Electromagnetic Theory II

Solution Set 7

Due: 10 March 2021

25. J, Problem 7.15.

Solution

a) For a plasma ω = k 2 c2 + ωp2 so the group velocity is dω/dk = ck/ω ∼ c(1 − ωp2 /2ω 2 )
p
for ω  ωp . Then we calculate the arrival time from
R R R R
e2
Z Z Z Z
cdz 1
ct = ≈ dz(1 + ωp2 /2ω 2 ) =R+ 2 ωp2 =R+ Ne (z). (1)
0 vg 0 2ω 0 20 me ω 2 0

b) Since in the presence of a magnetic field photons of different helicity see different index
of refraction the relative phase of the two helicities in a linearly polarized state will
change with z:
 
iωn− z/c iωn+ z/c iω(n− +n+ )z/2c ω(n− − n+ )z ω(n− − n+ )z
(1 + i2 )e + (1 − i2 )e = 2e 1 cos − 2 sin
2c 2c

Thus (n− − n+ )/2 ≈ −e3 Ne Bk /20 m2e ω 3 , so that

R
ω(n− − n+ ) e3
Z Z
δθ = dz ≈− dzNe (z)Bk (z) (2)
0 2c 20 cm2e ω 2

c) The frequency dependence of t(ω)/R and δθ(ω)/R can determine hNe i and hNe Bk i.
The lower frequency components of each pulse will arrive later. So each pulse will be
smeared in arrival time with frequency shifting toward the red. Plotting arrival time
versus ω can confirm the 1/ω 2 dependence and its coefficient will give hNe iR. Similarly
the amount of Faraday rotation will vary with frequency and arrival time. This will
yield a measurement of hNe Bk i/hNe i which is a kind of weighted average of Bk . We
need to assume linear polarization initially.

26. J, Problem 7.22.

Solutions:

a)For this part we have Im  = λ0 for ω1 < ω < ω2 and = 0 otherwise. Thus we need to
do
Z ω2
λω 0 λ ω22 − ω 2 λ  ω22 − ω 2 
 
0
dω 02 = ln = ln  2 (3)
ω1 ω − ω2 2 ω12 − ω 2 2 ω1 − ω 2 

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which is obviously valid for ω < ω1 of ω > ω2 , because there is no singularity in the
integrand and the principal part prescription is not necessary. But for ω1 < ω < ω2 we
have to use the principal part prescription:
Z ω2 Z ω−δ Z ω2 
0 λω 0 0 λω 0
P dω 02 = + dω
ω1 ω − ω2 ω 02 − ω 2
ω1 ω+δ
(ω − δ)2 − ω 2 ω22 − ω 2

λ
= ln + ln
2 ω12 − ω 2 (ω + δ)2 − ω 2
ω22 − ω 2
 
λ 2δω
→ ln 2 + ln
2 ω − ω12 2ωδ
λ ω22 − ω 2 λ  ω22 − ω 2 
 
= ln = ln  2 (4)
2 ω 2 − ω12 2 ω1 − ω 2 
Thus in all cases we can write
λ  ω22 − ω 2 
 
 
Re = 1 + ln  2 , Im = λ[θ(ω − ω1 ) − θ(ω − ω2 )] (5)
0 π ω1 − ω 2  0
The imaginary part is simply a square shape Im = λ0 for ω1 < ω < ω2 and = 0
otherwise. The real part increases from 1 + (λ/π) ln(ω22 /ω12 ) to +∞ as ω goes from 0
to ω1 . It then decreases from +∞ to −∞ as ω goes from ω1 to ω2 . Finally it increases
from −∞ to 1 as ω goes from ω2 to ∞. The singular behavior at ω1 and ω2 is caused
by the sharp discontinuities in Im.

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b) This time the needed integral, which we write in the form of J (7.19), is
Z ∞
λγω 0
P dω 0 0
−∞ (ω − ω)[(ω02 − ω 02 )2 + γ 2 ω 02 ]
Z ∞
λγω 0
 
0 1 0
= dω − πiδ(ω − ω)
−∞ ω 0 − ω − iδ [(ω02 − ω 02 )2 + γ 2 ω 02 ]
Z ∞
1 λγω 0 πiλγω
= dω 0 0 2 02 02
− 2
(6)
−∞ ω − ω − iδ [(ω0 − ω ) + γ ω ] [(ω0 − ω 2 )2 + γ 2 ω 2 ]
2 2

as δ → 0+. Now write

λγω 0 iλ/2 iλ/2
2 02 02
= 2 02 0
− 2 (7)
2 2
[(ω0 − ω ) + γ ω ] ω0 − ω + iγω ω0 − ω 02 − iγω 0

