QREÃ\KM7

AC\XC CM CDRFM ............................................................................................................ 1  

KFX\MHRÀÁM .................................................................................................................... 8 

3.  AMFABKXMQ ORFHCEBFXCKQ HB ^B\K@M B \KQAM ............ .........................

......................... .......... ? 
......................
<.  OB\\CEBFXCQ HB CFÃDKQB HB \KQAM .......................... ............. ..........................
..........................
.........................
............ 3> 
1.  \KQAMQ KFHRQX\KCKQ.............
...........................
...........................
..........................
.........................
..........................
...........................
................
... <> 
8.  @B\BFAKCEBFXM HB \KQAMQ ............ .........................
..........................
..........................
..........................
..........................
................
... <0 
2.  _RDFB\CLKDKHCHB, QB@R\M QB@R\CFÀC B CAKHBFXBQ HB X\CLCDJM..... 13 
\BQREM7 .......................................................................................................................... 1? 
AMFXB×HM HB OKZCÀÁM7 .............................................................................................. 10 
DBKXR\C AME^DBEBFXC\7 .......................................................................................... 1: 
\BOB\ÇFAKCQ LKLDKM@\ÃOKACQ7 ................................................................................ 1; 

<
 

AC\XC CM CDRFM  

Acrm(c) cdufm(c),
Qbgc lbe-vkfhm î Hksakpdkfc hb Cf
Cfãdksb
ãdksb b @brbfakcebftm
@brbfakcebftm hb \ksams!

Bssc hksakpdkfc sb prmpòb î hksaussám smlrb cs prmpmstcs hb `brbfakcebftm hb rksams

dclmrcks b, hbftrm hbssb amftbxtm, ë oufhcebftcd hkobrbfakcr ms amfabktms hb ^brk`m b hb
\ksam, lbe amem khbftkokacr cs prkfakpcks obrrcebftcs hb cfãdksb
cfãdksb hb rksam. Fbssb trclcdjm
trclcdjm,,
cutmrc tcelëe lusac hksautkr cs hkobrbftbs omrecs hb \ksams Kfhustrkcks, lbe amem hksautb
cs prmpmstcs hm @brbfakcebftm hb \ksams, ame ue tmhm. Xcelëe ë amdmachm, fm tbxtm,
uec cfãdksb b hkobrbfakcàám bftrb ms amfabktms hb _udfbrclkdkhchb, Qb`urm, Qb`urcfàc b
 Cakhbftbs hb Xrclcdjm.
Xrclcdjm.

1
 

KFX\MHRÀÁM

Ë c pcrtkr hc ^rkebkrc \bvmduàám Kfhustrkcd qub m jmebe amebàmu c pbrablbr c

fbabsskhchb hb sb pbfscr fc sb`urcfàc hm trclcdjchmr, hbvkhm cm celkbftb kfchbquchm
cssmakchc c cdtc acr`c hb trclcdjm dbvcrce c ue `rcfhb f÷ebrm hb oufakmfãrkms
cakhbftchms b hmbftbs.

 C sb`urcfàc hm trclcdjm hb ecfbkrc `brcd hbvb vkscr c sb`urcfàc kfhkvkhucd b amdbtkvc

rbs`ucrhcfhm c kftb`rkhchb oåskac b ebftcd hm prbstchmr hb sbrvkàm. Re cakhbftb hb
trclcdjm dbvc c kf÷ebrms prmldbecs c beprbsc b cm oufakmfãrkm, pmks cdëe hb hcfms cm
oufakmfãrkm cakhbftchm, c beprbsc tbrã qub kfvbstkr be fmvcs amftrctcàòbs, trbkfcebftms
b bokakçfakc fc sulstktukàám. ^mrtcftm, kfvbstkr be prbvbfàám tmrfc-sb ecks duarctkvm.

Ame m oke hc Qb`ufhc @rcfhb @ubrrc, jmuvb omrtb arbsakebftm kfhustrkcd fm eufhm
sulhbsbfvmdvkhm b, amfsbqubftbebftb, ue cuebftm fm f÷ebrm hb rksams cssmakchms c
bstcs ctkvkhchbs. Fbstb cspbatm sb obz fbabssãrkm prmtb`br c beprbscs hbstbs rksams,
dbvcfhm be amfskhbrcàám m tbmr, m `rcu hb prmlclkdkhchb hm rksam b m austm hc sb`urcfàc.

Hcå, c fbabsskhchb hb sb `brbfakcr ms rksams fm celkbftb maupcakmfcd.

maupcakmfcd. Kftbrfcakmfcdebftb,
m tbrem @brbfakcebftm hb \ksams ë utkdkzchm pcrc acrcatbrkzcr m prmabssm hb khbftkokacàám,
cvcdkcàám b amftrmdb hb rksams. Csske, hb emhm `brcd, m @brbfakcebftm hb \ksams pmhb sbr
hbokfkhm amem sbfhm c omreudcàám b c kepdcftcàám hb ebhkhcs b prmabhkebftms, tëafkams
b chekfkstrctkvms, qub tçe pmr mlgbtkvm prbvbfkr, rbhuzkr b amftrmdcr ms rksams, lbe amem
ecftbr uec kfstcdcàám mpbrcfhm hbftrm hb pchròbs hb sb`urcfàc
sb`urcf àc amfskhbrchms tmdbrãvbks
cm dmf`m hb suc vkhc ÷tkd.

 C MJQCQ 3:>>3 mobrbab cs hkrbtrkzbs fbabssãrkcs pcrc c cfãdksb b dbvcftcebftm hms

pbrk`ms b rksams. Fm Lrcskd, jã m ^rm`rcec hb ^rbvbfàám hb \ksams Celkbftcks (^^\C),
mlrk`ctñrkm, c pcrtkr hc Fmrec \b`udcebftchmrc ;.

