1.

Drug abuse is defined as:

A) ingestion of a drug, regardless of the amount of ingestion.
B) use of a drug to the extent that it impairs the user's biological, social, or
psychological well-being.
C) use of any illegal substance.
D) an emotional and cognitive compulsion to use a drug.

2. Because they enter the bloodstream faster, drugs that are _______________
usually have the strongest and most immediate effects.
A) swallowed
B) absorbed through the skin
C) injected or inhaled
D) mixed with food

3. The fatty cells that form the body's protective blood-brain barrier are the:
A) glial feet.
B) interneurons.
C) Schwann cells.
D) stem cells.

4. Drugs that are able to pass through the blood-brain barrier and placental barriers
to damage a developing fetus must be:
A) fat soluble.
B) glial-destroying enzymes.
C) psychoactive.
D) All of the answers are correct.

5. Drugs, pollutants, and other substances that cross the placental barrier and
damage the developing person are called:
A) glial-destroying enzymes.
B) psychoactive.
C) teratogens.
D) astrocytes.

6. Agonist is to antagonist as _______________ is to _______________.

A) nicotine; LSD
B) LSD; nicotine
C) neurotransmitter enhancement; neurotransmitter blocking
D) neurotransmitter blocking; neurotransmitter enhancement

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 7. Cocaine produces its stimulating effects by:
A) blocking the reuptake of norepinephrine and dopamine in the synapse.
B) causing presynaptic cells to release more norepinephrine.
C) causing presynaptic cells to release more dopamine.
D) blocking serotonin receptors in postsynaptic cells.

8. Withdrawal refers to:

A) the unpleasant physical and psychological symptoms that occur when a person
stops using certain drugs.
B) a state in which use of a drug is required for a person to function normally.
C) a state of progressively decreasing responsiveness to a frequently used drug.
D) the effect of one drug to increase the effects of another.

9. Max has been smoking cigarettes so long that his body requires nicotine to
function normally. A health psychologist would say that Max clearly has
developed:
A) hypersensitivity.
B) dependence.
C) potentiation.
D) tolerance.

10. Caffeine is an _____________ that blocks the effects of _____________.

A) agonist; adenosine
B) antagonist; adenosine
C) agonist; serotonin
D) antagonist; serotonin

11. The discomfort and distress that follow the discontinued use of certain drugs is
called:
A) disinhibition.
B) tolerance.
C) neuroadaptation.
D) withdrawal.

12. According to the hypersensitivity theory, addiction is the result of efforts by the
body to:
A) counteract the effects of a drug in order to maintain an optimal internal state.
B) establish a set point for the level of a specific drug in the body.
C) minimize the severity of withdrawal symptoms.
D) eliminate the need for increasing drug dosage with increasing use.

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 13. The change in brain chemistry that offsets the effects of a psychoactive drug is
called:
A) disinhibition.
B) dissociation.
C) neuroadaptation.
D) neurogenesis.

14. The need to take larger and larger doses of a drug in order to experience its
effects is an indication of:
A) dependence and tolerance.
B) potentiation.
C) psychological dependence.
D) All of the answers are correct.

15. Marijuana and LSD are:

A) depressants.
B) stimulants.
C) hallucinogens.
D) opiates.

16. Which drugs boost activity in the central nervous system?

A) stimulants
B) depressants
C) hallucinogens
D) psychoactive

17. Which of the following drugs does NOT belong with the others?
A) cocaine
B) amphetamines
C) nicotine
D) alcohol

18. Drug potentiation refers to:

A) the unpleasant physical and psychological symptoms that occur when a person
stops using certain drugs.
B) a state in which use of a drug is required for a person to function normally.
C) a state of progressively decreasing responsiveness to a frequently used drug.
D) the effect of one drug to increase the effects of another.

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 19. The concordance rate for a certain trait refers to the:
A) rate of agreement between a pair of twins for that trait.
B) number of genes involved in determining variation among individuals in the trait.
C) extent to which variations in the trait among a large group of individuals can be
attributed to heredity.
D) relative influence of environmental and biological factors on the trait.

