Buildings: A Proposed Model of Assessing The Adaptive Reuse of Heritage Buildings in Historic Jeddah

buildings
Article
A Proposed Model of Assessing the Adaptive Reuse of Heritage
Buildings in Historic Jeddah
Rawan Abdullatif Alhojaly, Abeer Abdulaziz Alawad * and Noura Abdulrahman Ghabra
Department of Interior Design and Furniture, Faculty of Human Sciences and Designs, King Abdulaziz
University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; rfarajalhojaly@stu.kau.edu.sa (R.A.A.); nghabra@kau.edu.sa (N.A.G.)
* Correspondence: aalawad@kau.edu.sa
Abstract: Because of the remarkable interest in preserving the architectural heritage of the Kingdom
of Saudi Arabia and the emergence of multiple models of adaptively reused heritage buildings
in the historic Jeddah area, it is necessary to ensure their correct usage, periodic evaluation, and
sustainability. This study develops a model for evaluating the adaptive reuse of historical buildings
to preserve their integrity and originality. It adopts a qualitative approach and analyzes references
and charters, as well as classifications and methodologies associated with the adaptive use of heritage
buildings. The model consists of two main axes. The first includes the basic information on the
building, and the second includes elements and criteria for reuse, restoration, and repair, as well as
intangible elements of the cultural heritage that can improve people’s livelihoods. It was judged by
five architectural heritage specialists in the region to ensure comprehensiveness. This study will draw
the attention of those responsible for preserving heritage buildings toward the need for the periodic
evaluation of buildings, which can be done through use of the model, to ensure the authenticity
and sustainability of historical buildings during reuse and determine if activities should continue or
be halted.

Keywords: architectural heritage; adaptive reuse of historical buildings; evaluation of heritage
Citation: Alhojaly, R.A.; Alawad,
A.A.; Ghabra, N.A. A Proposed
buildings; Jeddah Historic District; heritage preservation charters; heritage buildings
Model of Assessing the Adaptive
Reuse of Heritage Buildings in
Historic Jeddah. Buildings 2022, 12,
406. https://doi.org/10.3390/ 1. Introduction
buildings12040406 The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia pays great attention to preserving cultural heritage
Academic Editor: Krishanu Roy of all kinds. It has registered a number of tangible and intangible heritage sites in the
United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. One such site is historic
Received: 19 February 2022 Jeddah [1], which became a tourist destination for visitors and an avenue to learn about the
Accepted: 24 March 2022
region’s cultural heritage, lifestyle, customs, and traditions, making tourism investment
Published: 27 March 2022
one of the pillars of the Kingdom’s vision for 2030 [2].
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral With heritage buildings considered an area of investment, investors and building
with regard to jurisdictional claims in owners began taking advantage of the adaptive reuse of heritage buildings in line with
published maps and institutional affil- state directions, and multiple models for reused buildings have emerged in Jeddah. As
iations. for the concept of adaptive reuse in Saudi Arabia, we find that there are no plans and
policies to develop and implement reuse. The concept suffers from randomness and
marginalization [3]. So, this study aims to develop a model for evaluating the adaptive
reuse of heritage buildings and improve preservation methods.
Copyright: © 2022 by the authors.
The study question is, what are the axes for evaluating the adaptive reuse of heritage
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
buildings? This study will aid in the periodic evaluation of reused buildings by officials and
This article is an open access article
interested parties, and the proposed model has related parts that can support university
distributed under the terms and
students in their architectural heritage projects to ensure the effectiveness and excellence of
conditions of the Creative Commons
designs that contribute to preserving the integrity and authenticity of historical buildings.
Attribution (CC BY) license (https://
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/
4.0/).
Buildings 2022, 12, 406. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12040406 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/buildings

Buildings 2022, 12, 406 2 of 34
1.1. Adaptive Reuse of Buildings

Heritage buildings are a witness to previous civilizations and are an important element
in transmitting cultural identity through generations. Since these buildings cannot be
used for their original purpose, proposing a new function is necessary to ensure their
preservation [4]. This process, which is called adaptive reuse, involves modifying and
adapting old buildings for new uses while preserving their historical value [4,5]. Most of
the old buildings have had a change in function to suit contemporary social needs [6]. This
happens when a stable building is given a unique architectural character through a new
function, provided that the impact of the new function on the building is minimal, so as
not to lose its originality [5,7]. Snyder [8] argues that the reused building does not have to
be an important piece of architecture for the process to be successful, but it is necessary to
respect the building’s history and structure when a new function is introduced. Successful
adaptive reuse respects the heritage values of a building while pursuing the development
of a modern appearance that does not affect its originality [7]. This is important to pass
on the authentic heritage to future generations without distortion [4]. Others confirm
that when new elements are added to the building, it must first be restored to its original
condition before adding them [9,10].
Tam and Hao [11] showed four methods of adaptive reuse. The first entails modification
to the facade while retaining the interior design, as long as the internal structures are in
good condition. The second method involves adding new interior design elements while
keeping the old exterior. This is the most common method used in heritage sites, as it allows
for modern needs and improves the internal systems of the building. The third method
includes additions to the existing external and internal structures to meet the needs of users.
The last method of adaptive reuse keeps the building unchanged, while additions to its
interior are installed to preserve the building’s qualities and values [1]. Rehabilitation and
adaptive reuse are the policies followed in the Historic District of Jeddah, and they deal with
the rehabilitation of buildings that are being given new functions. This policy is flexible, as it
allows for the redesign of interior spaces while keeping the building facade unchanged [11].
Advantages of Reuse
The adaptive reuse of heritage buildings is a preservation method used to protect
buildings from deterioration and to sustain their value [12–15]. In addition to extending the
lifecycle of the building [5,7], it is also an incentive for creating and sustaining environmental,
social, and economic values [5], which contributes to a stronger identity [13]. It is considered
one of the most important strategies when dealing with heritage buildings and works to
achieve a balance between preserving a building and enhancing its role in the urban
environment [16]. In terms of environmental benefits, adaptive reuse saves energy and
costs over new buildings, making it more sustainable [7,8,17]. It requires less energy and
waste [18–20], protects buildings from destruction due to uncontrolled development [14],
reduces construction, maintenance time, and costs [18], and reduces land consumption and
urban degradation [21].
Some studies report that adaptive reuse increases tolerance and social cohesion among
the surrounding communities [18]. Through accessibility and usability [7], the heritage
buildings are appreciated locally and externally by current and future generations and by
tourists. A building that accommodates modern needs and activities is better than one
being unused [14]. Adaptive reuse revitalizes the building’s heritage features, giving them
a new lease of life [19]. In addition to making use of community facilities, adaptive reuse
enhances the usable facilities in the neighborhood [18], reviving the building’s values and
enhancing its sense of belonging [16,22].
As an economic advantage, the reuse of heritage buildings opens up opportunities
for new residential and commercial real estate [7], creating new opportunities for the
surrounding population [22]. Snyder [8] asserts that if the structure of a building is well
adapted to its new function, the economic advantages will come from the reduced cost
of land purchase and construction, as well as the completion time of new construction. It
Buildings 2022, 12, 406 3 of 36
Buildings 2022, 12, 406 3 of 34
adapted to its new function, the economic advantages will come from the reduced cost of
land purchase and construction, as well as the completion time of new construction. It
also enhances
enhances thetheaesthetic
aestheticappearance
appearanceofofthe
the built
built environment,
environment, increases
increases thethe demand
demand for
for buildings
buildings [20],
[20], andand improves
improves local
local economicstructures
economic structuresby
byexpanding,
expanding, integrating,
integrating, and
managing economic resources [18], thereby resulting in economic growth and effective
cost management [21]. Figure 1 summarizes the advantages of reuse, as stated in previous
literature
literature and
and its
its benefits
benefits to
to individuals,
individuals, society,
society,and
andthe
theenvironment.
environment.
Figure 1.
Figure 1. Advantages
Advantages of
of adaptive reuse.
adaptive reuse.
1.2. References and Charters for the Adaptive Use of Buildings

use of Buildings
References
References on
on adaptive
adaptivereuse
reusevary
varyinternationally,
internationally,regionally,
regionally,andandlocally, in in
locally, thethe
form of
form
conferences
of conferencesor symposia.
or symposia.There are are
There international
internationalreferences approved
references approvedby thebyInternational
the Interna-
Council on Antiquities
tional Council and Sitesand
on Antiquities thatSites
focusthat
on the policies
focus and
on the requirements
policies of the intervention.
and requirements of the
A number of principles and foundations are agreed upon and circulated at
intervention. A number of principles and foundations are agreed upon and circulatedan international level
at
or on a specific scale and region. For regional and local references, heritage
an international level or on a specific scale and region. For regional and local references,preservation
bodies
heritageissue and agreebodies
preservation upon issue
the policies
and agreeof intervention in their
upon the policies ofrespective
intervention determinants
in their re-
that are adopted
spective and circulated
determinants according
that are adopted andto the specifics
circulated of each state
according or specifics
to the region. of each
state or region.
1.2.1. International Charters and Statements
1.2.1.Conservation policies for
International Charters andheritage buildings and antiquities vary. Some require
Statements
preserving and protecting the buildings as they are, without any interference, while some
Conservation policies for heritage buildings and antiquities vary. Some require pre-
require modifications. Among the intervention policies are conservation, restoration,
serving and protecting the buildings as they are, without any interference, while some
rehabilitation, maintenance, air conditioning, and others. A number of international
require modifications. Among the intervention policies are conservation, restoration, re-
references emphasize the principles and policies of implementing these interventions,
habilitation, maintenance, air conditioning, and others. A number of international refer-
interspersed with a number of charters, such as the Athens Charter of 1931 AD, the Venice
ences emphasize the principles and policies of implementing these interventions, inter-
Charter of 1964 AD, and the Dubai Charter of 2004 AD (the first charter in the Arabic
spersed with a number of charters, such as the Athens Charter of 1931 AD, the Venice
language for heritage buildings) [23]. The researchers focus on eliciting points that serve
Charter of 1964 AD, and the Dubai Charter of 2004 AD (the first charter in the Arabic
the concept of adaptive reuse, and the charters include various focal points. one of which
language for heritage buildings) [23]. The researchers focus on eliciting points that serve
is the end goal of intervention policies—to preserve buildings—as they are considered
the conceptresources
economic of adaptive
thatreuse, and thetocharters
contribute meetinginclude various
the needs focal points.
of society one of which
and strengthening
is the end goal of intervention policies—to preserve buildings—as they
the identity and sustainability of cultural heritage. The researchers summarize are considered
the main
economic
points resources
of the that
charters, andcontribute to meeting
they propose the needs
to divide of society
them into and strengthening
two axes: the
preservation and
identity and sustainability of cultural heritage.
authenticity, and society and economy (see Figure 2). The researchers summarize the main
Buildings 2022, 12, 406 4 of 36
Buildings 2022, 12, 406

points of the charters, and they propose to divide them into two axes: preservation4 and
of 34
authenticity, and society and economy (see Figure 2).
Figure 2. Summary
Figure 2. Summary of
of international
international charters.
charters.
1.2.2. Mechanisms for Classifying Heritage Buildings

