Wuolah Free Bloque 2 Parcial

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Terminología Jurídica Básica en Lengua Inglesa
4º Grado en Derecho
Facultad de Derecho
Universidad de Cádiz
Reservados todos los derechos.

No se permite la explotación económica ni la transformación de esta obra. Queda permitida la impresión en su totalidad.
UNIT 6: Labour law.
TYPES OF COMPANIES:
Sole trader (autónomo): One person sets up and runs the company. The person provides all
the capital and has unlimited liability for business debts, even if this means selling personal
assets.
Parthership (sociedad): A group of people provide the capital, set up the company and manage
it together. There are two types of partnership:
- Partners in an unlimited partnership (sociedad anónima) are like sole traders – if the
business fails they are fully liable for all debts, and may even have to sell personal
assets.
- In a limited partnership (sociedad limitada) there can be sleeping partners who do not
participate in the management of the company. Sleeping partners have limited liability
– in the event of bankruptcy, they only lose their investment, not their personal assets.
Limited company (sociedad limitada): In a limited company (AmE corporation), the capital is
divided into shares, which are held by shareholders. Shareholders* have limited liability, but
they can vote at the Annual General Meeting to elect the Board of Directors. There are two
types of limited company:
- In a private limited company, all shareholders must agree before any shares can be
bought or sold.
- In a public limited company, shares are bought and sold freely, for example on the
stock exchange.
*Shareholders (accionistas).
Welfare state estado de bienestar.
Medical care (servicios sanitarios).
Unemployment benefit (beneficios para los desempleados).
Allowances (pensiones).
Social segurity (seguridad social).
Trade unión/labor union (sindicato).
Wage (sueldo variable, depende de la producción, jornada, tipo de trabajo…).
Salary (salario, cantidad mensual fija).
White-collar (hace referencia al tipo de trabajo, directivos).
Blue-collar (hace referencia al tipo de trabajo, productores o asalariados).
Remuneration (es un término genérico para referirse a las nóminas).
Reservados todos los derechos. No se permite la explotación económica ni la transformación de esta obra. Queda permitida la impresión en su totalidad.
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LABOUR LAW AND COMPANY:
wages
salaries
remuneration
social security
trade union
welfare
Working hours.
Occupational accidents.
Collective agreements.
Dismissal procedure.
Industrial relations.
Trade unions.
Social services.
Income security.
Rest periods.
Child labor.
d i b j g c h e a f
Trade unions
working hours
Industrial relations
dismissal procedure
child labour
statutory
regulation
conditions
dependencies
dismissal
compensated
notice
equality
harmonization
wealth
UNIT 7: Contract law.
CONTRACT LAW:
Terms (términos).
Party (parte del contrato).
Consideration (contraprestación).
Breach of contract (inclumplimiento de contrato).
Damages (daños y perjuicios).
a. party. d. breach of contract.
b. consideration. e. damages.
c. terms.
forcement enforceable
contract contractual
apply application
acceptance acceptable
validate valid
alleg allegation
intention intentional
document documentary
requirement required
1. The duration is mentioned in the term of employment.
2. Salary, holidays, fringe benefits…
3. Yes, both parties.
CONTRACT-WORD FORMATION:
enforceable
acceptance
wronged
agreement
legally
contractual
incapable
performance
signing
writing
in
to
Under
of
for
below
UNIT 8: Tort law.
WHAT IS TORT LAW?
El concepto de tort, así como los de trust o equity, es uno de esos conceptos complejos de
definir y explicar, y no menos de traducir. El problema, de nuevo, es la falta de equivalencia
entre el sistema jurídico anglosajón, donde surge, y los sistemas jurídicos de países como el
nuestro, donde no existe un concepto similar. Si queremos buscar algo similar en nuestro
sistema legal tendríamos que acudir a la regulación de la «responsabilidad civil».
En los países del Common Law, el tort es un agravio o ilícito civil (civil wrong), cometido por
una persona legalmente responsable (legally liable) llamado tortfeasor, que causa un perjuicio,
un daño o una pérdida (injury, loss or harm) a un tercero.
El Tort Law es, en consecuencia, aquella parte del Derecho que se ocupa de los actos ilícitos
cometidos por personas físicas (individuals) y jurídicas (legal entities) que, sin embargo, no
pueden ser considerados delitos penales (crimes) ni incumplimientos de contratos (breach of
