
oLdH)
chron eoro)na C
Sx S X St*b &XSX 1E*9.r
0ompvdua)
Son den S
wopug oboyunauS
 Ralaliva dansi Comuuton -d fiald
Re Rc <
Pe O.9001S

Borow pit embanlkmont

V
Va +22

Pormanbiiky
Darcy '8 lauw> V(v ki(TheoYaticol)
ai'y Rlan Hazan ood(Enpharicnl
Jamula)
d- cm
nit
Orut m/s
&poumeclbi iEy Cm/sac n/s
-

i) Hagen Powaullio
k . Cd e3
T
Vvoids yatio l
w= unit wt PeMOIA
 -viscouwi ty 2 pomoont
K Tamp

Saapage voletity/ ppaart vwloity

True vdlo aty

Soapaga valoity s-kpi

P Cooiiont Pecoauon

ihdaulic gradiont
G Ey
V =
ki) k=osiciank q poununbi
kp >k
Vs V
kp n

n<t

onstant haad Prnaabily Tast ( c6N

- diiharge colloctad
AhE OvOs a timd otowa gt
-Eime
k Goaici ent fomci;
c/sc/s ac S l Sanple
h - hond low
Ccuusirg tow
Falling head Pouro cbiüy TO CFC
K =
303 aL

a 0 stand P
L Lenqth zsol bampla

ho nitial hoad
h t i n a hamd
pr bhe haad to dnp
- tima 94irad
rom ho to h

Pasunaacbr Cy in Strati fiad

&il

KH
H

V
H

,+H . "
KHKy (oxapt Daolin soil)
Etfockivg Strek
Topal 810 - H
) foa uoker prekuws u h

FHecHve Skres (dua to Cayilay uo) Tru

Stes Bistibution
Bousinasquo thaoy for pornt load
ka load
a r tor streu
3 dinattly ksbw

3 1t lnbanal dishituo
T z

BRowsinque' Coiciort
512
75 PA
 Vasutical strakos wday a uniyormy oacoc CYcuny

I+ A-Load inaniy
a-vadiwu ta lcado
Z- daplh tha l
Vadical styaxs undon a
Atrip load
,
89+Aina
*Vedicad shoks dua to we lpad

TC
untonsty oq ina load (m)
load
lotoxnl ditonce Yrom una

Bppioximatu Mahods:
) Cguavalont, p load mahod
ti) Thapazcidal Hdel valid uhern
za5 B
C4z) (B+2)

ii) Nowmank's rtuence chat

uns
ho a civeles x no q Yadial
Covaxd
ni4 - no g Sogmirt

Watengawd Anoluss:
Pornt load CO

kw tuostargauid colit

3
Kw

X52
1sa > Kp>Fuw
AASHTO G7ou Indon Clousificaion
To tally goups ( o to P)
G = 0 a a + O°o05 ac + o.Dl bd

35 (o)
a %3 l pasing 75
15 (t4o)
b-7 9 koil pawsing 75
C w-ho o)
d Tp - 10 Ce 2o)

R1Type
Excollent
O-1 Good
a-4 Fai
5-9 pooy
 Unifiad Soil Clasifition Systam
d Bid ps-3
n toaruso qaunad Sdid:
Totally-ISPS
7. posingns
pscrptton Symkots
25). Soil wih finas
no Gw,GP,SW SP
Sl wih fin0 GCGH,SC SH
5-1 . Bouwndary claifiuation G-GC,SP-SM
CPual mbol)

n tina qrainac Sol

W 9scriptuon
Symbols
L507 L-Low Conprasibla ML,CLDL
507 H High Comprakibla HH,CH, OH

(2p A Une 0T3(w-a0))