Requirements for
Requirements for reuse
reuse were
wereconfirmed
confirmedinindifferentdifferentcountries.
countries. Hussein’s
Hussein’s study
study di-
divided the heritage buildings into three main types and permitted
vided the heritage buildings into three main types and permitted the modifications for the modifications for each,
according
each, to theirtoheritage
according importance,
their heritage as statedas
importance, in stated
Law No. in 144
LawonNo.regulating the demolition
144 on regulating the
of buildings and structures that are not dilapidated and preserving
demolition of buildings and structures that are not dilapidated and preserving architectural heritage in
architec-
Egypt.heritage
tural Category in A buildings
Egypt. are notAallowed
Category buildings to be
aremodified
not allowed except
to for
be restoration, and only
modified except for
minor changes
restoration, andare allowed.
only minor Category
changes are B buildings
allowed. are allowed
Category some internal
B buildings modifications
are allowed some
to make modifications
internal them suitable for reuse.them
to make CategorysuitableC buildings
for reuse.are allowedCtobuildings
Category be radically
aremodified
allowed
to be radically modified inside, including the complete demolition of the building of
inside, including the complete demolition of the building if needed, but the preservation if
some or but
needed, all ofthe
itspreservation
external features
of some mayorbeallnecessary [15]. features may be necessary [15].
of its external
The Jeddah
The Jeddah Municipality divided the
Municipality divided the classification
classification of of heritage
heritage buildings into three
buildings into three
types, according to the role they played locally and regionally:
types, according to the role they played locally and regionally: first-class, second-class, first-class, second-class,
and third-class
and third-class buildings.
buildings. The The classification
classification determines
determines the the proposed
proposed use use of
of the
the building
building
and the architectural treatments allowed for its exterior and interior
and the architectural treatments allowed for its exterior and interior design. Determining design. Determining
the proposed use should not contradict the choice of the function with the nature and
the proposed use should not contradict the choice of the function with the nature and
privacy of the building, as the optimal function is determined on the basis of the general
privacy of the building, as the optimal function is determined on the basis of the general
plan. The function selection for first-class buildings is based on a specific scope represented
plan. The function selection for first-class buildings is based on a specific scope repre-
by governmental, administrative, educational, or cultural buildings. For the second and
sented by governmental, administrative, educational, or cultural buildings. For the second
third-class buildings, function selection is according to a scope represented in an office,
and third-class buildings, function selection is according to a scope represented in an of-
residential, hotel, or commercial building. The optimal choice in all classifications is subject
fice, residential, hotel, or commercial building. The optimal choice in all classifications is
to the authorities specifying permissible percentages [16].
subject to the authorities specifying permissible percentages [16].
Ali divided the techniques of reusing buildings into two grades. The first, known as
Ali divided the techniques of reusing buildings into two grades. The first, known as
Grade A, is the use of a building without any modifications or changes while keeping the
Grade A, is the use of a building without any modifications or changes while keeping the
spaces of the building as they are, and adapting them to suit its new use, or leaving the
spaces of the building as they are, and adapting them to suit its new use, or leaving the
building as it is, a tourist shelter in its original condition. The second, Grade B, makes
building as it is,
modifications a tourist
to adapt the shelter
building in to
itsitsoriginal
new use. condition.
These are The second, Grade
modifications B, makes
of two types:
modifications to adapt the building to its new use. These are modifications
external changes done to the outside of the building by adding, concealing, or modifying of two types:
external
as needed, changes done to the
and internal outside of
alterations donethe tobuilding by adding,
the inside of the concealing,
building byoraddition
modifying or
as needed, and internal
replacement, and so on [22]. alterations done to the inside of the building by addition or re-
placement, and so
The Saudi on [22].
Commission for Tourism and Antiquities and the Ministry of Tourism
currently classify all urban heritage sites and buildings and their areas into three grades:
Category (A) for buildings and sites of high importance, Category (B) for buildings and
sites of medium importance, and Category (C) for buildings and sites of little importance.
Buildings 2022, 12, 406 5 of 34
These classifications include the building or site, antiquities and movable parts within
(such as paint, windows, doors, and others), urban areas comprising several buildings,
villages, cities, neighborhoods, all surrounding buildings and areas whose presence is
included in the protection of the building, and, finally, the surrounding natural areas [24].
This classification was also approved according to the Antiquities, Museums, and Urban
Heritage System by a royal decree that is in effect at the time of writing this [25].
1.2.3. Adaptive Reuse Methodologies

Choosing a new function for a building is difficult. This decision requires an analytical
and scientific approach because random actions could harm the building’s originality
and sustainability [4]. Pintossi et al. [26] suggested that the novel challenges identified
hampering the adaptive reuse of cultural heritage are: The absence of participatory
processes, implementation of participatory processes, lack of guidance for the adaptive
reuse of cultural heritage, limitation of capacity, diversity of strategy documents, long
operational phase, deficiency for financial resources, loss of knowledge and traditional
skills, lack of integration among sources of information and population migration [26].
Therefore, this poses a major challenge to architects, civil engineers, and conservation
professionals [6]. At the same time, it is considered a catalyst for innovation and creativity
by designers, architects, and engineers to find unique solutions that combine originality
with contemporary elements [7]. User participation in decision making is one of the
most important issues in adaptive reuse projects [4]. However, the criteria for preserving
heritage buildings are still not clear, because each building has its own conditions, making
the methods of preservation different from other buildings [27]. Numerous studies have
contributed to clarifying strategies and proposals for the evaluation and management of
such sites. Moreover, the cultural heritage management criteria were developed based on
axes of the cultural heritage context of sustainable tourism and its economic, urban, natural,
and cultural–social environments [28].
Misirlisoy and Gunce [4] mentioned that there is a lack of appropriate plans and
strategies in the management of sustainable heritage, as the buildings must achieve financial
returns that cover their future maintenance and rehabilitation. The main objective is to
preserve the originality of the building. However, the building’s economic sustainability
is also important to the future of its heritage. The decision-making process goes through
five steps: (1) organize the active parties in the reuse process; (2) analyze the building and
its physical characteristics, its original use, and the needs of the region; (3) determine the
interventions applicable to the reuse of the building; (4) determine the characteristics and
possibilities of the building’s adaptive use; and (5) decide from three options whether to
retain the original function of the building or mix its use by retaining its original function with
the addition of new functions to ensure the continuity of the building or provide it with a new
use that is completely different from the original. One of the biggest mistakes in the adaptive
reuse of heritage buildings is the maintenance of the entire building and the identification of
the new function resulting in unnecessary interventions and inappropriate additions [4].
Conejos et al. [29] confirmed the challenges facing adaptive reuse projects, particularly
regarding compliance with laws, regulations, and design requirements in the current era.
Seven principles are followed when adapting buildings: (1) identifying and understanding
the importance of the heritage fabric; (2) determining the appropriateness, importance, and
compatibility of the new function with the building; (3) determining the change that has
the least impact on the importance of the place; (4) ensuring that the principle of reflection
of its origin is applied to preserve the place in the future; (5) preserving the link between
the place and the opinions that contribute to its importance; (6) establishing a sustainable
management of the place and its feasibility, including funding and heritage agreements
to preserve the buildings; and (7) publishing and translating the importance of a heritage
place is important when implementing a building adaptation project [29].
Another determining factor to the extent of the success or failure of the re-employment
schemes of heritage buildings at the end of the process is their ability to achieve four main
establishing a sustainable management of the place and its feasibility, including funding
and heritage agreements to preserve the buildings; and (7) publishing and translating the
importance of a heritage place is important when implementing a building adaptation
Buildings 2022, 12, 406 project [29]. 6 of 34
Another determining factor to the extent of the success or failure of the re-employ-
ment schemes of heritage buildings at the end of the process is their ability to achieve four
requirements:
main (1) to preserve
requirements: the building’s
(1) to preserve architectural
the building’s and symbolic
architectural values represented
and symbolic values rep-
by architectural
resented details, decorations,
by architectural interior interior
details, decorations, design, design,
and distribution of spaces;
and distribution (2) to
of spaces;
preserve
(2) the general
to preserve heritage
the general atmosphere;
heritage (3) to provide
atmosphere; the building
(3) to provide with a new
the building withfunction
a new
that matches
function that its heritage
matches its value; and
heritage (4) toand
value; ensure that
(4) to modern
ensure thatrequirements are met. This
modern requirements are
is achieved by good design of the interior spaces and the study of the site
met. This is achieved by good design of the interior spaces and the study of the site and and its social
environment
its [15]. From
social environment theFrom
[15]. literature, the elements
the literature, of adaptive
the elements reuse assessment
of adaptive can be
reuse assessment
categorized
can into several
be categorized elements,
into several as shown
elements, in Figure
as shown in 3.
Figure 3.
Figure
Figure 3.
3. Classification
Classification of
of adaptive
adaptive reuse assessment items.
reuse assessment items.
2. Materials and Methods

This study
studyfollowed
followeda aqualitative
qualitative approach,
approach,which is defined
which as describing
is defined and collecting
as describing and col-
information
lecting and facts
information about
and facts a specific
about a event,
specificphenomenon, or thing, in
event, phenomenon, or addition
thing, in to reporting
addition to
its status asitsitstatus
reporting is in reality
as it is[30]. It was [30].
in reality conducted
It was on three levels:
conducted on three levels:
•• First
First level: Data were
level: Data were collected
collected through
through aa literature survey and
literature survey and content
content analysis to
analysis to
produce
produce aa general model to
general model to serve
serve as
as the
the concept
concept of of reuse
reuse internationally
internationally andand locally,
locally,
such
such asas inin the
the Athens
AthensCharter
Charterofof1931,
1931,the
theVenice
VeniceCharter
Charter ofof 1964,
1964, thethe Declaration
Declaration of
of Amsterdam of 1975, the Burra Charter of 1981, the Tlaxcala
Amsterdam of 1975, the Burra Charter of 1981, the Tlaxcala Declaration of 1982, Declaration of 1982,
the
the Appleton
Appleton Charter
Charter of 1983,
of 1983, thethe Washington
Washington Charterofof1987,
Charter 1987,thetheCharter
Charter for
for the
the
Protection
Protection and Management of the Archaeological Heritage of 1990, Principles the
and Management of the Archaeological Heritage of 1990, Principles for for
Preservation
the Preservation of Historic Timber
of Historic Structures
Timber of 1999,ofthe
Structures Zimbabwe
1999, Charter of
the Zimbabwe 2003, the
Charter of
New Zealand Charter for the Conservation of Places of Cultural
2003, the New Zealand Charter for the Conservation of Places of Cultural Heritage Heritage Value of
2010, the Valletta Principles for the Safeguarding and Management
Value of 2010, the Valletta Principles for the Safeguarding and Management of of Historic Cities,
Towns,
Historicand Urban
Cities, Areas
Towns, of 2011,
and Urbanand the of
Areas Salalah
2011, Guidelines
and the Salalahfor the Management
Guidelines of
for the
Public Archaeological Sites of 2017.
Management of Public Archaeological Sites of 2017.
• Second level: The general model will be linked to the determinants of the historical
Jeddah region to extract its evaluation model.
• Third level: The model will be presented to a number of specialists in architecture and
design in the historical Jeddah area to assess the appropriateness and comprehensiveness
of the proposed model.
This study was conducted in historic Jeddah, the Makkah Al Mukarramah region, in
the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, during 2020–2021 AD.
Buildings 2022, 12, 406 7 of 34
2.1. Study Sample

