NAME:I

SHOLAOREOLUWAGI
FT

MATRI
CNUMBER:
170814007

DEPARTMENT:MARINE
SCIENCES(
FISHERI
ES)

COURSECODE:
MSF322-HYDROBI
OLOGY

LECTURER:
DRUWADI
AE

CONTI
NUOUSASSESSMENT:
QUESTI
ONS
A.Expl
aint
het
erms:
lot
icandl
ent
icwat
erbodi
esandgi
veexampl
esofeach.
 
B.Compar
eandcontr
astthephysi
cal
,chemi
cal
andbi
ologi
cal
char
act
eri
sti
cs
ofl
oti
candlent
icwat
erbodi
es.
 

SOLUTI
ON
Ai)TheLot icwaterbodyorSy st
em isat ypeofaf reshwat erecosystem
wheret heenti
rebodyofwat erisfl
owi ng,r
unning,
ormov i
ngi nadef i
nit
e
dir
ecti
on.Lot i
cecosy stemsar echaracter
izedbythei nteractionbetween
fl
owingwat erwithal ongit
udinalgr
adat i
onintemper ature,organicand
i
norganicmat eri
als,energy,andtheorganismswi t
hinast ream corri
dor.
Theseinteracti
onsoccurov erspaceandt i
me.Her e,
thef l
owofwat eris
tur
bulent.ExamplesofLot i
cWat erbodiesincl
udes:Rivers, Streams,Creeks,
Spri
ng,etc.

Aii
)Thet erm‘Lent
ic’
isfrom t heLat i
nwor dlentuswhi chmeanssl ow,sluggi
sh
ormot ionless.TheLenticWat erbodyorSy stem i
sat y peofFreshwater
Ecosyst em whichref
erst ostat i
onary,st
andingorst i
llbodiesofwat er
.The
l
entichabi tati
sdif
ferentfrom t heloti
chabitatbyhavingat hermal
str
atif
icat i
onwhichiscreat edinal akeduet odiff
erencesi ndensiti
es.Here
thefl
owofwat eri
sgentle.Exampl esofLent i
cWat erbodiesincludes:Lakes
andPonds.

Bi
)PHYSI
CALCHARACTERI
STI
CS:

LOTI
CWATERBODY LENTI
CWATERBODY
)L
I i
ght
,temper
atur
eand Li
ght
,t
emper
atur
e:The
runoff
:The penetr
ati
on l
ightpenetr
ationinlakes
of l i
ght in r unni
ng dependsont heturbidi
ty
waters i s st rongl
y ofwater.
i
nfluenced by t he Lakes can be di v i
ded
turbidity.Ift hewat eri s i
nt o ver ti
cal and
clearorhol lowadequat e hor izont alzonesont he
l
ight can r each t he basi s of l
ight
subst rate and as a penet ration and
result phot osy nt hesi s temper atur e . The
canbecar riedout . spect r
al makeup and
Thest ratif
icat i
onduet o i
nt ensi ty of l
ight
temper aturei s absent det ermi nes t oal ar ge
andduet omor econt act ext ent t he dept h t o
withai r,thet emper atur e whi ch root ed
ofast ream f oll
owst hat Macr ophy tesandal gae
ofai rt emper at ur e.The can gr ow i n sui table
temper ature of l otic subst rates , the l i
ttor al
wat eri si nfluenced by zonei st hepoi ntwher e
manyf actor s and t hey lightr eachest hebot tom
i
ncl ude: Or igin, dept h, to suppor t r oot ed
subst rate, t ribut aries, plant s.Li ghtpenet ration
exposur e and t ime of i nal akecanbedi v i
ded
the dayand t he wat er i
nt o Tropogeni c,
temper aturei s usual ly( Eut rophi c) zone, it
the same f r
om t op t o cor responds t o t he
bottom. Epilimni on zone and
Runni ng wat er f ed Tr opol ytic (Aphot i
c)
mai nlybysur facer unof f zone, itcor responds t o
hav ev ari
abl ef low and t he hy pol i
mni on zone.
may spat e wi th each Li ght det er mines t he
heav yr ainfallandt hose pr imar ypr oduct ivi
tyi na
fed l argely by gr ound l ake whi l
e the
wat erar eusual lyr egul ar phy topl ankt on
i
nf l
ow.Root ed pl ant s det ermi nest hedept hof
are uncommon her e l
ightpenet ration.
because t hey can be Lakesandl argerponds
easi l
ywashedaway . exper i
ence seasonal
shift s i n t emper at ure
,t
heor gani smssur vive
a wi de r ange of
temper atur e.Onemaj or
fact or aff
ect ing
strat i
ficat i
on i s t he
distance ov er t he
sur faceoft hel aket hat
wind can blow
unimpeded.
II
)Cur rentand St ream St rat i
ficat i
onandWat er
patter n:
The f low of mov ement : The
wat er i s t ur bulent , mov ementofwat eri n
conv ectioncur r
ent sar e lake is usual l
y
noti mpor t
antbecause mul ti-
di r
ect i
onal . The
wat er i s mov ing. wat er mov ement i s
Compar edt ot hel ent i
c largel y i nfl
uenced by
Ecosy st
em, her e , wind wi nd patt ern and
has l i
tt
lei nfluence on t emper ature ( 4°C) ,
current s i n f lowing wher e t emper ature i s
wat ers. The cont inual not uni f
or m, due t o
downst ream mov ement densi ty di ff
er ence,t he
of wat er, di ssol ved lake i s st ratif
ied i nto
subst ances and epi l
imni on,hy polimni on
suspended par ticles i s andal so t hermocl ine.
dependentmai nlyont he In t erms of t he
drainage basi n ci r
cul ation patterns,
char acter i
stics. The l akesar ecl assi f
iedi nto
stream pat t
er ns ami ctic, mer omi ctic,
accor ding to this hol omi cti
c, ol igomi ctic,
gradi ent includes: monomi ctic, di mict i
c
dendr i
ti
c, r ectangul ar, andpol ymi cticlakes.
radial,t rel
li
sed,par allel,
annul ar,der anged and
pinnat e. The st r
eam
patter n det ermi nes t he
soiler osionhazar ds.

