AromatiC plant extracts

.Concrete: Extract offresh flowers, herbs, leaves

and flowering tops by use of HC solvent
Absolutes: Concretes are generally converted
into alcohol soluble volatile concentrate
Resinoids: extract of naturally resinous material
made with a HC solvent
Pomades: Petals, flowers spread on fats such as

beef tallow (enfleurage)

-Essentialoils: Volatile aroma compounds,
essence of the plant
 Enzyme assisted extraction (EAE)
The structure of the cell membrane and cell wall, micelles formed by
macromolecules such as polysaccharides and protein, and the coagulation and
of proteins at high temperatures during extraction are the main
denaturation
barriers to the extraction of natural products.
The extraction efficiency will be enhanced by EAE due to the hydrolytic action
of the enzymes on the components of the cell wall and membrane and the
macromolecules inside the cell which facilitate the release of the natural
product.
Celulose, a-amylase and pectinase are generally employed in EAE.
Polysaccharide is one of the bioactive ingredients in the TCM Astragali Radix.
Chen et al. studied the EAE of polysaccharide from the radix of
Astragalus
membranaceus using various enzymes and found that glucose oxidase offered
better performance inextracting polysaccharide than the other seven
enzymes
tested (amyloglucosidase, hemicellulase, bacterial amylase, fungal
amylase,
pectinase, cllulose and vinozyme). The polysaccharide yield under the
optimized EAE condition using glucose oxidase intreased more than 250%
compared with that from non-enzyme treated method [Carbohydr Polym.
2014;111:567-75.].

h
 Enzyme assisted extraction (EAE)
The structure of the cell membrane and cell wall, micelles formed by
macromolecules such as polysaccharides and protein, and the coagulation and
denaturation of proteins at figh temperatures during extraction are the main
barriers to the extraction of natural
products
The extraction efficiency will be enhanced by EAE due to the hydrolytic action
of the enzymes on the components of the cell wall and membrane and the
macromolecules inside the cell which facilitate the release of the natural
product.
Cellulose, a-amylase and pectinase are generally employed in EAE
Polysaccharide is one of the
Chen et al. studied the EAE of
bioactive ingredients in the TCM Astragali Radix.
polysaccharide from the radix of Astragalus
membranaceus
better
using various enzymes and found that glucose oxidase offered
performancein extracting polysaccharide
than the other seven enzymes
tested (amyloglucosidase, hemicellulase, bacterial amylase, fungal
amylase,
pectinase, cellulose and vinozyme). The polysaccharide yield under the
optimized EAE condition using glucose oxidase increased more than 250%
compared with that from non-enzyme treated method [Carbohydr Polym.
2014;111:567-75.].
 Pulsed electric field (PEF) extraction
Pulsed electric field extractiou siguilicantly increases the extraction yield aud decreased
the extraction time because it can increase mass transfer during extraction by destroying

membrane structures.
.The ellectiveness of PEF treatment depends on several parameters includiug field
strength. pecilic enerRy p u t . pulse munber and treatinent temperature.

EF extaction is a uou-thermal nethod aud minimizes the

degradatiou of the theruolabile
Compoumds,
 Microwave Assisted Extraction
Microwaves generate heat by interacting with polearcompoundssuch as
water and some organic components in the plant matrix following the
ionic conduction and dipole rotation mechanisms.
The transfers of heat and mass are in the same direction in MAE, which
generates a synergistic effect to accelerate extraction and improve
extraction yield. The application of MAE provides many advantages,
such as increasing the extract yield, decreasing the thermal

degradation and selective heating of vegetal material.

MAE is als regarded as a green technology because it reduces the
usage of organic solvent.
There are two types of MAE methods:
solvent-free extraction (usually for volatile compounds) and

Anal
solvent extraction (usually for non-volatile compounds) [TrAC Trends
Chem. 2017:97:159-78.]
 Pressurized Liquid Extraction
.Pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) has also been described as
accelerated solvent extraction (ASE), enhanced solvent extraction,
pressurized fluid extraction, accelerated fluid extraction, and high
pressure solvent extraction
.PLE applies high pressure in extraction. High pressure keepssolvents
in a liquid state above their boiling point resulting in a highsolubility and
high diffusion rate of lipid solutes in the solvent, and a high penetration
of the solvent in the matrix.
.PLE dramatically decreased the consumption of extraction time and
solvent and had better repeatability compared to other methods.
Two different views:
PLE could not be used to extract thermolabile compounds due to the high
extraction temperature
.it could be used for the extraction of thermolabile compounds because of the
shorter extraction time used in
.Gizir et al. successfully applied PLE to obtain an anthocyanin-rich
extract from black carrots because the degradation rate of anthocyanins
is time-dependent (Eur Food Res Technol. 2008:226(3):363-70.)
Aqueous alcoholic extraction by
fermentation
.Soaking of drugs, eitherin powder form or
decoction 'Kasaya'for defined period of time,
during which it undergoes fermentation
generating alcohol in situ facilitating extraction of
active constituents contained in drugs
Alcohol generated also acts as preservative
.Fermentation done in earthen vessels or steel
tanks
.Process employed for asavas, arishtas
Process needs standardisation
Aqueous alcoholic extraction by
fermentation
Soaking of drugs, either in powder form or
decoction'Kasaya' for defined period of time,
during which it undergoes fermentation
generating alcohol in situ facilitating extraction of
active constituents contained in drugs
Alcohol generated also acts as preservtive
.Fermentation done in earthen vessels or steel
tanks
.Process employed for asavas, arishtas
.Process needs standardisation
 SFE finds applications in the food, pharmaceutical,
and fine chemical industries
Decaffeinating of coffee and tea
Extraction of essential oils (vegetable and fish oils)
Extraction of flavors from natural resources

