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Englund - Proto-Cuneiform Account-Books and Journals (2004)
Englund - Proto-Cuneiform Account-Books and Journals (2004)
Englund - Proto-Cuneiform Account-Books and Journals (2004)
1.
Robert K. Englund
University of California, Los Angeles
2900
Early Dynastic I
2800 Archaic texts from Ur
Formation of large
2700
Early Dynastic II irrigation networks
2600
Texts from Fara
2500 Rival city-states
Early Dynastic III
Old Sumerian texts
2400
17Ax “contact”6 correspond nicely with texts found in the area of the
Red Temple at Uruk, characterized by their inclusion of seal impres-
sions, numerical notations and one or at most two apparent ideograms
representing the basic agricultural commodities: butter oil, textiles and
small cattle.
7 It appears from some recently excavated but as yet unpublished tablets from
i i i ii i ii
1a 1b 1a 1b 1a 1b b1
1a 1b
b2
1 1a 2b1
2a 2b 2a 2b 2a 2b b3 2a 2b2
3a 3b 3a 3b 3a 3b 2 3a 3b
2
4a 4b 4a 4b 4a 4b 3 4
obverse reverse
i ii iii ii iii i
Direction
of Script
Axis of
Rotation
13 The few exceptions involve the second use of signs representing irregularly
high quantities. For instance, the text W 19726,a has been cited in the litera-
ture (ATU 2, 140; Spektrum der Wissenschaft, March 1988, 47; Archaic Bookkeep-
ing, 32-5) as an example of the ambiguous use of the sign N46 to represent
both 60 and 10,800 of the basic units N4 of emmer wheat (N4 corresponds to
N1 in the basic grain capacity system, see fig. 4). This practice corresponds
closely to the attachment of Sumerian gal, “large,” to the sign ·ar2 to signify
the sexagesimal step above what would have otherwise been the largest com-
monly known number (·ar2, “3600”; thus ·ar2 gal represents 216,000 in the
sexagesimal system, 3600 bur3 in the surface metrology system).
14 See n11. 15 An English update of the German pub-
lication that derived from that early effort (Damerow and Englund 1987) will
appear in our edition of the Erlenmeyer collection in MSVO 3 (in preparation).
32 R.K. ENGLUND
Sexagesimal System
N50 N45 N48 N34 N14 N1 N8
10 6 10 6 10 2 or
10?
"36,000" "3,600" "600" "60" "10" "1" "1/2"
or "1/10"
Sexagesimal System S'
N35 N15 N2
6 10
"60" "10" "1"
Bisexagesimal System
N56 N54 N51 N34 N14 N1 N8
6 10 2 6 10 2
Bisexagesimal System B*
N60 N52 N38 N21 N6
10 2 6 10
GAN2 System
N45 N50 N14 N22 N1 N8
6 10 3 6 10?
1 year
N26
2
3
∑E System N28
N48 N34 N45 N14 N1 N39 4
10 3 10 6 5
5 N29
∑E" System
N46 N49 N36 N46 N19 N4 N41
6? 10 3 10 6 5
N25
∑E* System 2
N37 N47 N20 N5 N42 N27
3 10 6 5 3
4
N28*
DUGb System
N1.DUGb N1.SILA3a
10
DUGc System
N1.DUGc N1.KU3a N2
2 5
1≈ N47 1≈ N20 5≈ N5
1≈ N37 3≈ N20 2≈ N5
1≈ N47 4≈ N20 3≈ N5 1≈ N42
18 R. Englund (2001):1-35.
19 See H. Nissen, P. Damerow and R. Englund (1993), in particular 43-46.
36 R.K. ENGLUND
Grain equivalencies
As is usually the case with proto-cuneiform accounts, eventual subtotals
and totals are inscribed on the reverse face. Here too, the categories of
goods are treated differently, with a full tally of products in a first sub-
case of the right column. The second sub-case was used here to tally all
grain products with grain equivalencies. These equivalencies evidently
represent the final value of these goods and thus alone included in the
grand total of the left column.
