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ProcediaComputer
Procedia ComputerScience
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(2022) 000–000
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www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia

CENTERIS - International Conference on ENTERprise Information Systems / ProjMAN -

International Conference on Project MANagement / HCist - International Conference on Health
and Social Care Information Systems and Technologies 2021
CENTERIS - International Conference on ENTERprise Information Systems / ProjMAN -
Project
International management
Conference in office:
on Project MANagement BIM
/ HCist implementation
- International Conference on Health
and Social Care Information Systems and Technologies 2021
Alcinia Zita Sampaioa*
Project management in office: BIM implementation
University of Lisbon, Higher Technical Institute, Dep. Civil Engineering, Av, Rovisco Pais, Lisbon, Portugal
a

Alcinia Zita Sampaioa*

a
University of Lisbon, Higher Technical Institute, Dep. Civil Engineering, Av, Rovisco Pais, Lisbon, Portugal
Abstract

Building Information Modelling (BIM) methodology is increasingly finding acceptance in all sectors of the construction industry
including, as a first step, the architectural design, and after a set of multi activities concerning civil engineering (structures, building,
Abstract
budgeting, maintenance or operation). The elaboration of a complete project requires a BIM multi step workflow, including
modelling, analysis, and the optimization of the final product that must be coordinated by a BIM manager. This new function within
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governmental policies adopted by each country, in a mandatory or progressive way. The aspects related to the maturity achieved according to the Level of
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in an enterprise and the efficiency of the BIM manager work are the main objectives focused in the text. Several remarks were enterprise or office is, in part,
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© 2021 The Authors.
governmental policiesPublished
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Elsevier B.V. in a mandatory or progressive way. The aspects related to the maturity achieved
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the main objectives focused in the text. Several remarks were
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Keywords: BIM methodology; Concept; Implementation; BIM manager; Maturity.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +351 218 418 336

E-mail address: zita,sampaio@tecnico.ulisboa.pt

1877-0509 © 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.

* Corresponding
This author.
is an open access Tel.:
article +351
under the218
CC418 336
BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0)
E-mail address:
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under responsibility of the scientific committee of the CENTERIS - International Conference on ENTERprise Information Systems /
ProjMAN - International Conference on Project MANagement / HCist - International Conference on Health and Social Care Information Systems
1877-0509
and © 20212021
Technologies The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
This is an open
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Authors. the CC BY-NC-ND
Published license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0)
by Elsevier B.V.
Peer-review underaccess
This is an open responsibility of the scientific
article under committee oflicense
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(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0)
ProjMAN
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under responsibility ofontheProject MANagement
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Health and Social Care Information
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Information Systems and Technologies 2021
10.1016/j.procs.2021.12.083
 Alcinia Zita Sampaio et al. / Procedia Computer Science 196 (2022) 840–847 841
2 Alcínia Zita Sampaio/ Procedia Computer Science 00 (2021) 000–000

1. Introduction

The Building Information Modelling (BIM) methodology allows the creation of a digital three-dimensional (3D)
model, incremented and updated throughout the development of all the disciplines and its stages related to a building
project [1]. The BIM model is generated using the available support tools, and all information is centralized in it. The
model is organized by hierarchical levels, suitable for directed data retrieval by specialty, element or material [2].
After the elaboration of all components of the building design, the BIM tools most used easily access the model
database, allowing its application on the execution of diverse type of tasks commonly worked out over the project
documentation, such as graphic representation, quantification of materials, budgeting [3], facility management [4] or
construction planning [5]. The BIM methodology, based on the centralization of information and on the available
advanced technological tools, allows the stakeholder, involved in the project, to collaborate using the same work
platform, leading to the reduction of errors and conflicts, which results in cost savings [6].
The construction industry involves a wide range of professionals in a building design, requiring a high degree of
collaboration, sharing and transposition of data and also an important degree of coordination. The development of
projects, of considerable size and complexity, based on a technological culture of individual action and the use of
computer tools with gaps in data transfer processes, often leads to the fragmentation of the sequence of tasks. In
consequence, the reuse of information with the interruption of a project’s process cycle brings inefficiency. Given the
multifaceted participation of the many professionals from distinctly different professional sectors, a greater degree of
integration, cooperation and coordination is needed. In recent years, the construction industry has been adopting
Building Information Modelling (BIM) methodology in order to increase productivity, obtaining more efficient
constructions and enhancing a satisfactory thermal and economic performance throughout the building's lifecycle.
When using BIM platforms in the design process, a BIM manager is required. In all areas of the construction
industry, owners, designers, builders and managers have already reported the benefits of adopting the BIM
methodology [7]. This has led to its increasing acceptance, at a global level and exponentially, to governmental entities
establishing regulations for activities and mandatory implementation dates in the public construction domain [8]. In
addition, the technical school with its important educational and societal mission to empower future engineers to take
their place in a global context. Following this, they have been providing the fundamental teachings on the most
innovative construction issues, adapting its curricular programs in order to teach both the practical aspects and the
methodology related to BIM. The schools have also been offering short courses and workshops on BIM to
professionals in order to improve their skills and competitiveness [9].
The text presents the state-of-the-art of BIM implementation in the sector, with incidence in Europe, following the
introduction of the implementation strategies. The unlike degree of BIM implementation reached on the construction
sector in each country push governments to act in a way that reduces the differences that currently exist. In particular,
Portugal govern must take action rapidly to ensure its position in the global industrial world.
As a methodology for the present study: first a conceptual introduction to BIM is refereed; followed by the
description of the problems related to implementation process in the sector and a breve revision of the genesis of BIM;
finally a deep research concerning the levels of BIM maturity found in European countries is present.