20. According to the _______________, drug use serves to restore abnormally low
levels of key neurotransmitters.
A) hypersensitivity theory
B) reuptake hypothesis
C) withdrawal-relief hypothesis
D) psychoactive set-point hypothesis

21. All major drugs of abuse overstimulate the brain's ancient reward system that
runs through the:
A) septal area of the hypothalamus.
B) occipital and temporal lobes.
C) right hemisphere.
D) left hemisphere.

22. The fact that people who are physically dependent on one substance (such as
nicotine) are more likely to be addicted to others as well (such as alcohol)
provides support for a(n) _______________ model of addiction.
A) social learning
B) cognitive
C) evolutionary
D) reward

23. Tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana are often referred to as _______________,

because they open the door to experimentation with other more dangerous drugs.
A) teratogens
B) disinhibitors
C) gateway drugs
D) threshold drugs

24. One difficulty with reward models of addiction is that they are unable to explain
why:
A) people begin to experiment with drugs in the first place.
B) certain drugs induce physical dependence while others do not.
C) drug use continues even when unpleasant side effects occur.

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D) All of the answers are correct.

25. According to the incentive-sensitization theory of addiction, once drug use passes
from the initial good feelings of first-stage use, repeated drug use occurs because
drug-related cues:
A) become conditioned stimuli.
B) evoke dopamine release.
C) trigger craving for the drug.
D) All of the answers are correct.

26. According to the _______________ theory, the stronger a person's attachment to

family, school, and other institutions, the less likely he or she will be to use
drugs.
A) behavioral disinhibition
B) social control
C) peer cluster
D) hypersensitivity

27. According to the _______________ theory, the influence of friends is strong

enough to overcome the influence of a young person's family, school, and other
institutions in determining drug use.
A) behavioral disinhibition
B) social control
C) peer cluster
D) hypersensitivity

28. In small doses, alcohol is a _______________; in large doses, it is a

_______________.
A) stimulant; depressant
B) depressant; stimulant
C) hallucinogen; stimulant
D) depressant; depressant

29. In most states, a blood alcohol level of _______________ constitutes legal

intoxication.
A) 8%
B) 10%
C) 12%
D) 20%

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 30. It is estimated that nearly _______________ of Americans aged 12 or older can
be classified as current drinkers.
A) 15%
B) 25%
C) 30%
D) 50%

31. Alcohol addiction rates are lowest among which of the following sociocultural
groups of U.S. high school students?
A) European-American
B) Hispanic-American
C) African-American
D) Asian-American

32. Korsakoff's syndrome is sometimes suffered by chronic, heavy users of alcohol

and is characterized by:
A) behavioral disinhibition.
B) the formation of fat deposits on the heart muscle.
C) a dramatic change in personality.
D) the inability to store new memories.

33. Chronic alcohol use has all of the following effects EXCEPT:
A) weakening the immune system.
B) damaging cellular DNA.
C) interfering with normal endocrine system development.
D) increases the secretion of growth hormone.

34. Hepatitis and cirrhosis are two common chronic diseases caused by abuse of:
A) nicotine.
B) cocaine.
C) marijuana.
D) alcohol.

35. Women who drink during critical stages of pregnancy place their infants at risk of
developing:
A) fetal alcohol syndrome.
B) behavioral disinhibition.
C) tolerance.
D) Korsakoff's syndrome.

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 36. Alcohol makes it difficult for drinkers to interpret complex or ambiguous stimuli
because drinkers tend to:
A) focus on only the most salient cues.
B) have trouble narrowing their perceptual fields.
C) become impatient quickly.
D) develop a false sense of confidence in their perceptual skills.

37. Both men and women who drank alcohol:

A) perceived themselves as behaving more sexually than those who did not drink.
B) perceived their partners as behaving more sexually than those who did not drink.
C) perceived themselves and their partners as behaving more sexually than those who
did not drink.
D) rated their conversation partner as more attractive than did those who did not drink.

