FOOD

⮚It is the basic requirement of life to survive.

⮚It is made up of various kind of energy rich substances

like carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins and
minerals, which are known as nutrients.

FUNCTIONS OF FOOD
⮚Food provide energy for various metabolic activities.
⮚It helps in growth and development of body. ⮚It helps
in the replacement of worn out tissues, repair of
damaged cells and healing of wounds.
⮚It provide protection against diseases.

SOURCES
OF FOOD
⮚Cereals
⮚Pulses
⮚Oil seed crops
⮚Fruits and vegetables
CEREALS
 WHEAT RICE
MAIZE BAJRA 
Jowar
PULSES
Pigeon pea (arhar) Urad
Lentil (masoor) Pea
Black gram
OIL SEED CROPS
Soyabean Groundnut
Sunflower Niger
Sesame Castor
Mustard Linseed
ROOT CROPS
Turnip Carrot

Sweet Potato
 SUGAR CROPS
Sugarcane Beet
FIBRE CROPS
Cotton Jute
PLANTATION CROPS
Tea Coffee

Coconut Rubber
FODDER CROPS
Berseem Elephant Grass
AGRICULTURE
⮚It is the branch of science which deals with the
productions of plants and raising of animals useful
to man
⮚Involves soil cultivation, breeding and management of
crops and livestock.

CROP
⮚When plants of same kind are grown and cultivated at
one place on a large scales, it is called a crop.
⮚Different types of crops require different climate
conditions.
TYPES OF CROP
KHARIF/RAINY RABI / WINTER ZAID CROP
SEASON CROP SEASON CROP

⮚Grown during ⮚Grown during ⮚ grown during

monsoon/rainy season winter season mainly summer
season
⮚Require warm and ⮚Require cold and ⮚Require warm dry
wet weather dry weather weather

⮚ sown in june/ july ⮚Sown in ⮚Sown in march and

and harvested in october/november and harvested in june
september/october harvested in
march/april
⮚Eg…rice, jowar, urad, ⮚Eg…wheat, barley, ⮚Seasonal fruits and
bajra, cotton, pea, gram, mustard, potato vegetables
moong, groundnut
AGRICULTURE
IMPLEMENTS
NAME OF IMPLEMENT USES

⮚ KHURPA FOR WEEDING

⮚ SPADE FOR DIGGING AND BUNDS

FORMATION
⮚ WOODEN PLOUGH FOR TILLING

⮚ SOIL PLANK FOR BREAKING CRUMBS

⮚ SEED DRILL FOR SOWING

⮚ HARROW FOR WEEDING

⮚ SICKLE FOR HARVESTING

⮚ SPRAYER FOR SPRAYING INSECTICIDES

⮚ COMBINE FOR HARVESTING AND THRESHING

Khurpa Spade
Soil Plank Harrow
CROP PRODUCTION
PRACTICES ⮚PREPARATION
OF SOIL
⮚SOWING
⮚ADDING MANURE AND FERTILIZERS
⮚IRRIGATION
⮚PROTECTION FROM WEEDS
⮚HARVESTING
⮚STORAGE

PREPARATION OF SOIL
Includes ploughing and levelling

PLOUGHING / TILLING
⮚process of loosening and turning of soil
⮚ done by using a plough
⮚ ploughs are made of wood or iron
⮚ allows the roots to penetrate deeper easily ⮚ soil is
overturned and properly aerated by ploughing

PLOUGH

Wooden Plough Iron Plough

TRADITIONAL PLOUGHING
MODERN PLOUGHING
 LEVELLING
⮚process to make soil surface in level for sowing seeds
⮚Done by using a leveller , made of wood or iron
Wooden leveller Iron leveller
TRADITIONAL LEVELLING
 MODERN LEVELLING
SOWING
⮚ Done by broadcaster and seed drill
⮚ Before sowing, good quality seeds are selected
Broadcasting Seed Drill
 MANUAL SOWING
 SOWING BY SEED DRILL
APPLYING MANURE AND
FERTILIZERS
MANURE
⮚ Organic natural substances ,
derived from decomposition of
biological materials.
⮚ contain organic matter in
large quantities.
⮚ contain nutrient in small
quantities & are needed in large
quantities.
⮚ they are not nutrient specific.
⮚ they are prepared in fields & villages.
⮚ manures are bulky substances. So
these are inconvenient to store, use
and transport
⮚ do not cause pollution
FERTILIZER
⮚ organic or inorganic substances.
⮚ organic matter not present.
⮚Contain much higher amount of
nutrients & are required in very
small quantities.
⮚ they are nutrient specific.
⮚ they are manufactured in factories.
⮚ these are available in concentrated
form . So these are easy to store, use
and transport.
⮚ cause water pollution
Manure Manure Spreader
 MANURE SPREADING
Fertilizer Sprayer
FERTILIZERS SPRAYING
IRRIGATION
⮚ Process of supplying water to crop plants growing in
the fields by means of canal, reservoir, wells, tube
wells, etc.
⮚Water provide essential macronutrients to crop
--- hydrogen and oxygen

TYPES OF IRRIGATION
⮚SOIL BASED IRRIGATION
Eg - crop grown in sandy soil require more
frequent irrigation than crop grown in clayey soil
⮚CROP BASED IRRIGATION
Eg – paddy crop is transplanted in standing water
requires more water supply as compared to wheat,
gram, cotton.