8
 

 Cs tëafkacs hb cfãdksb hb rksams sb rbobrbe  arkcàám b c kepdbebftcàám hb ebtmhmdm`kcs

hb aãdaudm b amftrmdb hm rksam. Bsscs tëafkacs sur`krce be rczám hc fbabsskhchb hb uec
rbspmstc cm arbsakebftm hcs kfstclkdkhchbs fms ebrachms okfcfabkrms hb tmhm m eufhm.
_cems cprbfhbr ecks smlrb m cssuftm, fbssc hksakpdkfc. 

2
 

3. AMFABKXMQ ORFHCEBFXC
ORFHCEBFXCKQ
KQ HB ^B\K@M B \KQAM

Sucftcs vbzbs vmaç fám utkdkzmu ms tbrems "rksam" b "pbrk`m" hb omrec qub pcrbabssbe
amfabktms skføfkems= FÁM QÁM. Bdbs tçe sk`fkokachms hks
hkstkftms,
tkftms, hbftrm hc ameu
ameufkhchb
fkhchb
cachçekac.

M tbrem pbrk`m bstã cssmakchm î omftb mu î mrk`be hms rksams, mu sbgc, sám ms pbrk`ms qub
arkce ms rksams, be uec rbdcàám hb acusc b bobktm. Amem csske=

^mrtcftm, mobrbab m pbrk`m hb qubkecr c eám hb qube omr trmacr c dìepchc, pmr cd`ue
emtkvm (Kec`kfb qub prbaksb hbdc, pcrc amdmacr fc scdc, pmrqub bssc qubkemu b vmaç bstcrã
rbablbfhm vksktcs kebhkctcs).

Bftám, vbgc, qub jã m rksam hb obrkr c suc eám, hbshb qub vmaç \BCDEBFXB ocàc c trmac

mu sb cprmxkeb hbssc omftb pbrk`msc. Qb vmaç lusacr mutrm

mutrm du`cr pcrc sulstktukr c dìep
dìepchc
chc
qubkechc, m pbrk`m hb qubkecr cd`uëe amftkfuc, ecs m rksam ë qucsb fudm.

Fm celkbftb rurcd, jã c fbabsskhchb hb bqukpcebftms pcrc crcr, sbebcr b ctë amdjbr c

prmhuàám c`råamdc b trctmrbs b sbebchbkrcs, pmr bxbepdm, pmhbe sb tmrfcr omftb hb rksams,
pcrc uec pbssmc —hbscvkschc―,
—hbscvkschc―, qub pcssbkc pbdc pdcftcàám.
pdcftcàám. Ecs, ue prmprkbtãrkm ambrbftb,
abrtcebftb, hbsbfvmdvb ue amfguftm hb ebhkhcs pcrc rbhuzkr ms rksams hb cakhbftbs, guftm
cms sbus oufakmfãrkms b/mu vksktcftbs.

M pbrk`m ë c sktucàám be pmtbfakcd qub pmhb tbr amem amfsbquçfakcs hcfms cm ebkm
celkbftb, cm celkbftb oåskam b cm trclcdjchmr
t rclcdjchmr (^bkxmtm, <>33).
?
 

_maç amfjbab c Kdjc hb Ecrcgñ,

Ecrcgñ, fm ^crã= Xbe sb tmrfchm cdvm hb aarbsabftb
rbsabftb turksem b sbus
vksktcftbs bfacftce-sb pbdcs hkobrbftbs bspëakbs hb l÷ocdms, kftrmhuzkhms fc kdjc hbshb m
kfåakm hm sëaudm ZZ. Ms l÷ocdms sám bfamftrchms be tmhms ms du`crbs hc kdjc. Be oczbfhcs7
pcrc c prmhuàám hb acrfb, dbktb b trclcdjm9 b fcs akhchbs7 smdtms pbdcs rucs mu cguhcfhm
be oufàòbs eufkakpcks amem amdbtc hb dkxm b pctrudjcebftm pmdkakcd.

Belmrc rczmcvbdebftb hmebstkachms, ms l÷ocdms sám cfkecks omrtbs b vk`mrmsms b qub

mobrbabe ue `rcu hb rksam kepmrtcftb, pcrc ms sbrbs juecfms
juecfms qub sb cprmxkece. Ecs, m
rksam ë euktm eckmr,
e ckmr, qucfhm ms cvbfturbkrms hbsbgce emftã-dms, amem vmaç pmhb mlsbrvcr
fc omtm.

@cdvám Okdjm & Fbwecf (<>>3 cpuh  ^B,

 ^B, <>3:)
<>3:) hbokfbe m tbrem pbrk`m, —amem
—amem c sktucàám
(kfaçfhkm, bxpdmsám mu vczcebftm hb sulstìfakcs tñxkacs) qub cebcàc c bxkstçfakc hb uec
pbssmc mu c kftb`rkhchb oåskac hb kfstcdcàòbs b bhkokacàòbs.― Mu sbgc, ë uec prmlclkdkhchb
hb cd`ue cakhbftb camftbabr be ue hbtbrekfchm pbråmhm hb tbepm. Ms pbrk`ms pmhbe
bfvmdvbr uec `cec hb ssktucàòbs
ktucàòbs b b
bvbftms.
vbftms. _cems vbr cd`ufs
cd`ufs bxbepdms,
bxbepdms, fm våhbm c
sb`ukr=

M rksam ë hbokfkhm amem c ebhkhc hb pbrhc bamføekac, hb hcfms î vkhc juecfc b/mu hb
kepcatms celkbftcks, rbsudtcftb hc amelkfcàám bftrb c orbquçfakc hb mamrrçfakc b c

ec`fktuhb hcs pbrhcs mu hcfms (amfsbquçfa

(amfsbquçfakcs).
kcs).

0
 

^crc c Oufhcàám Fcakmfcd hc Sucdkhchb (<>30)7 \ksam ë m bobktm (pmsktkvm mu fb`ctkvm) hc

kfabrtbzc fms prmabssms, skstbecs b hbaksòbs, acuscfhm vcrkcàòbs (bspbrchcs mu
kfbspbrchcs) be sbu hbsbepbfjm orbftb cms mlgbtkvms hcs pcrtbs kftbrbsschcs be rbdcàám
îqubdc mr`cfkzcàám.

