This document discusses different ways to visually represent numerical data, including histograms, ogives, and pie charts. Histograms use bars to show frequency distributions with variables on the x-axis and frequency on the y-axis. Ogives similarly show cumulative frequency distributions by plotting cumulative values. The document also includes an example showing how to create a histogram and ogive from sample output data. Pie charts represent proportions or percentages of a total using wedges, with the area of each wedge proportional to the component's share.
This document discusses different ways to visually represent numerical data, including histograms, ogives, and pie charts. Histograms use bars to show frequency distributions with variables on the x-axis and frequency on the y-axis. Ogives similarly show cumulative frequency distributions by plotting cumulative values. The document also includes an example showing how to create a histogram and ogive from sample output data. Pie charts represent proportions or percentages of a total using wedges, with the area of each wedge proportional to the component's share.
This document discusses different ways to visually represent numerical data, including histograms, ogives, and pie charts. Histograms use bars to show frequency distributions with variables on the x-axis and frequency on the y-axis. Ogives similarly show cumulative frequency distributions by plotting cumulative values. The document also includes an example showing how to create a histogram and ogive from sample output data. Pie charts represent proportions or percentages of a total using wedges, with the area of each wedge proportional to the component's share.
Many people find it easier to understand numerical information if it is presented in a
pictorial form, rather than as a table of figures. In this section, therefore, we look at diagrammatic representations of frequency and cumulative frequency distributions. HISTOGRAMS A histogram is a graph of a frequency distribution. The x -axis is the variable being measured and the y -axis is the corresponding frequency. EXAMPLE 1
Plot a histogram to the data above
THE OGIVE An ogive is a graph of a cumulative frequency distribution. The x -axis is the variable being measured and the y -axis is the corresponding cumulative frequency, the x – and y -values being plotted in exactly the same way as we discussed earlier. With a discrete variable, intermediate x -values have no meaning in reality (recall the example on invoices) and so the ogive would consist of a series of discrete points. It is usual therefore not to draw it. With a continuous variable, the intermediate values do have a meaning, and so it makes sense to join the plotted points. From the example above, add a column of cumulative frequencies to the table Output of A units No of days f Cf 30-under 35 1 1 35-under 40 3 4 40-under 45 4 8 45-under 50 6 14 50-under 55 4 18 55-under 60 4 22
The corresponding ogive is given below
PIE CHARTS There are a number of other, more general, charts and graphs commonly used to represent business data. In this section we look at one of the most basic: pie charts. Pie charts are a very easily understood way of depicting the percentage or proportional breakdown of a total into various categories. They are so called because the total is rep- resented by a circle, with each component shown as a sector with area proportional to percentage. Overall, the chart looks rather like a ‘ pie ’ with ‘ slices ’ in it. Sometimes two pie charts are used to compare two totals, along with the manner in which they are broken down. In such cases the areas of the pies, in other words the squares of their radii, are proportional to the total frequencies. Example