Snja > ki >>
 

MAJNM AV@LGW NBF OQFLGLNM AV@LGW

XAGABV OQXLWSXQFABGA
L. MAJNM AV@LGW
GNWA INGVW @AMF FKGVXLBA
Krmnbfk W. Gnstamk,  Nb aoagtdabt gnsa wns ilmaf hy  Ntty. G`lbj ls ikubf Lt ls jrkss bajmljabga ikr
at nm. v. Ntty. Xkbnmf t`a Famabs njnlbst t`a Gnstammks, julmty ki jrkss n bktnry puhmlg tk inlm tk
Wajubflbk G. G`lbj gkdpmnlbnbts `aralb. V`a bajmljabga lb t`a prkparmy stkra nbf
 NG. Bk. >>>91 | Gnstammks flsgkvaraf t`nt t`a parikrdnbga ki `ls sagura `ls bktnrlnm
Iahrunry 39, 83>: | prkparty wns pravlkusmy tltmaf lb futlas ns bktnry puhmlg. aqulpdabt lb krfar tk
GNJQLKN, O. t`a bnda ki t`alr pnrabts hut @ls axlstlbj bktnrlnm pravabt kt`ar pakpma
t`ls wns gnbgammaf lb invkr ki t`a gkddlsslkb ls irkd bktnrlzlbj
Famabs hy vlrtua ki n Faaf ki XAYKEAF nbf `a ls fkgudabts hy ikrjlbj
 Nhskmuta Wnma, w`lg` `nf haab parpatunmmy `ls sljbntura nbf
bktnrlzaf hy raspkbfabt Ntty. FLW^QNMLILAF irkd niilxlbj `ls bktnrlnm sanm,
G`lbj. Lrrajumnrltlas wara halbj gkddlsslkbaf ns nbf ragkrflbj sug`
prasabt lb t`a axagutlkb nbf bktnry puhmlg. fkgudabts lb `ls
nut`krlzntlkb ki t`a snlf faaf, Dkrakvar, `a ls bktnrlnm hkkes, wlt`kut
`abga t`ls nfdlblstrntlva WQWSABFAF irkd t`a `ls ebkwmafja nbf
gkdpmnlbt. prngtlga ki mnw ikr 9 gkbsabt.
dkbt`s.
Mlnbj Iuol v. Ntty. Lb n Wuddnry Fapkrtntlkb Xaspkbfabt ls Jabarnmmy, t`a Gkurt
Jaddn Nrdl D. Krfar, Iuol, n G`lbasa bntlkbnm, WQWSABFAF irkd t`a faiars irkd tnelbj
Famn Gruz  wns krfaraf fapkrtaf ikr prngtlga ki mnw ikr 7 gkjblznbga ki
 N.G. Bk. >>367 | kvarstnylbj. Wpaglnm Srksagutkr dkbt`s. Ntty. Famn Gruz flshnrdabt gkdpmnlbts
Dnrg` 30, 83>: | Famn Gruz hrkuj`t t`a ikrdnm inlmaf tk khsarva Xuma njnlbst mnwyars lb
Makbab, O. g`nrja njnlbst Iuol. V`a Hknrf >0.37 ki t`a Gkfa ki t`a jkvarbdabt sarvlga
ki Gkddlsslkbars, `kwavar, Srkiasslkbnm nrlslbj irkd t`alr
flsdlssaf t`a g`nrja kb t`a Xaspkbslhlmlty, w`lg` nfdlblstrntlva futlas,
jrkubf t`nt ”t`a ragkrfs s`kw dnbfntas t`nt "n mnwyar nbf raiars t`a gkdpmnlbt
t`nt Mlnbj `ns n wkrelbj vlsn s`nmm bkt bajmagt n majnm ilrst alt`ar tk t`a prkpar
 vnmlf ubtlm 73 Nprlm 83>9.—  dnttar abtrustaf tk `ld, nfdlblstrntlva hkfy kr
Lb t`ls nfdlblstrntlva
nf dlblstrntlva gkdpmnlbt, nbf `ls bajmljabga lb t`a Kdhufsdnb.
Iuol nmmajaf t`nt Wpaglnm gkbbagtlkb t`arawlt`  V`ls gnsa ls nb axgaptlkb
axgaptlkb
Srksagutkr Famn Gruz inlmaf s`nmm rabfar `ld mlnhma." fua tk t`a tardlbntlkb
dlsarnhmy lb flsg`nrjlbj `ar ki t`a nfdlblstrntlva
futlas hagnusa n sldpma lbltlnm prkgaaflbjs haikra t`a
ravlaw ki t`a Huranu ki Kiilga ki t`a
Lddljrntlkb ragkrfs wkumf `nva Kdhufsdnb nbf t`a
ravanmaf t`nt `a wns bkt nppnrabt lbngtlkb ki t`a
kvarstnylbj. Huranu ki Lddljrntlkb
kb t`a nfdlblstrntlva
gkdpmnlbt.
Dnpnmnf, Wr. vs.  V`a Bktlga ki Nppanm nbf Fasplta bkb-gkdpmlnbga  V`a Mnwyar's Knt` lb
Ag`nbaz  Nppammnbts“ Hrlai ilmaf hy  wlt` Hnr Dnttar Bk. Xuma >70, Wagtlkb 7
 N.G. Bk. >3<>> | Ouba Ag`nbaz, ns gkubsam ki t`a 013, raspkbfabt raqulras gkddltdabt tk
9, 83>: faiabfnbts lb n gnsa lbvkmvlbj rapantafmy lbflgntaf n khaylbj mnws nbf majnm
gkdpmnlbnbt ns pmnlbtlii, inmsa DGMA gkdpmlnbga krfars, fklbj bk
lbflgntaf Ag`nbaz“ DGMA budhar lb `ls pmanflbjs inmsa`kkf, nbf ngtlbj
Gkdpmlnbga Bk. LL-33>6370 haikra t`a trlnm gkurts.  wlt` ilfamlty tk hkt`
 wlt`kut lbflgntlbj t`a fnta ki  V`a raspkbfabt nmsk gkurt nbf gmlabt.
lssua t`araki. Qpkb lbqulry wlt` rapantafmy inlmaf tk khay
t`a DGMA Kiilga, gkdpmnlbnbt majnm krfars ki t`a trlnm
flsgkvaraf t`nt raspkbfabt `nf gkurt, t`a LHS-GHF,
 
Snja > ki >>
 

Q.S. MNZ HKG MAJNM AV@LGW NBF OQFLGLNM AV@LGW XAGABV OQXLWSXQFABGA

GNWA INGVW @AMF FKGVXLBA

bk DGMA gkdpmlnbga ns
raqulraf ubfar Hnr Dnttar Bk.
013.
Durrny v. Garvnbtas Gkdpmnlbnbt pnlf raspkbfabt n
 N.G. Bk. 1630 | S03,333 nggaptnbga iaa ikr `ls
Iahrunry :, 83>: majnm nsslstnbga lb t`a
bnturnmlzntlkb ki `ar skb, n
Hrltls` bntlkbnm. @kwavar, t`raa
dkbt`s pnssaf wlt`kut
raspkbfabt fklbj ”nbyt`lbj
suhstnbtlnm.— Gkdpmnlbnbt wrkta  
raspkbfabt tk tardlbnta `ls
sarvlgas nbf fadnbfaf t`a
raturb ki t`a S03,333. Ns `a
inlmaf tk raturb t`a iaa,
gkdpmnlbnbt lbstltutaf grldlbnm
prkgaaflbjs nbf t`ls gkdpmnlbt
njnlbst raspkbfabt.
nbf nmsk t`ls Gkurt
fasplta fua
bktlga. Abg`nvaz ls
FLWHNXXAF irkd t`a
prngtlga ki mnw.
Xaspkbfabt ls  V`a ruma axgmuflbj glvlm
suspabfaf irkd t`a mlnhlmlty fatardlbntlkb
prngtlga ki mnw ikr > yanr irkd flsglpmlbnry
nbf 9 dkbt`s nbf prkgaaflbjs "radnlbs
krfaraf tk rastltuta nppmlgnhma kbmy tk
gkdpmnlbnbt t`a sud ki gmnldaf mlnhlmltlas w`lg`
S03,333. V`ls ndkubt nra puramy glvlm lb bntura
wns famlvaraf tk - ikr lbstnbga, w`ab t`a
raspkbfabt furlbj gmnld lbvkmvas dkbays
gkdpmnlbnbt's ragalvaf hy t`a mnwyar
abjnjadabt ki `ls irkd `ls gmlabt lb n
prkiasslkbnm sarvlgas, kr trnbsngtlkb sapnrnta nbf
lb t`a gkbtaxt ki nb flstlbgt UirkdT nbf bkt
nttkrbay-gmlabt lbtrlbslgnmmy mlbeaf tk `ls
ramntlkbs`lp. V`ls ls prkiasslkbnm
balt`ar nb axtrnbakus abjnjadabt.
abjnjadabt."" V`ls gkurt
bkr puramy glvlm dnttar. `ns t`us krfaraf lb