Five specialists, including architects and designers, participated in the study in the
historical area of Jeddah, according to the following criteria:
• At least five years of experience in the field of architectural heritage;
• Sufficient diversity among the academics and practitioners in the field of architecture
and design for heritage buildings;
• Their area of specialization in heritage buildings was in the Jeddah region (as each
region has its own determinants and its own style of construction).
2.2. Case Study (Historic Jeddah District)

Introduction to the City of Jeddah
Historic Jeddah is considered a cultural and architectural heritage that is part of the
identity of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia [1]. With the passage of time, the importance
of Jeddah increased, and it became one of the largest cities in the Kingdom. Historic
Jeddah was inscribed on the World Heritage List on 21 June 2014, with its architectural
features adding to its historical value, such as the use of prospective stone and wood in the
construction of the bearing walls, and the old buildings’ innovative and artistic solutions
to adapt to the harsh climatic conditions of the region (see Figure 4) [1]. For example, the
roofs perform many functions at the same time: providing privacy, purifying the air, and
providing thermal comfort. The high rises of these buildings face the north and west winds.
The aesthetic element that decorates the facades and architectural design is characterized
by open spaces and zigzag structures that offer protection from sunlight [16]. The uses
of these buildings over time varied; however, over time their use was subjected to many
changes that led to unplanned technical repairs and restoration operations. It is necessary
Buildings 2022, 12, 406 to study their future use to propose appropriate repair and restoration solutions that 8 of 36
will
help restore prosperity to the area and buildings without repeating previous mistakes [31].
Figure 4.
Figure 4. Facade
Facade of
of one
one of
of Jeddah’s
Jeddah’s historic
historic houses.
houses.
The urban
The urban fabric
fabric in
in the
the historical
historical area
area of
of Jeddah
Jeddah isis characterized
characterized byby the
the density
density of
of
interconnected
interconnectedarchitectural
architecturalblocks
blocksinterspersed
interspersedwith
withnarrow
narrow andand
winding
windingroads andand
roads alleys,
al-
which provide
leys, which shadeshade
provide for pedestrians and mitigate
for pedestrians the severity
and mitigate of theofweather
the severity [32]. [32].
the weather The
heights of theofbuildings
The heights vary due
the buildings varytodue
their
tomultiple floors [32],
their multiple floorswith
[32],some
withreaching 30 m [33].
some reaching 30
m [33]. The facades are characterized by the abundance and width of the openings on the
outside, covered with Rowshan that is made of wood and decorated [16,32]. The construc-
tion relied on local materials, such as coral limestone extracted from Lake Al-Arbaeen and
modified using hand tools to be placed in the appropriate locations according to size. The
use of wooden supports or spacers prevents wall cracks that could result from the uneven
Buildings 2022, 12, 406 8 of 34
The facades are characterized by the abundance and width of the openings on the outside,
covered with Rowshan that is made of wood and decorated [16,32]. The construction
relied on local materials, such as coral limestone extracted from Lake Al-Arbaeen and
modified using hand tools to be placed in the appropriate locations according to size. The
use of wooden supports or spacers prevents wall cracks that could result from the uneven
subsidence of the building as a result of weak soil bearing and high surface water levels [32].
The ceilings are made of wooden panels resting on squares of wood, with a layer of coral
limestone placed on top, followed by a layer of sand. The external walls of the dwellings
are covered with a layer of lime plaster (to protect the building stones from erosion due to
high humidity) and are painted with a layer of white or light-colored (such as sky blue)
paint. The rafters were installed around the openings, and the wooden screens are on
the openings of the dwelling and around the roof walls [30,34]. In one of Muhammad
Al-Batonuni’s trips, he found that Jeddah owns about 3500 houses built of water stone.
This stone is characterized by lightness, durability and flammability [34].
The heritage buildings in historic Jeddah were categorized according to the Matthew
classification followed by the area [16] (see Figure 5). This classification is based on the
role the building played at the local and regional levels, the events it experienced, and
the uniqueness of its architecture. Six categories of heritage buildings were identified:
Categories A, B, and C require restoration, while buildings of Categories D, E, and F are
allowed reconstruction [16]. This means that adaptive reuse will be applied to the following
three categories:
• Category A: There are no structural or superficial damages to the building.
• Category B: There are objective structural and non-structural damages, but the building
is stable, and its structure needs to be maintained and restored sufficiently to ensure
stability.
Buildings 2022, 12, 406 • Category C: There are serious structural damages that affect the integrity of 9 ofthe
37
building but do not prevent its restoration and rehabilitation to avoid its collapse.
Figure 5.
Figure 5. Matthew classification
classification used
used in
in the
the historical
historical area
area of
of Jeddah
Jeddah [16].
[16].
As for adaptive
adaptive reuse in
in Jeddah,
Jeddah, there are
are already
already some
some buildings
buildings that
that have
have been
been
reused (Table 1).
reused (Table 1).
Table 1. Examples of some reuse projects in Jeddah.
The
The Building’s
Number Previous Function Current Function Space Picture
Name
Used
Figure 5. Matthew classification used in the historical area of Jeddah [16].
Figure 5. Matthew classification used in the historical area of Jeddah [16].
As for adaptive reuse in Jeddah, there are already some buildings that have been
As(Table
reused for adaptive
1). reuse in Jeddah, there are already some buildings that have been
Buildings 2022, 12, 406 reused (Table 1). 9 of 34
The
The Building’s
Table 1. Examples of some reuse projects Function The
in Jeddah. Space
Number The Building’s Previous Function Current Picture
Number Name Previous Function Current Function Space Picture
Name Used
The Building’s
Number Previous Function Current Function Used
The Space Used Picture
Name
A headquarters for
Baeshen hosting A A headquarters
headquarters
servants for Traditional Coffee Full
and pil-
1 Baeshen for servants and
hosting grims,
servants
1 1 headquarters
Baeshen hosting thenand
pilgrims, then
pil- Traditional
the office Traditional
shop CoffeeFullspace
Full
space
headquarters
headquarters of grims,
Baeshenthen the officeCoffee shop
shop space
the office ofCompany
of Baeshen
Baeshen CompanyCompany
Part
Hisham
Hisham Punjabi
Punjabi Part
2 2 Hisham Punjabi Residential
Residential CoffeeCoffee
shop shopPart ofof the
the space
House
BuildingsHouse
2 2022, 12, 406 Residential Coffee shop of the
space 10 of 37
House
Buildings 2022, 12, 406 10 of 37
space
Cen-
Cen-for
ter
the
ter for
entire
the
area
entire
And
Residential, then the A non-profit culturalarea
the
3 Sharbatly’s House Egyptian Embassy, science center and And
Residential,
Residential, then A non-profit Center Cof-
for the
thenthen the A non-profit
residential cultural
Coffee shop
the Egyptian cultural science thefee the
entire areaAnd
3 3 Sharbatly’s
Sharbatly’s House Egyptian Embassy, science center and
House
Embassy, center and Coffee shop
Cof- is on
shop
thenthen residential CoffeeCoffee
residential shop shop the rooftop is on
fee
shopthe
roof-
is on
top
the
roof-
top
Coffee shop,
Coffee shop, Gallery Full
4 4 House
Baeshen’s Baeshen’s House Residential
Residential Palace Palace
Gallery Full space
and museum space
and museum

4 Baeshen’s House Residential Palace
and museum space
Part
Nassif House Museum and Coffee
5 Residential of the
Courtyard shop
space
Part
5 Residential of the
Courtyard shop
andshop,
Coffee museum
Gallery space
Full
Buildings 2022, 12, 406 and museum space 10 of 34
Table 1. Cont.
The Building’s
Number Previous Function Current Function The Space Used Picture
Name
Part
5 Residential ofPart
the
Courtyard
Nassif
Nassif House
House Museum
Museum shop
andand Coffee
5 5 Residential
Residential space
of the
Part of the space
Courtyard
Courtyard Coffee shop
shop
space
Part
ofPart
the
space
of the
and
space
A Coffee
A Coffee shop ofshop
a of a of the space
Part work
and
musicmusic
A institute
Coffee
institute shop that
that ofand
a work is in
6 6 Alhodaif’s
Alhodaif’s House
House Residential
Residential is
work in
holds musical
holds
music musical progress
events
institute that on the
6 Alhodaif’s House Residential events sometimes pro-
isspace
entire in
holdssometimes
musical events
gress
pro-
sometimes
on the
gress
entire
on the
space
entire
space
Through the above, a model was created to assess the quality of the adaptive reuse of
historical buildings and ensure that the buildings’ integrity and originality are preserved
over time. Permits are needed for the reuse process, but if the building is not periodically
reviewed following correct standards, it may lose its originality, which defeats the purpose
of employment. By analyzing the literature on standards and charters for reuse and
requirements related to buildings in the historical Jeddah region, according to the technical
guide for restoration and the Jeddah Municipality’s requirements, the model was built on
the following two axes:
• The first axis: Basic information about the building to identify its background—this
consists of seven basic elements.
• The second axis: Elements and criteria for reuse, restoration, and repair, consisting
of seven basic elements: suitability of the new function, architectural design (facades,
openings, Rowshan (i.e., raised wood covering for windows and external openings),
and building and finishing materials), interior design (internal distribution, furniture,
lighting, ventilation, and aesthetic and decorative aspects), security and safety, legal
aspects, economic aspects, and repair and restoration as per the technical guide for
restoration and the Jeddah Municipality.
3. Results
To ensure the effectiveness of the model, it was presented to five experienced arbitrators
in heritage buildings in the historic Jeddah region. The participants were coded to preserve
their confidentiality. They have at least eight years of experience in the field of heritage and
restoration in the historical region.
legal aspects, economic aspects, and repair and restoration as per the technical guide
for restoration and the Jeddah Municipality.
3. Results
Buildings 2022, 12, 406 To ensure the effectiveness of the model, it was presented to five experienced11arbi-
of 34
trators in heritage buildings in the historic Jeddah region. The participants were coded to
preserve their confidentiality. They have at least eight years of experience in the field of
heritage and restoration in the historical region.
3.1. The First Axis: Basic Information of the Building
Participants’
3.1. The First Axis:answers were coded
Basic Information as strongly
of the Building agree (+2), somewhat agree (+1), strongly
disagree (−2), and somewhat disagree (−1) for easy reading of the results. The first axis
Participants’ answers were coded as strongly agree (+2), somewhat agree (+1),
consists of basic information related to the building in terms of ownership, function, age,
strongly disagree (−2), and somewhat disagree (−1) for easy reading of the results. The
location, and classification from the competent authorities, as shown in Table 2. The results
first axis consists of basic information related to the building in terms of ownership, func-
are shown in Figure 6.
tion, age, location, and classification from the competent authorities, as shown in Table 2.
The results are shown in Figure 6.
Table 2. Building basic information questions.
Table Question
2. BuildingNumber
basic information questions.
Basic Information about the Building
QuestionQ1
Number BasicBuilding owner’sabout
Information name the Building
Q1
Q2 Building owner’s
Building name
investor’s name
Q2
Q3 Building investor’s
The main name
function of the building
Q3
Q4
The main function of the building
The current function of the building
Q4 The current function of the building
Q5 Date/time of the building visit for assessment
Q5 Date/time of the building visit for assessment
Classification
Classification of the
of the buildingaccording
building according to
to the
the classification
classification of of
Q6
Q6 Jeddah Municipality A-B-C
Jeddah Municipality A-B-C
Q7 Building location (lane, coordinates)
Q7 Building location (lane, coordinates)
Basic information about the building