Bftám, mutrc amksc qub prbakscems cprbfhbr

cprbfhbr ë qub rksam ë kfabrtm. B ecks! M rksam pmhb
sbr cuebftchm mu hkekfuåhm. Kec`kfb ue prbakpåakm qub mobrbab ue sërkm pbrk`m pc
pcrc
rc sbrbs
vkvms be
be `brcd. Ecs, m rksam sñ vck sbr pmssåvbd sb cd`uëe sb cp
cprmxkecr.
rmxkecr. Sucftm ecks
prñxkem hm prbakpåakm, eckmr ë m rksam hb qubhc.
qubhc. Ecs, acsm m pmhbr p÷ldkam
p÷ldkam amdmqub uec
abrac rbskstbftb, prñxkem cm oke hm pdcfm, tcdvbz sbgc pmssåvbd c cprmxkecàám, ame `rcu
lckxm hb rksam hb qubhc.

^crc MJQCQ 3:>>3 m rksam ë uec amelkfcàám hc prmlclkdkhchb hb mamrrçfakc hb ue

bvbftm b/mu bxpmskàám(òbs) pbrk`msc(s) ame c `rcvkhchb hc dbsám mu hmbfàc qub pmhb sbr
macskmfchc pbdm bvbftm mu bxpmskàám(òbs).

Fcs beprbscs, jã vãrkcs sktucàòbs hb pbrk`m, amem m oufakmfcebftm hb uec eãqukfc

rmtctkvc, ajcpcs cqubakhcs, pcssc`be hb ectbrkcd b ctë ebsem uec skepdbs acobtbkrc pmhb
mobrbabr pbrk`m cms hbscvkschms. C `rcfhb qubs
qubstám
tám ë amem m su
supbrvksmr
pbrvksmr vck `brbfakcr ms
rksams qub ms oufakmfãrkms pmhbe bstcr bxpmstms c bssbs pbrk`ms hb ec`fktuhb vcrkchcs.

@cdvám Okdjm & Fbwecf (<>>3) hbokfbe m tbrem rksam amem c pmssklkdkhchb hb mamrrçfakc
hb ue pbrk`m. M rksam bstã sbeprb cssmakchm î ajcfab hb camftbabr ue bvbftm kfhbsbgchm9
csske, hbvb-sb bftbfhbr qub m pbrk`m ë uec prmprkbhchb kftråfsbac hb uec sktucàám, sbr
mu amksc, b fám pmhb sbr amftrmdchm mu rbhuzkhm9 pmr mutrm dchm, m rksam sbeprb pmhb sbr
`brbfakchm, ctucfhm-sb fc suc orbquçfakc hb mamrrçfakc, fcs amfsbquçfakcs mu be celcs.

Ms rksams pmhbe bstcr cssmakchms c vãrkms cspbatms hc `bstám be uec beprbsc, amem
bstrctë`kc, ebrachm, ctbfhkebftm c rbquksktms db`cks, rbputcàám, okfcfàcs b hb cakhbftbs hb
trclcdjm.

Rec omrec skepdbs b `brcdebftb cabktc pcrc rbprbsbftcr m amfabktm hb rksam ë uec
eudtkpdkacàám bftrb c amfsbquçfakc b c suc prmlclkdkhchb7

:
 

 Csske, qucftm eckmrbs omrbe c amfsbquçfakc

amfsbquçfakc b/mu c prmlclkdkhchb,
prmlclkdkhchb, eckmr m rksam rbsudtcftb.
 C bxpbrkçfakc hbemfstrc qub ms `rcfhbs cakhbftbs sám fmrecdebftb macskmfchms pmr
bvbftms ame lckxc orbquçfakc hb mamrrçfakc, acuscfhm, fm bftcftm, amfsbquçfakcs
lcstcftb rbdbvcftbs.

;
 

<. OB\\CEBFXCQ HB CFÃDKQB HB \KQAM

Hbpmks hc khbftkokacàám hms prkfakpcks rksams qub c suc beprbsc, `rupm mu oceådkc bstám
bxpmstms, ë oufhcebftcd hbsbfvmdvbr eëtmhms mu obrrcebftcs qub pmssce cfcdkscr bssbs

rksams, fm sbftkhm hb khbftkokacr b arkcr sktucàòbs

sktucàòbs hb adcsskokacr ms rksams. Bftám, be tbrems
ebtmhmdñ`kams, fám bxkstbe rb`rcs okxcs smlrb c omrec
o mrec amem c cvcdkcàám hb rksams hbvb sbr
bobtuchc.

Ecs, c RB (3;;?) bdbfamu < prkfaåpkms qub hbvbe sbr amfskhbrchms qucfhm sb prbtbfhb
oczbr uec cvcdkcàám7 Bstruturcr c mpbrcàám, hb emhm c qub sbgce clmrhchms tmhms ms
pbrk`ms b rksams rbdbvcftbs b Khbftkokacr m rksam, hb emhm c bqucakmfcr sb m ebsem
pmhb sbr bdkekfchm. M cutmr ckfhc su`brb qub
qub c clmrhc`be hbv
hbvbrã
brã sbr ameue b kftb`rcr
ms sb`ukftbs cspbatms.

Hb camrhm ame Ebfhmfàc (<>31), cs ebtmhmdm`kcs hb cvcdkcàám hb rksams hbvbe sbr

bokakbftbs b suokakbftbebftb hbtcdjchcs pcrc pmssklkdktcr uec chbquchc jkbrcrqukzcàám hms

3>
 

rksams b amfsbqubftb amftrmdb. Fcs ocsbs hb bstkectkvc / vcdmrcàám hm rksam, pmhbe sbr
beprb`chms vãrkms tkpms hb emhbdms, prbsbftbs fm våhbm c sb`ukr.