contract). No existe, por tanto, delito (crime o offense), ni incumplimiento de contrato pues no
existe relación contractual (contractual relation) entre el que lo comete y el perjudicado. El
tort se considera un motivo de reclamación perteneciente al Derecho civil (grounds of action in
Civil Law).
Un ejemplo
Uno de los ejemplos típicos que se utilizan a la hora de explicar el concepto de tort es el de la
persona que, durante una mudanza, se encuentra subiendo un piano de cola por la ventana de
un inmueble. Debido a una fatalidad, la cuerda se rompe en el momento que otro pasaba por
debajo cayendo encima del transeúnte. Como es lógico, la caída del piano causa graves heridas
a dicha persona. No existe delito, pues ninguna norma prohíbe alzar un piano en la vía pública
durante una mudanza. Tampoco existe incumplimiento de contrato, pues no existe relación
contractual alguna entre el viandante y los dueños de la casa que ordenaron la mudanza. Lo
que existe es una responsabilidad derivada de la negligencia al no asegurar la zona, limitar el
paso o utilizar una cuerda más resistente.
Tipos
Existen diferentes tipos de tort en función del acto ilícito cometido:
1. Wrongs against the person: son aquellos agravios o ilícitos que afectan a personas
físicas, como, por ejemplo, el ya mencionado de la caída del piano o la difamación
(defamation).
2. Wrongs against property: actos ilícitos cometidos contra bienes inmuebles, como la
entrada no autorizada en una propiedad privada cuando dicha entrada está
expresamente prohibida (trespass). Dicha entrada es un acto ilícito en sí mismo,
aunque no se haga con la intención de sustraer los bienes existentes en la propiedad,
que sería un delito de robo con allanamiento de morada (burglary).
3. Wrongs against people or property: son una combinación de los dos ejemplos
anteriores, como la producción de ruidos o actos molestos en una comunidad de
vecinos (nuisance).
Reclamaciones ante los tribunales
Las reclamaciones presentadas por tort (tort claims) tienen dos objetivos principales: la
obtención de una indemnización (compensation) para compensar el perjuicio, y operar como
una disuasión (acts as a deterrent) de cara a la sociedad en general y a posibles nuevos actos
ilícitos.
Lo más habitual es que la víctima del tort obtenga de los tribunales una indemnización por
daños y perjuicios (damages) sufridos. Pero, también se pueden solicitar otro tipo de medidas
de resarcimiento en equidad como el injunction, una orden por la cual el tribunal exige al
causante del daño que deje de hacer una determinada acción.
Para poder presentar una reclamación por tort se necesita la concurrencia de tres requisitos:
en primer lugar, el reclamante (claimant) tiene que probar la comisión de la acción u omisión
ilícita (wrongfulact or omission) por parte del reclamado (defendant); a continuación, debe
probar la pérdida, el daño o el perjuicio sufrido como resultado de la anterior acción u
omisión; en tercer lugar, hay que probar que el reclamado tenía la obligación de actuar de
cierta forma (the defendant had a duty to act in a certain way but didn’t), lo que conlleva el
concepto de culpa (fault) o negligencia (negligence) por parte de este último.
El tort es una parte esencial en todos los casos de responsabilidad civil por daños personales
(personal injury cases), que tanto abundan en nuestros días en múltiples ámbitos como el de la
circulación, la medicina, los accidentes de trabajo, etc. El concepto es mucho más complejo y
contiene múltiples matices. Nuestra intención en esta entrada no ha sido más que presentar
una aproximación a dicho concepto para tratar de entender su significado y alcance y aportar
la traducción de algunos de los términos que se emplean en este campo.
EXERCISES-TORT LAW:
compensate
liable
intention
negligence
damage
with againts into as into
heads care
trespass foreseeable
nuisance compensate
conduct remedy
failure tortfeasor
a. 6 e. 5
b. 4 f. 8
c. 2 g. 1
d. 3 h. 7
(*Todas las palabras en negrita de estas actividades pueden entrar en vocabulario)
THE CONDITIONALS:
Conditional clauses are normally used to talk about the relationship between events and
their consequences. They show how a result depends on a condition. That condition, and
therefore the result, may be possible and probable (universal and first conditional),
possible but improbable o unreal (second conditional), or impossible (third conditional).
Conditional sentences are made up of two parts: the if clause and the result/main clause.
1. The if-clause describes a condition:

If you break de law
2. The main clause comments on the condition in the if-clause:
You may be prosecuted.
CONDITIONALS:
0. If + subject + verb (present simple), subject + verb (present simple).