nfdlblstrntlva
prkgaaflbjs t`a raturb
ki ndkubts raprasabtlbj
r aprasabtlbj
majnm iaas.
 Oufja Nmpnokrn v.  Ntty. Gnmnynb ilmaf nb  Ntty. Gnmnynb ls julmty ki  N gnsa ikr flshnrdabt ls
 Ntty. Gnmnynb
Gnmnynb nfdlblstrntlva gkdpmnlbt nitar  vlkmntlbj t`a GSX. V`a bkt danbt tk jrnbt ramlai
 Onbunry >3, 83>0 |  O.  Oufja Nmpnokrn krfaraf t`a ilmlbj ki grldlbnm gnsas tk n gkdpmnlbnbt ns lb n
Jasdubfk grantlkb ki n dnbnjadabt njnlbst t`a kppkslbj glvlm gnsa. Z`lma t`a
gkddlttaa pabflbj t`a mnwyar ls gmanrmy tnlbtaf gkurt ubfarstnbfs t`nt n
raskmutlkb ki n glvlm gnsa, ns wamm  wlt` dnmlga. V`a mnwyar dust raprasabt
ns >0 rapatltlkus nbf prk`lhltaf gkdpmnlbt ilmaf njnlbst `ls gnusa wlt` zanm, t`a
pmanflbjs nbf grldlbnm g`nrjas t`a gkdpmnlbnbt wns snda s`kumf bkt jk
njnlbst t`a kppkslbj mnwyars nbf hnsaf kb dara haykbf t`a hkubfs ki
t`alr gmlabts. V`a nfdlblstrntlva nmmajntlkbs nbf bk fagabgy nbf raspagt t`nt
gkdpmnlbt wns flsdlssaf nbf n avlfabga wns prasabtaf. s`kumf ha niikrfaf tk
gkubtar
nmmajlbj gkdpmnlbt
Ntty. Gnmnynb `nf Xaspkbfabt
wns ilmaf dlsraprasabtaf nmsk iammkw
gkurts. mnwyars nbf t`a
gkddlttaf sarlkus nbf jrkss prkvlslkbs ki t`a mnw tk
dlsgkbfugt, inlmura tk dnlbtnlb sult `ls gnusa nbf t`ls
raspagt ikr t`a gkurts, rapantaf  vlkmntaf t`a gkfa w`lg`
 vlkmntlkb ki t`a rumas kb lbtrn- fadnbfs gnbfkr irkd
gkrpkrnta gnsas, nbf ebkwlbjmy lts mnwyars. Ilbnmmy, Ntty.
 vlkmntaf t`a
t`a ruma njnlbst dumtlpma Gnmnynb“s faglslkb tk ilma
ngtlkbs irkd t`a snda gnusa ki budarkus grldlbnm gnsas
ngtlkb rubs gkubtar tk t`a
mnwyar“s futy tk nlf lb
t`a spaafy flspksltlkb
ki gnsas nbf `nf
fajrnfaf t`a lbtajrlty ki
t`a gkurts.
Ntty. Judhn  Vnb ilmaf n gkdpmnlbt njnlbst
 Vnb v. Ntty. Xaspkbfabt ls  V`a mlitlbj ki n
 N.G. Bk. <333 |  Ntty. Judhn ikr vlkmntlbj t`a nfdlblstrntlvamy mlnhma suspabslkb krfar ls bkt
 Onbunry >3, 83>0
83>0 Mnwyar“s Knt` nbf Gnbkb >, ikr abjnjlbj lb t`a nutkdntlg. Lt ls

Snja 8 ki >3
 

Q.S. MNZ HKG MAJNM AV@LGW NBF OQFLGLNM AV@LGW XAGABV OQXLWSXQFABGA

GNWA INGVW @AMF FKGVXLBA

Xuma >.3> nbf Gnbkb : ki t`a prngtlga ki mnw furlbj bagassnry t`nt t`ara ls nb
GSX nitar s`a dlsraprasabtaf `ar suspabslkb. Lb t`ls krfar irkd t`a Gkurt
`arsami tk t`a ikrdar nbf ikr `ar gnsa, t`a Gkurt flragtaf mlitlbj t`a suspabslkb ki
fls`kbasty. W`a wns suspabfaf raspkbfabt tk gkdpmy n mnwyar tk prngtlga mnw.
ikr 9 dkbt`s hy t`a LHS. @ar  wlt` t`a julfamlbas ikr
Dktlkb ikr Xagkbslfarntlkb
Xagkbslfarntlkb wns t`a mlitlbj ki t`a
fablaf. @kwavar, s`a gkbtlbuaf suspabslkb krfar njnlbst
tk abjnja lb t`a prngtlga ki mnw `ar hy ilmlbj n swkrb
hy ilmlbj pmanflbjs nbf nppanrlbj stntadabt kb t`a dnttar.
ns gkubsam lb gkurts. Lbstanf, s`a ilmaf n
gkdpmnlbt njnlbst t`a
KGN, t`a KHG nbf n
gartnlb Ntty. Snrnlsk
 wlt` t`a XVG. Ikr
`nvlbj fkba sk,
raspkbfabt vlkmntaf n
mnwium krfar ki t`a
Gkurt.
 Vkrtkbn v.
v. Jrajkrlk Satltlkbars, `alrs ki t`alr dkt`ar  V`a Faaf ki Wnma ls vklf. Lt ls trua t`nt bktnrlzaf
J.X. Bk. 8389>8 | Xuilbn, fadnbfaf tk ebkw w`y  Ns n bktnrlzaf fkgudabts nra nggkrfaf
n ggkrfaf
 Onbunry >:, 83>0
83>0 t`ay wara bkt jlvab n s`nra kvar fkgudabt, lt habailts avlfabtlnry walj`t ns
n mnbf skmf hy t`alr gkuslbs irkd t`a prasudptlkb rajnrfs t`alr fua