100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7
Strongly Disagree Strongly Agree Somewhat Disagree Somewhat Agree
Figure 6. Results of basic information about the building.
In the previous table, the percentage of participants’ agreement with the inclusion
of basic information was high, as they agreed 100% on Questions 4, 5, and 7. As for
Questions 1, 3, and 6, three out of five participants agreed on the importance of having
this information. For Question 2, mutual agreement was only at 60%. Participant A1
proposed adding the following questions: Is the building occupied or abandoned? Has the
building been reused, and for what purpose? Has the building been professionally repaired?
Participant A3 suggested adding the age of the building, title deed information, building
permit information, plan information, dimensions, neighbors, and area. Participant A5
proposed adding the number of floors and the total area.
Buildings 2022, 12, 406 12 of 34
3.2. Second Axis: Elements and Criteria for Reuse, Restoration, and Repair
This axis includes seven elements: function adequacy and architectural design,
interior environment, application of security and safety standards, legal aspects, economic
aspects, and non-material aspects related to achieving the goals of repair and restoration of
heritage buildings.
3.2.1. The First Element: Suitability of the New Function

This element consists of a set of questions related to the function chosen for the
building, with respect to the building’s history, durability, and accessibility, as shown in
Table 3. The results are shown in Figure 7.
Table 3. Questions related to the suitability of the new function.
Question Number Question

Is the building within the heritage buildings area (not one of the new
Q8
buildings with a historical design in the historical area)?
Is the building classified under a category (A, B, C) of needing
Q9 restoration and reuse according to the Jeddah Municipality guide for
heritage buildings?
Is the new function respectful of the building’s history? For example,
Q10 is there a historical record for the building and is it employed with a
function that affects its historical record and social value?
Is the new function suitable to structure of building? This includes
Q11 the interior, the durability of furniture, and the human element in
terms of number and load.
Is accessibility to the building suitable for its new function (i.e., the
Q12
location is ideal for it)?
Are the external and internal paths of movement appropriate? This
means its universal design is suited to its environment so that it is
Q13
Buildings 2022, 12, 406 fully accessible and functional to all persons regardless of age, 13
size,
of 36
ability, or disability.
Suitable for New Function

100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
Q8 Q9 Q10 Q11 Q12 Q13
Figure 7.
Figure 7. Results
Results of
of suitable
suitable for
for new
new function.
function.
The agreement of the participants with the questions in this element ranged from
complete agreement to agreement to some extent. The participants saw a need to add or
reformulate the questions. Question 8 caused confusion, and 40% of the participants did
not agree with it. One participant thought the evaluation was for heritage buildings only
and did not include modern buildings. This caused the participants to propose reformu-
Buildings 2022, 12, 406 13 of 34
The agreement of the participants with the questions in this element ranged from
complete agreement to agreement to some extent. The participants saw a need to add or
reformulate the questions. Question 8 caused confusion, and 40% of the participants did not
agree with it. One participant thought the evaluation was for heritage buildings only and
did not include modern buildings. This caused the participants to propose reformulating
the question. Participant A1 suggested rephrasing it to “Is the building included in the
list of heritage buildings of the Municipality/Ministry of Culture?” Participant A2 also
suggested reformulation because he thought that the erected buildings in the heritage area
were heritage buildings only. Meanwhile, participant A4 suggested, “The classification of
heritage buildings was mentioned in the previous axis, so the question can be dispensed
with or replaced with this question: Is the building modern?”
In addition, participant A5 proposed this question: “Is the building site located
within the commercial hubs?” This would mean that the site is suitable for commercial
activity. The rest emphasized the paraphrasing of the questions, such as the suggestion of
participant A1 regarding Question 9: “Is the building classified as a category of buildings
(A, B, C) according to the Jeddah Municipality guide for heritage buildings?” While some
participants suggested dividing Question 12 into two questions, participant A4 proposed
“Is the new function suitable for urban planning?” and “Is it easy to access the site?” of
the building. For Question 13, participant A2 suggested that the external paths must be
separated from the internal movement.
3.2.2. The Second Element: Architectural Design (Facades, Openings, Rowshan, Building
and Finishing Materials)
This element consists of sub-elements related to building facades, openings, and
materials used in construction and finishing. It investigated whether the properties of the
materials used were compatible with those of the original materials of the building [10],
if the new element was distinct from the old, and if the new function was suitable for the
building’s structural durability [9,10]. The questions related to the facade investigated
additions made to it and its possible effects on the buildings and its external surroundings,
as shown in Table 4. The results are shown in Figure 8.
Table 4. Architectural design questions (facades).

Have the original facades (openings, colors, and finishing materials)
Q14
been changed?
What type of change was made, and does it affect the originality of
the building and the blending of the building with the external
Q15
surroundings? (If there is no change, please write that it does
not apply.)
Were new elements added to the facade so that they do not affect
the originality of the building? This includes the possibility of
Q16
distinguishing between the new element and the original element,
and the presence of evidence that can be referenced.
Q17 Is the current interface design compatible with the new functionality?
Is the current shape of the facade intact? This refers to safety of the
Q18
facade from cracks and traces of destruction.
The majority of participants agreed with the questions of this axis: For Questions
14 and 15, 80% strongly agreed and 20% agreed, and for Questions 16–18, the majority
strongly agreed. Participant A2 agreed with the questions, but suggested reformulating
them, adding, “Note that the change in the facades is not allowed in the classified heritage
buildings, but some internal changes are allowed”. For Questions 15 and 16, the participants
suggested including the availability of documents, especially for comparison in the event of
write that it does not apply.)
Were new elements added to the facade so that they do not
affect the originality of the building? This includes the possi-
Q16 bility of distinguishing between the new element and the
Buildings 2022, 12, 406 original element, and the presence of evidence that can14 beof 34
referenced.
Is the current interface design compatible with the new
Q17
changes to the building. Participant A3 added that it is preferable to attach the documents
functionality?
to make the differences clear.IsIntheQuestion 17, theofpercentage
current shape the facadeof disagreement
intact? was
This refers to at 40%,
safety
less than halfQ18
the total responses, and therefore the proposal to cancel it was
of the facade from cracks and traces of destruction.not appropriate.
Architectural design questions results (facades)

100.00%
80.00%
60.00%
40.00%
20.00%
0.00%
Q14 Q15 Q16 Q17 Q18
Figure
Figure 8.
8. Results
Results of
of the
the questions
questions on
on facades.
facades.
The
The majority of participants
sub-element that deals agreed
with thewith the questions
openings is shown of in
thisTable
axis:5.For Questions
The 14
results are
and 15, 80% strongly agreed and 20% agreed, and for Questions 16–18,
shown in Figure 9, which consists of the changes related to the openings in terms of design,the majority
strongly agreed.
area, material, Participant
color, A2 agreed with the questions, but suggested reformulating
or new additions.
them, adding, “Note that the change in the facades is not allowed in the classified heritage
Table 5. Architectural
buildings, but some design questions
internal changes (openings).
are allowed.” For Questions 15 and 16, the partici-
pants suggested including the availability of documents, especially for comparison in the
event of changes to the building. Participant A3 added that it is preferable to attach the
Was the design
documents to make the differences clear.ofInthe openings17,
Question changed to suit the new
the percentage function
of disagreement
less than half the total responses, and therefore the proposal to cancel it are
was at 40%,Q19 without affecting the originality of the design (e.g., the windows was
rectangular or square and the base of the window should not be
not appropriate. longer than its height)?
The sub-element that deals with the openings is shown in Table 5. The results are
Was the ratio between the openings and the walls changed (50% in the
shown in Figure 9, which consists of the changes related to the openings in terms of de-
Q20 public and main facades, and in the event of re-building with traditional
sign, area, material, color, or new additions.
resources, it must not exceed 35% to avoid structural failure)?
Was the type of openings on the street factored in (the big openings
Q21
on the public street)?
Was the quality of the openings on the street factored in (the small
Q22
openings on the narrow streets)?
Has the Rowshan been changed (e.g., color, material, design),
Q23
if applicable?
Have new elements been added to the external facades (no other
Q24 balconies are added, and if there are any other openings outside the
scope of the windows, they must be obscured by a decorative barrier)?
Has the design and location of the doors been changed to match the
Q25 current function of the building (e.g., material, color, addition of locks
or other external elements)?
Was the arch design changed to match the building’s current function
Q26
(decoration, color, etc.)?
Q21
ings on the public street)?
Was the quality of the openings on the street factored in (the small
Q22
openings on the narrow streets)?
Has the Rowshan been changed (e.g., color, material, design), if
Q23
Buildings 2022, 12, 406 applicable? 15 of 34
Have new elements been added to the external facades (no other
balconies are added, and if there are any other openings outside
Q24
For Questions 19–22, scope
the there isofan
the windows,
equal they of
percentage must be who
those obscured by adisagreed
strongly decorative and
barrier)?
those who somewhat agreed. For Questions 23–26, 60% strongly agreed. However, there
Has the design
remained some who strongly and The
disagreed. location of the doors
formulation been
of the changed
questions to match
may have led
to a lack Q25
of clarity for the current function of the assessment.
person conducting building (e.g.,Asmaterial, color, addition
for the questions dealing
with changes to openings, doors,
of locks and arches,
or other externalthe opinion of participant A2 was that “No
elements)?
changes should be made Was tothe
heritage buildings”.
arch design Thisto
changed supports
match thethebuilding’s
importance of including
current func-
Q26
these questions in the tion
checklist to ensure the authenticity of the building.
(decoration, color, etc.)?
Architectural design questions (openings)

100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
Q19 Q20 Q21 Q22 Q23 Q24 Q25 Q26
Figure
Figure 9.
9. Results
Results of
of the
the questions
questions on
on openings.
openings.
The third sub-component deals with building and finishing materials and their
Buildings 2022, 12, 406 17 of 36
relationship with the strength and safety of the building and their suitability to the original
materials, as shown in Table 6. The results are shown in Figure 10.
Architectural design questions (construction and

finishing)
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
Q27 Q28 Q29 Q30 Q31 Q32 Q33 Q34 Q35 Q36 Q37 Q38
Figure
Figure 10.
10. Results
Results of
of the
the questions
questions on
on construction and finishing.
construction and finishing.
The majority of the participants agreed with the questions. Those who strongly
agreed had the highest percentage, 80%, with regard to protecting the wood used in Row-
shan with insulating materials and additives that would not affect the originality of the
building. Those who agreed with Questions 35 and 36 totaled 60%. As for Questions 28
and 31, participant A2 commented, “The building materials in heritage buildings are
Buildings 2022, 12, 406 16 of 34
Table 6. Architectural design questions (construction and finishing).

