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Dr Kaushal Sharma
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OCCUPATIONAL

crime
 AGENDA
What is meant by crime ?
Types of crime
Occupational crimes
Examples of occupational crime
Four types of occupational crime
3 factors to commit fraud
WHAT IS MEANT BY CRIME ?

Crime is an illegal act for which someone can be punished

by the government especially a gross violation of law

a grave offense especially agaist morality

Criminal activity :efforts to fight crime
Something reprehensibe, foolish , or disgraceful :it's a

crime to waste good food.

 Occupational Crime

Illegal acts that are made possible through a persons lawful

employment
Secret violation of laws which rule the work activities
When these types of crimes are carried out by office-workers and

professsionals, it is known as white-collar crimes

Most of the occupational crimes are the special examples of

conflicts of intrest
These kinds of crimes are motivated by personal greed, corporate ambition,
misguided company loyality
 Occupational Crime
Crimes which are done for promoting the intrest of the empolyes are also

called Occupational Crime

Another for of Occupational Crime is employee theft

Examples of Occupational Crime
1. Industrial Espionage:
Means industrial spying.
Example: In Northen California, one industrial area is
famous for computer industrial area is famous for
computer industries (main production of integrated-
circuit microprocessors or computer chips). It also has a
large number of industrail espionages
Reason for industrail espionage:
1. Development of computer chip is extremely

competitive and fast moving

2. Manufacture of the computer chips is the most

expensive one.
3. Computer chips and its parts are very small. So they

can be eaisly taken away from the offices by secret

means

4. The enforcement of law has been ineffective

2. Price fixing;
The American Government passed the "Shorman

Antitrust Act" in the year 1890, to stop the

companies from jointly setting prices.

During that period the price fixing was done buy

companies in a joint manner

3. Endangering lives:
Employers who expose their empolyes to safety

hazards usaally escape from criminal penalties

The copmanies which are responsible for the

death of people can easily escape by paying

compensation
Examples for Endangering lives
Asbestos industry: asbestos fibers cause a lung disease

called asbestosis and an incurable disease named

'mesotheioma'
In Ameican during 1940-1979 more than 25 million

asbestos workers were found to be affected by much

disease and more than 1,00,000 workers dead.

Four Types of Occupational Crime

1. Organizational Crime
2. State-based Authority Crime
3. Prpfessional Crime
4. Individuals Crime
 ORGANIZATIONAL CRIME

The crimes for the benefit of an employing orgaization

Who Benefits? The employers/the company (macro)

Examples:
Price fixing
False product Test Results
Fraud
Secrets Theft
 State-Based Authority crime
The crimes commited by govt.officials or employees throug
the exercise of their power given to them by their job.
who Benefits? The offendeder benefits directly

Examples:

Senator taking Bribes

Police stealing confiscated goods
Mayor get kick-backs
Cuyahoga Country Corruption charge
 Professional Crime
Prof crimes commited by professional which violate the trust

placed in them by their patients/clients/individuals

Who Benefits? The offender benefits direclty

Examples:
Sexual assault by dentists while patient is asleep
Teachers sleeping with their students
Lawyers billing client for hours they did not work
Doctor/vets making a flase diagnosis
 Individual Occupatinal Crime
The crimes commited by a worker themselves (unrelated

to govt. authority, profession or organization ) Macro!

Who Benefits? The individual themselves only

Examples:
Employee theft
Driving company vehicles while drunk
Falsification of expense reports
Income tax evasion
 3 Factors to commit fraud
Cressey's Fraud triangle outline 3 factors must be

present for a person to commit fraud.

Pressure
Rationalization
Opportunity

The General Strain Theory and the Differential

Association Theory also explain why certain people are

more inclined to commit a crime.

Circumstances that allow

o n
a employee to carry out

ti

A frame of mind that

allows employees to

misappropriate cash
misappropriation of cash

a
ity

z
or other organized assets

li
un

n a
o
rt

t i
po

Ra
Op
Pressure

Pressure is motive or incentives for

Employees to misappropriate of cash
or other organized assets
 References
Mike W. Matin and Roland Schinzinger, Tata Mc

Graw Hil New Delhi, 2003

https://youtu.be/46e3c7fQQZg
https://www.reeplawfirm.com/what-are-

occupational-crimes/