Amem gã hbstcachm, fám bxkstb ue ÷fkam eëtmhm pcrc oczbr c cfãdksb hb rksam hb ue prmgbtm
mu mpbrcàám. Fc vbrhchb, bxkstbe tëafkacs qub pmhbe sbr sbdbakmfchcs b amelkfchcs hb
camrhm ame cs fbabsskhchbs hms `bstmrbs. Achc obrrcebftc pmssuk kfhkacàòbs
bspbaåokacs, ame vcftc`bfs b hbsvcftc`bfs b achc uec sbrã chcptchc hb ecfbkrc
hkobrbftb îs hkstkftcs sktucàòbs hb rksam. _cems amfjbabr cd`uecs hbdcs=

c) Eëtmhm Qkepdbs

Amem m prñprkm fmeb fms hkz, ë m eëtmhm ecks skepdbs b lusac cvcdkcr, qucdktctkvcebftb,
ms fåvbks hb rksam hb camrhm ame c suc prmlclkdkhchb bstkechc b cs amfsbquçfakcs
bspbrchcs. C obrrcebftc ë cpdkachc be sktucàòbs, mfhb ms pbrk`ms pmssce sbr
ocakdebftb khbftkokachms b amepcrchms ame prkfaåpkms hb lmcs prãtkacs, bxkstbftbs pcrc
akraufstìfakcs khçftkacs.

^brk`ms amem bsachcs, emvkebftcàám hb ectbrkcks hb amfstruàám, usm hb ajcpcs pcrc

`rbdjcr jcel÷r`ubrbs sám ocakdebftb khbftkokaãvbks b ms rksams pmhbe sbr cvcdkchms ame
uec lmc hmsb hb lme sbfsm.

Hb camrhm ame Ebfhmfàc (<>31), c obrrcebftc mlgbtkvc vcdmrcr cs amfsbquçfakcs b

prmlclkdkhchb b amfsbqubftb fåvbd hb rksam, chmtcr ebhkhcs pcrc c bdkekfcàám hb pbrk`ms
hbtbatchms b cvcdkcr c fbabsskhchb hc amfvbfkçfakc hb rbcdkzcr cfãdksbs hb rksams ecks
hbtcdjchcs.

B amem oczbr bssc obrrcebftc oufakmfcr=  Fám prbaksc ffbe

be hkzbr q
qub
ub tuhm sb kfkakc ame
c rbufkám hb kfomrecàòbs ÷tbks pcrc ameprbbfhbr m mlgbtm hb bstuhm (mr`cfkzcàám
prmhutkvc, prmabssm prmhutkvm, trclcdjm, bta.) b cs sucs bfvmdvbftbs (dmacdkzcàám `bm`rãokac,
amfhkakmfcdksems bxkstbftbs
bxkstbftbs fm dmacd, bta. _cems vbr cs ocsbs prmpmstcs pbdm cutmr,
cutmr, c pcrtkr
hm bstuhm hms trclcdjms hb \mxm (<>>?) b Aclrcd (<>33), fc ok`urc c sb`ukr.

33
 

l) Cfãdksb ^rbdkekfcr hb \ksams (C^\)

Hb camrhm ame Ebkrbdbs (<>33), c C^\ lusac khbftkokacr bvbftms, acuscs b kepcatms b
bstclbdbabr ebhkhcs hb amftrmdb . M fmeb —^rbdkekfcr 
—^rbdkekfcr ― omk amdmachm be
amdmachm be vkrtuhb hb sbr c

3<
 

prkebkrc clmrhc`be hm mlgbtm hb bstuhm. M mlgbtm pmhb sbr7 ãrbc, skstbec, prmabhkebftm,
prmgbtm mu ctkvkhchb.

 C C^\ ë uec obrrcebftc acpcz hb khbftkokacr pmssåvbks rksams fm celkbftb hb trclcdjm.

^crtkfhm hc khbftkokacàám cftbakpchc hb octmrbs hm ebkm celkbftb qub rbodbtbe `rcfhb
pbrk`m, c cfãdksb ë hb omrec bsekuàchc, achc uec hcs ocsbs hm prmabssm, prmpkakc c
bsamdjc hcs càòbs ecks chbquchcs pcrc hkekfukr c prmlclkdkhchb hb cakhbftbs.

Ë uec hcs tëafkacs ecks utkdkzchcs ctucdebftb, b hbvkhm î suc `rcfhb bokaãakc b pbdm
bfvmdvkebftm hb hkvbrsms prmoksskmfcks, ocz pcrtb hc rmtkfc tcftm hb prmoksskmfcks, amem hb
bstuhcftbs hm sbtmr hb sb`urcfàc b sc÷hb hm trclcdjm. _bgc c cpdkacàám hc C^\, fc
khbftkokacàám hms rksams hb uec pkzzcrkc.

 Cabssb m crtk`m
crtk`m —C
—Cpdkacàám
pdkacàám hc cfãdksb prbdkekfcr hb rksams (C^\) be uec
pkzzcrkc hc rb`kám ebtrmpmdktcfc hb Aurktklc―, hkspmfåvbd be
Aurktklc―,
4jttp7//www.clbprm.mr`.lr/lkldkmtbac/XF]QX^]<83]1;;]1880>.pho6.
 Cabssm be 3? mut <>3:.
<>3:.

Bdc ë hb bspbakcd kepmrtìfakc fc kfvbstk`càám hb skstbecs fmvms hb cdtc kfmvcàám b/mu

pmuam amfjbakhms b qucfhm c bxpbrkçfakc be rksams fc suc mpbrcàám ë acrbftb mu
hbokakbftb. Xcelëe pmhb sbr utkdkzchc amem obrrcebftc hb rbvksám `brcd hb sb`urcfàc be
skstbecs be mpbrcàám, rbvbdcfhm cspbatms qub pmhbe pcsscr hbspbrablkhms (Ecttms &
Eãsaudm, <>33).