METHODS OF
IRRIGATION
⮚TRADITIONAL METHODS :- 
Moat (pulley system)
 Chain pump
 Dhekli
 Rahat (level system)
Moat System Chain Pump
Rahat System Dhekli System
 RAHAT SYSTEM
CHAIN PUMP
DHEKLI SYSTEM
MOAT SYSTEM
⮚ MODERN METHODS:-
 Drip Irrigation Method 
Sprinkler System
 Fertigation
Drip Irrigation Sprinkler Irrigation
DRIP IRRIGATION
SPRINKLER IRRIGATION
REMOVAL OF WEEDS
⮚ WEEDS :- undesirable plants with the main crop,
compete with the main crop for water, nutrients,
space, light.
⮚ WEEDING :- removal of weeds.

WEEDING METHODS
METHODS EXAMPLES

BIOLOGICAL METHODS ⮚Cassia plant against Parthenium

weed ⮚Herbivorous fish in paddy
fields
CHEMICAL METHODS 2,4-D, Nitrofen, Atrazine

CULTURAL METHODS Crop rotation, Mixed

Cropping, Intercropping

MECHANICAL METHODS Ploughing, Flooding, Burning

WEEDING IN BANANA CROP
HARVESTING
⮚Cutting of crop after its maturation
⮚Done by sickle or by a machine called harvester
⮚Grains are separated from chaff by a process called
threshing
⮚Threshing is carried out by combine (harvester +
thresher)
SICKLE HARVESTER
COMBINE
MANUAL HARVESTING
 MODERN HARVESTING
STORAGE OF GRAINS
⮚After threshing, grains are dried in sun and then
packed.
⮚Farmers store food grains in jute bags or metallic
bins ⮚Large scale storage is done in silos and granaries
and stored in godowns
⮚At domestic level, dried neem leaves are also used

SILOS
FACTORS RESPONSIBLE
FOR GRAINS LOSS DURING
STORAGE
⮚BIOTIC (LIVING) FACTORS:- insects, rodents, birds,
mites

⮚ABIOTIC (NON LIVING) FACTORS:- Temperature,

moisture, humidity, material of container
MEASURES TO
PREVENT GRAIN LOSS
⮚Drying before storage
⮚Maintenance of hygeine
⮚Plant product treatment
⮚Prophylactic treatment
⮚Improved storage structures

DISEASES OF CROPS
CATEGORY DISEASE CAUSATIVE SYMPTOMS
AGENT
Seed borne Ergot of Bajra Claviceps perpuria Fungus infect
diseases florets and
develops in
ovaries,
producing sticky
liquid called
honey dew.
Leaf Spot of Rice Bipolaris oryzae Brown leaf spots
occur which are
small and
circular
Ergot of Bajra Leaf Spot of Rice
CATEGORY DISEASE CAUSATIVE SYMPTOMS
AGENT
Soil borne diseases Tikka disease Cercosporidium Spots are reddish
of groundnut personatum brown to black
on upper surface
and light brown
on the
lower surface
of leaf.
Smut of bajra Tolyposporium sp. In affected
ears, some of
grain
become deep
green which
becomes black.

Tikka disease of groundnut Smut of Bajra

CATEGORY DISEASE CAUSATIVE SYMPTOMS
AGENT

Water borne Bacterial blight Xanthomonas Leaves of young

disease of rice oryzae plant become
pale green ,
whole leaf
become whitish,
greyish and then
die.

Bacterial Blight of Rice

CATEGORY DISEASE CAUSATIVE SYMPTOMS
AGENT
Air borne disease Rust of wheat Puccinia triticana Brown pustules
on the stalk and
leaves. These
pustules burst
and release
brown
powder which
consist of spores.
Blast of rice Magnaporthe White to green
grisea lesions with
dark border
appear on all
parts of shoot.
Internodal
infection also
occur which
result in the
 breakdown of
stem.

Rust of wheat Blast of rice

SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE
⮚Agriculture practices that can continue for very long
time without damaging the natural resources ⮚Can
be done by:-
Mixed farming
Crop rotation
Mixed cropping
Intercropping
Intercropping
Mixed Cropping
Three Sisters(Bean+Squash+Corn)
⮚The spreading, big-leafed squash shades the ground
conserving moisture, inhibiting weeds and deterring
pests.
⮚The corn acts as a natural beanpole, while the beans
contribute nitrogen to the soil for the other crops
to use. Together, beans and corn provide a
complete protein. In this photo, you can see the
light green leaves of a bean plant growing at the
base of the cornstalk.
Three Sisters
GREEN REVOLUTION
⮚Started in 1960 by Dr.
M.S. Swaminathan
(father of green
revolution)
⮚Main aim was to increase
production of wheat by
modern agricultural
practices
⮚High yield dwarf variety
of wheat “Sharbati
sonara” was developed in
1967.
ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
Science which deals with scientific management
of animals. It includes:-
⮚Breeding
⮚Feeding
⮚Heeding
⮚Weeding