1. If + subject + verb (present simple), subject + will/can/may + verb (infinitive).
2. If + subject + verb (past simple), subject + would/could/should/might + verb
(infinitive).
3. If + subject + verb (past perfect: had + past participle), subject + would + verb
(present perfect: have/has + past participle).
6 4 5 3 1 2
will be released
wouldn´t have been
don´t settle
would consult
told
reach
is made
UNIT 9: Family law.
THE FAMILY-ACTIVITIES:
Test your knowledge with this quiz.
1. A contract between a man and a woman to become husband and wife is called a / an:
(a) wedding (b) engagement (c) marriage (d) affair (e) relationship
2. Rearrange the letters in bold to make a word meaning husband or wife: pusoes
Spouse (cónyuge).
3. True or false: If you have a partner, you are assumed to be married.
False
4. Are same-sex marriages legal in Britain?
Yes.
5. What is the difference between a separation and a divorce?
Divorce is the legal termination of the marriage, while separation ins´t a legal situation, only a
fact.
6. Complete this sentence with the appropriate word in bold:
The judge decided that the marriage had never been legal and so he annexed / antedated /
annulled it (in other words, he declared that it had no legal effect).
7. What is the name we give to the notifiable offence of going through a ceremony of
marriage to someone when you are still married to someone else? Is it:
(a) monogamy (b) bigamy (c) polygamy (d) monotony
8. In England and Wales, what kind of court deals with divorces? Is it:
(a) a magistrates' court (b) a Crown Court (c) a High Court (d) a County Court
(e) a court of appeal
9. In England and Wales, a divorce can only be granted on one condition (known as grounds
for divorce): that the marriage has broken down irretrievably (in other words, it cannot be
made right again). Here are two of the conditions necessary for an irretrievable breakdown:
(1) The couple have lived apart for two years and both consent to divorce.
(2) The couple have lived apart for five years and no consent from the other spouse is needed.
Rearrange the letters in bold to make words for the other conditions:
(3) tdyulera by one spouse: adultery
(4) runbesaleona brvioeuha of a spouse: unreasonable behaviour
(5) soedernti by one spouse: diseption.
10. Here is a simplified version of the main divorce procedure. Complete the gaps with words
from the box.
A request (a petition) is made by the petitioner ( = the person applying for the divorce) to the
court for a divorce, in which the facts about the people involved and the reasons for the
divorce are explained.
The court sends the divorce petition to the respondent ( = the other spouse), together with a
form called an Acknowledgement of Service form, which he / she completes. In it, he / she
indicates whether or not he / she wishes to dispute the divorce.
He / She returns this to the court within 7 days. (If he / she wants to respondent the divorce
and / or its terms, he / she is sent another form to complete).
Assuming that the respondent does not want to dispute the divorce or the terms, a copy of
the Acknowledgement of Service form is sent to the petitioner, who confirms the facts sent in
their original petition by swearing an affidavit.
The court pronounces the decrete nisi, an order ending the marriage subject to a full decrete
absolute, which comes later and ends the marriage completely.
11. If a divorced couple have children, one of them may be required to make regular
payments to their ex-husband / ex-wife to help pay for the upbringing of the children. What
are these payments called? Are they:
(a) child support (b) child maintenance (c) child benefit (d) child pensions
12. Look at this situation:
An unmarried couple with two children separate. The father moves away to another town. Is
he legally obliged to make payments to his ex-partner for the upbringing of the children?
Yes, he is.
13. In England and Wales, the agency responsible for the assessment, review, collection and
enforcement of payments is called the CSA. What do you think these letters stand for?
Child Support Agency.
14. If a parent refuses to pay money for the upbringing of his / her ex-partner's children, the
CSA can ask a court to make an Attachment of Earnings Order. What do you think this is?
It´s a order.
15. How old should children be before a CSA ruling no longer applies? Is it:
(a) 15 (b) 16 (c) 17 (d) 18
16. What is alimony? Is it:
(a) money that a court orders a husband to pay regularly to his separated or divorced wife
(b) money that a court orders a father to pay regularly to his children until they are old enough
to leave home
(c) money that the state pays a married couple to help them pay for a divorce
(d) money that a married couple must save to pay for their children's education
17. If a couple are unmarried, and one of them dies, who gets their estate (land, money and
possessions) if the deceased (the dead person) has not made a will? Is it:
(a) the deceased's partner
(b) the deceased's immediate family
(c) the state
18. Who is your next of kin?
Childrens, parents…
Exercise 1:
Complete this definition and explanation (which has been adapted from the A & C Black
Dictionary of Law) with words and expressions from the box. (*no se ha hecho en clase)
A child can be defined as 'a person under the age of 18'. We can also use the word
'__________'. The state of being less than 18 years old is called '__________'. When a child
becomes 18, he / she reaches the age of __________ and so is legally regarded as an
__________. In other words, he/ she becomes __________ for his / her own actions, can sue,
be sued or undertake __________ transactions.
In Great Britain a child does not have full __________ until the age of 18. A contract is not
__________ on a child, and a child cannot own __________, cannot make a __________,
cannot __________ and cannot drive a car (under the age of seventeen). A child cannot
__________ before the age of 16, and can only do so between the ages of 16 and 18 with the
__________ of his / her __________ or legal __________. A child who is less than 10 years old
is not considered capable of committing a crime; a child between 10 and 14 years of age may
be considered capable of doing so if there is evidence of __________ or knowledge, and so
children of these ages can in certain circumstances be __________. In criminal law the term
'child' is used for children between the ages of 10 and 14; for children between 14 and 17, the
term '__________' is used; all children are termed '__________'. If someone between these
ages commits a crime, he / she is known as a __________, and may be sentenced in a
__________ Court (previously known as a __________ Court).
Exercise 2:
1. Choose the correct word in bold to complete this sentence:
The money paid by the state to a person who is responsible for a child under 16 years of age is
called child support / maintenance / benefit / pension.
2. When two people divorce or get separated and one of them has care of their children, the
other has the right to see the child regularly. True or false: this is called excess.
False, it is called access.
3. True or false: in Britain, the responsibility for the assessment, review, collection and
enforcement of maintenance for children is supervised by the courts.
Fals.
4. What does the Latin expression 'in loco parentis' mean?
Acting in place of the parents.
5. Rearrange the letters in bold to make a word: A child or young person who acts in an
antisocial way or breaks the law is known as a queendltin.
Delinquent.
6. Choose the best meaning of the word adoption. Is it:
(a) the act of looking after and bringing up a child who is not your own
(b) the act of becoming the legal parent of a child which is not your own
(c) the act of having your children supervised while they are at home to make sure they are
being well cared for
7. Which of the following are allowed to be foster parents?:
(a) married couples (b) unmarried couples (c) single women (d) single men
(e) same-sex couples
8. Complete the words in bold: If a parent or guardian fails to provide a child with adequate
shelter, food, clothing, medical attention and supervision, this is known as n _ _ _ _ _ _. If a
parent intentionally harms a child physically or mentally, this is known as a _ _ _ _.
Negligence, abuse.
9. Choose the correct word in bold to complete this sentence:

Sometimes, if a woman is physically unable to conceive and have a baby, the couple may ask
another woman to have the baby for them and then give the baby to them: this woman is
known as a surrogate / surreal / surety / surrender mother.
10. What is a Guardian ad Litem? Is it:
(a) a parent who does not live with his / her child.
(b) a child who does not have a parent or legal guardian.
(c) a person appointed by a court to represent a child in a legal action.
11. True or false: a parent can be held legally responsible for the actions of their children if
the children do something wrong or illegal.
True.
12. True or false: if one parent in a couple is found guilty of the offences in number 8 above,
a court can apply to have the parent taken out of the family home rather than the child.
True.
13. Truancy is becoming a major problem in Britain. What do you think this word means?
Absentismo escolar.
14. In Britain there are various orders that can be applied for children in different situations.
Match the order 1 – 8 with what it does (a) – (h):
1. Care Order 2. Supervision Order 3. Search and Find Order 4. Disclosure Order 5.
Prohibited Steps Order 6. Specific Issue Order 7. Contact Order 8. Residence Order
(a) If the parents cannot decide what to do about major issues related to their children, they
can let a court decide for them. Specific Issue Order.
(b) In cases of separation and divorce, this decides who the child will live with (in other words,
who gets custody of the child) Residence order.
(c) The court can prevent one parent from taking a child away from the other parent (often
used if there is a danger the parent will take the child out of the country). Prohibited Steps
Order.
(d) A court can order the police or other legally-appointed body to enter a house where they
think a child might be held against his / her will, in bad conditions, or illegally by a person not
entitled to look after the child. Search and find order.
(e) A separated or divorced parent wants to see his / her children (who are living with the
other parent) for short periods on a regular basis. Contact order.
(f) The local social services regularly visit the home to check that children are being well cared
for. Supervision order.
(g) If a person knows where a child is being illegally held, they must give this information to the
police or the court, or face prosecution. Disclosure order.
(h) Children are taken away from their home and parents / guardians by the local social
services. Care order.
REPORTED SPEECH:
El estilo indirecto se utiliza para contar lo que ha dicho alguien sin repetir exactamente sus palabras, es decir,
cuando no se van a usar sus palabras textuales. Por eso es estilo indirecto, porque no se transmiten
directamente las palabras de esa persona, sino que son las palabras del que lo cuenta.
Dependiendo del tipo de declaración de la que estemos hablando se harán ciertos cambios a la hora de pasarla
de Estilo Directo (Direct Speech) a Estilo Indirecto (Reported Speech)
Ej. “No tengo dinero para viajar a EEUU ahora” me dijo. Estilo Directo (ED)
Me dijo que no tenía dinero para viajar a EEUU en ese momento Estilo Indirecto (EI)
Vemos que, en español, al pasar una frase de estilo directo (lo que dice la persona) a estilo indirecto (lo que yo
cuento que dijo esa persona) se dan algunos cambios en la frase. Por ejemplo, si nos fijamos en el ejemplo
anterior:
- Las comillas desaparecen