38. When she drinks alcohol, Eboni experiences a false sense of confidence and
freedom from social constraints, which is called:
A) hypersensitivity.
B) behavioral disinhibition.
C) adolescent invulnerability.
D) drug potentiation.

39. Alcohol consumption tends to:

A) decrease self-awareness and decrease impulse control.
B) decrease self-awareness and increase impulse control.
C) increase self-awareness and increase impulse control.
D) increase self-awareness and decrease impulse control.

40. Alcohol abuse is a:

A) state in which the use of alcohol is required for a person to function normally.
B) maladaptive drinking pattern in which drinking interferes with role obligations.
C) neurological state induced by excessive use of alcohol.
D) personality syndrome linked to alcohol dependence.

41. Researchers have located a gene in some alcohol users that alters the function of
DRD2, a receptor for:
A) serotonin.
B) epinephrine.
C) norepinephrine.
D) dopamine.

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 42. The concordance rate for alcohol dependence among identical twins:
A) is higher than that among fraternal twins.
B) is much lower for those who were raised apart.
C) is much lower for those who were raised with adoptive parents.
D) is lower than that among fraternal twins.

43. Which of the following was NOT presented as evidence that alcohol dependence
is genetically influenced?
A) People who abuse alcohol tend to be impulsive and vulnerable to depression, both
of which are at least partly genetic in origin.
B) Adopted children are more susceptible to alcohol dependency if one or both of
their biological parents was alcohol-dependent.
C) Identical twins have twice the concordance rate for alcohol dependency of fraternal
twins.
D) Alcohol abusers are typically unaware that they are dependent on the drug.

44. Which of the following personality traits has not been linked to alcohol
dependence?
A) negative emotionality
B) behavioral undercontrol
C) attraction to excitement
D) unrealistic optimism

45. According to the _______________ hypothesis, alcohol use is reinforcing

because it reduces stress.
A) behavioral undercontrol
B) negative emotionality
C) hypersensitivity
D) tension-reduction

46. One study reported that adolescents' beliefs regarding their peers' alcohol use and
attitudes predicted their own drinking behavior. This finding highlights the
importance of _______________ in predicting an individual's use of alcohol.
A) alcohol expectancies
B) behavioral undercontrol
C) temperament
D) drug potentiation

47. As a treatment for alcohol dependence, therapy using a nauseating drug such as
Antabuse strives to establish an aversion to the drug as a(n):
A) operant response.

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B) conditioned response.
C) unconditioned response.
D) secondary reinforcer.

48. Dr. Fitzgerald believes that young people who have a sense that their worlds are
coherent and understandable, who feel confident that they have the skills
necessary to meet life's demands, and who feel a commitment to themselves and
their lives are unlikely to become substance abusers. Dr. Fitzgerald is evidently a
proponent of:
A) problem behavior theory.
B) wellness theory.
C) tension-reduction theory.
D) social skills theory.

49. Research on smoking habits of Americans shows that over the past few decades:
A) the percentage of teenage smokers has steadily decreased.
B) smoking has decreased more rapidly among men than among women.
C) smoking has decreased more rapidly among women than among men.
D) the incidence and prevalence of smoking have remained quite stable.

50. In the United States and much of the world, which of the following is most likely
to cause premature death?
A) lack of exercise
B) an unhealthy diet
C) an automobile accident
D) smoking

51. The children of women who smoke during pregnancy may experience a reduced
supply of oxygen to their brains, resulting in a condition called:
A) delirium tremens.
B) fetal hypoxia.
C) Korsakoff's syndrome.
D) nicotine titration.

52. Regarding the health hazards of exposure to secondhand smoke, most experts
agree that:
A) the dangers are not nearly as great as popularly believed.
B) nonsmokers who are regularly exposed to passive smoke are more likely to die
from cardiovascular disease and cancer than those who live with nonsmokers.
C) secondhand smoke is unhealthy, although it has a much lower concentration of
carcinogens than smoke that is directly inhaled.