 w`lg` wns gk-kwbaf

nbf t`alr hy Xuilbn
nubt Xninamn. V`a ki
hurfabrajumnrlty.
ki prkvlbj V`a axagutlkb. Bavart`amass,
t`nt  w`lma bktnrlzaf
gkuslbs nmmajaf t`nt Xuilbn `nf t`udhdnres niilxaf kb fkgudabts aboky t`a
skmf t`a mnbf tk Xninamn furlbj lt hy nb kstabslhma pnrty prasudptlkb ki
`ar mliatlda. Satltlkbars ls inmsa nbf sldumntaf
sldu mntaf mlas rajumnrlty, t`ls
gkbtastaf t`a snlf Faaf ki kb t`a pnrty nssnlmlbj lts prasudptlkb ls
 Nhskmuta Wnma, ubfarsgkrlbj
ubfarsgkrlbj t`nt
t`nt axagutlkb. Satltlkbars flsputnhma. V`ay gnb ha
t`alr dkt`ar wns lmmltarnta, bkt suggassiummy flsg`nrjaf gkbtrnflgtaf hy
avab ebkwlbj `kw tk wrlta `ar t`ls hurfab. avlfabga t`nt ls gmanr,
kwb bnda. V`ay nmmajaf t`nt s`a gkbvlbglbj, nbf dkra
kbmy niilxaf `ar t`udhdnre kb t`nb daramy
fkgudabts, nbf w`abavar s`a prapkbfarnbt.
flf sk, s`a wns nmwnys nsslstaf
hy nt manst kba (>) ki `ar
g`lmfrab.
 NSKMLBNX-
 NSKMLBNX-
SAVLMK, v. NVV\.
Gkdpmnlbnbt
raspkbfabt nmmajas t`nt t`a
gkbsabtaf tk,  wns prkpar. @a ebaw  N
Xaspkbfabt“s pabnmty mnwyar
jkkf gnbbkt
inlt` nbf lbvkea
jkkf
DNXNDKV nhattaf nbf pnrtlglpntaf lb t`a t`nt t`a fkbaas wara lbtabtlkbs ns suiilglabt
 N.G. Bk. <39: | lmmajnm ngt ki inmsliylbj n puhmlg dlbkrs, bkbat`amass, `a tk axgusa `ld irkd
 Onbunry 7>, 83>0
83>0 fkgudabt lb vlkmntlkb ki Nrtlgma stlmm lbflgntaf t`nt t`ay flsg`nrjlbj `ls
>:> (6) lb ramntlkb tk Nrtlgma >:8  wara ki majnm nja. V`nt khmljntlkb tk ha trut`ium
(8) ki t`a XSG5 nbf t`nt `a balt`ar Srlbgass Nbba nbf `kbast lb `ls
t`arahy vlkmntaf t`a Mnwyar's bkr Dkddnyfn prkiasslkbnm ngtlkbs.
Knt`, Xumas >.3> nbf >.38 ki ngebkwmafjaf t`a faaf
Gnbkb > nbf Xuma >3.3> ki ki fkbntlkb flf bkt gura
Gnbkb >3 ki t`a GSX. V`a t`a faiagt. @ls faiabsa
puhmlg fkgudabt lb quastlkb wns ki jkkf inlt`, t`a
t`a faaf ki fkbntlkb axagutaf lb fkbkr“s nssurnbga t`nt
invkr ki Srlbgass Nbba nbf s`a wkumf prkgura t`a
Dkddnyfn w`k wara kbmy >8 sljbnturas ki Srlbgass
yanrs kmf nbf >9 >/8 yanrs kmf,  Nbba“s pnrabts,
pnrabts, nbf t`nt
raspagtlvamy, nt t`a tlda ki lts t`a axagutlkb ki t`a
axagutlkb. V`a LHS Hknrf ki faaf rafkubfaf tk t`a

Snja 7 ki >3
 

Q.S. MNZ HKG MAJNM AV@LGW NBF OQFLGLNM AV@LGW XAGABV OQXLWSXQFABGA

GNWA INGVW @AMF FKGVXLBA

Jkvarbkrs raskmvaf tk suspabf
raspkbfabt irkd t`a prngtlga ki
mnw nbf ravkeaf `ls Bktnrlnm
Gkddlsslkb nbf flsqunmlilaf
`ld irkd ranppklbtdabt ikr
twk yanrs.
FLNDSKG v. Satltlkbar spkusas Flndpkg  
HQABNYABVQXN, ilmaf n Gkdpmnlbt ikr Nbbumdabt
JX Bk. 833707 | >< ki Faaf ki Wnma nbf Xagkvary ki
Dnr 83>0 | O. Fam Fupmlgnta KGV wlt` Fndnjas  
Gnstlmmk  njnlbst raspkbfabt
Huabavabturn,, nmmajlbj t`nt t`ay
Huabavabturn
 wara trlgeaf lbtk sljblbj t`a
faaf w`lg` t`ay t`kuj`t wns
nut`krlzntlkb ikr khtnlblbj n
hnbe mknb. V`a mkwar gkurts
rumaf lb invkr ki raspkbfabt,  
flsrajnrflbj t`a nrjudabt t`nt
t`a bktnry puhmlg wns ‐mnx“ lb
raqulrlbj twk gkddublty tnx
habailt ki t`a dlbkrs
fkas bkt axgusa `ld.
Dkrakvar, t`a dlbkrs
s`kumf `nva nmsk sljbaf
t`a faaf ki fkbntlkb
t`adsamvas nmkbj wlt`
t`alr nsslstlbj pnrabts kr
majnm junrflnbs.
V`a faiagtlva  
bktnrlzntlkb ki t`a faaf  
fkas bkt niiagt t`a
vnmlflty ki t`a snma ki t`a
`kusa. Nmt`kuj` Nrt.
>710 ki t`a Glvlm Gkfa
stntas t`nt t`a snma ki ranm
prkparty dust nppanr lb
n puhmlg lbstrudabt, t`ls
ls bkt assabtlnm ikr t`a
vnmlflty ki t`a gkbtrngt
hut ls sldpmy ikr lts
jrantar aiilgngy kr
gkbvablabga, kr tk hlbf
N faiagtlva bktnrlzntlkb
wlmm strlp t`a fkgudabt
ki lts puhmlg g`nrngtar
nbf rafuga lt tk n prlvnta
lbstrudabt.
Gkbsaquabtmy, w`ab
t`ara ls n faiagt lb t`a
bktnrlzntlkb ki n
fkgudabt, t`a gmanr nbf
gkbvlbglbj avlfabtlnry
stnbfnrf bkrdnmmy
nttng`af tk n fumy-
bktnrlzaf fkgudabt ls
flspabsaf wlt`, nbf t`a

gartlilgntas
(kbmy kba wnsirkd t`ansspkusas
jlvab) lt fkas t`lrf
daramy parskbs,
n gkarglvanbf
danbs ls  vnmlflty
dansura tkki tast sug`
t`a
bkt niiagt t`a vnmlflty ki t`a jrnbtaf tk t`a fkgudabt ls
bktnrlzaf faaf. gkbtrngtlbj pnrtlas tk prapkbfarnbga ki
abnhma t`ad tk avlfabga.
raglprkgnmmy gkdpam t`a
khsarvnbga ki t`a
prasgrlhaf ikrd.
Lb Xa Fluynb  Ntty. Fluynb bktnrlzaf n Faaf Xaspkbfabt s`kumf bkt  V`a mnw nppmlgnhma prlkr
 Npr. 8, 83>0 | O. Fam ki Snrtltlkb kb Oumy 87, 8337 ha `amf nfdlblstrntlvamy tk t`a aiiagtlvlty ki t`a
Gnstlmmk  w`ab kba ki lts sljbntkrlas `nf mlnhma. V`a mnw 8336 Xumas ki Bktnrlnm
anrmlar flaf kb Nujust 87, 833>. nppmlgnhma nt t`a tlda ki Srngtlga  ‗  Vltma
  Vltma LY, G`.
 V`ls wns trantaf hy t`a
t`a WG ns nb t`a bktnrlzntlkb kbmy >>, Nrt. YLL ki t`a
nfdlblstrntlva gkdpmnlbt. raqulraf t`a Xavlsaf Nfdlblstrntlva
Fluynb nvarraf t`nt ns G`lai prasabtntlkb ki t`a Gkfa, Wag. 81> ‗  daramy  daramy
Suhmlg
KrlabtnmNttkrbay ki Dntl,
nt t`nt tlda, Fnvnk
`a abokyaf GVGs.
bktnrlzaf t`aXaspkbfabt
fkgudabt raqulraf
prasabtntlkb ki t`a
t`a
t`a prasudptlkb ki rajumnrlty kb Oumy 87, 8337, prlkr tk GVGs.
nbf jkkf inlt` lb t`a flsg`nrja t`a aiiagtlvlty ki t`a
ki `ls futy. @a nmsk bnrrntaf t`nt 8336 Xumas kb Bktnrlnm
t`a pnrtlas lb t`a fkgudabt Srngtlga ki w`lg` `a ls
prasabtaf t`alr Gkddublty Vnx halbj `amf nggkubtnhma
Gartlilgntas, nbf t`nt `a nseaf hy t`a LHS.
ang` ki t`a pnrtlas li t`a
fkgudabt t`ay prasabtaf ls trua
nbf gkrragt.
 Vrlkm v. Ntty. Gkdpmnlbnbts Vrlkm ilmaf n Xaspkbfabt ls  N hrang` ki t`a snlf
 Njgnklml, Or.
Or. gkdpmnlbt ikr flshnrdabt nfdlblstrntlvamy mlnhma prkvlslkb ki t`a 8336
 N.G. Bk. >83>> | Ouba njnlbst Ntty. Njgnklml kb kb t`a ikr hrang`lbj t`a 8336 Bktnrlnm Xumas wkumf
89, 83>0 jrkubf t`nt `a bktnrlzaf n Bktnrlnm Xumas nbf nmsk gkbstltuta n
fkgudabt gk-kwbaf hy t`araikra t`a GSX. @a  vlkmntlkb ki t`a GSX,
gkdpmnlbnbts tk n gartnlb nmsk vlkmntaf Xuma >.3>, gkbslfarlbj t`nt nb
Inonrfk w`ab t`ay wnbtaf tk samm Gnbkb > nbf Xuma >3.3> arrlbj mnwyar w`k ls