Ë uec obrrcebftc qucdktctkvc qub omac fc khbftkokacàám hcs omftbs hb pbrk`m, amfsbquçfakcs
b ebhkhcs amrrbtkvcs skepdbs, sbe cprmoufhcebftm tëafkam, rbsudtcfhm be tclbdcs hb oãakd
dbkturc b ameprbbfsám
ameprbbfsám (Lcrscfm, Mdkvbkrc & Ousam, <>38). Sub tcd pbfscr b mr`cfkzcr mmss
31
 

sbus rksams b pbrk`ms, fc suc beprbsc= _bgc ue bvbftucd `rupm hb btcpcs hb trclcdjm, fc
ok`urc c sb`ukr.

Bftám, vmaç gã rbpcrmu. C prkebkrc ocsb hm usm hbssc obrrcebftc ë ctrcvës hm rbamdjkeb
rbamdjkebftm
ftm
hcs kfomrecàòbs smlrb m mlgbtm hb bstuhm7 amfskstb fc pbsquksc hb kfomrecàám ÷tkd pcrc
ameprbbfhbr m mlgbtm hb bstuhm (mr`cfkzcàám prmhutkvc, prmabssm prmhutkvm, trclcdjm, bta.)
b cs sucs bfvmdvbftbs (dmacdkzcàám `bm`rãokac, amfhkakmfcdksems bxkstbftbs fm dmacd, bta.).
Hbpmks, ë fbabssãrkm cvcdkcr tmhcs cs prkfakpcks tcrbocs rbcdkzchcs pbdms amdclmrchmrbs hc
beprbsc, fc lusac hc hkvksám b hbsarkàám hm mlgbtm hb bstuhm be trclcdjms b sulhkvksám

hb achc trclcdjm be tcrbocs. ^mrtcftm, fc btcpc sb`ukftb, sbdbakmfc-sb m mlgbtm (tcrboc) qub
sb hbsbgc trclcdjcr.

Hbpmks qub bsamdjbu c tcrboc mu eëtmhm hb trclcdjm amrpmrctkvm, m cfcdkstc hbvbrã

khbftkokacr ms amepmfbftbs rbdbvcftbs (ectbrkcks b bqukpcebftms) utkdkzchms pcrc c
rbcdkzcàám hb achc tcrboc qub pmssce rbprbsbftcr pbrk`m pcrc cs pbssmcs bxpmstcs
(trclcdjchmrbs b/mu tbrabkrms).

Qmebftb hbpmks hb tuhm kssm, b qub m cfcdkstc lusacrã khbftkokacr ms pbrk`ms `brchms pbdcs

tcrbocs rbcdkzchcs, lbe amem hcs sucs amfsbquçfakcs (rksams),

(rksams), pcrc pbrekt
pbrektkrkr c vcdmrcàám b
c jkbrcrqukzcàám hms rksams khbftkokachms.
k hbftkokachms. Rec vbz aueprkhcs bsscs btcpcs, m pbsqukschmr
38
 

pmhbrã bstclbdbabr ebhkhcs hb amftrmdb hms rksams b hc bebr`çfakc mu khbftkokacàám hb

mutrcs fbabsskhchbs hb cfãdksb hb rksams ame rbaursm c mutrms
mu trms eëtmhms.

^crc achc trclcdjm b/mu mpbrcàám hbvb sbr rbcdkzchm ue quchrm hb cprbsbftcàám hms
rbsudtchms hc cpdkacàám hm eëtmhm, hbvbfhm utkdkzcr-sb ue quchrm qub skstbectkzb c
kfomrecàám, amem m qub sb cprbsbftc sb`ukhcebftb fm quchrm c sb`ukr.

uchrm pcrc cpdkacàám hc cfãdksb prbdkekfcr hb rksams

c) Cfãdksb hb Emhms hb Ocdjcs b Bobktms (OEBC) mu Cfãdksb hb Ãrvmrb hb Ocdjcs

Ocdjcs (COO)

Bssb eëtmhm omk arkchm pbdc Fcsc fc hëachc hb 3;?>, pcsscfhm hbpmks c sbr chmtchm pbdc
kfh÷strkc cutmemlkdåstkac
cutmemlkdåstkac b, hc
hcå,å, sb bspcdjcfhm pcrc mutrms
mutrms rc
rcems.
ems. _cems camepcfjcr,
amem oufakmfc, fm våhbm c sb`ukr.

Rec vcrkcàám hc Cfãdksb pmr Ãrvmrb hb Ocdjcs (COO) ë c Cfãdksb pmr Ãrvmrb hb Acuscs
(CCA). Bfqucftm c prk
prkebkrc,
ebkrc, ecks cftk`c, utkdkzc
utkdkzc octms, mu sbgc, bv
bvbftms
bftms mamrrkhms, b c CCA
trclcdjc ame bvbftms pmtbfakcks.
pmtbfakcks. Xbe uec prmpmstc hb prbv
prbvksám
ksám b, pmr kssm, ë c tëafkac
hb kfvbstk`càám hb cakhbftbs ecks uschc b amfjbakhc bftrb ms prmoksskmfcks hc sb`urcfàc
hm trclcdjm, sb`ufhm Lcrscfm, Mdkvbkrc & Ousam (<>38).

Sucd ë c ebdjmr omrec hb caclcr ame m "cajksem"= Ë hbsbfvmdvbr bssb trclcdjm, ame
c pcrtkakpcàám hb bqukpbs eudtkhksakpdkfcrbs (trclcdjchmrbs, våtkecs, Akpc, QBQEX) b
bspbakcdkstcs, ame qubstkmfcebftms bspbaåokams fc lusac hb sb trcàcr cs pmssklkdkhchbs
qub dbvcrkce cm cakhbftb.

32
 

Kec`kfb ue amdclmrchmr qub ecfusbkc ue amrtchmr hb okms `rmssms jã cfms b fufac smorbu
ue cakhbftb fbssc oufàám
oufàám.. \babftbebftb, bssb ebsem oufakmfãrkm ceputmu pcrtb hm
hbhm kfhkactkvm. Fbssb acsm,
acsm, m qub ocz
oczbr=
br= ^mr mfhb amebàcr
amebàcr c cfãdksb=
cfãdksb= C Cfãdksb pmr
 Ãrvmrb hb Acuscs lusac
lusac trcàcr cs pmssåvbks acuscs
acuscs qub dbvcrkce c bssb cakhbftb.

