Elements of Industrial Automation 20ME44P

WEEK -4

ADC: An analog-to-digital converter is any device that converts analog signals (continuous
quantity) into digital signals (discrete time digital representation). The analog signal is a
continuous sinusoidal wave form that cannot be read by a computer, hence the need for
conversion. By converting the analog signal, data can be amplified, added or taken from the
original signal.

DAC: A digital-to-analog converter (DAC) is a device, usually consisting of a single chip,

for converting binary or digital code into an analog signal. A DAC device converts an
abstract finite precise number, typically a fixed-point binary number, into a definite physical
variable such as voltage or pressure.

Motor: An electric motor is an electrical machine that converts electrical energy into
mechanical energy.

Types of motors:
1.DC motor
2.AC motor
3.Stepper Motor
4.Serve Motor

Types of D.C Motors:

1. Series wound motor
2. Shunt wound motor
3. Compound motor
4. Separately excited motor

D.C. motors: Figure the basic principle of the d. c. motor,

a loop of wire which is free to rotate in the field of a
permanent magnet. When a current is passed through the
coil, the resulting forces acting on its sides at right angles
to the field cause forces to act on those sides to give
rotation. However, for the rotation to continue, when the
coil passes through the vertical position the current
direction through the coil has to be reversed.
In the conventional d.c. motor, coils of wire are mounted in slots on a cylinder of magnetic
material called the armature. The armature is mounted on bearings and is free to rotate. It is
mounted in the magnetic field produced by field poles. These may be, for small motors,
permanent magnets or electromagnets with their magnetism produced by a current through
the field coils.

Types of A.C. Motors:

1.Single phase A.C. motor
i.Induction motor
iiSynchronous motor.
2.Poly phase A.C. motor

Compiled by Shri.Bharat Nikkam Dept. of Mechanical Engg. Page 1

Elements of Industrial Automation 20ME44P

i.Induction motor
ii.Synchronous motor.

A.C Motor: The single-phase squirrel-cage induction motor

consists of a squirrel-cage rotor, this being copper or aluminum bars
that fit into slots in end rings to form complete electrical circuits .
There are no external electrical connections to the rotor. The basic
motor consists of this rotor with a stator having a set of windings.
When an alternating current passes through the stator windings an
alternating magnetic field is produced. As a result of
electromagnetic induction, e.m.f’s are induced in the conductors of
the rotor and currents flow in the rotor.

Stepper Motor : The stepper motor is a device that produces

rotation through equal angles when digital pulses are supplied as
input.

Types of Stepper Motor:

1.Variable reluctance stepper
2.Permanent Magnet Stepper Motor
3.Hybrid Stepper Motor

Variable reluctance stepper motor: Figure shows the basic

form of the variable reluctance stepper motor. With this form
the rotor is made of soft steel and is cylindrical with four poles.
i.e fewer poles than on the stator. When an opposite pair of
windings has current switched to them, a magnetic field is
produced with lines of force which pass from the stator poles
through the nearest set of poles on the rotor. Since lines of
force can be considered to be rather like elastic thread and
always trying to shorten themselves, the rotor will move until
the rotor and stator poles line up. This is termed the position of
minimum reluctance. This form of stepper generally gives step
angles of 7.5° or 15 °.

Servo motor:

1.DC servo motor

2.AC servo motor
3.Positive rotation
4.Continuous rotation
5.Linear servo motor

Compiled by Shri.Bharat Nikkam Dept. of Mechanical Engg. Page 2

Elements of Industrial Automation 20ME44P

Working Principle of AC Servomotor:

Initially, a constant ac voltage is provided at the main winding of the stator of the ac
servomotor. The other stator terminal of the servomotor is connected to the control
transformer through the control winding.

Due to the provided reference voltage, the shaft of the synchro generator rotates with a
particular speed and attains a certain angular position.

Also, the shaft of the control transformer has a certain specific angular position which is
compared with the angular position of the shaft of the synchro generator.

Further, the comparison of two angular positions provides the error signal. More specifically,
the voltage levels of the corresponding shaft positions are compared which generates the
error signal.

This error signal corresponds to the voltage level present at the control transformer. This
signal is then provided to the servo amplifier which generates variable control voltage.

With this applied voltage, the rotor again attains a specific speed and starts rotation and
sustains until the value of the error signal reaches 0, thereby attaining the desired position of
the motor in the AC servomotors.

Compiled by Shri.Bharat Nikkam Dept. of Mechanical Engg. Page 3