Are the building materials suitable without negatively affecting the
Q27
safety and durability of the building?
Q28 For safety and security, are the building materials fireproof?
Are the building and finishing materials good quality and likely to last a
Q29
long time?
Do the added materials not affect the originality of the building? That is,
Q30 the nature and characteristics of the new materials are as close as possible
to the original materials.
Are the new materials compatible with the nature of the building so that
Q31 the materials are suitable for the original nature of the building (i.e.,
proportionality in design)?
Was Coral stone (Manqabi) used in the correct locations? This would
Q32
mean using Al-Manaqib stone for cladding, facades, and walls.
Was the wood used in the correct locations? This would mean high
Q33
quality wood was used for ceilings and walls.
Has the wood used in Rowshan been protected? This would mean that
Q34 the wood used in the high-quality straws is coated with an insulating
material to protect it from corrosion.
Were the appropriate materials used in the entrance decorations? Any
Q35
decoration in the entrance would be made from plaster and lime.
Q36 Was glass used in the correct locations, that is, only for windows?
Q37 Are the materials used authorized by the municipality?
Was white plaster used in the correct location? The exterior facade
Q38
should be painted with white plaster for the entire building.
The majority of the participants agreed with the questions. Those who strongly agreed
had the highest percentage, 80%, with regard to protecting the wood used in Rowshan
with insulating materials and additives that would not affect the originality of the building.
Those who agreed with Questions 35 and 36 totaled 60%. As for Questions 28 and 31,
participant A2 commented, “The building materials in heritage buildings are known and
should not be touched. It must be clarified in the question that what is meant by materials
are building repair materials, which should be addressed by evaluation”. For Question 29,
participant A2 said that the question includes two elements that must be separated into two
for the evaluation to be accurate. A total of 80% agreed with Question 38. Participant A5
suggested adding “except for wooden beams”, which must not be touched. Meanwhile, 60%
agreed with Questions 32 and 33. The lowest percentage for the strongly agree option was
20% for Question 37, but 60% agreed to some extent that this may be because some thought
that the current legislative body responsible for material permits is not the Municipality,
but an entity linked to the Ministry of Culture and Heritage Management. Therefore, the
question should be reformulated.
3.2.3. The Third Element: Interior Design

Interior design includes several sub-elements: internal distribution, furniture, lighting,
ventilation, and aesthetics and decoration.
Internal distribution deals with the correct method of using internal spaces and paths of
movement, as well as making additions that do not affect the originality and durability of the
building. The modifications made to the interior design should be minimal to preserve the
originality of the building [15] and propose the functional use of spatial planning [17,21], as
well as for aesthetic and symbolic values [15]. The results are shown in Table 7 and Figure 11.
Buildings 2022, 12, 406 17 of 34
Table 7. Interior design questions (interior distribution).

Were the previous spaces utilized with appropriate activities for
Q39
the new function?
Were new spaces added that affected the originality of the
Q40
building (in terms of division)?
Were new spaces added that affected the durability of the
Q41
Buildings 2022, 12, 406 building (in terms of loading)? 18 of 36
Are movement lines suitable for the new building function
Q42
(i.e., accessibility)?
Table 7. Interior design questions (interior distribution).
It is evident that between 80% and 100% of the participants agreed with the questions.
Some participants, however, considered it necessary to reformulate a question or suggested
adding a note Were the previous spaces utilized with appropriate activities
Q39to a question to provide more detail. The 20% strongly disagree option was
chosen by participant A2.for the Question
Since new function?
40 asks if the original spaces have been divided,
participantQ40 Were new spaces
A2 suggested eliminating Question added that affected
41, probably due the originality
to its wording. of the must
There
building (in terms of division)?
be no additions to the original spaces, and the possible extent of the original partition of
Were new
the building should be considered sospaces added
that the that affected
modification the durability
is within of boundary
the partition the
Q41
of the vacuum itself without any additions.
building One
(in terms of participant, A4, also suggested wording
loading)?
the same question as, “Have new spaceslines
Are movement beensuitable
added that have
for the newaffected thefunction
building construction
(i.e.,
elements ofQ42the building?”
accessibility)?
Interior design questions (interior distribution)

100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
Q39 Q40 Q41 Q42
Figure
Figure 11.
11. Results
Results of
of the
the questions
questions on
on interior distribution.
interior distribution.
It
Theis evident that
furniture between
element 80% andcompatibility
addressed 100% of the participants agreed
with the basic with
nature thestructure
and questions.
of
Some participants,
the building, however,
factoring considered
in its design and theitcombination
necessary toofreformulate
authenticityaand
question or sug-
contemporary
gested
style. Theadding a note
interior to a questions
design question to provide
related more detail.
to furniture The 20%
are shown in strongly disagree
Table 8 and Figureop-
12.
tion was chosen by participant A2. Since Question 40 asks if the original spaces have been
divided, participant A2 suggested eliminating Question 41, probably due to its wording.
There must be no additions to the original spaces, and the possible extent of the original
partition of the building should be considered so that the modification is within the par-
tition boundary of the vacuum itself without any additions. One participant, A4, also sug-
gested wording the same question as, “Have new spaces been added that have affected
the construction elements of the building?”
The furniture element addressed compatibility with the basic nature and structure of
the building, factoring in its design and the combination of authenticity and contemporary
style. The interior design questions related to furniture are shown in Table 8 and Figure
historical buildings.” However, the researchers believe that their presence must be con-
sidered with the design of the building, as it considers the historical aspect of the building
Buildings 2022, 12, 406 and its nature, in addition to its relevance to the new activity to preserve the originality
18 of 34
and continuity of the building.
Table 8. Interior design questions (furniture).

Table 8. Interior design questions (furniture).
Is the shape of the furniture commensurate with the nature of the
Q43 Is the shape of the furniture commensurate with the nature of the
Q43 original building?
original building?
Is the shape of the furniture commensurate with the new function
Q44 Is the shape of the furniture commensurate with the new function that
Q44 that combines originality and contemporary style?
combines originality and contemporary style?
Is the distribution of furniture and its number commensurate with
Q45 Is the distribution of furniture and its number commensurate with the
Q45 the new activity?
new activity?
Did the quality of the furniture place an excessive load on the
Q46
Q46 Did the quality of the furniture place an excessive load on the building?
building?
Interior Design Questions (Furniture)

100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
Q43 Q44 Q45 Q46
Figure 12.
Figure 12. Results
Results of
of the
the questions on furniture.
questions on furniture.
Looking
In at lighting,
Questions 45–46, the
60%element includesstrongly
of participants items based on the
agreed, andextent
40% to which the
somewhat light-
agreed.
ing and
For its quantity
Questions 43 and are44,
proportional
there was an to the
equalnature and current
percentage activity
between thoseof who
the building,
strongly
and the impact
disagreed of its who
and those extensions
somewhat on the security and
disagreed. safety ofagreed
Participants the building,
with theas questions
shown in
Table 9 with the results listed in Figure 13.
but suggested adding a note or reformulating the question. For example, participant A4
considered reformulating Question 46 to “Has the quality of furniture led to construction
Table 9. Interior
problems for thedesign questions
building?” (lighting).A1 disagreed to some extent with Questions 43 and
Participant
44, stating, “This
Question Number item Question
does not fall within the criteria for evaluating the reuse of historical
buildings”. However, the researchers believe that their presence must be considered with
Is the amount of artificial lighting appropriate for new activities?
the design of the building, as it considers the historical aspect of the building and its nature,
Q47 That is, it does not cause glaring, dazzling, or other lighting prob-
in addition to its relevance to the new activity to preserve the originality and continuity of
the building. lems.
Looking Is the amount of natural lighting commensurate with the new ac-
Q48 at lighting, the element includes items based on the extent to which the
lighting and its quantity tivity
are of the building?
proportional to the nature and current activity of the building,
Has the design
and the impact of its extensions on the of the lighting
security andunits been
safety changed
of the so that
building, as it com- in
shown
Q49the resultsbines
Table 9 with listedoriginal
in Figure and13.contemporary styles and does not affect the
Most participantsoriginality
agreed that of lighting is an important element. Question 49 was the
the building?
only one to receive a “strongly disagree” response, which came from participant A1, who
said, “It is not necessary for this item to be included in the criteria for reuse of heritage
buildings”. Participant A5 also proposed for Question 48 to ask, “Is there natural light
and a balance between nature and industry, considering the trends of the building and the
Buildings 2022, 12, 406 19 of 34
movement of the sun?” and “Have the distinction of extensions been taken into account so
as to make it easier to distinguish them?”
Table 9. Interior design questions (lighting).

Is the amount of artificial lighting appropriate for new activities? That is,
Q47
it does not cause glaring, dazzling, or other lighting problems.
Is the amount of natural lighting commensurate with the new activity of
Q48
the building?
Buildings 2022, 12, 406 20 of 36
Has the design of the lighting units been changed so that it combines
Q49 original and contemporary styles and does not affect the originality of
the building?
Q50 Do the lighting extensions affect the originality of the building?
Q50 Do the lighting extensions affect the originality of the building?
Do the lighting extensions affect the security and safety of the
Q51
Q51 Do the lighting extensions affect the security and safety of the building?
building?
Interior design questions (lighting)

100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
Q47 Q48 Q49 Q50 Q51
Figure 13.
Figure 13. Results
Results for
for the
the questions on lighting.
questions on lighting.
Most participants
Ventilation covers agreed that lighting
the relevance is anand
of natural important
industrialelement. Question
ventilation 49 was
to new the
activity
only one to receive a “strongly disagree” response, which came from participant
and the extent to which it affects the authenticity and tolerance of the building, as shown in A1, who
said, “It
Table 10. isThe
notresults
necessary for thisinitem
are shown to 14.
Figure be included in the criteria for reuse of heritage
buildings.” Participant A5 also proposed for Question 48 to ask, “Is there natural light and
a balance
Table between
10. Interior nature
design and industry,
questions considering the trends of the building and the
(ventilation).
movement of the sun?” and “Have the distinction of extensions been taken into account
so Question
as to make Number Question
it easier to distinguish them?”
Ventilation
Q52
covers Isthe
therelevance
proportionofofnatural
natural and industrial
ventilation ventilation
commensurate to the
with new activity
new activity?
and the extent to which it affects the authenticity and tolerance of the building, as shown
in Table 10.
Q53The resultsIsare shown ventilation
industrial in Figure 14.
proportional to the new activity?
The majority agreed with all ventilation-related
Do the extensions for the ventilation questions,
elementswith
affect80% strongly agree-
the originality of
ing and 20%Q54somewhat agreeing. Arbitrator A3 somewhat agreed, suggesting that a detail
the building?
box be added
Q55 to each question.
Have the ventilation extensions affected the building’s structural strength?
Table 10. Interior design questions (ventilation).