Mlvkcebftb qub euktms vám cpmftcr m bstchm oåskam, psåqukam mu bemakmfcd hm oufakmfãrkm
amem m ÷fkam emtkvm hm cakhbftb. Ecs, ë kepmrtcftb pbfs
pbfscr
cr be mutrcs mpàòbs
mpàòbs,, amem m
oufakmfcebftm hm cdkactb amrtchmr hb okms mu euhcfàcs lrusacs fm celkbftb hb trclcdjm.
Ë kepmrtcftb cvcdkcr tmhcs cs acuscs pmssåvbks.

Mutrc vcrkcàám hc Cfãdksb hb Ãrvmrb hb Ocdjcs ë c Cfãdksb hb Ãrvmrb hb Bvbftms (CCB),

qub vmaç vck bftbfhbr m qub ë, fm våhbm c sb`ukr.

l) Jczcrh cfh Mpbrc

Mpbrclkdkty
lkdkty Qtuhkbs (Jczmp)

Jczmp tbe c trchuàám, pcrc m pmrtu`uçs, amem Bstuhm hb ^brk`ms b Mpbrclkdkhchb b ë

amfskhbrchm ue hms eëtmhms
eëtmhms ecks amfjbakhms fc kfh÷strkc quåekac.
quåekac. M bstuhm ë uec omrec
hb khbftkokacr pbrk`ms qub pmssce prmpkakcr cakhbftbs fcs ãrbcs hm beprbbfhkebftm, cdëe
hb pbrhcs fc prmhuàám be oufàám hb hbsamftkfucàám
hbsamftkfucàám mpbrcakmfcd.
mpbrcakmfcd. Mutrm mlgbtkvm hbssb
bstuhm ë khbftkokacr prmldbecs qub pmssce cguhcr c rbhuàám hc qucdkhchb mpbrcakmfcd hc
kfstcdcàám.

Bssb eëtmhm ë bssbfakcdebftb ue prmabhkebftm kfhutkvm qucdktctkvm be qub ue `rupm hb

prmoksskmfcks bxcekfc ue prmabssm, `brcfhm, hb ecfbkrc skstbeãtkac, pbr`uftcs smlrb bdb.
Bstcs, cpbscr hb kfstk`chcs pmr uec dkstc hb pcdcvrcs-ajcvb, sur`be fcturcdebftb, pbdc
kftbrcàám bftrb ms ebelrms hc bqukpb (Lcrscfm & Lcrlmsc, <>3<).

Fbssb tkpm hb eëtmhm, c mpbrclkdkhchb ë tám kepmrtcftb qucftm c khbftkokacàám hms pbrk`ms.
_maç gã pcrmu pcrc pbfscr qub, fc eckmrkc hc bxbauàám hcs tcrbocs, ms prmldbecs
bfamftrchms fám bstám fc ocdtc/cusçfakc hb ecfutbfàám hms
kfstruebftm/obrrcebftc/bqukpcebftm, qub mobrbabe pbrk`ms, ecs fc mpbrclkdkhchb hms
ebsems= M usm hb ue amrtchmr hb dchrkdjm, hb omrec brrchc, pmhb sbr uec omftb hb
prmldbecs!

3?
 

 Cabssb m crtk`m —JCWM^ hb amftrctms―, hkspmfåvbd be

4jttps7//www.qsp.mr`.lr/pho/JCWM^]hb]amftrctms.pho6. Cabssm be 3?
mut <>3:.

M Jczmp ë amfarbtm fc khbftkokacàám hb kfakhbftbs prbvksåvbks, ecs bdb tcelëe ë

acpcaktchm pcrc khbftkokacr cs amelkfcàòbs qub pmsskvbdebftb dbvce c bvbftms fám

bspbrchms. Ë prbaksm hbsbfvmdvbr
hbsbfvmdvbr cs jclkdkhchbs b amep
amepbtçfakcs
btçfakcs pcrc m sbu usm
usm..

Bssb eëtmhm lusac c rbcdkzcàám hb uec rbvksám hc kfstcdcàám, khbftkokacfhm pmssåvbks

pbrk`ms b/mu prmldbecs fc pcrtb mpbrcakmfcd, pmr ebkm hb hkvbrscs rbufkòbs, hurcftb bsscs
rbufkòbs uec bqukpb
bqukpb hblctb aukh
aukhchmscebftb
chmscebftb m prmgbtm hc pdcftc.
pdcftc. M ajbob hc bqukpb
hkrbakmfc m `rupm, ctrcvës hb vãrkcs pbr`uftcs mr`cfkzchcs, uscfhm pcdcvrcs kepmrtcftbs,
qub tbe amem omam ms hbsbfacekfjcebftms hms pchròbs bstclbdbakhms fm prmabssm mu fc
mpbrcàám. C bqukpb prbaksc khbftkokacr cs acuscs hb achc hbsbfacekfjcebftm b, sb omr
omrbe
be

khbftkokachms rbsudtchms amfskhbrchms kepmrtcftbs, sám cvcdkchms ms skstbecs hb prmtbàám

pcrc hbokfkr sb bdbs sám cabktãvbks pcrc amftrmdcr bsscs sktucàòbs.

 C vcftc`be ecks kepmrtcftb hbstc hksaussám ë qub bdc kfabftkvc c arkctkvkhchb b

amfstktuk khbkcs. Bssc arkctkvkhchb ë rbsudtchm hc ameufkacàám hc bqukpb ame hkobrbftbs
omrecàòbs. ^mr kssm, m ebdjmr emebftm pcrc oczbr ue bstuhm JCWM^ ë fc jmrc qub prmgbtm
bstã amfskstbftb. B fbstb emebftm m prmgbtm pmhb sbr cdtbrchm sbe `brcr euktcs hbspbscs.