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D) the hazards of environmental tobacco smoke are more than offset by eating a
balanced diet and engaging in other healthy lifestyle behaviors.

53. Which of the following is most often cited as a reason that people start smoking?
A) situational factors such as peer influence
B) personality factors such as rebelliousness
C) the pleasurable feelings associated with nicotine use
D) self-consciousness

54. Cigarette smoking is rewarding in part because it:

A) lowers blood pressure.
B) decreases alertness.
C) reduces activity in the sympathetic nervous system.
D) induces relaxation in the skeletal muscles.

55. According to the nicotine-titration model, smokers who are physically dependent
on nicotine:
A) regulate their smoking to maintain a steady level of the drug in their bodies.
B) are also psychologically dependent on nicotine.
C) are genetically sensitive to the physiological effects of nicotine.
D) will also be at increased risk for other addictions.

56. When the nicotine content of cigarettes is reduced, smokers tend to:
A) smoke more of the low-nicotine cigarettes.
B) smoke the same number of cigarettes.
C) smoke the same number of cigarettes, but only if they are long-term smokers.
D) experience potentiation.

57. Schachter found that stress _______________ the body's efficiency in using
nicotine and _______________ smoking.
A) increases; decreases
B) decreases; increases
C) has a predictable effect on; has a predictable effect on
D) has an unpredictable effect on; has an unpredictable effect on

58. Researchers have discovered a link between nicotine use and:

A) introversion.
B) extraversion.
C) depression.
D) compulsivity.

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 59. The basic idea behind smoking inoculation programs is to:
A) educate adolescents regarding the dangers of smoking.
B) use peer models to persuade young persons not to smoke.
C) teach practical skills in resisting social pressures to smoke.
D) provide young adolescents with alternatives to smoking.

60. As part of his program to quit smoking, Larry was instructed to smoke a cigarette
as fast as he could, until he became nauseous. This form of aversion therapy is
directed at the person reaching a point of:
A) relapse.
B) contingency management.
C) satiation.
D) nicotine titration.

61. People who successfully quit smoking typically:

A) change their beliefs to see less psychological benefit and more health threat from
smoking.
B) have not been smoking for very long.
C) lack a variant of a specific gene that promotes nicotine dependence.
D) have never tried to quit before.

62. Quitting smoking is determined by three interacting factors. Which of the

following is NOT one of these factors?
A) motivation to quit
B) level of physical dependence on nicotine
C) barriers to or supports in remaining smoke-free
D) age of the smoker

63. The counseling treatment that focuses on increasing engagement in valued life
activities through guided goal setting is:
A) behavioral activation.
B) inoculation.
C) CBT.
D) aversion therapy.

64. Within seven seconds of taking a puff from a cigarette, nicotine causes the brain
to release neurotransmitters that calm craving, reduce anxiety, and alleviate
insomnia. These effects are examples of:
A) positive reinforcement.

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B) negative reinforcement.
C) conditioned responses.
D) conditioned stimuli.

65. Over time, smoking behaviors become ______________ to a variety of

environmental triggers.
A) conditioned stimuli
B) conditioned responses
C) discriminative stimuli
D) discriminative responses

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Answer Key

1. B
2. C
3. A
4. A
5. C
6. C
7. A
8. A
9. B
10. B
11. D
12. A
13. C
14. A
15. C
16. A
17. D
18. D
19. A
20. C
21. A
22. D
23. C
24. C
25. D
26. B
27. C
28. D
29. A
30. D
31. C
32. D
33. D
34. D
35. A
36. A
37. C
38. B
39. D
40. B
41. D
42. A
43. D
44. D

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45. D
46. A
47. B
48. B
49. B
50. D
51. B
52. B
53. A
54. D
55. A
56. A
57. B
58. C
59. C
60. C
61. A
62. D
63. A
64. B
65. B

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