Is the proportion of natural ventilation commensurate with
Q52
the new activity?
Q53 Is industrial ventilation proportional to the new activity?
Do the extensions for the ventilation elements affect the origi-
Interior Design Questions (Ventilation)
100%
80%
Buildings 2022, 12,
Buildings 2022, 12, 406
406 2120of
of 36
34
60%
40%
Interior Design Questions (Ventilation)
100%
20%
80%
0%
Q52 Q53 Q54 Q55
60% Strongly Disagree Strongly Agree Somewhat Disagree Somewhat Agree
40%
Figure 14. Results for the questions on ventilation.
20% The aesthetic and decorative aspect was also addressed, as shown in Table 11 and
Figure 15. The items included the decoration and materials used and investigated if these
0% affected the originality of the building.
Q52 Q53 Q54 Q55
Strongly
Table 11. Interior design questions (aesthetic and decorative design).Agree
Disagree Strongly Agree Somewhat Disagree Somewhat

Figure
Figure 14.
14. Results
Results for
for the
the questions
questions on
on ventilation.
ventilation.
Are different materials used in the decoration so as not to affect
Q56
The majority
aestheticagreed the originality
and decorative
with of the
aspect wasbuilding?
also addressed,
all ventilation-related as shown
questions, with in Tableagreeing
80% strongly 11 and
Figure
and 20%15.somewhat Are
The itemsagreeing. the original
includedArbitrator decorations
the decoration of the
and materials
A3 somewhat building
used
agreed, preserved, or
and investigated
suggesting are the
if these
that a detail box
affected
be addedtheQ57
to originality new
of
each question. thedecorations
building. compatible with the original nature of the build-
The aesthetic and ing?decorative aspect was also addressed, as shown in Table 11 and
Table
Figure11.
15.Interior design
The items questions
included
Does the (aesthetic
the and
decoration
building decorative
and combine
design design).
materials used and investigated
originality if these
and contemporary
Q58
affected the originality of the
design?building.
Are different materials used in the decoration so as not to affect
Q56
the originality of the building?
Interior design questions (aesthetic and decorative
Are the original decorations of the building preserved, or are the
Q57 design)
new decorations compatible with the original nature of the build-
100% ing?
Does the building design combine originality and contemporary
Q58
80% design?
60%
Interior design questions (aesthetic and decorative
40%
design)
100%
20%
80%
0%
60% Q56 Q57 Q58

40%
Figure 15. Results for the questions on aesthetics and decorations.
Figure 15. Results for the questions on aesthetics and decorations.
20%
The majority of the participants strongly agreed with Question 56, with participant A3
0% suggesting adding a box with further detail. For Question 57, 80% strongly agreed and 20%
somewhat
Q56 agreed, which was participant
Q57 A30 s choice, for the
Q58same reason as the previous
question. The lowest percentage of agreement was for Question 58 at 60%, and 40% did not
Strongly Disagree
agree with theStrongly
questionAgree Somewhat Disagree
at all. Participant A3 had the Somewhat Agree
same reason, citing the addition of a
box for detail. Participant A1 justified this choice of not agreeing at all by saying, “It is not
Figure 15. Results
necessary forthis
to enter the item
questions
in theonprocess
aesthetics
of and decorations.
evaluating the reuse of heritage buildings”.
Buildings 2022, 12, 406 21 of 34
Buildings 2022, 12, 406 22 of 36
Table 11. Interior design questions (aesthetic and decorative design).

The majority of the participants strongly agreed with Question 56, with participant
A3Question Number
suggesting adding aQuestion
box with further detail. For Question 57, 80% strongly agreed and
20% somewhat agreed,Are which was participant
different materials usedA3′s choice,
in the for thesosame
decoration as notreason asthe
to affect the pre-
Q56
originality
vious question. The lowest of the building?
percentage of agreement was for Question 58 at 60%, and 40%
did not agree with the Are
question at all.decorations
the original ParticipantofA3
the had the same
building reason,
preserved, citing
or are the ad-
the new
Q57
dition of a box for detail. Participant
decorations A1 justified
compatible thisoriginal
with the choicenature
of notofagreeing at all by say-
the building?
ing, “It isQ58
not necessaryDoes
to enter this itemdesign
the building in thecombine
processoriginality
of evaluating the reuse of design?
and contemporary heritage
buildings.”
3.2.4. The Fourth Element: Security and Safety
3.2.4. The Fourth Element: Security and Safety
This element included items related to security and safety, as shown in Table 12 and
This element included items related to security and safety, as shown in Table 12 and
Figure 16, such as the application of the requirements of the authorities concerned with
Figure 16, such as the application of the requirements of the authorities concerned with
the security and safety of buildings, appropriate paths for emergency evacuation, and the
the security
presence andextinguishers
of fire safety of buildings, appropriate
and emergency paths for emergency evacuation, and the
exits.
presence of fire extinguishers and emergency exits.
Table 12. Security and safety questions.
Table 12. Security and safety questions.
Arethe
Are the security
security and
andsafety
safetyrequirements
requirements applied correctly
applied so thatso
correctly the
Q59 requirements are consistent with the plan of the Ministry of Culture
Q59 that the requirements
for heritage buildings? are consistent with the plan of the Minis-
try of Culture for heritage buildings?
Has the principle of continuity and resilience of the building been
Q60 Has the principle
achieved so that itsof continuity
condition and
allows forresilience of the
the continuity building
of its existence
Q60 been achieved so that its condition
and maintenance of its safety long term? allows for the continuity of
Q61 its existence
Are emergency andexits
maintenance
allocated toof
theits safety long term?
building?
Q61 Are emergency exits allocated to the building?
Q62 Are there fire extinguishers?
Q62 Are there fire extinguishers?
Q63 Are movement paths suitable for emergency evacuation?
Q63 Are movement paths suitable for emergency evacuation?
Security and Safety Questions

100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
Q59 Q60 Q61 Q62 Q63
Figure 16.
Figure 16. Results of the
Results of the questions
questions on
on security
security and
and safety.
safety.
The majority
The majority ofofparticipants
participantsstrongly
stronglyagreed
agreed with
with Question
Question 59,59, with
with 20%20% choosing
choosing the
the somewhat
somewhat agreeagree option.
option. For Question
For Question 62, participant
62, participant A2 suggested
A2 suggested that thethat the question
question should
should
be, be, “Is
“Is there there a system
a system for detection,
for detection, alarm,
alarm, and fireand fire extinguishing?”
extinguishing?” The researchers
The researchers agreed
agreed with the proposed wording—the item must include the entire system of
Buildings 2022, 12, 406 23 of 36
Buildings 2022, 12, 406 22 of 34
extinguishing, detecting, and others. Participant A5 also suggested adding the question,
“Are the tools for the fire system kept in a suitable place that does not affect the originality
with the proposed
and heritage of the wording—the
building?” Thisitem must include
confirms what thethe entire system
researchers of extinguishing,
discussed, which was
detecting, and others. Participant A5 also suggested adding the
that any addition to the building cannot affect its originality and value. question, “Are the tools for
the fire system kept in a suitable place that does not affect the originality and heritage of
the building?”
3.2.5. The FifthThis confirms
Element: Legal what the researchers discussed, which was that any addition
Aspects
to the building cannot affect its originality and value.
This element includes the legal aspects related to the functional proposals for the re-
3.2.5. building,
used The Fifth according to theAspects
Element: Legal proposals of the responsible authorities. This is to ensure
that the evidence (in the Technical Guide to Jeddah Historic District) for preserving and
This element includes the legal aspects related to the functional proposals for the
restoring heritage buildings is followed and that the suitability of the proposed use abides
reused building, according to the proposals of the responsible authorities. This is to ensure
by the proposals of the Jeddah Municipality [16], as shown in Table 13 and Figure 17.
that the evidence (in the Technical Guide to Jeddah Historic District) for preserving and
restoring heritage buildings is followed and that the suitability of the proposed use abides
Table 13. Legal aspects questions.
by the proposals of the Jeddah Municipality [16], as shown in Table 13 and Figure 17.
Table 13. Legal aspects questions.
Is the proposed use suitable for the building in accordance with
Question Number
the proposals of the Jeddah Secretariat? The function selection for
Question
first-class buildings in a certain governmental, administrative, ed-
Is the proposed use suitable for the building in accordance with the
Q64 ucational,
proposals of or the
cultural
Jeddaharea, and theThe
Secretariat? function selection
function selectionfor
forsecond
first-class
and third-class buildings in an office, residential, hotel,
buildings in a certain governmental, administrative, educational, or com-
or
Q64
mercial
culturalarea,
area, shall
and thebefunction
subject selection
to optimalfor selection
second andinthird-class
all classifica-
buildings
tions of theinauthorized
an office, residential,
entities. hotel, or commercial area, shall be
subject to optimal selection in all classifications of the authorized entities.
Was the original design of the building documented and approved
Q65 Was
Q65 by thethe original design
municipality of the building
through writtendocumented
approval? and approved by the
municipality through written approval?
Was the technical guide for restoration of the historic area fol-
Q66
Q66 Was the technical guide for restoration of the historic area followed?
lowed?
Legal Aspects Questions

80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
Q64 Q65 Q66
Figure 17. Results for the questions on legal aspects.

Figure 17. Results for the questions on legal aspects.
Thereare
There areclear
cleardifferences
differences in in opinions
opinions on on these
these questions,
questions, as 80%
as 80% agreed
agreed with Ques-
with Question 64.
tion “somewhat
The 64. The “somewhat agree”may
agree” choice choice may be attributed
be attributed to participant
to participant A2, whoA2, who
noted noted
that that
it needs
it needs
to to be reformulated,
be reformulated, and to participant
and to participant A3, who A3,suggested
who suggested
addingadding
a boxafor
boxdetail
for detail
and
and allowing
allowing for answers
for answers otherother
than than yes
yes or no.orParticipant
no. Participant A4 believed
A4 also also believed that “there
that “there may
may
be an be an updated
updated classification
classification of buildings
of buildings and their and their
uses”. For uses.”
QuestionFor65,Question 65, all
all participants
agreed, with participant A3 only somewhat agreeing due to his suggestion to add details
to the question, as previously noted. Participant A4 suggested replacing the municipality
Buildings 2022, 12, 406 24 of 36
Buildings 2022, 12, 406 23 of 34
participants agreed, with participant A3 only somewhat agreeing due to his suggestion to
add details to the question, as previously noted. Participant A4 suggested replacing the
with the current
municipality withresponsible
the currentorresponsible
legislative body, becausebody,
or legislative the municipality
because theno longer has no
municipality all
the power over the historical area. For Question 66, 60% strongly agreed, 20% somewhat
longer has all the power over the historical area. For Question 66, 60% strongly agreed,
agreed, and 20%
20% somewhat somewhat
agreed, disagreed.
and 20% somewhatThedisagreed.
guide shouldThebe regularly
guide shouldupdated, as there
be regularly up-
may be new requirements and evidence issued by the Ministry of Culture.
dated, as there may be new requirements and evidence issued by the Ministry of Culture.
3.2.6. The Sixth Element: Economic Aspects
3.2.6. The Sixth Element: Economic Aspects
Economic feasibility and self-financing are some of the objectives of the adaptive reuse
Economic feasibility and self-financing are some of the objectives of the adaptive re-
of buildings [15]. The sixth element includes achieving economic feasibility and stimulating
use of buildings
commercial [15].
traffic, as The sixth
shown in element
Table 14 includes achieving
and Figure 18. economic feasibility and stim-
ulating commercial traffic, as shown in Table 14 and Figure 18.
Table 14. Economic aspects questions.
Table 14. Economic aspects questions.
Q67
Q67 WasWasthethe economicfeasibility
economic feasibility of
ofreusing
reusingthe
thebuilding achieved?
building achieved?
Has reuse contributed to revitalizing the commercial
Has reuse contributed to revitalizing the commercial movement movement of
Q68
Q68 the region?
of the region?
WasWasthethereturn
returnon
on investment
investment for forthe project
the feasible
project (e.g.,(e.g.,
feasible investment
invest-
Q69
Q69 ratio, profit)?
ment ratio, profit)?
Q70 AreAre
thethe maintenancecosts
maintenance costs of
of the
thereused
reusedbuilding
building appropriate
appropriate
Q70 and reasonable?
and reasonable?
Eonomic Aspects Questions