20 Englund (2001):18-21.
21 No compelling explanation has been advanced for the numerical structure of
the sexagesimal or the bisexagesimal system. It should nonetheless be noted
that the only factors that make sense in compounding an original primitive
counting system with a first limit at either ten (“Euphratic,” the unknown first
users of the sexagesimal system) or twenty (probable original Sumerian vigesimal
counting system) to limits of both 60 and 120 are those of the artificial calen-
drical system of strictly 30-day months (see n16). A mix of discrete rations or
meals and monthly accounts would result in counting units of 60 or 120 based
on the daily rations involved.
38 R.K. ENGLUND
?
This formation and use of grain prod- N14 ZATU659+1N14
uct equivalencies as exemplified by the (=6× N1)
SIG2a2 GAR
N26 ? U4
(=1/3 N39)
GAR+3-6N57
DU8c
N30a
(=1/6 N39)
LAGABa+∑A ∑Agun û
GAR
∑A ∑A+ÎIgun û a
GAR+3-6N57
N28
ZATU726c
(=1/4 N39) GARgunûa
ZATU726d 1/8 N39 LAGABa+∑A
(sign not
attested)
GUG2a ZATU727
GUG2a
ZATU726c
GAR
ZATU726d
DU8c DU8c gun û
N29a SILA3b
(=1/5 N39) +GUG2a ZATU727 N30c
(=1/10 N39) LAGABa+∑A
?
SIG2a2
1/20 N39
?
(sign not
N29b attested) ∑A
GAR
(=1/5 N39 ?)
the first place there appears to have been a close connection between the
graphic system employed to record calendrical units and that used to
quantify measures of grain. In both cases the unit month played a cen-
tral role. Only those calendrical notations representing one or more
months employed the standard forms of the sexagesimal system, with
the sexagesimal unit representing the discrete unit “one.” Notations for
days and years alike employed derivative numerical signs (N8 and N57,
respectively). At the same time the capacity system centers on this same
unit sign N1, yet with diverging relationships between this and other
signs in the system.
In particular the signs representing lower values in the system are
arranged in a sequence that successively divides the basic unit into
fifths, and further on down to the sign N30a, which represents a measure
of grain 1⁄ 30 the size of the basic unit. It cannot be a coincidence that
this sign so regularly corresponds in the archaic accounts to the
ideogram GAR. This latter sign is the pictographic representation of the
beveled-rim bowl, a clay vessel with a capacity equal to a standardized
daily ration in Mesopotamia. It therefore seems reasonable to assume
that the numerical sign N1 represents one month-ration for one labor-
er in the archaic period.
In the second place we find in the archaic accounts good evidence
for the quantification of household-dependent labor entirely compati-
ble with later tradition. The Jemdet Nasr accounts MSVO 1, 212-214,
belong together in a relationship of secondary and primary documents
and represent an accounting transfer without any gaps.23
23 Note that the treatment of this complex in Nissen, Damerow and Englund
W 9656,ex
Figure 9a: Numerical qualification of young animals.
The Uruk IV period texts record numbers of cattle (Fig. 9a, top) and
humans (Fig 9b, bottom), in both cases including the numerical sign N8
designating young animals.
Figure 9b:
Numerical
qualification
of humans
W 9655,t
27 Algaze (2001), esp. 211-13 (comments pp. 215-28 and 415-18). The
author states that this primitive categorization represents “a new paradigm of
the nature of social relationships in human societies.”
45
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46 R.K. ENGLUND
VOLUME IV
in a series sponsored by the
Institute for the Study of Long-term Economic Trends
and the International Scholars Conference on
Ancient Near Eastern Economies
EDITED BY
Michael Hudson
Cornelia Wunsch
CDL
Bethesda, Maryland
COVER ART: Mycenaean Linear B tablet from Pylos (Jn 829, obverse) listing
expected contributions of recycled ‘temple’ bronze from the 16 major admin-
istrative districts of the kingdom of Pylos; see page 290f. for transliteration and
discussion.
This photograph is reproduced from the archives of the Program in Aegean
Scripts and Prehistory, University of Texas at Austin, with the kind permission
of the Department of Classics, University of Cincinnati.
All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any
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