2. The BIM Concept

The BIM concept is based on the generation of a centralized model formed by all building-related information,
which is kept organized and up-to-date, in order to support the development of the entire design project involving all
areas of specialization: architecture, structures and services; construction planning and control; maintenance and
management activities (Figure 1). The creation of the BIM model is strongly supported by the current technological
capabilities of the modelling tools used, where parametric objects are accurately representative of the building where
its geometric shape and the physical properties of the materials applied are concerned.
842 Alcinia Zita Sampaio et al. / Procedia Computer Science 196 (2022) 840–847
Author name / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000 3

Figure 1. Architectural and structural models and simulation of the construction planning [17].
The information inserted in a BIM model is obtained by the selection and editing of parametric objects
representative of construction components, obtained from the libraries of the modelling system in use. The parameters,
associated to each object, naturally considers all geometric aspects, but also the mechanical properties related to the
applied materials [10]. Along with the benefits that have been recognized in relation to BIM implementation in the
construction industry, its adoption within the companies and project offices it necessitates relevant investment in
technology and training [11]. In addition, it is needed a significant organizational challenges related to the internal
cultural adaptation concerning work modes, data transfer processes between phases and communication with partners
[12]. Although the available BIM support technology allows an integrated approach to the digital representation of all
building disciplines, there are still gaps, which the researchers are determined to overcome [13]. Nevertheless, it is
recognized that the limitations on interoperability that are still associated with the required transfer of information
between the systems normally used, and mainly concern the two-way data flow processes necessary throughout the
elaboration of a complete project [14]. The most recent studies points in two main directions [15]:

• Software companies have been making available an increasing capability of integrating functionalities, referred
to as extensions, add-ins and plug-ins, based on the native data format of the main system;
• The international organization Building Smart [16], which brings together enterprises and professionals of the
construction industry from several countries, is responsible for issuing the standard data format, the Industry
Foundation Classes (IFC), and has been, in recent years, launching new versions with increasing efficiency [17].

The methodology supports working in a collaborative way. Based on an ease communication between specialists
and involving a satisfactory level of interoperability, the transfer of information between design steps can be carried
out with an elevate degree of confidence in the correctness of the transferred data. Collaboration and communication
based on a technological platform with a high capacity of interoperability, leads to the reduction of errors of
inconsistency. Moreover, conflict between construction components or omission of data become minimized. The
results are sustained cost-levels at all the stages of the building lifecycle, contributing to optimize the building product.
The main benefits of the implementation of BIM have been revealed in the quality of the developed projects, ina
effective process integration and in a clear collaboration between all parties.
Therefore, the methodology have been applied as a way of obtaining better final products, The BIM concept began
to be implemented in the construction industry, as an innovation in the sector at the beginning of this century. The
demonstrable benefits are particularly due to the use of BIM-based tools, which incorporate the latest technological
contributions, mainly addressed to the two pillars that underpin the methodology [18]:

• The concept of parametric modelling, with the establishment of new families of parametric objects to be applied
in the representation of buildings;
• The process of transferring information between systems, which has achieved high levels of efficiency and
correction.