The first term on the right is analytic in the lower half ω 0 plane, where as the second
term is analytic in the lower half plane. Thus we close the contour integral of the first
term in the lower half plane, and close the contour integral of the second term in the
upper half plane. The added semi-circle contours contribute nothing at infinite radius.
The factor multiplying these terms is a pure pole at ω 0 = ω + iδ in the upper half
plane. Thus the integral of the first term gives zero, whereas that of the second term
gives the residue of this pole.
Z ∞
λγω 0
P dω 0 0
−∞ (ω − ω)[(ω02 − ω 02 )2 + γ 2 ω 02 ]
πλ πiλγω
= 2 − 2
ω0 − (ω + iδ) − iγ(ω + iδ) (ω0 − ω 2 )2 + γ 2 ω 2
2

πλ πiλγω πλ(ω02 − ω 2 )
→ 2 − = (8)
ω0 − ω 2 − iγω (ω02 − ω 2 )2 + γ 2 ω 2 (ω02 − ω 2 )2 + γ 2 ω 2

Thus
 λ(ω02 − ω 2 )
Re = 1+ 2 (9)
0 (ω0 − ω 2 )2 + γ 2 ω 2

Note that in this case

   λ(ω02 − ω 2 + iγω) λ
= Re + iIm = 1 + 2 2 2 2 2
=1+ 2 (10)
0 0 0 (ω0 − ω ) + γ ω ω0 − ω 2 − iγω

reproducing a single resonance version of our oscillator model of a dielectric. Aplot

would look like the first resonance part of J, Figure 7.8.

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27. J, Problem 7.27.
Solution:

a) First rewrite

E × B = E × (∇ × A) = E i ∇Ai − E i ∇i A = E i ∇Ai − ∇i (E i A) + A∇ · E
= E i ∇Ai − ∇i (E i A) (11)

using Gauss’ law ∇ · E = 0. Then we find

Z
1
L = d3 xr × (E i ∇Ai − ∇i (E i A))
µ 0 c2
Z
1
= d3 x[E i (r × ∇)Ai − ∇i (E i r × A) − A × (E · ∇)r]
µ 0 c2
Z I
1 3 i i
= d x[E (r × ∇)A − A × E] − dSn · Er × A (12)
µ 0 c2
where we used Gauss theorem to write the middle term as a surface integral, which
tends to zero as the surface is taken to infinity:
Z
1
L = d3 x[E i (r × ∇)Ai + E × A] (13)
µ 0 c2

b) From E = −∇φ − Ȧ, we derive the expansions

X Z d3 k 
ω iλ aλ (k)eik·r−iωt + c.c.

E = 3
λ
(2π)
d3 k d3 k 0 
Z
X
ik·r−iωt
 h 0 0 0 ik0 ·r−iω0 t i
E×A = ω(k) i a
λ λ (k)e + c.c. ×  a
λ λ (k )e + c.c.
λλ0
(2π)3 (2π)3

The integral of this expression over r produces delta functions as follows

Z
0 0
d3 xeik ·r−iω t eik·r−iωt = (2π)3 δ(k0 + k)e−2iωt
Z
0 0
d3 xeik ·r−iω t e−ik·r+iωt = (2π)3 δ(k0 − k)

and their complex conjugates. The right side of the first equation is zero after time
averaging, and ditto for the complex conjugate. Thus only the integral on the second
line and its complex conjugate survive time averaging. Thus we find

d3 k
Z
1 X
LSpin = ω(k) [iλ aλ (k) × ∗λ0 a∗λ0 (k) + c.c.] (14)
µ0 c2 λλ0 (2π)3

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 Finally consider the cross product λ (k) × ∗λ0 (k). Because of its definition ∗± = ∓ .
Thus the cross product is zero unless λ0 = λ. In that case we have
iω
iω± × ∗± = (1 ± i2 ) × (1 ∓ i2 ) = ∓i2 ω1 × 2 = ±kck̂ = ±ck (15)
2
Then we have
d3 k d3 k
Z Z
1 X
∗ ∗ 1
kc |a+ |2 − |a− |2 + c.c.
 