Snja 6 ki >3
 

Q.S. MNZ HKG MAJNM AV@LGW NBF OQFLGLNM AV@LGW XAGABV OQXLWSXQFABGA

GNWA INGVW @AMF FKGVXLBA

lt tk n Gnpnrns. V`ay snlf t`ay Gnbkb >3 ki t`a GSX. ikubf tk ha radlss lb `ls
bavar nppanraf haikra Njgnklml Hy dlsraprasabtlbj iubgtlkbs ns n bktnry
nbf balt`ar flf t`ay gkbsabt tk `ldsami ns n puhmlg ls gkbslfaraf tk
t`a snma. Vrlkm nmsk ikubf kut gkddlsslkbaf bktnry `nva vlkmntaf `ls knt` ns
t`nt t`a gkddublty tnx puhmlg nt t`a tlda ki t`a n mnwyar ns wamm.
gartlilgntas usaf ikr t`a snma wara nmmajaf bktnrlzntlkb, `a
ineas nbf t`nt `a wns bkt avab n flf bkt kbmy gnusa
gkddlsslkbaf bktnry puhmlg ikr fndnja tk t`ksa flragtmy
nbf wlt`lb ^uazkb Glty lb 83>8. niiagtaf hy lt, hut `a
@a wns ragkddabfaf t`a mleawlsa ubfardlbaf t`a
pabnmty ki suspabslkb ikr 8 yanrs lbtajrlty ki t`a kiilga ki
nbf flsqunmlilgntlkb irkd halbj n bktnry puhmlg nbf
gkddlsslkbaf ns n bktnry puhmlg fajrnfaf t`a iubgtlkb ki
ikr t`a snda parlkf. bktnrlzntlkb.
DNMAGFNB v. Satltlkbar Dnmagfnb ilmaf n mattar  V`a LHS Hknrf ki  V`a mnbjunja ki S.F.
HNMFK ki gkdpmnlbt ikr Astnin, Hrang` Jkvarbkr wara gkrragt >130 ls dnbfntkry lb
 NG Bk. >8>8>
>8>8> | 8: Oub
 Oub ki Gkbtrngt nbf Fndnjas tk `kmf Ntty. Hnmfk hnrrlbj mnwyars irkd
83>0 | O. Gnjulkn  njnlbst spkusas Hnmfk, haikra nfdlblstrntlvamy mlnhma nppanrlbj haikra t`a
t`a Mupkb ki Hrjy. Slgk. ikr pnrtlglpntlbj lb t`a Mupkb hagnusa ”...n
Xaspkbfabt Ntty. Hnmfk, w`k ls Mupkb. Ntty. Hnmfk's parskbnm gkbirkbtntlkb
t`a bap`aw ki Ondas Hnmfk,  vlkmntlkb ki S.F. >130 hatwaab t`a pnrtlas
nppanraf ns gkubsam ki t`a t`us inmms squnramy wlt`lb  wlt`kut t`a lbtarvabtlkb

spkusas
`anrlbj kb Hnmfk furlbj
t`a suhoagt t`a
gkdpmnlbt t`a
>.3>prk`lhltlkb
ki Gnbkb >kikiXuma
t`a ki n gkubsamwkumf
raprasabtntlva kr
haikra t`a Subkbj Hnrnbjny. GSX. Nby ngt kr jabarnta spkbtnbalty
Dnmagfnb ilmaf n Gkdpmnlbt- kdlsslkb t`nt ls gkbtrnry nbf n invkrnhma
 Niilfnvlt haikra
haikra t`a LHS prnylbj
prnylbj tk, kr prk`lhltaf kr flspksltlkb tk ndlgnhma
t`nt prkpar snbgtlkbs ha ubnut`krlzaf hy, kr lb sattmadabt kb t`a pnrt ki
ldpksaf kb Ntty. Hnmfk ikr failnbga ki, flskhaflabt t`a flsputnbts.—
 vlkmntlbj Wag. < ki S.F. >130 tk, kr flsrajnrfs t`a mnw (Mafasdn v. GN).
 w`lg` stntas t`nt pnrtlas dust ls ubmnwium. Qbmnwium
nppanr wlt`kut nsslstnbga ki gkbfugt fkas bkt
gkubsam. Ntty. Hnmfk gmnlds `a bagassnrlmy ldpmy t`a
nseaf pardlsslkb irkd t`a amadabt ki grldlbnmlty
gkdpmnlbnbt tk pnrtlglpnta.
pnrtlglpnta. nmt`kuj` t`a gkbgapt ls
hrknf abkuj` tk lbgmufa
sug` amadabt.

Snja 1 ki >3
 Snja 1 ki >3

Q.S. MNZ HKG MAJNM AV@LGW NBF OQFLGLNM AV@LGW XAGABV OQXLWSXQFABGA

LL.   OQFLGLNM AV@LGW

GNWA INGVW @AMF FKGVXLBA
Jndhkn-  V`ara wns nb nfdlblstrntlva  Oufja Saraz wns ilbaf Lbaxparlabga nbf nb
Xkgas v. Saraz gkdpmnlbt ilmaf njnlbst Oufja S>3,333 ikr ubfua famny lb axgusa t`nt t`a famny wns
 N.D. DVO->9- Saraz, g`nrjlbj `ar wlt` jrkss rabfarlbj n faglslkb. bkt lbtabfaf tk praouflga
>00: | Onb. <, ljbkrnbga ki t`a mnw hagnusa `a t`a pmnlbtliis ls bkt
83>: | O. inlmaf tk rabfar oufjdabt kb parsunslva, slbga lt ls t`a
Dabfkzn gkbskmlfntaf aoagtdabt gnsas futy ki t`a oufja tk raskmva
 wlt`lb t`a 73-fny rajmadabtnry t`a gnsas wlt`lb t`a
parlkf prkvlfaf hy mnw. Avab up tk rajmadabtnry parlkf ns
t`a ilmlbj ki t`a gkdpmnlbt njnlbst dnbfntaf hy t`a mnw nbf
`ld, >3 dkbt`s mntar, `a stlmm `nf rumas.
bkt yat suhdlttaf t`a faglslkb kb
t`a gnsa.
Dnrgamk v. KGN ragalvaf n gkdpmnlbt ikr Xajnrfmass ki t`a ranskb kr  V`a dktlvas ha`lbf t`a
 Oufja jrnva dlsgkbfugt irkd SK> dktlva ha`lbf t`a ilmlbj ki nb nfdlblstrntlva
Hnrglmmnbk  Dnrgamk njnlbst XVG Oufja nmtargntlkb, Oufja gkdpmnlbt nra
 N.D. Bk. XVO- Hnrglmmnbk, nmmajlbj t`nt Hnrglmmnbk, halbj n lrramavnbt. V`nt n
>9-8613| Ouba gkdpmnlbnbt nbf `ar gkdpnblkb dnjlstrnta, s`kumf `nva gkdpmnlbt ls nmmajaf tk ha
:, 83>:  wara `nrnssaf nbf `udlmlntaf hy khsarvaf ouflglnm lbstljntaf kr ratnmlntkry ls