II
I)SuspendedSol i
ds: SuspendedSol ids:
Suspendedsol idsor Sediment ati
oni nl entic
sediment scanbe systemsr emov esheav y
pollutantsinr i
vers,but met alsandst orest hem
theyar ealsoan i
nsedi ment s,resul t
ing
i
mpor tantcomponentof i nr educed
l
ot i
cf oodwebs.   contami nat i
onofl otic
Theer osion,mov ement sy stems  .
anddeposi tionofsol id Suspended mat erials
mat erial
s wi thin a canbedi v i
dedi ntot wo
runningwat eriscl oselyt y
pesdependi ngon
l
inked t
o current ori
gin: i
)Aut ocht honous
velocity. The or ganic mat ter,whichi s
mat ter i n suspended gener atedf rom lake
form i s mai nly f rom itself.Itismai nly
l
itterthatisbr oughti nto derivedf r
om gr owt hof
the stream,river,
or al
gaeandmacr ophy tes.
creeks. The ot her i
i)All
ochthonousmat t
er
suspended matter ori
ginati
ngfr om outsi
de
i
ncl udes inorganic thelakeandbr ought
mat ter such as si l
t,i
ntoi t
.The or ganic
detritus and mat eri
als mat t
erisder i
vedfrom
remov ed f rom the peat,fal
l
enl eavesand
sedi ments,whichcause ot herdecayingtypesof
turbidityt
othewat er. vegetati
on.

Bi
i
)CHEMI
CALCHARACTERI
STI
CS:

LOTI
CWATERBODY LENTI
CWATERBODY
I)Dissol ved Sol i
ds:The Di ssolv ed Soli
ds:
dissol vedsol idspr esent Di ssolv ed Sol ids ar e
i
n a r iver may v ary unst able and can
great lyf rom sour ce t o change ori ncrease i n
mout h, st ream to concent r
ation.
stream, usual l
y The quant i
ty of
i
ncr easi ng i
n di ssolved sol i
ds i s
downst r
eam di r
ect ion. dependent on t he
The ef fect of r ainf all stratif
icationoft helake.
alsopl ay sani mpor tant I tisal sodependenton
role. The qual i
ty (are t he wat er i nlet t hat
stabl e)and quant i
tyof comest ot hel ake.The
solids di ssol ved f r
om di ssolvedsol idsar ealso
the gr ound depend on f i
xed byphy toplankton.
thechar act erofsoi land Maj or nut r
ients l ike
rocksi nt hesubst r
at um. ni trogen, phosphor us,
Thesubst r atum canbe i ron,si l
icon and ot hers
Sandy ,
clay ey,the nat ur e maybedepl etedandso
of t he subst ratum l imi tpr oductionoral ter
i
nf l
uences the t hecomposi ti
onofal gal
communi ty ,
if the communi ty.
subst r
atum i s st rong
l
ike r ockyt hen it’
snot
favor able f or pl ant
growt hbuti fsoftwi l
lbe
favor ablef orpl ants.
II
)Di ssolv ed Gases: Di ssolv ed Gases: The
Oxy gen i s t he most quant i
tiesofoxy geni na
abundantandi mpor t
ant l ake depends on t he
gas out of al lt he ext ent of cont act
dissolv ed gases. The bet ween wat erand ai r,
concent rationofoxy gen on t he ci r
cul at i
on of
i
shi ghduet otur bul ence wat er and on t he
and mi xing. Low amount s pr oduced and
concent ration usual l
y consumed wi t
hi n each
i
ndi cates or gani c lake. The t her mal
pollution. Howev er, strat i
ficationpr oducesa
therei sadi fferencei n v isible di fference i n
the oxy gen oxy gen l ev els. The
concent ration(it’
shi gher oxy gen in the
herebecauseofmi xing) hy polimni on i s al way s
i
n di urinalbasi s. The l ow and t he sur face
amount of oxy gen l ay er has adequat e
present i s r elated t o oxy gen. The l
ake
current , t he wat er pr oduct ivit
y al so pl ays
temper ature and t he an i mpor t
antr ol e and
presence of r espi ri
ng t he bal ance bet ween
plantsandani mal s.The pr imar ypr oduct i
on and
carbondi oxide cont ent r espi ration i nf luences
oft he r unning wat er s t heoxy genl ev el.I nt he
tendt obescar ceduet o bot tom sedi ment s i t
const antt ur bulence of may be compl etel
y
wat erand i tsf requent anoxi candgasessuch
cont act wi th ai r
. H2S and CH4 ar e
Deoxy genat ion i s onl y pr oduced.Thef reeCO2
i
mpor tant when t he pl ay sani mpor t
antr ol
e
wat er i s pol l
ut ed. int her egul ationofpH.
Accumul ation ofgases I nwel l-
mi xedwat er s,the
suchasCO2andH2S. pH and CO2
concent rat i
ons are
uni formf rom sur facet o
bot tom. I n st ratifi
ed
l
akes, t he al gae and
macr ophy t
esr educet he
amountofCO2 ,t hus
i
ncr easing t he pH,
wher eas i n deeper
wat er , t here i s a
tendencyf ori ncr easei n
the and cal cium
car bonat eandr educt ion
 i
npH.Concentr
ati
onof
CO2i
slowerher
e.