(nutraceuticals)
Extraction of ingredients from spices and red

peppers
Extraction of fat from food products

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 AUROATED

CAUC

VOT
Vsa

AAL

oIETER

RACTION
CouECTO

DIOANCE
COOLG AAT
0RA AM

cO SOLVEBNT PU

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9
 Supercritical fluid extraction
Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE) Systems extract
chemical compounds using supercritical carbon
dioxide instead of an organic solvent.
The supercritical fluid state occurs when a fluid is above its
critical temperature (TC) and critical pressure (Pc), when it
is between the typical gas and liquid state.
Manipulating the temperature and pressure of the fluid can
solubilize the material of interest and selectively extract it.
The sample is placed in an extraction vessel and
pressurized with to dissolve the sample. Transferred
CO
to a fraction collector, the contents are depressurized and
the CO loses its solvating power causing the desired
material to precipitate.
The condensed CO2 can be recycled.

ch
 Counter current extraction
.Raw material in wet condition is pulverised
using toothed disc disintegrators to produce
fine slurry
Slurry moved in one direction and extracting
solvent moves against it in opPposite direction
More the time period of contact more
Concentrated the extract
Efficient procedure with least time and no risk
of high temperature Sevent iniet Solids Peed

Actual iqutd
level

AA A AYAL EI
eotng
Soids descharge

rtract

gh
 ut ty

Sonication
Utrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) or sonication uses ultrasonic wave

energy In theextraction. Utrasound (20 to 2000 KHZ) in the solvent

accelerates the
producing cavitation (increases cell wall permeability)
dissolution and diffusion of the solute as well as the heat transfer, which
improves the extraction efficiency.
The other advantage of UAE includes low solvent and energy
consumption, and the reduction of extraction temperature and time.
UAE is applicable for the extraction of thermolabile and unstable
compounds. UAE is commonly employed in the extraction of many
types of natural products.
Powdered crude drug is sonicated with appropriate solvent for
extraction of components
Deleterious effect (>20,000Hz) on active constituents, formation of free
radicals

9A
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Hot continuous extraction (Soxhlet)

Finely powdered crude drug held in

porous bag is placed in chamberE
Extracting solvent in flask A is heated
Vapours condensed in condenser
drip into thimble containing drug,
extracting it by contact
As the level of the liquid in chamber E
rises to the top of the siphon tube C,
the liquid contents of E siphon into
flask A
.Process is continued until a
drop
solvent from the siphon tube, when
of
evaporated, does not leave a residue.
Figure 2: Soxhlet apparatus

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Reflux Extraction
less
extraction is more efficient than percolation or maceration and requires
Reflux
and solvent. It cannot be used for the extraction of thermolabile
extraction time
natural products.
with 70% ethanol highest yield of the natural bio-insecticidal,
provided the
Refluxing from Stemona collinsiae root
didehydrostemofoline (0.515% w/w of the extract),
methods (sonication, reflux,
different extraction
among the extracts preparedby
Prod. 2013;41:371-421].
Soxhlet, maceration and percolation) [Ind Crops
R3
OCH3
RO
R
OH

I5 baicalin Ri-OH R-GluA Rz=H

Zhang compared the extraction efficiency of active HO

OH
TCM
ingredients (baicalin (45) and puerarin (51) from a Ho
with two different
compound composing seven herbs
method was
methods, decoction and reflux. The reflux HO
found to be better than the decoction method
and the
obtained
highest yields of baicalin and puerarin were
from the reflux method with 60% ethanol as the 5I puerarin
OH
extraction solvent.

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[Power Point
icrosoft Power Point
Reflux Extraction
less
percolation or maceration and requires
Reflux extraction is more efficient than
extraction of thermolabile
extraction time and solvent. It cannot
be used for the
natural products.
the highest yield of the natural bio-insecticidal,
Refluxing with 70% ethanol provided Stemona collinsiae root
didehydrostemofoline (0.515% w/w of the extract), from
different extraction methods (sonication, reflux,
among the extracts prepared by
[Ind Crops Prod. 2013:41:371-421].
Soxhlet, maceration and percolation)
R3
OCH

OH

45 haicalina R-OH R-GluA Ry-H

HO OH
Zhang compared the extraction efficiency of
active
HO
a TCM
ingredients (baicalin (45) and puerarin (51) from
different HO
compound composing seven herbs with two
methods, decoction and reflux. The reflux method was HO
found to be better than the decoction method and thee
highest yields of baicalin and puerarin were obtained
from the reflux method with 60% ethanol as the OH
5I puerarin
extraction solvent.