- la oración principal ([él/ella] Me dijo) pasa al principio de la oración en el Estilo Indirecto
- introducimos que como nexo entre:
la oración principal Me dijo ___ y la oración subordinada no tenía dinero para viajar a EEUU en ese momento.
- El tiempo verbal del ED al EI cambia (haca atrás en el tiempo). Si quien dijo la frase lo dijo en Presente
Simple -como en este caso- el que cuenta lo que esa persona dijo lo hará usando el mismo verbo que
usó el hablante (tener) pero en Pasado Simple.
Además, la persona que era 1ª persona en el Estilo Directo ha pasado a ser 3ª persona en el Estilo
Indirecto, dado que ya no habla ella directamente, sino que otro dice lo que ella dijo.
- Los adverbios y referencias espaciales o temporales también cambian al pasar de ED a EI. Como en este
caso:
No tengo dinero para viajar a EEUU ahora” me dijo.
Me dijo que no tenía dinero para viajar a EEUU en ese momento
El mismo ejemplo de antes en inglés sería:
“I have no money to travel to the USA now”, she told me. Direct Speech
She told me that she had no money to travel to the USA then. Reported Speech
Estos mismos cambios se dan en inglés. Resumiendo, a la hora de pasar una frase de Direct Speech a Reported
Speech debemos:
- Comenzar con la oración principal usando el verbo say/tell (decir) conjugado después del sujeto para
decir lo que tal persona dijo.
She said that…
She told me that….
- No usar comillas para contar lo que dijo esa persona

- Cambiar pronombre sujeto
I have no money … She had no money …
- Introducir nexo that entre la oración Ppal. y la subordinada.
She told me that she had no money …
- Cambiar tiempo verbal (la mayoría de las veces dará un salto atrás en el tiempo, hacia un tiempo
pasado).
Direct Speech (Estilo Directo) Reported Speech (Estilo Indirecto)
Present simple Past simple
Present continuous Past continuous
Past simple Past perfect simple
Present perfect simple Past perfect simple
Am/are/is going to Was/were going to
Will would
Can could
Must Had to
Los siguientes tiempos verbales no cambian al pasarlos a Reported Speech (no tienen una versión más en el
pasado a la que pasarlos)
Direct Speech (Estilo Directo) Reported Speech (Estilo Indirecto)
Past perfect Past perfect
Would/could Would/could
Por eso, en el caso del ejemplo que hemos visto el cambio verbal que se produce es este:
I have no money to travel to the USA now”, she told me. Direct Speech
Nota:
Cambiar la persona:
I have no money to travel to the USA now”, she told me. Direct Speech
- Cambiar las expresiones de tiempo y de lugar, los demostrativos y los posesivos siguiendo este cuadro.
REPORTED QUESTIONS
Cuando en lugar e informar de lo que alguien ha declarado (apartado 2) queremos decir lo que alguien ha
preguntado.
Las preguntas se dividen en dos tipos:
Por lo tanto, habrá que fijarse si la pregunta es una Yes/No question para en ese caso:
- Usar el “reporting verb” asked seguido de if/whether
O si es una Wh-question, en cuyo caso
- El “reporting verb” asked irá seguido de what
Recuerda que al pasar una pregunta de Direct Speech a Reported Speech la inversión sujeto-verbo (ej. have you
got…, can you call me…) propias de las preguntas desaparece, ya que la oración en Reported Speech ya no será
una pregunta. Seguirá la secuencia normal de sujeto + verbo. Eso implica que tampoco se usará el signo de
interrogación. Además, se seguirán aplicando los demás cambios que vimos arribas referidos a tiempo verbal,
persona, adverbios, pronombres, etc.
REPORTED ORDERS / REQUESTS / OFFERS
En estos casos es importante recordar que cada uno usa reporting verbs (que verbo que introduce/cuenta lo
que la persona dijo) diferentes, dependiendo de si la persona originalmente quiso expresar una petición/orden
o un ofrecimiento:
Peticiones: asked
Ofrecimiento: offered to + infinitive …
REPORTED SUGGESTIONS
Es decir, que la estructura correcta de la oración en Reported Speech sería la siguiente (tanto una como la otra):
that + oración de complemento (lo que la persona sugiere) con sujeto y