LSpin = 2 3
ω(k) [i λ ×  a
λ λ a λ + c.c.] = 2 3
µ0 c (2π) λ
µ0 c (2π)
d3 k
Z
2
= k[|a+ |2 − |a− |2 ]
µ0 c (2π)3
The energy density is
0 1 1 1 1
(Ȧ)2 + (∇ × A)2 = 2
(Ȧ)2 + (∇Ai )2 − ∇i Aj (∇j Ai ) (16)
2 2µ0 2µ0 c 2µ0 2µ0
The last term contributes zero to the energy integral in Coulomb gauge. Using the
plane wave expansions and doing the integral over space, we get the total energy
d3 k 2 2 d3 k 2
Z Z
1 X ∗ ∗ 1 X
U = k c [ λ ·  λ 0 a λ a λ 0 + c.c.] + k [λ · ∗λ0 aλ a∗λ0 + c.c.]
2µ0 c2 λλ0 (2π)3 2µ0 λλ0 (2π)3
d3 k d3 k
Z Z
2 X
2 2
= ωk |a λ | = ωk[|a+ |2 + |a− |2 ]
µ0 c (2π)3 λ
µ 0 c (2π) 3

Comparing the expressions for U and LSpin , we see that the contribution of mode k
to the angular momentum is just ±k̂/ω = ±~k̂/(~ω) times the contribution of that
mode to the energy. Since ~ω is the energy of a photon, we conclude that ±~ is its
spin along the direction of motion. This component of spin is called the helicity.

28. J, Problem 8.2.

Solution:
a) For TEM modes ∇⊥ · E ⊥ = 0 and ∇⊥ × E ⊥ = 0. The second eq means we can write
E ⊥ = −∇⊥ φ, whence the first gives ∇2⊥ φ = 0. E k = 0 on the boundaries implies
φ =constant on the boundaries. The unique solution of this electrostatics problem is
φ = C1 ln ρ + C2 , E ⊥ = −C1 ρ̂/ρ, and C1 = −aE0 , where aE0 is the electric field at the
inner boundary ρ = a. Then
r
1 k  aE0
H⊥ = B⊥ = ẑ × E ⊥ = ϕ̂
µ µω µ ρ
r 2 2
1 ∗  a E0
hSi = Re E × H = ẑ ,
2 µ ρ2
Z b Z 2π r r
2 2  b 2 2 µ b
P = ρdρ dϕẑ · hSi = πa E0 ln = πa H0 ln
a 0 µ a  a

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b) Applying the formula for the loss per unit length we have
 2 2
πa2 H02 1 1
I I  
dP 1 a H0
− = dl + dl = +
dz 2σδ ρ=a ρ=b ρ2 σδ a b
r  
1 dP  1 1 1
= − + , P (z) = P0 e−2βz
P dz µ σδ ln(b/a) a b
r  
 1 1 1
β = + (17)
µ 2σδ ln(b/a) a b

c) From Ampere’s Law Ia = 2πρH = 2πaH0 where Ia is the current carried by the inner
conductor. By definition
Z b
b
Va − Vb = dρE(ρ) = E0 a ln (18)
a a
p
So we find Z = V /Ia = (1/2π) µ/ ln(b/a).

d) From c) we saw that the current carried by the inner conductor is Ia = 2πaH0 , and
it also follows from Ampere’s law that the current carried by the outer conductor is
Ib = −Ia . Since these are amplitudes of oscillating currents the time averages of the
squared current is hIa2 i = (1/2)<Ia Ia∗ = 2π 2 a2 H02 . On the other hand the power loss
per unit length is πaH02 /σδ at ρ = a but πa2 H02 /bσδ at ρ = b. Thus the resistance per
unit length at a is Ra = Loss/Ia2 = 1/2πaσδ while Rb = 1/2πbσδ. The series resistance
per unit length is then Ra + Rb , the desired result.

The inductance can be inferred from the magnetic energy UB = (1/2)LI 2 = 21 d3 xµH 2 .
R

The inductance per unit length is then

Z Z
dL 1 2π
= d xµH = 2 2 2 ρdρµH 2
2 2
(19)
dz hIi2 2π a H0

Now H = H0 a/ρ for a < ρ < b, but is exponentially damped as it penetrates the
conductor: H ≈ H0 e−(a−ρ)/δ for ρ < a and H ≈ (aH0 /b)e−(ρ−b)/δ for ρ > b. Thus
Z ∞ 2 Z a
a2
 Z 
dL 1 a dρ −2(ρ−b)/δ −2(a−ρ)/δ
≈ µ dρ + µc e + µc adρe
dz 2πa2 ρ b b −∞
 
1 b δ δ
≈ µ ln + µc + µc
2π a 2b 2a