 Oufja Hnrglmmnbk.
Hnrglmmnbk. tadparndabt w`lg`
raqulras `ld tk ha nmwnys bkt
fatarn jrkubf
t`a WG w`lg`irkd
wlmm
tadparnta, pntlabt, nbf axarglslbj lts pkwar tk
gkurtakus, hkt` lb gkbfugt flsglpmlba kiilgars ki t`a
nbf lb mnbjunja. Xnt`ar gkurt.
t`nb jlvlbj raspagt tk n
pkmlga kiilgar w`k wns kb-
futy nt t`a tlda, Oufja
Hnrglmmnbk, Or. axprassaf
dkgeary nbf n
gkbfasgabflbj nttltufa, kr
 wlt` gkbgaltaf s`kw ki
suparlkrlty.
Xaspkbfabt ls ilbaf
S>3,333 wlt` n starb

Xa?  V`a Kiilga ki t`a Gkurt  wnrblbj.  Ns t`a Sraslflbj Oufja ki Gkdpmlglty ki n oufja lb
 Nbkbydkus  Nfdlblstrntkr ragalvaf n mattar t`a Gkurt, Oufja Wndskb t`a nppklbtdabt ki n
mattar gkdpmnlbt g`nrjlbj raspkbfabt s`kumf `nva haab prkhntlkbar tk t`a
gkdpmnlbt  Oufja Wndskb wlt` dlsgkbfugt ikr glrgudspagt nbf wnltaf ikr ouflglnry gkbstltutas jrkss
 varsus Wndskb `lrlbj gk-raspkbfabt Xkqua ns t`a ilbnm flsg`nrja ki dlsgkbfugt.
 N.D. Bk. DVO- Qtlmlty Zkrear L lb `ar gkurt raspkbfabt Xkqua haikra
>9->0:3 | 9 fasplta ebkwlbj t`nt Xkqua wns s`a abtartnlbaf `ls
 Ouba 83>: gkbvlgtaf ki t`a grlda ki lmmajnm nppmlgntlkb, ns lt ls kbmy
pkssasslkb ki axpmkslvas, ns s`a upkb t`a ilbnm flsg`nrja ki
 wns t`a puhmlg prksagutkr w`k raspkbfabt Xkqua irkd
`nbfmaf t`a gnsa, nbf ikr prkhntlkb t`nt `ls gnsa ls
ebkwlbjmy nhattlbj t`a faadaf tardlbntaf nbf nmm
gkbganmdabt ki sug` ingt, w`lg` `ls glvlm rlj`ts mkst kr
maf tk Xkqua's nppklbtdabt lb t`a suspabfaf nra rastkraf.
 Ouflglnry. @ar ngt vlkmntas Gnbkb 8 ki
t`a Gkfa ki Ouflglnm
Gkbfugt.
 Snja 9 ki >3

Q.S. MNZ HKG MAJNM AV@LGW NBF OQFLGLNM AV@LGW XAGABV OQXLWSXQFABGA

GNWA INGVW @AMF FKGVXLBA

DgMnrab v. Gkdpmnlbnbts ilmaf nb Xaspkbfabt's ngt ki bkt  V`a wanrlbj ki rkhas hy
Jkbznmas nfdlblstrntlva gkdpmnlbt njnlbst  wanrlbj t`a ouflglnm rkha oufjas furlbj kiilglnm
 N.D. Bk. DVO- DVG Oufja Jkbznmas ikr jrkss furlbj gkurt sasslkbs ls prkgaaflbjs, w`lg` `nres
>9->0:9 | Nprlm dlsgkbfugt lb gkbbagtlkb wlt`  vlkmntlva ki Nfdlblstrntlva hnge tk t`a >6t` gabtury, ls
89, 83>: glvlm gnsa Wuhlg Lbtarbntlkbnm @ktam Glrgumnr Bk. 81 fntaf Ouba bkt nb lfma garadkby. Wug`
Gkrpkrntlkb v. DgMnrab. Kba ki t`a <, ><0<. Qbfar Wagtlkb prngtlga sarvas t`a funm
nmmajntlkbs wns t`a bkb-wanrlbj ki <(6), Xuma >63 ki t`a purpksa ki "`alj`tablbjT
ouflglnm rkhas furlbj t`a `anrlbj. Xavlsaf Xumas ki Gkurt, puhmlg gkbsglkusbass kb
Xaspkbfabt stntaf t`nt t`a nmmajaf  vlkmntlkb ki Wuprada t`a skmadblty ki ouflglnm
nrrkjnbga lb t`a bkb-wanrlbj ki Gkurt rumas, flragtlvas nbf prkgaaflbjs" nbf ki
t`a ouflglnm rkha gkumf bkt ha glrgumnrs ls gkbslfaraf n ldprasslbj upkb t`a oufja,
nvklfaf fua tk t`a axtrada `ant, mass sarlkus g`nrja nbf t`a axngtlbj khmljntlkbs ki
t`a inlmlbj nlr-gkbfltlkblbj ublt publs`nhma wlt` `ls kiilga.
nbf t`a rajumnr fnlmy hrkwbkuts. suspabslkb irkd kiilga
 wlt`kut snmnry nbf kt`ar
habailts ikr bkt mass t`nb
kba dkbt` bkr dkra t`nb
t`raa dkbt`s, kr n ilba ki
dkra t`nb S>3,33.3.33 hut
bkt axgaaflbj S83,333.33.
S83,333.33.
Gn`nbnp v. Srksag. Gn`nbnp ilmaf nb  V`a KGN nptmy ikubf t`nt t`nt Wuparvlskry Glrgumnr Bk.
 Oufja nfdlblstrntlva gnsa njnlbst Oufja s`kw t`nt t`a sasslkbs lb >6 bktas t`nt trlnm gkurts
^ulbkbas >3,
 Onbunry ^ulbkbas nmmajlbj
raspkbfabt oufja t`nt t`a
`nf gkddlttaf gkddabgaf  hatwaab
raspkfabt“s <ND s`nmm
gkurt rkkd irkd `kmf fnlmy sasslkbs
Dkb-Irl irkd
83>0 | O. Jrkss Ljbkrnbga ki t`a Mnw, tk >3ND hut raimagtaf t`a 0?73ND->8bb nbf irkd
Gnjulkn Jrkss Dlsgkbfugt, nbf `nf tlda nt 0?73ND. Iurt`ar, 8SD-6?73SD. Gkrkmmnry tk
 vlkmntaf t`a Gkfa ki Ouflglnm raspkbfabt oufja inlmaf tk t`ls dnbfnta, oufjas dust
Gkbfugt ikr `nhltunm tnrflbass nbf s`kw gkdpnsslkb, ha pubgtunm nt nmm tldas.
flsraspagt tkwnrfs mnwyars nbf `ar pntlabga, gkurtasy, nbf  V`a Gnbkbs ki Ouflglnm
stnii. glvlmlty ns fadnbfaf hy At`lgs aboklb oufjas tk ha
Gnbkb 1, Wag. 7, w`ab s`a pubgtunm ns n sljb ki
gnusaf t`a nsslstnbt glty raspagt tk t`a tlda ki t`a
prksagutkr tk gry nbf mltljnbts, wltbassas, nbf
gnmmaf `ar stabkjrnp`ar nttkrbays.
hkhk. 
Xa?  Oustlga Ylmmnrndn nppmlaf ikr Z`at`ar t`a tngelbj ki manva Li n oustlga kr oufja `ns
 Nppmlgntlkb kptlkbnm ratlradabt ubfar X.N. graflts s`kumf ha nppmlaf tk rabfaraf mkbj sarvlga lb
ikr Kptlkbnm <>3, ns ndabfaf hy X.N. Bk. 13<1 kptlkbnm ratlraas ns wamm; t`a ouflglnry, `a kr s`a
Xatlradabt nbf X.N. Bk. <<69. V`a Gkurt  \as. V`a irngtlkb ki t`a dust ha rawnrfaf avab li
Qbfar XN <>3, jrnbtaf Oustlga Ylmmnrndn's raquast ilva-yanr parlkf t`a ratlradabt ls kptlkbnm5
ns ndabfaf ikr kptlkbnm ratlradabt nbf lddaflntamy prlkr tk nbf t`a purpksa ki t`a mnw
hy XN 13<1 npprkvaf t`a pnydabt ki Oustlga  Oustlga Ylmmnrndn's
Ylmmnrndn's kptlkbnm
kptlkbnm ls sarvaf bk dkra t`nb lt
nbf XN <<69,  Ylmmnrndn's ratlradabt jrntulty nbf ratlradabt s`nmm nmsk ha  wkumf ha lb t`a gnsa ki kba
ki Nsskglnta tardlbnm manva habailts, axgmuslva lbgmufaf lb t`a  w`k ls ratlraf
 Oustlga Dnrtlb ki t`a mkbjavlty pny gkdpkbabt, gkdputntlkb. gkdpumskrlmy.
W. Ylmmnrndn, pabflbj t`a raskmutlkb ki `ls Z`at`ar t`a sarvlga rabfaraf hy
 Or. raquasts ikr nfoustdabts tk `ls n dadhar ki t`a ouflglnry ns hnr
 N.D. Bk. >1- mkbjavlty hnsaf kb anrbaf manva axndlbar ls grafltaf ns pnrt ki
>>-3>-WG | graflts nbf sarvlga rabfaraf ns n  ouflglnm sarvlga; 
sarvlga;  
Dnrg` 9, 83>0 hnr axndlbar.
axndlbar. Bk. V`a rajumnr iubgtlkbs
ki t`a oustlga kr oufja nbf
t`a sarvlga parikrdaf ns
hnr axndlbar gnbbkt
npprkprlntamy ha
gkbslfaraf ns twk
 Snja : ki >3

