13.11t; 5.

18 Received 19 February 1968

Method for Computing the Electrical and Acoustical

Behavior of Free-Flooding Cylindrical Transducer Arrays

DAvit) T. PORTER

U.S. Navy UnderwaterSoundLaboratory,Fort Trumbull,New London,Connecticut

06320

A methodis describedfor computingthe electricaland acousticalbehaviorof arraysof free-flooding, thin,

cylindrical transducers.Each of the gaps betweentransducersis divided into a small number of "water
rings," which are acousticallydriven by the vibrations of the transducersand other water rings. Several
water ringsare alsoaddedat eachendof the array. Mutual impedancecoefficients betweentransducerrings
and water ringscan then be determinedfrom expressions for mutual impedancebetweenbandson the inside
and outsideof an infiniterigid cylinder.Comparisonsof theoreticalpredictionsand measureddata are made
for an actual four-elementarray. The theoreticaland measuredadmittance plots agreed very well with
respectto size,shape,andfrequency.For the two trandsucers in the middleof the array, the inputconduct-
ance (and resistance)were negativeover a small band for both theory.and measurement.The theoretical
and measuredtransmitvoltageresponses agreedwell over mostof the bandconsidered. However,the mea-
suredbeampatternshaddeepnullson thecylindricalaxisthat werenot reproduced in the theoreticalresults.

INTRODUCTION I. GENERAL CALCULATIONS PROCEDURE

RANSMITTING
sonar
arrays erratic One needsto predict the surfacevelocitiesof the
thatexhibit
behavior and destroy either their transducers radiatingelements
of a transmitting
arraybeforehecan
or their poweramplifiers ha,•ebeenbuilt occasionally.predict the behaviorof the array2 Predictionof the
Thesearrayshave poorvelocitycontrol.In addition, velocities in turnrequires a knowledge of theequivalent
they are broad-bandor multifrequencyarrayswhose circuit of the elements, the electricaldrivingvoltages
interelementspacings are smallcomparedwith a wave- (or currents), and the mutual radiation impedance
length.Arrays of free-flooding rings also have inter- matrix. Woollett • gives appropriate equivalent circuits
elementspacings that aresmallcompared with a wave- for electric and magnetic field free-floodingrings (see
length,unfortunately, because eachringis usuallyonly Eqs. 10b and 11cof his article).If the equivalentcir-
a very smallfractionof a wavelengthhigh. However, cuitsand drivingvoltagesor currentsare known, the
the fact that thesearraysof free-floodingringsgenerally equivalentcircuit can be expressed as a simplified
havelowQ'smakesthemusefulfor broad-band opera- Thevenin equivalent circuit (Fig. 1) havingonly a
tion. It is thereforeimportantbeforebuildinga large driving force, G•, an internal impedance, Z/, and a
expensive array of free-flooding ringsto be able to radiation impedance, Z,•, related by
predictclosely its electricaland acoustical behavior.
The method presentedherein does not furnish a
mathematicallyor physicallyexact solution to the In thisexl•ression, Vi is the radiatingsurface velocity
free-flooding cyclindricalarray problem;the solution of the jth element,and the radiationimpedance is
isanengineering approximation.However,a comparison
•D. T. Porter,"Two voara• Programs
for Computing
of calculated results with measured results froin an
Electroacoustical
Behaviorof Transmitting
SonarArrays,"U'. S.
is a good Navy Underwater
actualarray impliesthat the approximation SoundLab. Rept. No. 791 (15 June1967).
aR. S. Woollett,"EffectiveCoupling
Factorof Transducers,"
one. J. Acoust.Soc.Am. 40, 1114-1115(1966).

