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CHAPTER ONE
PHILOSOPHY AND THE PHILOSOPHY OF MAN
Pretest 1
____________________________ /__________
Name and Signature of Professor / Date
CHAPTER ONE: What is Philosophy and What is Philosophy of Man all about?
Lesson 1
PHILOSOPHY IN GENERAL
Let us thus attempt, through careful and critical examination of the term,
to work out some general, systematic, coherent, and consistent pictures of all
that we know and think.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Thus, a person has science when he knows the reason for the fact,
such as why leaves are green, or the cause of the fact, such as what is
the cause of cancer.
WONDER QUESTION
1. Philosophy does not make real progress like the sciences. This
goes with the idea that philosophical questions are unanswerable. Now,
progress comes in many forms. It does not happen only when questions
are answered. Questions can be clarified, subdivided, and found to rest
on confusions. They can be partially answered. These are all forms of
progress. Even when a question is abandoned as unanswerable, that too
is progress.
Philosophical views are often carefully worked out and emerge only
after criticism, revision, and years of study. Truth does not come easy, so
it is unlikely to be captured in some simplistic and haphazard fashion.
We all live in the world and operate with a set of beliefs about it, but the
continual quest to challenge those beliefs and improve them requires a
particular kind of dedication.
2. Formal Object. Formal Object is the special thing for which the
science seeks in that field, that is to say, the special aim, end-in-view,
point-of-focus that the science has in dealing with the subject matter
(Glenn, 1957). For instance, in cosmology the special point-of-focus,
for which it seeks in the study of the universe, is its origin, evolution,
structure, and by extension, humanity’s place in it. Its two subdivisions,
viz., the formal object QUOD and the formal object QUO can clearly
illustrate its meaning.
The formal object quo is the natural reason alone and, specifically,
the abstractive power of reason. See the objects of philosophy as
diagrammed (compared to the objects of particular sciences and theology)
in Table 1 below.
Immediate
Particular
causes, reasons,
Sciences
and principles
Reasoning
SCIENCES
All things
Philosophy
Ultimate causes,
reasons, and
principles
Faith and
Theology
Reasoning
PHILOSOPHY
Practical Speculative
Logic Epistemology
Ethics Theodicy
Axiology Cosmology
Aesthetics Psychology
Semantics Metaphysics
Lesson 2
PHILOSOPHY OF MAN
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Po s t t e s t 1
____________________________ /__________
Name and Signature of Professor / Date
Po s t t e s t 2
1. The study that poses the questions about objective truth, fact, knowledge,
and opinion.
a. Cosmology c. Ethics
b. Epistemology d. Metaphysics
7. It is the inquiry into the origin and development of the universe with its
parts, elements, and laws.
a. Metaphysics c. Ethics
b. Logic d. Cosmology
____________________________ /__________
Name and Signature of Professor / Date
Po s t t e s t 3
____________________________ /__________
Name and Signature of Professor / Date
CLASS ACTIVITIES
1. Ask students to spend some time listing 10 questions which they seek
to answer to and to classify them into philosophical inquiry or scientific
inquiry. Then, share their reason(s) with another student or with the class.
2. Have students think of a question which they are most curious about,
then allow them to classify the questions into any of the philosophical fields.
If possible do not allow duplication of questions to egg on creativity and
improvement. Then, let them explain why they are curious about it.
3. Let students compare these questions: (a) “Where can I find peanut
butter?” and (b)“Where can I find happiness?” Then, ask them to answer the
following: In what ways are these two questions similar? In what ways are
they different? Which question is easier to answer? Which question is more
important?
GLOSSARY
Aesthetics is the branch of philosophy that deals with the nature of art,
beauty, and taste, with the creation and appreciation of beauty.
Art refers to man's creativeness and skill in making or doing things that have
form and beauty.
Axiology is the study of the origin, nature, functions, types, and interrelations
of values.
Beauty means the quality attributed to whatever pleases the beholder such as
form, color, and behavior.
Cause is that which contributes in any positive manner toward the production
of a thing.
Cosmology is the branch of philosophy which deals with the origin and
development of the universe with its parts, elements, laws, especially its
characteristics with regard to space, time, causality and freedom.
Descriptive (or scientific) Approach asks about what is man as person, as
a nature, and as existing. It is merely interested in describing man as a
person, as a nature, and as existing.
Epistemology is the science of true and certain knowledge.
Ethics is science of the morality of human acts as ordained to the final end.
Formal Object is the special thing for which the science seeks in that field,
that is to say, the special aim, end-in-view, point-of-focus that the science
has in dealing with the subject matter.
Logic is the science and art of correct thinking.
Love is an urge or a drive of a will towards a particular object.
Material Object refers to the subject matter of a science - the field in which
the science works.
Metaphysics is the science which deals with the nature of being, its attributes,
constituent principles, and causes.
Normative (or prescriptive) Approach asks what man as a person, as a
nature, and as existing is suppose to be. It sets up a standard of what man
ought to be.
Objectum Formale Quo is the light or vehicle by which the science studies
its object.