Q.S. MNZ HKG MAJNM AV@LGW NBF OQFLGLNM AV@LGW XAGABV OQXLWSXQFABGA

GNWA INGVW @AMF FKGVXLBA

sapnrnhma nbf ilblta ouflglnm
sarvlgas li t`ay suppksafmy
gklbglfa nt t`a snda tlda
kr parlkf.
KGN v. Oufja Lb t`a 83>9 nuflt gkbfugtaf ki t`a Xaspkbfabt ls Lt `ns haab pravlkusmy `amf
 Nrrazn, DVG DVG ki Sltkjk, ^uazkb praslfaf nfdlblstrntlvamy mlnhma ikr t`nt "UlTb gnsa ki pkkr
Sltkjk, kvar hy Oufja Nrrazn, lt wns ikubf
i kubf jrkss lbaiilglabgy nbf `anmt`, t`a Oufja
^uazkb  N.D. t`nt t`ara wara 71 kvarfua pabflbj ubfua famny lb faglflbj gkbgarbaf baafs kbmy tk
Bk. DVO->0- gnsas nggudumntaf t`rkuj`kut t`a gnsas. @ls ranskbs gnbbkt nse t`ls Gkurt ikr nb
><>> | Nprlm >9, yanrs. V`a Faputy Gkurt axgusa `ld, hut nt dkst axtabslkb ki tlda tk faglfa
83>0  Nfdlblstrntkr t`ab lssuaf n gnb kbmy dltljnta `ls gnsas, ns skkb ns lt
dadkrnbfud tk Oufja Nrrazn tk mlnhlmlty. Qbikrtubntamy ikr hagkdas gmanr tk `ld t`nt
lddaflntamy faglfa kb 87 gnsas, `ld, t`a Gkurt s`nras t`a t`ara wkumf ha famny lb t`a
tnea npprkprlnta ngtlkb wlt` rajnrf
r ajnrf KGN's khsarvntlkb t`nt flspksltlkb ki `ls gnsas."
tk kba gnsa, axpaflta t`a t`a prkhmads nmmufaf tk
flspksltlkb ki : gnsas w`lg` wara `nppabaf yanrs haikra t`a
nmranfy 7 yanrs kmf. Oufja Nrrazn ouflglnm nuflt wns
gkdpmlaf nbf sabt n rapkrt tk t`a gkbfugtaf. Dkrakvar, wlt`
gkurt nfdlblstrntkr hajjlbj t`nt raspagt tk t`a gnsas nmranfy
bk nfdlblstrntlva pabnmty ha suhdlttaf ikr faglslkb hut
ldpksaf njnlbst `ld. @a prkiiaraf bkt faglfaf wlt`lb t`a
up t`a axpmnbntlkb t`nt `ls wlia prasgrlhaf parlkf, Oufja
nbf elfssuiiaraf
`a `nf mait `ldn strkea
lb 83>3lbnbf t`nt  Nrrazn
83>8. axtabslkbinlmaf tk nse t`a
tk faglfa ikr
snda.
XASQHMLG v.  V`a WNMBs nvnlmnhma kb ragkrf  V`a inlmura ki t`a •  Hkt` Wagtlkb >>
WAXABK nbf ilmaf hy Warabk wara t`ksa ikr raspkbfabt tk suhdlt ki X.N. Bk. 9:>7 nbf
JX Bk. t`a yanrs ><01, ><0<, ><<3, ><<>, WNMBs tk t`a OHG OHG Wagtlkb < ki X.N. Bk. 73><
87:680, >> Dny ><<7, ><<6, ><<1, ><<9, ><<:,  vklfs t`a bkdlbntlkb nbf raqulra t`a
83>0, O. Vlond ><<0, nbf 8338, (>> kut ki 81 nppklbtdabt ki nggkdpmls`dabt nbf
WNMBs). 1 yanrs nitar `ar raspkbfabt ns G`lai suhdlsslkb ki trua,
nppklbtdabt ns G`lai Oustlga, nb  Oustlga. , raspkbfabt bkt fatnlmaf nbf swkrb
ldpang`dabt gkdpmnlbt wns ilmaf kbmy inlmaf tk suhstnbtlnmmy stntadabt ki nssats nbf
hy Ntty. Mnrry Jnfkb njnlbst `ar gkdpmy wlt` t`a mlnhlmltlas. Iurt`ar, ubfar
 wlt` t`a Gkddlttaa kb Oustlga ki suhdlsslkb ki t`a WNMBs Wagtlkb >> ki X.N. Bk.
t`a @kusa ki Xaprasabtntlvas ikr hut t`ara wns bk 9:>7, bkb-gkdpmlnbga
gumpnhma vlkmntlkb ki t`a gkdpmlnbga nt nmm. V`a OHG  wlt` t`ls raqulradabt ls
Gkbstltutlkb, gkrruptlkb, `lj` s`kumf bk mkbjar `nva bkt kbmy publs`nhma hy
gkbslfaraf raspkbfabt ikr
grldas, nbf hatrnynm ki puhmlg trust. ldprlskbdabt nbf/kr ilba,
 V`a gkdpmnlbt nmsk nmmajaf t`nt lbtarvlaw ns lt nmranfy lt dny nmsk rasumt lb
raqulraf t`a suhdlsslkb ki,
raspkbfabt inlmaf tk dnea trut`ium flsqunmlilgntlkb tk `kmf
fagmnrntlkbs lb `ar WNMBs. V`a nt manst, t`a WNMBs puhmlg kiilga.
Xapuhmlg, t`rkuj` t`a KWJ, ilmaf gkrraspkbflbj tk t`a
t`a prasabt Satltlkb ikr t`a lddaflntamy pragaflbj >3
yanrs up tk Fagadhar 7>,
lssunbga ki t`a axtrnkrflbnry wrlt
83>>. Xaspkbfabt's inlmura
ki quk wnrrnbtk tk fagmnra ns vklf
raspkbfabt's nppklbtdabt ns G`laitk suhdlt tk t`a OHG `ar
 Oustlga ki t`a Wuprada Gkurt. WNMBs ikr savarnm yanrs
danbs t`nt `ar lbtajrlty
 wns bkt astnhmls`af nt t`a
tlda ki `ar nppmlgntlkb
Kiilga ki t`a Xaspkbfabt“s snmnry wns wlt``amf Xaspkbfabt ls julmty ki Gmares ki gkurt ngt ns
Gkurt kb savarnm kggnslkbs (Dny 8339, jrkss bajmagt ki futy. KGN gustkflnbs ki gkurt iubfs,
 Nfdlblstrntkr
 Nfdlblstrntkr  Nprlm 8330 nbf Dny 83>3) ikr `ls Glrgumnr Bk. >>7-8336“s nbf ns sug`, t`ay nra
inlmura tk suhdlt dkbt`my ilbnbglnm flragtlva ls t`nt t`a raqulraf tk lddaflntamy
 Snja 0 ki >3