514 Volume•14 Number2 1968

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 CYLINDER TRANSDUCER ARRAYS

Fro. 1. Theveninequivalentcircuit[or a transducer.

determinedby the velocitiesand mutual radiation

impedancecoefficients
(assumedto be known) of the
wholearray,

Z,i= • ZiiI',/V•. (2)

i=1

Now if we define2,i as Z?+Zji, wheni=j andZij

wheni/j, then we may combineEqs. 1 and 2 to get
Fro. 3. Possiblecontinuousvelocitydistributionon the cylindri-
cal surface(r=a) of an arrayof twofree-floodingringtransducers.
Gi= • 2iiV•, (3)
II. VIBRATION ASSUMPTIONS
or, in matrix notation,
The mostdifficultpart of the generalprocedurefor
Ea]= EZ3. (4) arraysof free-flooding
ringtransducers
is calculating
the mutual impedance coefficients,
Z•i. For acoustical
Multiplyingboth sidesof Eq. 4 by the inverseof the Z
matrixyieldsan expressionfor the velocities: purposes,wewill assumethat thewall thicknessof the
ringis zeroand that eachring vibratesat a uniform
Iv3 = I-Z]-,- (5) velocityon bothsides,asshownin Fig. 2. We do not
assumethat each ring has the samevelocity.These
We may now computethe radiationimpedances to assumptions
wouldbe poorif the ring thicknesswere
completethe determinationof the equivalentcircuit
of the transducer.Then followscomputationof input z
impedances,currents, voltages,powers, radiation
patterns,thedirectivityindex,andtheefficiency.

VI• tfl
v2• V2 _1-3
-t ._fJ
i

V3•I•V3
I

Fro. 4. Discrete approximationof the continuousvelocity

Fro. 2. Assumedring vibration for a three-ringarray. distribution of Fig. 3.

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 D. T. PORTER

Water Rlag
Ir•nsduce f Ring

Flo. 7. Synthesis
of test array by 4

Fro.
5.Synthesis
of
the array of Figs. 3 and
4 by two transducer
rings and eight water
rings.
transducerrings (T)
and 14 water rings
O,v).

14

W15[

IV. ACCOUNTING FOR THE GAPS BETWEEN

TRANSDUCERS BY WATER RINGS
comparable
to the ringheightor if therewerean ap-
preciable
amountof verticalmotionof the top and As is well known, the wave equationseparatesin
bottomendsof the ringscaused by Poisson coupling cylindricalcoordinates and, therefore,we can obtain
with the horizontal motion of the sides of the rings. equations for the pressure field insideand outsideof a
However,by makingtheseassumptions of thinrings cylindricalsurfaceif we assume that a finitebandonthe
andassuming that the Poisson coupling is negligible,insideor outside of the cylinder is vibrating and that
we can then treat each ring as if it had a single the remainder of the cylindrical surfaceis rigid (has
velocity,Vj. zero velocity). Integrating the resulting pressure,as
directedin Eq. 6, will producethe mutual impedance
III. MUTUAL IMPEDANCE COEFFICIENTS
coefficientbetweenbands on a rigid cylinder.a.4For
exterior bands
The mutualimpedance
coefficient
betweenthe /th
and jth ringsis

Zo=
f p,dSi/
V,, (6) (7)

wherep• is thepressure
generated
by theith ringand and for interior bands, results of Greensponand
Sj is the*surface
area (insideand outside)of the jth Sherman
'• and Junger4can be usedto showthat
ring.
Unfortunately,it is impossible
to obtain an exact
exq)ression
for thepressure field,pt, of a hollow,
thin,
finitecylinder in the presence of otherhollow,thin, (8)
finitecylindersbecause a suitablecoordinate systemin
whichthewaveequation is separable doesnotexistfor
the finite, multiplyconnected
surfaceof the array of In Eqs. 7 and 8, Zo•and zo•are the hMf-heightsof the
cylinders. ith and jth bands;zo is the center-to-center separation
of the two bands;andk=o•/c. An e+i'•ttime dependence
is assumed for both the acoustical and the electrical
Mw
calculationsin this method.It shouldbe noted that, if

Fxo. 6. Equivalent circuit [or aj.E. Greensponand C. H. Sherman, "Mutual Radiation

water rings. Impedanceand Nearfield Pressurefor Pistonson a Cylinder,"
J. Acoust.Soc.Am. 36, 149-153(1964).
• 5I. C. Junget, "A Variational Solution of Solid and Free-
FloodingCylindricalSoundRadiatorsof Finite Length," Cam-
bridgeAcousticalAssociates
Rept. (Mar. 1964).