In a BIM context, construction-related enterprises show their understanding of this, encouraging professionals to
seek training opportunities that can add to their knowledge, a requirement in a globalized industrial world that is
increasingly competitive. The technical school has contributed positively to the updating of building industry
professionals’ knowledge by organizing BIM training courses, according to the interest and expectation expressed by
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4 Alcínia Zita Sampaio/ Procedia Computer Science 00 (2021) 000–000

engineering departments and public entities. During short courses the methodological concepts and a wide range of
the applicability inherent in the development of projects in the BIM environment is presented [19]. Industry and the
technical school have been, in recent years, collaborative in finding the best strategy for establishing effective
community teaching activities [20].

3. Implementation process

Currently BIM influences multiple sectors of the construction activity, bringing benefits in attaining fully
collaborative and agile work practices. However, require the involvement of all stakeholders [21]. Initially, it was
common for beginners to see the methodology as just a new technology, and match it to their skills already acquired
only in the modelling process. In fact, the final product, the generated BIM model, presents, as a more evident aspect,
its 3D geometric appearance. However, the modelling process is accompanied by the selection of a high volume of
information, which is associated with each parametric object applied to the model [22]. The information is adequately
organized internally, hierarchically classified and structured by specialties. This allows to provide support for the
execution of different types of analysis or complementary activity, using tools that directly access the database of the
model [23].
The transition from a traditional process, rooted in technical drawings (2D) generated by the use of Computer
Aided Design (CAD) systems, to a new BIM approach, in which the model is parametric and is continuously updated,
demands both procedural changes, and a significant initial investment in technology and training. Within an enterprise,
the BIM implementation requires the restructure of its internal functional processes, as part of a strategy to adapt the
traditional work methods to the new methodological concept, as well as a change to the inter-business communication,
necessary to take part in the full range of construction activities.
The development of new BIM-based computational applications has experienced a robust increase, as research in
this field is driven by the competitive need of software houses. However, the internal reorganization within the
enterprises and the change in collaborative practices between partners in a project, presents some limitations mainly
due to a lack of awareness. On the part of some more conservative professionals in the field of construction, the real
advantages in the development of their activity, using an integrated BIM platform, and the recognizing of the
technological potential available, is still an unknown issue. The meddling, as some might have seen the introduction
of a concept such as BIM, into an enterprise with a structured work environment and established routines which
involve a sequence of traditional steps associated with duly attributed responsibilities, initially fomented a resistance
to change and huge mistrust. In the context of an office, there is currently a very different scenario, as the need for
updating practices to this collaborative mode of work is recognized as the main way of developing project within a
globalized industry, already sufficiently adapted to the new methodology [24].
Currently, companies have been recognizing that the transition from the traditional work (supported on drawings)
to BIM methodology project is inevitable, and its implementation in their working practices must be understood as a
mandatory requirement. And no more just a technological evolution supporting the traditional work. Thus, today, the
main concern of the director in a project office is, fundamentally, to upskill employees with sufficient training, so that
the whole team assimilates the concept underlying the BIM process and they acquire knowledge relating to the use of
the BIM technology available [25].
Architects, in a first instance, followed by engineers, easily adhere to the use of BIM modelling tools, because these
are appealing and very intuitive to use. The 3D modelling process is quite agile, easy to manipulate and allows an
immediate spatial perception, because it is associated with a highly realistic viewing capacity. Additionally, any
patterning inaccuracies are detected by the system, in the form of inconsistency warnings, thereby supporting the
creation of technical solutions, for any discipline of the project, without overlapping elements or erroneous definitions.
On this basis, the designer easily rehearses different alternative options and makes the necessary adjustments and
adaptations in order to obtain correct solutions [26].
The widespread growth in the adoption of BIM by expertizes who recognize a high capacity for modelling,
visualization, analysis and simulation, provided by the available systems, represents a transition to an information
infrastructure based on an internal organization defined on native data formats and common transfer patterns. Since
then, construction offices have been investing in BIM technology and in training their collaborators, driven by the
844 Alcinia Zita Sampaio et al. / Procedia Computer Science 196 (2022) 840–847
Author name / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000 5

global competitiveness of the sector and by the introduction of governmental mandates. Therefore, that BIIM is now
beginning to be established in an increasing number of countries.

4. Levels of BIM Maturity

In Europe, the main entities and professionals using BIM were, already in 2015, mainly architects (47%) and
engineers (38%), because the technological potential for modelling design support was more evident. In addition, with
a smaller relevance, the contractors (24%), as this group is made up of diverse professionals, individual, dispersed and
heterogeneous and rooted in traditional working practices [27]. With regard to construction enterprises, current
attitudes are beginning to change. In addition, there has been a rapidly increasing awareness of which steps, such as
budgeting, local-work and human resource management and the overall coordination of tasks to be carried out by
contractors, became facilitated when based on the satisfactory manipulation of BIM models.