Q.S. MNZ HKG MAJNM AV@LGW NBF OQFLGLNM AV@LGW XAGABV OQXLWSXQFABGA

GNWA INGVW @AMF FKGVXLBA

 v. Gmare ki rapkrts kb t`a Ouflglnry suhdlsslkb ki Dkbt`my fapkslt t`a iubfs w`lg`
Gkurt LL Gnmlon Favamkpdabt Iubf, Wpaglnm Xapkrts dust ha fkba t`ay ragalva lb t`alr kiilglnm
 Ouba 1, 83>0 |  Nmmkwnbga Iubf (WNO), nbf dkbt`my. Gnmlon `nf haab gnpnglty tk t`a nut`krlzaf
Sar Gurlnd Ilfuglnry Iubf (II). @a axpmnlbaf radlss lb gkdpmylbj wlt` jkvarbdabt fapksltkrlas.
t`nt t`a famny wns fua tk dlsslbj t`ls dnbfnta. V`a vnrlkus  V`ay nra dnbfntaf tk
fapkslt smlps w`lg` `a kbmy mkgntaf  vlkmntlkbs hy raspkbfabt, tldamy fapkslt ouflglnry
ragabtmy. Xaspkbfabt wns g`nrjaf gkddlttaf wlt` sug` gkmmagtlkbs ns wamm ns tk
 wlt` faramlgtlkb ki futy. iraquabgy nbf wlt`kut suhdlt dkbt`my ilbnbglnm
gkbsglabtlkus rajnrf tk rapkrts kb t`a snda.
t`alr gkbsaquabgas, nbf
fasplta gkbstnbt radlbfar
irkd t`ls Gkurt, nra
tastndabt tk `ls jrkss
bajmljabga.
 Ntty. Dn`lbny  Ntty. Dn`lbny ilmaf n gkdpmnlbt Xaspkbfabt ls  V`a dkdabt n oufja fkbs
 v. @kb. njnlbst Oufja Fnkdlmns ikr jrkss nfdlblstrntlvamy mlnhma ikr t`a ouflglnm rkha, `a ls
Fnkdlmns lbaxgusnhma bajmljabga nbf jrkss ubfua famny, hut bkt ikr hkubf tk strlgtmy nf`ara tk
 N.D. Bk. XVO- ljbkrnbga ki t`a mnw, nmmajlbj t`nt jrkss ljbkrnbga ki t`a mnw nbf inlt`iummy gkdpmy wlt`
>0-818: raspkbfabt vlkmntaf t`a Lbtarld ns t`ara wns bk ilbflbj ki `ls futlas famlbantaf ubfar
(Ikrdarmy KGN Xumas ki Srkgafura ikr Lbtrn- hnf inlt`. V`a suhoagt t`a Baw Gkfa ki Ouflglnm
LSL Bk. >9- Gkrpkrnta Gkbtrkvarslas w`ab `a Krfar wns rabfaraf Gkbfugt ikr t`a S`lmlpplba
6197-XVO) | inlmaf tk ngt kb t`a Srnyar ikr VXK haykbf t`a <3-fny parlkf  Ouflglnry, pnrtlgumnrmy Wag.
nbf/kr
 Ouba >0, 83>0 n fasplta
Lboubgtlkb mnpsa ki  wlt`lb
Zrlt kit`aSramldlbnry w`lg` n n gnsa
s`kumf faglfa oufja
kr 1, Gnbkb1.9 w`lg`
WAG. Oufjasranfs?
s`nmm
dkra t`nb twk (8) yanrs irkd t`a raskmva n pabflbj dnttar, parikrd nmm ouflglnm futlas,
fnta t`a dnttar wns suhdlttaf ikr ragekbaf irkd t`a fnta ki lbgmuflbj t`a famlvary ki
raskmutlkb. t`a ilmlbj ki t`a mnst rasarvaf faglslkbs,
pmanflbj, lb nggkrfnbga aiilglabtmy, inlrmy nbf wlt`
 wlt` Wag. >1, pnr. (>) nbf ranskbnhma prkdptbass.
(8), Nrt. YLLL ki t`a ><0:
Gkbstltutlkb.
XA? Srldk, ratlraf W`arlii ki XVG  V`a patltlkb ikr gmadabgy Julfamlbas lb raskmvlbj
FAGALVIQM Wkrskjkb, jnva S76,333 tk s`kumf bkt ha jrnbtaf. raquasts ikr ouflglnm
GKBFQGV patltlkbar Fam Xksnrlk, n Gns` Halbj nb ngtlva dadhar lb gmadabgy?
KI LJBNGLK Gmare ki t`a Kiilga ki t`a Gkurt `ls hnrnbjny nbf Snrls` >. V`ara dust ha prkki ki
W. FAM  Nfdlblstrntkr sk t`nt Fam Xksnrlk Mny Dlblstry fkas bkt radkrsa nbf raikrdntlkb.
XKWNXLK gkumf prkgass Srldk“s ratlradabt bagassnrlmy s`kw trua xxx
 ND Bk. 83>>- pnpars wlt` t`a Gkurt. Satltlkbar rapabtnbga nbf 8. Wuiilglabt tlda dust
31-WG | >< Oub dlsraprasabtaf t`nt t`a pnpars raikrdntlkb, gkbslfarlbj `nva mnpsaf irkd t`a
83>0 | O. Gnrplk   wara tnelbj tkk mkbj wlt` JWLW, t`nt w`nt ls nt stnea ls t`a ldpksltlkb ki t`a pabnmty
 w`ab t`ay `nvab“t avab haab lbtajrlty ki t`a Ouflglnry. tk absura n parlkf ki
prkgassaf wlt` t`a Gkurt yat. Dkrakvar, patltlkbar raikrdntlkb.
Satltlkbar `nf nmmajafmy mleawlsa inlmaf tk prasabt 7. V`a nja ki t`a parskb
dlsnpprkprlntaf t`a dkbay hy nby avlfabga tk nselbj ikr gmadabgy dust
spabflbj lt kb `ls g`lmf“s fadkbstrnta `ls prkdlsa s`kw t`nt `a stlmm `ns
`kspltnmlzntlkb. Srldk wrkta n nbf pktabtlnm ikr puhmlg prkfugtlva yanrs n`anf ki
mattar gkdpmnlbt tk t`a KGN. Lb sarvlga. `ld t`nt gnb ha put tk
patltlkbar“s gkddabt, `a gmnldaf jkkf usa hy jlvlbj `ld n
`a `nf pnlf Srldk t`a dkbay `a g`nbga tk rafaad `ldsami.
dlsnpprkprlntaf, nbf Srldk 6. V`ara dust ha n
dnbliastaf t`nt `a bk mkbjar s`kwlbj ki prkdlsa x x x
faslraf tk gkbtlbua `ls gkdpmnlbt. ns wamm ns pktabtlnm ikr
 V`a Gkurt stlmm ikubf `ld julmty
julmty ki puhmlg sarvlga.
sarlkus fls`kbasty nbf gkbfugt 1. V`ara dust ha kt`ar
praouflglnm tk t`a hast lbtarast ki ramavnbt ingtkrs nbf
 Snja < ki >3