100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
Q67 Q68 Q69 Q70
Figure 18.
Figure 18. Results
Results for
for the
the questions on economic
questions on economic aspects.
aspects.
Results show
Results show that the participants
that the participants agreed with all
agreed with all questions
questions by
by 80%.
80%. Participant
Participant A1
A1
strongly disagreed, saying for Question 67, “This item belongs to the investor and
strongly disagreed, saying for Question 67, “This item belongs to the investor is not
and is not
evaluation.” For Question 68, participant A1 stated, “It
included under the architectural evaluation”.
comprehensive demographic and
is difficult to evaluate this item because it requires a comprehensive
economic study at the level of thethe region”.
region.” For Question 69, participant A1 noted, “The
outcome of this question cannot be predicted and there may be other influences on the
project that are not related to the architectural components”.
components.” For Question 70, participant
A1 asked, “How is this evaluation conducted?” This may be because the assessment of
predominantly architectural.
adaptive reuse is predominantly architectural. However,
However, researchers consider that the
evaluation process is based on the knowledge that all material and non-material aspects of
the project should be included as a precise model.
Buildings 2022, 12, 406 24 of 34
3.2.7. The Seventh Element: Repair and Restoration of Heritage Buildings

This element touched on the non-physical aspects of heritage in addition to improving
the environmental conditions of the area and the suitability of the proposed new functions
to the requirements and needs of the times. It included questions on the balance between
tradition and modernity, the requirements of the current generation [15], the compatibility
of the proposed use with the beliefs, values, and interests of the community, and the
promotion of community awareness and cohesion [17]. This is presented in Table 15
and Figure 19.
Table 15. Questions about aspects related to repair and restoration of heritage buildings.

Has the cultural heritage been highlighted, and the collective memory of
Q71 the community transmitted correctly? This refers to the transfer of history,
culture, customs, and traditions of the inhabitants of the original building.
Has the region’s cultural activity been improved, and the region’s
Q72
functions and activities diversified?
Has compatibility and harmony been achieved between activities,
Q73
housing, and traditional crafts?
Q74 Have the residents’ standards of living and access to the area improved?
Have environmental conditions been improved through appropriate
Q75 urban planning? This means improving energy management, preventing
pollution, and preventing waste.
Have new functions and uses been created that keep pace with
Q76 contemporary developments and meet the needs of
sustainable development?
Has flexibility been achieved for the building through continuous
Q77 evaluation and keeping pace with the repair processes of unexpected
social and economic developments and changes?
Buildings 2022, 12, 406 Does the new function fit with the nature of the building or place so
26 that
of 36
Q78
the new activities do not marginalize traditional activities?
Questions about aspects related to repair and

restoration of heritage buildings
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
Q71 Q72 Q73 Q74 Q75 Q76 Q77 Q78
Figure 19.
Figure 19. Results
Results for
for the
the questions on repair
questions on repair and
and restoration
restoration of
of heritage
heritage buildings.
buildings.
4. Discussion
The data from the arbitration of specialists on the proposed model for the evaluation
of heritage buildings in historic Jeddah show that the results were positive for most of the
questions, especially those related to the physical aspects of the building. Participants felt
Buildings 2022, 12, 406 25 of 34
The diversity of the “strongly agree” responses was between 60% and 80% for these
questions. For Question 71, arbitrators noted that the question was subjective. Participant
A1 believed that Question 73 was unrealistic, and participant A2 believed Question 74
should be eliminated.
4. Discussion
The data from the arbitration of specialists on the proposed model for the evaluation
of heritage buildings in historic Jeddah show that the results were positive for most of the
questions, especially those related to the physical aspects of the building. Participants felt
that the elements could be measured and identified through the model when the building
is periodically evaluated by specialists and stakeholders, and therefore the model would
be an integral part of the detailed measurable documentation of the building. It would
also be useful in determining defective aspects contained in the model. To make it easier
for the evaluator to know the location of the defect in a particular element, it is suggested
that a special field for notes be added for each element. The specialists suggested that some
elements be reformulated for clarity, and elements be added and clarified in the final model.
In the first axis relating to the basic information of the building, the percentage of
agreement was high, with suggestions to add choices for the building’s new function.
For the second axis relating to criteria for reuse, restoration, and repair, the specialists
agreed with the first element on the suitability of the new function, with a proposed
reformulation of some questions and the revision of Question 8, as this evaluation is for
heritage buildings only and not for new buildings. In addition, there were some proposals
to delete certain questions because of their inappropriateness. The rest of the proposals
were about reformulating and separating some of the questions into parts, such as those
related to ease of access, urban planning, and internal and external movement paths.
The second element covers the external features of the building (facades, openings,
Rowshan, materials, and finishing). The proposed additions of some participants for
changing the facades are not allowed in the classified heritage buildings, as only some
internal changes are permitted. However, the researchers elected to keep this question,
as the model was developed to ensure that the project does not affect the facade of the
building. Question 17 was deleted because it was not suitable. It is clear in the element
regarding openings (doorways) that the questions were all appropriate—it is not necessary
to change the openings, doors, and arches, because they represent originality. With regard
to the finishing materials, most of the participants agreed with the questions posed in the
form, also proposing additional items, such as switching building materials in heritage
buildings to repair materials. Moreover, except for the takalil “wooden beam between the
row of stones and the other, in the wall to distribute the loads in the building” in Question
38, it was recommended by the participants not to touch wooden beams when applying
plaster to the facade.
The interior design covers internal distribution, furniture, lighting, ventilation, and
the aesthetic and decorative design. As for the internal distribution, the participants
recommended to reformulate the questions while preserving the meaning. For the furniture
component, one of the participants mentioned that the item does not fall within the criteria
for evaluating the reuse of historical buildings. However, the researchers believe that
it should be included in the list, as the size and shape of the pieces of furniture can
have a positive or negative impact on the building. Regarding the lighting element, the
majority of the participants agreed with the items, although some suggested a reformulation
of the questions and clarification of some points, such as factoring in the direction of
the building, the movement of the sun, or the amount of natural lighting in Question
48. Some also suggested adding questions, such as whether a balance was achieved
between the use of natural and artificial lighting, and whether it is easy to distinguish
the extensions. The new elements in the heritage buildings must be distinguishable, as
confirmed by international conventions on preserving heritage buildings. As for the
ventilation component, all participants agreed with the questions without any suggestions
Buildings 2022, 12, 406 26 of 34
for wording, although a question was added on distinguishing extensions, as is the case
in lighting. The researchers see the necessity of the question here, as the item needs to be
included in the evaluation process. As for the decorative and aesthetic aspect, the majority
of arbitrators agreed with the questions; however, two out of five participants did not agree
with Question 58 on combining originality and contemporary design, with one of them
justifying that it is not necessary to address this item in the process of evaluating the reuse
of buildings. The researchers, however, see the necessity of the question, as reuse is based
on meeting contemporary needs while being careful not to prejudice the originality of
the building.
As for the security and safety component, most participants agreed with the questions,
but some suggested that they should be reformulated while retaining their meaning.
When we asked about the legal aspect, the participants agreed with the questions,
but some suggested reformulating them and adding a box for detail, with the option for
an answer other than yes or no. One of them stressed the need to verify the proposed
classifications of existing buildings, as there may be updated classifications, at which point
the researchers communicated that this current classification is currently in effect. The
Ministry of Culture is updating it, but this is yet to be completed.
For the economic aspect, the majority of participants agreed with the questions, but
one believed that they should not be included in the architectural assessment process, as
they are difficult to measure. However, the researchers believe these should be included,
as the economic feasibility of a project is one of the objectives of adaptive reuse, and the
evaluation process is based on knowledge of various architectural and non-architectural
aspects to ensure the preservation and authenticity of these buildings, which is what the
study sought to achieve.
Finally, for the non-material aspects of the evaluation, there were some proposals to
amend or delete some of the questions, which may be due to the difficulty of evaluating the
non-material aspects by a non-specialist. The researchers see the necessity of its existence;
thus, the evaluator must be experienced in the field of heritage and architecture and with
the materials and other aspects when writing their opinion in a specialized and accurate
manner, based on certain criteria, for the model to achieve its objectives effectively. Table 16
shows the finalized model.
Buildings 2022, 12, 406 27 of 34
Table 16. Final model for evaluation of the adaptive reuse of historical buildings.
Axes Element Evaluation Items Illustration Notes

The first axis Basic information about the building Building owner’s name
Building investor’s name
The main function of the building
The current function of the building
Date/time of the building visit for assessment
Classification of the building according to the classification of Jeddah Municipality A-B-C?
Building location (lane, coordinates)
Is the building occupied or abandoned (choose a function)?
Has the building been professionally repaired (choosing a function)?
Building age
Number of floors
Total area
Building permit information
Sketch information, dimensions, neighbours and area (to match)
The second axis: Suitable for the new function Is the building classified as building category (A, B, C)?
elements and criteria
Is the new function respectful of the building’s history (for example, that there is historical
for reuse, restoration
record for the building and it is employed with a function that affects its historical record
and repair
and social value)
Is the new function suitable for the structure of the building? (Interior design of the
building, durability of furniture, human element in terms of number and load)
Is the new function suitable for urban planning?
Is accessibility to the building suitable to its new function? (the location is ideal to its
new function.)
Are external movement paths suitable? (Its universal design is suited to its environment
so that it is fully accessible and functional to all persons regardless of age, size, ability,
or disability.)
Buildings 2022, 12, 406 28 of 34
Table 16. Cont.