4.1. Scandinavian Countries

On the European continent, Scandinavian countries have the greatest penetration of BIM into the sector, having
identified state organizations, as the first section of the construction industry for mandatory implementation, as part
of a progressive adoption strategy. These institutions coordinate the establishment of a Building SMART Nordic,
responsible for establishing standards of practice and requirements in public buildings.
In Finland, following the pioneering research carried out at the VTT Research Centre, professionals AT the sector
have been structuring pilot-projects. in order to acquire technological skills, using the national software Teckla, and
experience in the application of the methodology. They have been systematizing procedures and identifying new
avenues of research and development [27]. Since 2001, the use of BIM modelling tools has greatly increased,
supporting project design, achieving, in 2007, a participation in continuity of its application by 93% of architectural
enterprises and 60% of engineering businesses. It indicate a cultural acceptance of the BIM platform as the main work
practice in the sector. In addition, the Finnish association of the construction industry requires, as part of the
certification of software products, the incorporation of the IFC standard and requires mandatory application in state-
owned enterprises, in particular, in the Finnish Transport Agency [28].
Neighboring countries, largely through exchanges in collaborative work, have followed Finland's conceptual and
technological advances, also achieving a high level of adoption, particularly widespread in project offices and service
companies supporting construction-related activities. The governmental option of institutional mandatory was adopted
in 2007 by Sweden, Norway and Denmark, in particular in state-supported public services such as Swedish Transport
Administration, Norwegian Public Roads Administration, Norwegian National Rail Administration e Danish Defense
Construction Service. In Sweden, the Swedish Standards Institute have been publishing, since 1991, a progressive set
of guides for the promotion of BIM in the country [28].

4.2. Mandatory Implementation

In the United Kingdom, the Cabinet Office, the administrative office of the government published in 31 May 2011
the Government Construction Strategy. This document, prepared by the Efficiency and Reform group working with
the Construction Unit of the Department for Business Innovation and Skills, recognizes the implementation of BIM
methodology as necessary to achieve the "objective of reducing construction costs in the public sector between 15 and
20%". In addition, together with the claims of the Low Carbon Construction Innovation & Growth Team, to "reduce
the intensity of carbon emissions in construction, management and maintenance in public infrastructure" BIM strategy
is demanded [29]. The document determines that from 2016 the projects submitted in the context of public
procurement must be defined in accordance with the requirements of BIM maturity level 2. To provide governmental
continuity, and working with the industry, the new document Construction 2025 was issued, establishing the year
2025 as the limit for achieving the country’s goal of reaching BIM maturity level 3 [14]. This requires effective,
integrated collaboration throughout all processes, which may lead to an initial reduction in cost, of up to 33%, of
construction and maintenance
 Alcinia Zita Sampaio et al. / Procedia Computer Science 196 (2022) 840–847 845
6 Alcínia Zita Sampaio/ Procedia Computer Science 00 (2021) 000–000

The strategy adopted by Italy, for a progressive mandatory implementation of BIM, was initialized with the
introduction, in 2017, of the UNI 11337 regulation. After it drives to 2018 with Decree BIM 560/2017, known as the
Decreto Baratono. UNI 11337. The guides establishes the management of information processes in construction in
the form of a documentary structure segmented into 10 specific sections of BIM. The rules provide BIM coordination
and management strategies and the definition of contractual legal aspects. According to the Decreto Baratono, the
Italian administration requires, from 2019 onwards, the use of BIM for large-scale infrastructure projects and public
buildings. A gradual obligation, in the public building sector, will be required to be compliant until in 2025 [28].
Since 2011, the Netherlands government has required the implementation of BIM in public projects and, since
2012, the Dutch Ministry of the Interior requires its use in maintenance activities of major projects, through the
establishment of protocols adapted to long-term contracts. This also was done in order to include the requirement and
specifications of electronic documents in BIM, having a strong potential to improve management efficiency and
maintenance in the public building area.
Spain's administration, using a strategy of increasing obligation, requested that all projects concerning public
buildings should be drawn up on BIM platforms by the end of 2018. As part of the activity of the Ministry of
Development, in 2015, EsBIM, the multidisciplinary working group, involving professionals related to administration,
engineering and projects, was created, with the mission of supporting the implementation of BIM in Spain. It also
projected a working horizon of 3 to 4 years, and aimed to increase productivity in the construction sector and to reduce
infrastructure costs during its lifecycle [30].