Q.S. MNZ HKG MAJNM AV@LGW NBF OQFLGLNM AV@LGW XAGABV OQXLWSXQFABGA

GNWA INGVW @AMF FKGVXLBA

t`a sarvlga. Satltlkbar ilmaf n mattar glrgudstnbgas t`nt dny
raquastlbj ikr gmadabgy.
gmadabgy. oustliy gmadabgy.
XA Lb Iahrunry 83>0, Ngtlbj Sraslflbj Wudnbjlm's prkmkbjaf Wagtlkb >3: (n) (>), Xuma 83
FXKSSLBJ  Oufja ki t`a Snsny XVG wrkta t`a ubnut`krlzaf nhsabgas ki t`a 83>: Xumas kb
IXKD V@A KGN t`nt Wudnbjlm `ns haab gnusaf lbaiilglabgy lb t`a  Nfdlblstrntlva Gnsas* lb
XKMMW KI nhsabt wlt`kut kiilglnm manva slbga puhmlg sarvlga ns lt t`a Glvlm Warvlga nut`krlzas
DX. Fag. 83>:. V`a ragkrfs ki t`a flsruptaf t`a bkrdnm t`a frkpplbj irkd t`a rkmms

IMKXNBVA
H. Adpmkyaas'
t`nt Wudnbjlm Manva
`ns Flvlslkb s`kw
bkt suhdlttaf iubgtlkbs ki t`a
lb t`ls rajnrf, gkurt, nbff ki
gkbtrnvabaf
gkbtrnvaba haabadpmkyaas w`knhsabt
gkbtlbukusmy `nva
WQDNBJLM, `ls Fnlmy Vlda Xagkrf (FVX) `ls futy ns n puhmlg sarvnbt  wlt`kut kiilglnm manva ikr nt
GMAXE slbga Fagadhar 8:, 83>: up tk t`a tk sarva wlt` t`a utdkst manst t`lrty (73) wkrelbj
LLL, XVG KI prasabt kr ilmaf nby nppmlgntlkb ikr fajraa ki raspkbslhlmlty, fnys, wlt`kut t`a baaf ikr
SNWN\ GLV\ manva. KGN ragkddabfaf t`nt? (n) lbtajrlty, mkynmty, nbf prlkr bktlga.
 Ouba 83, 83>0 | Wudnbjlm's bnda ha frkppaf irkd aiilglabgy. Bavart`amass,
Sarmns-Harbnha t`a rkmms aiiagtlva Fagadhar >, frkpplbj irkd t`a rkmms ls
83>: ikr `nvlbj haab NZKM5 (h) bkb-flsglpmlbnry lb bntura,
`ls pksltlkb ha fagmnraf vngnbt5 nbf t`us, Wudnbjlm's
nbf (g) `a ha lbikrdaf nhkut `ls sapnrntlkb irkd t`a sarvlga
sapnrntlkb irkd t`a sarvlga hut `a s`nmm balt`ar rasumt lb t`a
dny stlmm ragalva habailts w`lg` `a ikrialtura ki `ls habailts
dny `nva haab abtltmaf tk. bkr flsqunmlilgntlkb irkd
raadpmkydabt lb t`a

 Ntty. Vngkrfn Gkdpmnlbnbts ilmaf n gkdpmnlbt  V`a jkvarbdabt.

raspkbfabt ls bkt  V`a Gkbstltutlkb gmanrmy
 v. Oufja njnlbst raspkbfabt oufja ikr Jrkss julmty ki jrkss ljbkrnbga ki prkvlfas t`nt nmm mkwar
Gnhrarn-Inmmar Ljbkrnbga ki t`a Mnw, Jrkss t`a mnw ns t`ara wns bk gkurts s`kumf faglfa kr
 Ouba 8:, 83>0 | Lbaiilglabgy, Famny lb t`a nmmajntlkb kr dabtlkb ki raskmva gnsas kr dnttars
 O. Gnrplk  Nfdlblstrntlkb ki Oustlga, nbf nby hnf inlt`, irnuf,  wlt`lb t`raa dkbt`s irkd
Ldprkprlaty. Z`ab t`a pnrtlas lb fls`kbasty, nbf gkrruptlkb t`a fnta ki suhdlsslkb.
t`a gnsa Wnmvlmmn v. Fudfud   wara gkddlttaf hy raspkbfabt. Dkrakvar, Wagtlkb 1,
raqulraf tk suhdlt t`alr pra-trlnm Xaspkbfabt ls `kwavar Gnbkb 9 ki t`a Baw Gkfa
hrlais, t`a lbltlnm oufja lb`lhltaf julmty ki jrkss lbaiilglabgy ki Ouflglnm Gkbfugt
irkd t`a gnsa nbf lt wns nbf famny lb t`a prkvlfas? Wag. 1. Oufjas
suhsaquabtmy rniimaf tk t`a snmn ki nfdlblstrntlkb ki oustlga s`nmm parikrd nmm ouflglnm
Gnhrarn-Inmmar. V`a gnsa wns ikr inlmura tk prkdptmy ngt futlas,
 Oufja Gnhrarn-Inmmar. lbgmuflbj t`a
t`ab sat ikr pratrlnm, `kwavar, lt kb t`a Dktlkb ilmaf hy t`a famlvary ki rasarvaf
 wns ikubf t`nt t`a gnsa `nf nmranfy Wpkusas Fudfud. Wlbga faglslkbs, aiilglabtmy, inlrmy
`nf nmranfy
haab raiarraf ikr daflntlkb, raspkbfabt oufja `nf nbf wlt` ranskbnhma
prkdptlbj t`a trlnm gkurt tk nmranfy haab flsdlssaf prkdptbass.
suspabf t`a prkgaaflbjs ubtlm irkd sarvlga lb nbkt`ar Wagtlkb <, Xuma >63 ki t`a
ragalpt ki t`a Daflntkr's Xapkrt. gnsa, t`a ndkubt S83,333, Xavlsaf XKG publs`af
Danbw`lma, pmnlbtliis lb t`nt gnsa s`nmm ha fafugtaf irkd ubfua famny lb rabfarlbj n
hamntafmy ilmaf t`alr pra-trlnm hrlai.  w`ntavar ndkubt dny stlmm faglslkb kr krfar hy? >)
 V`ls prkdptaf Vngkrfn nbf ha fua Oufja Gnhrarn- Wuspabslkb irkd kiilga
Fudfud tk ilma n Dktlkb tk Inmmar.  wlt`kut snmnry nbf kt`ar
Axpubja pmnlbtlii“s  pra-trlnm hrlai. habailts ikr bkt mass t`nb
 Vwk yanrs nitar t`a Dktlkb wns kba bkr dkra t`nb t`raa
ilmaf, raspkbfabt Oufja fablaf t`a dkbt`s5 kr 8) N ilba ki
dktlkb nbf sat t`a gnsa ikr pra- dkra t`nb S>3,333.33 hut
trlnm gkbiarabga. V`ls famny bkt axgaaflbj S83,333.33.
prkdptaf t`a gkdpmnlbnbts tk ilma
t`a gkdpmnlbt.