Bi
i
i)BI
OLOGI
CALCHARACTERI
STI
CS:

LOTI CWATERBODY LENTI CWATERBODY

•Her ei nLot icHabi tats, •Thebi ol ogi cal
thewat ermov es char act er isticsofLent ic
cont inual ly wat erbodi esmaybe
unidi rect ional .The broadl ycl assi f
iedi nto: -
currenti smor e pel agi candbent hic
pronounedatt he sy stems.Bent hic
surfacet hani nt he sy stem i ssubdi vi
ded
bot tom subst rate. i
nt oLi tt oral (domi nat ed
Hence, t hebot tom byr oot ed
subst rat econdi tionsar e pl ant s) ,
Li mnet ic(domi n
simi lart ol ent i
chabi tats. atedbypl ankt on)
Of t
ent hepl ankt on ,prof undal (cont ains
communi tyi satt he theher er ot rophs)zone.
mer cyofcur rent s.I n Thespeci es
ri
f f
lesandpool s,the composi tionof
plankt onexhi bi tthe communi tiesofal l
char act er i
st i
cssi mi l
ar t hoset y pesi sgr eat ly
tolent icecosy stem.The i nf luencedbyt he
fi
shesar ehi ghl y nut rientst atusoft he
adopt edt or esi stwat er wat erconcer ned.The
current s.Si ncet he pel agi chabi tati st hatof
dissol v edoxy genl ev el
s t heopenwat eraway
arehi ght hr oughoutt he f rom t hei nf l
uenceof
wat ercol umnduet o shor eorbot t om
wat ert ur bul ence, t
he subst r at e,whi l
ebent hic
fi
shesar edi str i
but ed habi tati sassoci at ed
from sur facet obot t
om wi tht hesubst rateoft he
subst rat eandof ten l
ake.Thephy toplankt on
amongt her ocks. andzoopl ankt on,
Lot i
chabi tatsar e occupyt her egionsof
i
nf l
uencedbyt heef f
ect hi ghl ighti nt ensities
ofcont inuousl ymov ing namel yont hesur face
wat er ,pol l
ut ion, l
ay erofpel agi cz one
suspendedsedi ment s, andt hel it
tor al zone.
floodsandot herhuman Someoft he
activ i
ties. zoopl ankt onmember s
alsoi nhabi tt hebent hic
Thepr oducer sor zonef eedi ngondet ri
tus
aut otrophsar ethe andsi nki ng
greenpl ant sincluding phy topl ankt on. Fishes
thechemosy nthetic occupyt hel ittoral,
mi croor ganisms pel agi candoccasi onall
y
presenti n prof undal zones.
ri
v er.Thel if
el iv
ingi n Basedonecol ogical
ri
v ers, havea fact or sl akesar e
stream- l
inedshapeof classi fiedi ntot he
thebody .Theymay followi ngt hr eet ypes:
hav eabodyr ounded a)Ol igot rophi cl akes
ant eriorlyandt aper i
ng b)Eut rophi cl akes
post er i
or l
y.Someof c)Dy st rophi cl akes.
them , li
kesnai lsand LakeEcosy st emsar e
wor ms, mayhav esticky char act erizedbyt hree
bot tomst omov el ong adapt at ionsasf loating
thebase.For veget at ion, submer ged
respi rati
on, li
fesy stems veget at ionand
i
nr i
v ershav er espirator
y ani mal adapt at i
ons.
siphons. Feedi ngmodecanbeby
Filterf eedi ngorDeposi t
feedi ng.
Thepr oduct ivityofa
l
akeorpondecosy stem
differ sdependi ngupon
thedept h,nut rients,
l
ight
penet rat ion, l
ight
avai labi lit
yandbi ota.
Or gani cmat t
erand
nut ri
ent sal so
accumul atei nheav y
amount s.