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Decoction
amount of water-soluble impurities.
.The extract from decoction contains a large
Decoction cannot be used for the extraction
of thermolabile or volatile
components.
chemical conversions.
High temperature can cause

The ginsenosides in ginseng encounter hydrolysis, dehydration,

decoction [J Pharm Biomed
decarboxylation and addition reactions during
Anal. 2010:53(4):946-57].

Y
hydrodysis
Gk'Gk0 GkiGko
7 Rb RGk.Gk dditen
R b R-GK'An(
10 2015-Rg
Rd RGk

addition

Rk
12R-Re

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Percolation

methods
the percolation and refluxing extraction
Zhang et al. compared
to extract Undaria pinnatifida.
fucoxanthin from the percolation
Contents of the majoncomponent,
was than that from the refluxing method
extraction method higher
methods
in extract yield between the two
N o significant difference
Zhongguo Shipin Tianjiaji, 2014;9:91-5].

OH

HO
4 fucoxanthin
 Mode]|
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Percolation
maceration because it is a
Percolation is more efficient than
saturated solvent iss
continuous p r o c e s s in which the
fresh solvent.
constantly being replaced by
shaped vessel open at both
Percolator is a narrow c o n e

ends
the
moistened with appropriate amount of
Powdered drug hrs in wellI
menstruum is allowed to stand for 4
specified
closed container
and covered
This is then loosely packed in percolator
shallow layer above
Additional menstruum is added to give
the mass
Allowed to macerate for 24 hrss
Outlet of percolator is opened and liquid allowed to drip
slowly
Additional menstruum added as required untilbeing
percolatemeasures about 3/4th of the required volume
Marc is pressed, liquid added to the percolate and sufficient
menstruum added to the required volume and filtered

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Maceration
tine
This is a
very sinple extraction method with the disadvantage of loug extraction
and low extraction eficiency. It could be used for the extraction of thermolable

Components.
from chokeberry fruit at an
High yields of total pheuols and total anthocyanns size of
condition with 50o ethanol. a solid-solvent ratio of 1:20 and particle
optmized method for the
that maceration was a
simple and effective
0.75 mm suggesting
Chem. 2016;194:135-42].
phenoliccompounds from chokeberry [Food
maceration,
A study the extraction of catechin from Arbutus tmedo L. fruits usng
on

showed that microwave-

miaoware assisted and ultrasond extraction techniques
assisted extraction (MAE) was the most eflective. but a lower temperature was applied

with uearly identical extraction vields, wrhich can be translated mto

in maceration
economic beuefits [ud Crops Prod. 2017:95:404-15.].
used Chiuese lolk uedicime for the treatument of
Cajanus cajau (arhar dal) leaves are n
the bioactive compomds. Jin et
and diabetes. Flavouoids are al.
hepatitis, clhickeupox from
extraction rates of orientoside (2). uteoln (3), and total favonoids
C
compared
leaves by microware-assisted method. refux extractiou. ultrasomd-assisted
cujun
extraction, and maceration extraction. The extractiou eflficiency
of orientoside,
found be the lowest in the extract from maceration
luteolin. and total favonoids was to

method.

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 Modell
-

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PowerPoint [PowerPoint Slide Show

Maceration
extractiou tine
disadvantage of loug
extraction method with the
This is a
very simple thermolabile
It conld be used for the extraction of
and low extraction etticiencv.
Components.

pheuols
of total aud total anthocyauius from chokeberry fruit at au

High yields solid-solvent ratio of 1:20 and size of

optimized condition with 50o ethanol. a particle
0.75 that maceratiou was a
sunple and effective method for the
mn
suggesting
phenolic compounds from chokeberry [Food Chen 2016:194:135-42].
A study ou the extractiou of catechu from Arburus unedo L. fruits usng maceratiou,
microwave assisted and ultrasound extaction techniques showed that microwave-
assisted extraction (MAE) the most effective, but a lower
was
temperature vas applied
iu maceratiou with early ideutical extuactiou yields, wlhich cau be trauslated into
ecouomic benefits [md Crops Prod. 2017:95:404-15.].
Cajnus cajau (arhar dal) leaves used u Chinese folk nmedicine
re
for the treatuneut of
hepatitis. clhickenpox and diabetes. Mavonoids are the bioactive
conpared extraction rates of orieutoside (2). luteolin (3). and total
compounds. Jin et al.
cayan leares
favonoids from C.
by microwave-assisted method, refux extaction,
extractiou, and maceration extractiou. The nltrasound-asisted
extraction eflicieucy of
huteolin. and total favonoids was found to be the lowest in the
orieutoside.
method. extract fom
maceration
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