M eëtmhm ë cepdcebftb utkdkzchm be prmabssms kfhustrkcks, pmhbfhm cpdkacr-sb, fc ocsb hb

prmgbtm, îs kfstcdcàòbs gã bxkstbftbs mu be emhkokacàòbs c sbrbe kftrmhuzkhcs.

_maç `mstcrkc hb cpdkacr bssc obrrcebftc fm sbu celkbftb hb trclcdjm=   Bftám, c

prkebkrc amksc qub prbaksc oczbr ë khbftkokacr m hbsbfjm hm prmabssm kfhustrkcd mlgbtm hb
bstuhm b keprkekr be añpkcs be `rcfhb bsa
bsacdc.
cdc. Hbpmks, lusqub aarkcr
rkcr uec bqukpb
eudtkhksakpdkfcr, rbufkfhm cs amepbtçfakcs bspbaåokacs cm fåvbd hc sb`urcfàc b cs vcdçfakcs
tëafkacs fbabssãrkcs pcrc c kftbrprbtcàám/ameprbbfsám
kftbrprbtcàám/ameprbbfsám hm mlgbtm hb
h b bstuhm

Sub tcd hbokfkr, pmstbrkmrebftb, m mlgbtm hb bstuhm= Ë pmssåvbd trclcdjcr ame tmhc c

kfstcdcàám, ecs sbrkc lbe pruhbftb hkvkhkr c pdcftc, pmr sbaàám, ufkhchb oclrkd. Cå, ske,

30
 

lusqub rbufkr kfomrecàòbs smlrb c kfstcdcàám kfhustrkcd bsamdjkhc, amem cqubdbs prbsbftbs
fc ok`urc c sb`ukr.

 C pcrtkr hcå, ë oufhcebftcd ocz

oczbr
br ue hkc`rcec hb prmabssm, cfcdkscfhm ms akrauktms hb ach
achc
c
celkbftb/sbàám b lusacfhm ms pbrk`ms hm bqukpcebftm, be sk, b hm sbu ecfusbkm.
Kec`kfb uec ajcpc q
qubftb.
ubftb. ^mr sk, sñ, bdc gã cprbsbftc m pbrk`m. Sucfhm m oufakmfãrkm
cprmxkec-sb, bdb bstã bxpmstm cm pbrk`m, ë qucfhm sb amfok`urc m rksam. Ecs, dbelrb-sb! M
Jczmp sb prbmaupc ame m pbrk`m.
pbrk`m. Sub pbrk`ms bssc ajcpc qubftb
qubftb mobrbab= B uec lmelc
jkhrãudkac= Mu ue cpcrbdjm hb sme qub hbvb sbr uschm be ÷dtkem vmdueb.

Bftám, m eëtmhm hbtbrekfc qub vmaç scklc c acusc, c amfsbquçfak

amfsbquçfakc
c hm pbrk`m, lbe amem
cs càòbs rbamebfhchcs pcrc rbhuzkr ms rksams hms amdclmrchmrbs qub sb cprmxkece hbssc
omftb hb pbrk`m.

a) Mutrms eëtmhms

 Cdëe hcs obrrcebftcks/eëtmhms bxpmstms, jã ckfhc mutrms qub sám ecks hbhutkvms b
skepdkokachms, m qub pmhb ocakdktcr m sbu usm, pbdcs bqukpbs qub bstám kfkakcfhm c hkfìekac
hb khbftkokacàám hb rksams. Hbftrb bdbs, pmh
pmhbems
bems aktcr m ‚Pjct ko‛, 2 pmrquçs, Ajbaidkst,
3:
 

Xëafkac hb Kfakhbftbs Aråtkams (XKA) b Mlsbrvcàám Hkrbtc hb Ctms Kfsb`urms. Camepcfjb

fm ¸våhbm c sb`ukr.

3;
 

1. \KQAMQ KFHRQX\KCKQ

Hbshb c ^rkebkrc \bvmduàám Kfhustrkcd qub m eufhm tbe pcsschm pmr cepdm prmabssm hb
kfhustrkcdkzcàám qub ctkf`b amftkfbftbs, pcåsbs b rb`kòbs kftbrfcs fcakmfcks hb omrecs
hkstkftcs. Ecs, m qub ssb
b pmhb mlsbrv
mlsbrvcr
cr amem pchrám ë c fbabsskhchb hb
hb cvcdkcàám hms
rksams dclmrcks fm celkbftb kfhustrkcd b ebhkhcs hb sb`urcfàc hm trclcdjm.

Gã pcrmu pcrc kec`kfcr qucftms tkpms hb cakhbftbs pmhbe mamrrbr fms celkbftbs
kfhustrkcks= _bgc cd`ufs bxbepdms fc ok`urc c sb`ukr.

M acpktcdksem okfcfabkrm amebàmu fm okfcd hm sëaudm ZKZ, pbråmhm hb omrecàám hb `rcfhbs

beprbscs kfhustrkcks b amebrakcks, kfadukfhm m arbsakebftm cabdbrchm hb lcfams b mutrcs
beprbscs okfcfabkrcs.
okfcfabkrcs. Fbssb pbråmhm,
pbråmhm, c amfa
amfamrrçfakc
mrrçfakc ocvmrbabu cs `rcfhbs beprbscs,
dbvcfhm c ousòbs b kfamrpmrcàòbs, rbsudtcfhm fc omrecàám hb emfmpñdkms mu mdk`mpñdkms.

Ë hbftrm hbssb amftbxtm qub sb mlsbrvc m cvcfàm hc kepmrtìfakc `bmpmdåtkac hms Bstchms
Rfkhms b, sbaufhcrkcebftb, m arbsakebftm bamføekam hb pcåsbs hb pmuac bxprbssám
kftbrfcakmfcd (ctë bftám),
bftám), amem Gc
Gcpám
pám b Cdbecfjc.
Cdbecfjc. Bsscs fcàò
fcàòbs
bs pcsscrce pmr omrtbs
cvcfàms fc ãrbc tbafmdñ`kac, ame fmvms ebkms hb ameufkacàám b trcfspmrtb lbe amem
fmvcs omftbs hb bfbr`kc b hb amfbxám
amfbxám `dmlcd. Bstcems ocdcfh
ocdcfhm
m hc Xbrabkrc \bv
\bvmduàám
mduàám
Kfhustrkcd.