4.3. Progressive Implementation

In France, the document Plan de Transition Numérique dans le Bâtiment presented in 2014 by the Ministère de la
Cohésion des Territoires of the French government, adopted a strategy to transfer the current construction support
procedure to the digital platform during the period 2015 to 2017. The objective is to respond to the expectations of
the construction industry, and aiming to achieve, by 2022, the complete dissemination of BIM strategies in the design
and management of public buildings and large infrastructure. A reference is made in the 2014 technical report Actions
pour la relance de la construction de logement, to the fact that one of the priorities is to encourage BIM-based
technological innovation, and sets out the requirements of its progressive adoption in public works from 2017.
However, the use of BIM still has a relatively low level of adoption, with around 40% among architects, 44% in
engineering offices and 29% in construction enterprises [31].
Germany's government promoted, in 2015, the national strategic plan for digital construction management,
Stufenplan Digital Planen und Bauen, with the purpose of introducing innovation into the construction industry, in
response to an approach from local associations and working groups. Its implementation was introduced into ongoing
activities related to infrastructure and the planning and monitoring of public construction costs, in order to test the
benefits of the BIM platform. Thus, pilot projects developed in the area of roads and railways were promoted, as were
the management and planning of institutional building construction. By 2020, the regulatory standard should be king
the use of BIM mandatory in public buildings [32].
In Portugal, the Portuguese Technological Platform for Construction, with a view to boosting the process of
digitizing construction, created, in 2011, the BIM Working Group. The mission of the team is to promote the
dissemination and adoption of the BIM methodology within the national industry and to establish regulations for its
government-mandated implementation BIM [33]. The group is an active participant in the technical committee CT
197, coordinated by the Sector Standardization Body of the Higher Technical School. CT197 is the entity, delegated
by the Portuguese Institute of Quality, responsible for "developing standardization within classification systems,
modelling of information and processes throughout the lifecycle of construction projects" and accompanying the work
of the Technical Committee on European BIM Standardization, CEN/TC 442 (European Committee of Normalization,
CEN). The preliminary study, carried out by the committee, addresses an analysis of the current working methodology
in order to identify critical factors that support the strategies of change within the traditional work process. Many
related aspects, such as those documented by the Construction Vision 2020 CT197 are still being analyzed namely:
customer maturity, competence and industry; digitization and innovation; information, knowledge and sustainability.
In addition, technical subcommittees are being created, organized by sectors of action and maturity, oriented to study
the exchanges and information requirements as well as both the development of BIM methodologies and BIM libraries
846 Alcinia Zita Sampaio et al. / Procedia Computer Science 196 (2022) 840–847
Author name / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000 7

of parametric objects. The BIM Working Group outlined an application guide for ISO 12006 on the way in which the
information classification system in BIM should be organized, adapting the disperse classification systems available,
with the objective of supporting the automation of tasks carried out from the BIM model, as well as its relationship
with existing documentation.

5. Conclusions

A government's action taken to legislate for the adoption of BIM in the sector is decisive. The first step should be
to declare it mandatory in public construction. The public sector involves the largest volume of all building work in
each country, requiring a significant participation of national professionals, and covering all types of professional
activity. This contributes to a progressive adoption in each project office and, therefore, throughout each national
construction sector.
The disperse aspect of the construction industry, that in a BIM context should be centralized in a digital parametric
model, requires the coordination of work that must be established by a BIM manager. The main competencies of a
BIM manager: to deliver responsibility between all professional involved in a project; to authorize each expert to
develop, change or transfer its project component; to indicate and control the level of information that a BIM model
must include according to the LOD level established for each step of the project.
This paper reports that public intuitions are more open to the introduction of BIM methodology, as seen in
Scandinavian countries. The implementation is also relevant in large-scale infrastructure projects and in the public
building sector. It was found that governments require project proposals to be delivered in a digital BIM format. Some
countries, such as the United Kingdom, Italy, the Netherlands and Spain, have implemented strategic programs to
impose its mandatory use, while others, such as France and Germany, are doing progressively.
One important conclusion that can be drawn from this study is that for Portugal to hold its position in the global
context of construction it is upon to the Government to issue the necessary legislation for a full and regulated
application of the BIM methodology in the Portuguese national construction industry.

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