516 Volume44 Number2 1968

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 CYLINDER TRANSDUCER ARRAYS

0.53 Io

26--

0.77

õ 64 fo

Fro.
8.
Measured
admittance
plot
forfour-element
arraywithall ele-
ments driven in parallel (compare
0.4 Io
0.8 fo

o 87

with Fig. 16).

0.93 fo
1.33

12 --

1.2 fo 1.97 fo
[ 13 Io

õ
8 12 16 29 24 28

Zo•=•.o•and zij=O, the two bands are exactly super- the other transducershave zerovelocity. The water on
imposed andEqs.7 and8 givethe exteriorandinterior the extensionof the surfacer= a beyondthe two rings
self-impedances. Also, the interior Z•, of Eq. 8 is will alsohave nonzerovelocity.Fortunately,however,
we can accountfor this nonzerowater velocity.
purelyreactive.
At thegapsbetween
rings,thewatervelocitynormal
Unfortunately,if one transducerring in the array to the surfacer= a variesin amplitudeandphasealong
of Fig.2 isvibrating,thenthewateronthemathemati- thegap,asshownin Fig.3.
cal surfacer= a in the gapbetweenthe ringswill not However,if thegapissmallascompared witha wave-
havezerovelocitynormalto the surfacer= a, evenif length, which is usuallythe case,we can represent
15 15 --

I0 --
P,. 8lo

5 --

0
o 5 IO 15 -5 0 5 I0
G(mmho) G (mmho)

Fro. 9. Measuredadmittanceplot for Transducer1 with all l"m. 10. Measuredadmittance plot for Transducer2 with all
elements driven. elementsdriven (comparewith Fig. 15).

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 D. T. PORTER

t5

•1O•0.Sfo tC

5•o
0
-'i.• 5
o (ram h o)
10 15 õ
G(mmho)
lO 15

Fro. 11. Measuredadmittanceplot for Transducer3 with all Fio. 12. Measuredadmittanceplot for Transducer4 with aU
elements driven. elementsdriven (comparewith Fig. 14).

accuratelythe water velocity along the gap by some
finite,smallnumberof discretevelocities(seeFig. 4).
Therefore,we will divideeachgapinto a smallnumber
of water rings. Like the transducerrings, eachof the
water ringsvibrateswith its owndiscretevelocity.This
array is illustratedin Fig. 5. The water ringsare elec-
tricallyundriven,but theyareacousticall 5'drivenby the
transducerringsand the other water rings.The gaps
betweentingsare effectivelymodeledas extra passive
radiators.
V. EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF WATER RINGS
The equivalent circuit used for the water rings is
shownin Fig. 6. The circuitcontainsa radiationimped-
ance(with contributionsfrom the insideand outsideof
the ring), a mass(P/w),anda resistance (Rw).The mass
is that of the water containedin the ring. Someeffective
thicknessof the water rings must be assumed.We
arbitrarily choosethe physicalthicknessof the driven
rings as representativeof this effective thickness.A
suitablevaluefor the resistance is difficultto compute.
Power dissipatedin this resistancerepresentsthe
acousticpower dissipatedbecauseof shearand eddy
current lossesin the water that are in tnrn causedby
flow- around the edges of the rings. The Thevenin
impedanceof a water ring is then
Z/(water) = R•+ jo•g/•,. (9)

FIG. 13. Measured and theoretical

transmitvoltageresponses
for four-
element array.
IHEOItœ11CAL
,EISUItEO

0.4 Io 0.8 1o fo 1.2 fo

Relative I:lequency

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 CYLINDER TRANSDUCER A R R A Y S

