1. Difference b/w static and dynamic analysis.

Static Analysis Dynamic Analysis

In static analysis, we assume loads are applied The loads which changes with time quickly in
very slowly (The acceleration of the load is very comparison to the structure's natural frequency.
less than the natural frequency of the Structure).

In static analysis, only the stiffness matrix of the In a dynamic analysis, in addition to the
FEA model is solved. stiffness matrix, the mass matrix (and damping
matrix, if not zero) is solved as well.

2. Concept of Modal analysis

Ans: Modal analysis is the process of determining the dynamic characteristics of a system in
forms of natural frequencies, damping factors and mode shapes, and using them to formulate a
mathematical model for its dynamic behavior.

3. How many modes do we need to consider?

To achieve the mass participation ratio of 90%.

4. What is meant by principal direction?

The directions in which the normal curvature attains its absolute maximum and absolute minimu
m values. The directions of the principal axes of a strain.

5. When do we use SRSS method?

The Square-Root-of-Sum-of-Squares (SRSS) method in seismic analysis for combining
modal maxima can cause significant errors. Nevertheless, this method continues to be
used by the profession for significant buildings.
SRSS method for combining modal responses generally provides an acceptable estimation of the total
maximum response. However, when some of the modes are closely spaced i.e. the difference between two
natural frequencies is within 10% of the smallest of the two frequencies, the use of the SRSS method may
either grossly underestimate or overestimate the maximum response.

A Complete Quadratic Combination (CQC) method is proposed which reduces errors in

modal combination in all examples studied. The CQC method degenerates into the SRSS
method for systems with well-spaced natural frequencies. Since the CQC method only
involves a small increase in numerical effort, it is recommended that the new approach be
used as a replacement for the SRSS method in all response spectrum calculations.
Complete Quadratic Combination (CQC), based on the theory of random vibration and is also considered
as an extension of the SRSS method. For an undamped structure CQC estimate is identical to
the SRSS estimate.