verbo en forma base
Subeto + suggested/recommended +
Verb-ing + el resto de la oración (sin especificar el sujeto de esta)
REPORTING VERBS
Durante toda esta explicación del Reported Speech hemos estado usando reporting verbs y hemos visto algunos
que se usan específicamente para oraciones con una intención concreta (ofrecimiento, sugerencias, etc.)
mientras que otros como say y tell no indican la intención del hablante, sino que simplemente nos informan de
lo que alguien ha dicho.

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Terminología Jurídica Básica en Lengua Inglesa

Reservados todos los derechos.

Welfare state estado de bienestar.

Medical care (servicios sanitarios).

Unemployment benefit (beneficios para los desempleados).

Social segurity (seguridad social).

Trade unión/labor union (sindicato).

Wage (sueldo variable, depende de la producción, jornada, tipo de trabajo…).

Salary (salario, cantidad mensual fija).

White-collar (hace referencia al tipo de trabajo, directivos).

Blue-collar (hace referencia al tipo de trabajo, productores o asalariados).

Remuneration (es un término genérico para referirse a las nóminas).

Party (parte del contrato).

Breach of contract (inclumplimiento de contrato).

Damages (daños y perjuicios).

a. party. d. breach of contract.

2. Salary, holidays, fringe benefits…

3. Yes, both parties.

WHAT IS TORT LAW?

Existen diferentes tipos de tort en función del acto ilícito cometido:

with againts into as into

(*Todas las palabras en negrita de estas actividades pueden entrar en vocabulario)

1. The if-clause describes a condition:

0. If + subject + verb (present simple), subject + verb (present simple).

Test your knowledge with this quiz.

3. True or false: If you have a partner, you are assumed to be married.

4. Are same-sex marriages legal in Britain?

5. What is the difference between a separation and a divorce?

6. Complete this sentence with the appropriate word in bold:

(a) monogamy (b) bigamy (c) polygamy (d) monotony

(3) tdyulera by one spouse: adultery

(4) runbesaleona brvioeuha of a spouse: unreasonable behaviour

(5) soedernti by one spouse: diseption.

12. Look at this situation:

Child Support Agency.

(a) 15 (b) 16 (c) 17 (d) 18

16. What is alimony? Is it:

(a) the deceased's partner

(b) the deceased's immediate family

(c) the state

18. Who is your next of kin?

1. Choose the correct word in bold to complete this sentence:

False, it is called access.

4. What does the Latin expression 'in loco parentis' mean?

Acting in place of the parents.

6. Choose the best meaning of the word adoption. Is it:

7. Which of the following are allowed to be foster parents?:

9. Choose the correct word in bold to complete this sentence:

10. What is a Guardian ad Litem? Is it:

(b) a child who does not have a parent or legal guardian.

(c) a person appointed by a court to represent a child in a legal action.

- Las comillas desaparecen

No tengo dinero para viajar a EEUU ahora” me dijo.

Me dijo que no tenía dinero para viajar a EEUU en ese momento

El mismo ejemplo de antes en inglés sería:

She said that…

- No usar comillas para contar lo que dijo esa persona

I have no money … She had no money …

- Introducir nexo that entre la oración Ppal. y la subordinada.

She told me that she had no money …

Direct Speech (Estilo Directo) Reported Speech (Estilo Indirecto)

Present simple Past simple