0 ?lk,

I[

,1541o

8 0
Fro. 14. Theoretical .g73f0
admittance plot for an
outertransducer
withall
elements driven (com- O6fo
pare with Fig. 12).
12Io

04fo

•08Io- 08/Io
093fo OHIo

I I I
2 4 6 8

0745fo
O(mqho)

The equationfor N water ringscorresponding

to water rings.Then we have
Eq. 3 for thedrivenM transducer
ringsis
Z 09
o= y, 0o) i=1

i=l

whereGi=0 for M+I_<j_<M+X. Now sinceEq. 11

VI. COMPUTATION OF VELOCITIES hasthesameformasEq. 3, wecansolvefor the
ACCOUNTING
FOR WATER RINGS
velocities,
aswasdonein Eqs.4 and 5, and usethese
Suppose nowthatwehavemodeled an arrayof free- velocities
to computethe radiationimpedances,
input
flooding andN undriven impedances,
ringsby .14'driventransducers currents,
voltages,
powers,andthe radia-
OlSIo

O.9fo
0.73fo
Fro. 15. Theoretical admittance plot for an •
inner transducer with all elements driven (com- ½
pare with Fig. 10'). • 04Io X _ J•O•o

2 2 4

O(mrlho)

The Journalof the Acoustical

Societyof America 519

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 D. T. PORTER

F[•. 16. Theoretical admit-

20-- tanceplot for four-elementarray
with all elements driven in
parallel(compare
with Fig. 8).

16

I 07 f0 f0

4 8 I• 16 2O 24 28

1.2

1.0
Li

.8 Transducers
•.

_4 .5 õ .7 8 .9 I.O I.I

! Io Relative
Freqeenc•
FIC,.17. Theoreticalratio of velocityof iLmertransducerto velocityof outer transducer.

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 CYLIN1) ER TRANSDUCER ARRAYS

FIG.18. Farfieldpatternof four-element

arrayof ceramicfree- Fro. 19. Farfieldpatternof four-element
arrayof cera•nic
free-
floodingrings; frequency= 0.73 f0. floodingrings: frequency=f0.

tionpattern.The patternis obtainedby summingthe The fonr transducers were untuned and driven in
farfieldcontributionsat a givenangle0 for eachof the parallelby a singleamplifier.Measured admittance
M+.V transducerand water rings.The followingex- plotsof theentirearrayandof thefourtransducers are
pression for the exteriorradiationfroma bandon an shownin Figs.8-12, with all the transducers driven
infinite,rigid cylinder,givenby Laird and Cohen, 5 in each case. Becauseof the supportingstructure
isusedto determinethefarfieldpatterncontribution for associatedwith the mountingof the elements,the
the jth ringat an angle0 fromthe arrayaxis: elementswere not symmetricaland the measured
admittanceplotsofTransducers2 and3 arenotidenti-
2 sin(kz0jcos0) cal; neitherare the admittance
plotsof Transducers
pj.=eJ•p6[• . (12) 1 and 4. The measuredand theoreticaltransmit voltage
r sin0cosOHoO)'(ka
sin0)
response curves[-showing
therelativefarfieldintensity
VII. THE ARRAY TESTED
on the X-Y plane(Fig. 7)• areshownin Fig. 13. All
frequencies areshown relativeto thenominalresonant
hadfour ceramicringsandwas frequencyf0.
The arrayconsidered
about one wavelengthhigh at its nominal resonant The quantit.','
Rwin Eq. 9 waschosen to satisfythe
frequency.The gapsbetweenringswerecomparablerelation 2•rfoMw/Rw = 10at f0.Asa resultofthischoice,
to the height of the individual rings.Each gap was about6% of thetotalpowerradiated wasabsorbed by
dividedinto two water rings,and four water ringswere the water rings.
addedat eachendof the array, asshownin Fig. 7. The
driven transducerswere numbered 1 4, and the 14 VIII. COMPARISON OF CALCULATED AND
MEASURED RESULTS
water rings were numbered5 18.
The transducers in the mathematical model were
• D. T. Laird and H. G. Cohen,"DirectionalityPatternsfor symmetrical;therefore,
it is necessary
to showadmit-
AcousticRadiationfrom a Sourceon a Rigid Cylinder,"J. Acoust.
Soc.Am. 24, 46-49 (1952). tanceplotsfor onlyoneouter(1 or 4) andoneinner