Are internal movement paths suitable? (Its universal design is suited to its environment
so that it is fully accessible and functional to all persons regardless of age, size, ability
or disability.)
Architectural design (facades, openings, Architectural design (facades)
Rowshan, building and finishing materials)
Have the original facades (openings, colours, finishing materials) been changed?
What type of change was made and does it affect the originality of the building and the
blending of the building with the external surroundings? (If there is no change, please
write that it does not apply.)
Were new elements added to the facade so that they do not affect the originality of the
building? (The possibility of distinguishing between the new element and the original
element and the presence of evidence that can be referenced)
Is the current shape of the facade intact? (the safety of the facade from cracks and traces
of destruction)
Architectural design (openings)
Was the design of the openings in the building changed to suit the new function and not
affect the originality of the design (the windows are rectangular or square and the base of
the window should not be longer than its height)?
Has the ratio between openings affecting the quality of the design been change?
Was the type of openings towards the street taken into account (a big opening on
public streets)?
Was the quality of openings towards the street taken into account (a small opening on
narrow streets)?
Has the Rowshan been changed, if any (colour, material, design)?
Have new elements been added to the external facades (no other balconies are added, and
if there are any other openings outside the scope of the windows, they must be obscured
by a decorative barrier to preserve the aesthetic design)?
Has the design and location of doors been changed to match the current function of the
building? (material, colour, addition of locks or other external elements)
Was the arch design changed to match the building’s current function? (Add decoration -
colour - other)
Buildings 2022, 12, 406 29 of 34
Table 16. Cont.

Architectural design (finishes and building materials)
Are building repair materials suitable and do not affect the safety and durability of the
building?
Are the building repair materials used fire-resistant? (safety and security)
Are the building repair materials used of high quality (the possibility of keeping them
for a long life)?
Are the finishing materials used of high quality (the possibility of keeping them for a
long life)?
Do the added materials not affect the originality of the building? (The nature and
characteristics of the new materials are as close as possible with the original materials.)
Are the new materials compatible with the nature of the building? (The materials are
suitable and proportional to the original nature of the building)
Was a Coral stone (Manqabi) used with the correct techniques and locations? (Using a
Coral stone (Manqabi) for cladding, facades, and walls)
Was the wood used with the correct techniques and locations? (Using high quality
wood for ceilings and walls)
Was the wood used in the rafters protected? (The wood used in the high-quality
Rowshan is coated with an insulating material that is resistant to natural conditions to
protect it from corrosion.)
Were the appropriate materials used in the entrance decorations? (Any decoration at
the entrance is made of plaster and lime.)
Was the glass used in the correct locations? (Use glass only for windows.)
Are all the materials used authorized by the authority responsible for preserving
heritage buildings?
Was the white plaster used in the correct location? (The exterior facade is painted with
white plaster for the entire building, except for the wooden beams.)
Interior Design Interior Design (Interior Distribution)
Are the original spaces utilized with appropriate activities that come with the
new function?
Buildings 2022, 12, 406 30 of 34
Table 16. Cont.

Were the spaces divided in a way that affects the originality of the building? (in terms
of division)
Were new spaces added that affected the structural elements of the building? (in terms
of endurance)
Are movement lines appropriate? (Suitable for new building function - accessibility)
Interior design (furniture)
Is the shape of the furniture commensurate with the nature of the original building?
Is the shape of the furniture commensurate with the new function that combines
originality and contemporary?
Is the distribution of furniture and its number commensurate with the new activity?
Did the quality of furniture lead to structural problems for building?
Interior Design (Lighting)
Is the amount of artificial lighting appropriate for new activities? (Does not cause
glare, dazzling and other lighting problems.)
Is the amount of natural lighting proportional to new activity of the building (taking
into account the direction of the building and the movement of the sun)?
Has a balance been achieved in the use of natural and artificial lighting?
Has the design of the lighting units been changed so that it combines originality and
contemporary, and does not affect the originality of the building?
Did the lighting extensions affect the originality of the building?
Are the extensions easily distinguishable from the original parts?
Ventilation
Is the proportion of natural ventilation commensurate with the new activity?
Is industrial ventilation proportional to the new activity?
Did the extensions for the ventilation elements affect the originality of the building?
Buildings 2022, 12, 406 31 of 34
Table 16. Cont.

Are the extensions easily distinguishable from the original parts?
Decorative and Aesthetic Design
Were different materials used in the decoration so as not to affect the originality of the
building?
Were the original decorations of the building preserved? Or are the new decorations
compatible with the original nature of the building?
Did the building design combine originality and contemporary design?
Safety and Security Were the security and safety requirements applied correctly? (The requirements are
consistent with the plan of the Ministry of Culture for heritage buildings, the civil defence
plan, and Saudi code plan.)
Has the principle of sustainability been achieved for the building? (Its condition allows
the continuity of its existence and the possibility to maintain, the continuity of the
building’s safety in the long term.)
Are emergency exits allocated to the building?
Is there a fire alarm system designed to detect and extinguish fire?
Were the detectors and fire extinguishers kept in a suitable place that does not affect the
originality and heritage of the building?
Is the design of movement paths suitable for emergency evacuation?
Legal aspects Is the proposed use suitable for the building in accordance with the proposals of the
Jeddah Secretariat? (The function selection for the first-class buildings in a certain
governmental, administrative, educational or cultural area, and the function selection for
the second and third-class in an office, residential, hotel or commercial area, shall then be
subject to optimal selection in all classifications of the authorized entities.)
Was the original design of the building documented and approved by the authority
responsible for the restoration and preservation of heritage buildings through
written approval?
Was the technical guide for restoration of the historical area followed?
Economic Aspects Was the economic feasibility of reusing the building achieved?
Buildings 2022, 12, 406 32 of 34
Table 16. Cont.

Did reuse contribute to revitalizing the commercial movement of the region?
Was the return on investment for the project feasible? (investment ratio, profit, etc.)
Are the maintenance costs of the reused building appropriate and reasonable?
Aspects related to the repair and restoration Was the cultural heritage highlighted and the intangible heritage transferred to the
of heritage (non-physical) buildings community correctly? (Transfer of history - culture - and customs and traditions of the
inhabitants of the original building)
Has the region’s cultural activity been improved and the region’s functions and activities
diversified?
Has compatibility and harmony been achieved between activities and between housing
and traditional crafts?
Has the standard of living of the population been improved as a result of the adaptive
reuse project?
Have the necessary parking lots been provided to facilitate access to the area?
Have the environmental conditions been improved through appropriate urban planning?
(Improving energy management - preventing pollution - preventing waste)
Have new functions and uses been created that keep pace with contemporary
developments and meet the needs of sustainable development?
Has flexibility been achieved for the building (through the possibility of continuous
evaluation and keeping pace with the repair processes of unexpected social and economic
developments and changes)?
Does the new function fit with the nature of the building or place, and that the new
activities do not marginalize the traditional activities?
Buildings 2022, 12, 406 33 of 34
Through this table, the researchers see that the model can be used in evaluating
other heritage buildings while modifying it in line with the nature of the building. The
researchers will apply this model to the historical buildings of Jeddah in future studies.
However, this study was sufficient to generalize results on a larger level.
5. Conclusions
Heritage buildings have physical and moral value, and their authenticity and identity
must not be compromised. The intervention policies for these buildings vary, one of which,
the adaptive reuse of buildings, was the focus of this study. Adapting the building for new use
must be in accordance with certain regulations and requirements that must be considered in
the decision-making process before choosing a function for a heritage building. There are
also some standards and requirements that must be observed throughout the period of use
of the building to ensure that its originality and sustainability are not compromised. There
must be periodic evaluations that are included in the heritage management process of the
building by the concerned authorities. This is the goal of developing an evaluation model
for heritage buildings: to contribute to the periodic evaluation process for reused buildings,
to ensure the commitment of stakeholders, from designers to contractors or owners of
the reused project, and to ensure the application of international and local standards in
accordance with the proposed model. The researchers suggest that the work of specialized
studies be in accordance with each region, with the possibility of generalizing the main axes
of the model and the general criteria it includes, such as the element of basic information
for the building, aesthetic and decorative aspects, economic aspects, and interior design.
The legal aspects and architectural design are governed by many determinants of the region
itself, from the requirements of restoration to the use proposed by the concerned authorities
for the same area. Therefore, the model can be developed to conform to a specific area
outside historic Jeddah, should the authorities desire to apply it. In addition, the updated
evidence of the region, if any, should be taken into consideration and reviewed periodically
to ensure the comprehensiveness and effectiveness of the model.
This study recommends that the person in charge of the evaluation process be a
specialist in architecture, design, and heritage.
Author Contributions: Conceptualization, R.A.A. and A.A.A.; methodology, R.A.A. and A.A.A.;
validation, R.A.A., A.A.A. and N.A.G.; formal analysis, R.A.A., A.A.A. and N.A.G.; investigation,
R.A.A.; resources, R.A.A.; data curation, R.A.A.; writing—original draft preparation, R.A.A.; writing—
review and editing, A.A.A. and N.A.G.; visualization, R.A.A.; supervision, A.A.A. and N.A.G. All
authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding: This research received no external funding.
Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable.
Informed Consent Statement: Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.
Data Availability Statement: The data used to support the findings of this study are available from
the corresponding author upon request.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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Buildings 2022, 12, 406. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12040406 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/buildings

1.1. Adaptive Reuse of Buildings

Buildings 2022, 12, 406 3 of 34

1.2. References and Charters for the Adaptive Use of Buildings

Buildings 2022, 12, 406

authenticity, and society and economy (see Figure 2).

1.2.2. Mechanisms for Classifying Heritage Buildings

1.2.3. Adaptive Reuse Methodologies

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Study Sample

2.2. Case Study (Historic Jeddah District)

Table 1. Examples of some reuse projects in Jeddah.

Coffee shop, Gallery Full

Basic information about the building

Strongly Disagree Strongly Agree Somewhat Disagree Somewhat Agree

Figure 6. Results of basic information about the building.

3.2.1. The First Element: Suitability of the New Function

Table 3. Questions related to the suitability of the new function.

Question Number Question

Suitable for New Function

Strongly Disagree Strongly Agree Somewhat Disagree Somewhat Agree

Table 4. Architectural design questions (facades).

Question Number Question

Architectural design questions results (facades)

Strongly Disagree Strongly Agree Somewhat Disagree Somewhat Agree

Architectural design questions (openings)

Strongly Disagree Strongly Agree Somewhat Disagree Somewhat Agree

Architectural design questions (construction and

Strongly Disagree Strongly Agree Somewhat Disagree Somewhat Agree

Table 6. Architectural design questions (construction and finishing).

Question Number Question

3.2.3. The Third Element: Interior Design

Table 7. Interior design questions (interior distribution).

Question Number Question

Interior design questions (interior distribution)

Strongly Disagree Strongly Agree Somewhat Disagree Somewhat Agree

Table 8. Interior design questions (furniture).

Interior Design Questions (Furniture)

Strongly Disagree Strongly Agree Somewhat Disagree Somewhat Agree

Table 9. Interior design questions (lighting).

Question Number Question

Interior design questions (lighting)

Strongly Disagree Strongly Agree Somewhat Disagree Somewhat Agree

Table 10. Interior design questions (ventilation).

Question Number Question

Question Number Question

Strongly Disagree Strongly Agree Somewhat Disagree Somewhat Agree

Table 11. Interior design questions (aesthetic and decorative design).

Security and Safety Questions

Strongly Disagree Strongly Agree Somewhat Disagree Somewhat Agree

Buildings 2022, 12, 406 22 of 34

Legal Aspects Questions

Strongly Disagree Strongly Agree Somewhat Disagree Somewhat Agree

Figure 17. Results for the questions on legal aspects.

Buildings 2022, 12, 406 23 of 34

Eonomic Aspects Questions

Strongly Disagree Strongly Agree Somewhat Disagree Somewhat Agree