The Journalof the Acoustical

Society
of America 521

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 D. T. PORTER

(2 or 3) transducer.Theoreticaladmittanceplots for is computedfrom only the exteriorcontributions

of the
an outer transducer,an inner transducer,and the com- transducer rings and water rings. (See Eq. 12.) A
positearray are shownin Figs. 14, 15, and 16, respec- limitation of the mathematical model used is that
tively. Theseplotsagreewell in size,shape,and relative interior radiation could propagate only within the
frequencywith the corresponding measuredcurvesin cylinder definedby r= a, and thus, if computed,could
Figs. 12, 10, and 8, respectively.It is significantthat contribute to the over-all farfield pattern only at 0= 0o
this array is not well behaved over the entire band and 0= 180ø, i.e., right on the cylindrical axis. Since
considered.For example,at about 0.77f0, one of the this situation would have resulted in a discontinuous
inner transducerswas absorbingpower from the rest pattern, the interior radiation contributionsat 0= 0ø
of the array, as shownby the negativecondnctance and 0= 180ø were neglected.A large increasein the
measuredin Fig. 10. This negativeconductancealso numberof water ringsat the endsof the array would
occurredin the theoreticaladmittanceplot of the inner probablyimprovethe predictedbeam pattern some-
transducersat about0.73f0 (seeFig. 15). what, but the computer time required would also
Another exa•npleis evidentif we rememberthat an greatly increase.
admittance plot for one untuned element usually has
onlyoneloop.The extraloopsoccurringin the theoreti- IX. CONCLUSIONS
cal and measuredadmittanceplots were causedby
array interaction. Poor velocity control of the array
The approachto the free-flooding cyclindricalarray
near frequency0.72f0 causesthe extra loops in the
proble•n discussed in the preceding paragraphs is not
mathematically rigorous, but it gives good predictions
admittanceplots.This lossof velocitycontrolis caused
in turn by low valuesof the sum of the self-radiation for admittance plots and transmit voltage response
impedance(Zii) and the Thevenin equivalentinternal plots. The predictedbeam patternsfor the array meas-
impedance(Z?). The ratio of inner velocity to outer ured had the correctgeneralshape,but their accuracy
velocityis shownasa functionof the relativefrequency degeneratedas the pattern angle approached0=90 ø
in Fig. 17. (the ring axis).
The theoretical and measured transmit voltage The most important capability of this methodis that
responseplots (Fig. 13) comparewell in shape;but it can predict the frequenciesat which undesirable
the maximumtheoreticaltransmitvoltageresponse is behaviorof an array will occur.For the array examined,
about1 dB toohighand thereis a smallfrequencyshift thismethodsuccessfully predictedthat theinner trans-
between the two curves. ducerswould absorbacousticpower from the outer
Theoreticaland measuredtransinit beam patterns transducers over a frequencyband and alsopredicted
are shownin Figs. 18 and 19 for frequencies of 0.73f0 doselywherethis bandwouldbe.
and 1.00f0.The agreement
of theors'andexperiment
in
this caseis not asgoodas that obtainedwith the admit- ACKNOWLEDGMENT
tance plots and the transmit voltage responses. The
The author wishes to thank the Sonar Transducer
measuredpatterns for both frequencieshave a deep
null on the array's ring axis; the nulls are causedby EngineeringUnit of the Heavy Military Electronics
cancellation of the radiation from the interior and ex- Department of the GeneralElectric Co. for the excel-
terior of the array. However, the theoretical pattern lent set of measnrementson the array.

$22 Volume 44 Number 2 1968

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