<>
 

 C Xbrabkrc \bvmduàám Kfhustrkcd acrcatbrkzc-sb pbdc `rcfhb kepmrtìfakc hc tbafmdm`kc

cvcfàchc mu hb pmftc, prbsbftb be euktcs kfh÷strkcs, b pbdm usm hb skdåakm, ekfbrcd
beprb`chm fc oclrkacàám hb pdcacs hb ameputchmr. Fcs oãlrkacs, ë achc vbz eckmr m
prmabssm hb cutmecàám (mu rmlmtkzcàám), kstm ë, m usm hb eãqukfcs b rmløs kfhustrkcks qub
sulstktuce c eám hb mlrc juecfc.

Qcklc smlrb c Xbrabkrc \bvmduàám Kfhustrkcd

jttps7//www.ymutulb.ame/wctaj=v5Cqzrmivz`ZK

Ë hbftrm hbssb amftbxtm qub sb mlsbrvc c bvmduàám hc bokakçfakc b bokaãakc hb

bqukpcebftms, eãqukfcs, obrrcebftcs b eëtmhms amftrklukfhm pcrc m cuebftm hc
prmhutkvkhchb hcs beprbscs b amrpmrcàòbs.
amrpmrcàòbs. ^crcdbdcebftb, ms prm`rcecs
prm`rcecs hb prbvbfàám
prbvbfàám
hb cakhbftbs hb trclcdjm, b c db`ksdcàám amrrbspmfh
amrrbspmfhbftb,
bftb, tcelëe tçe skhm kepmrtcftbs pcrc
qucdkhchb hb
hb vkhc hms trclcdjchmrbs.
trclcdjchmrbs. Dbelrb-sb hb q
qub
ub ms cakhbftbs fc prmhuàám
kfhustrkcd sám hkvbrsms b pmhbe prmpmrakmfcr dbsòbs supbrokakcks, trcuectksems b ctë
eutkdcàòbs hb ebelrms, be bspbakcd cms ebelrms supbrkmrbs (eáms b lrcàms), be rczám
hc prmxkekhchb hbstbs hcs zmfcs hb rksams hb eãqukfcs b bqukpcebftms ame
emvkebftcàòbs `krctñrkcs, rbtkdåfbcs mu cdtbrfchcs, be qub cs prkfakpcks acuscs pmhbe sbr
pbdms emtkvms cprbsbftchms fc ok`urc c sb`ukr.

 Cdëe hms rksams c prmldbecs be

be lrcàms b pbrfcs
pbrfcs,, fám sb pmh
pmhb
b bsqu
bsqubabr
babr qub cs pcrtbs qub
sb emvkebftce hms bqukpcebftms, amem bf`rbfc`bfs b pmdkcs, pmhbe mobrbabr rksams hb
bsec`cebftms, bdbtrmautcàám b hbabpcebftms.
hbabpcebftms. ^kmr ckfhc sb cd`u
cd`uec
ec pbàc sb smdtcr

<3
 

ctkf`kfhm mdjms, ocab mu c aclbàc amem ue tmhm. Bftám, ë supbr kepmrtcftb cfcdkscr ms
rksams b sucs hbvkhcs ebhkhcs hb prbvbfàám.

 C F\ 3< bstclbdbab cs ebhkhcs prbvbfakmfkstcs hb sb`urcfàc b jk`kbfb hm trclcdjm c

sbrbe chmtchcs pbdcs beprbscs
beprbscs be rbdcàám  kfstcdcàám, mpbrcàám b ecfutbfàám hb
eãqukfcs b bqukpcebftms, vkscfhm  prbvbfàám
pr bvbfàám hb cakhbftbs hm trclcdjm.
trclcdjm.  

 Cabssb m våhbm —: pcssms pcrc chbqucàám F\3<―,

F\3<―, hkspmfåvbd be
4jttps7//www.ymutulb.ame/wctaj=v5yh8ydoPg8x[6. Cabssm be 3? mut
<>3:.

 C fmrec bstclbdbab rbquksktms eåfkems pcrc c prbvbfàám hb cakhbftbs b hmbfàcs hm

trclcdjm fcs ocsbs hb prmgbtm b hb utkdkzcàám hb eãqukfcs b bqukpcebftms hb tmhms ms tkpms,
b ckfhc î suc oclrkacàám, kepmrtcàám, amebrakcdkzcàám, bxpmskàám b abssám c qucdqubr

tåtudm, be tmhcs cs ctkvkhchbs bamføekacs.

^mr kssm, c F\ 3< bxk`b kfomrecàòbs amepdbtcs smlrb tmhm m akadm hb vkhc hb eãqukfcs b
bqukpcebftms, kfadukfhm trcfspmrtb, kfstcdcàám, utkdkzcàám, ecfutbfàám b ctë ebsem suc
bdkekfcàám cm okfcd hc vkhc ÷tkd.

B qucftm cms bqukpcebftms b eãqukfcs=  Ë prbaksm mr`cfkzã-dms hb omrec qub fám

acusbe cakhbftbs b hmbfàcs maupcakmfcks b uec ebhkhc kepmrtcftb ë c chmàám hb
ebhkhcs hb prmtbàám amdbtkvc b, amfstctcfhm c kfbokaãakc hbstcs, m omrfbakebftm hb

bqukpcebftms hb prmtbàám kfhkvkhucd.

Bqukpcebftm hb ^rmtbàám Amdbtkvc (B^A) ë m bqukpcebftm hb prmtbàám qub ë utkdkzchm hb

omrec amdbtkvc, hbstkfchm c prmtb`br c sc÷hb b c kftb`rkhchb oåskac hms prmoksskmfcks qub
trclcdjce be celkbftbs
celkbftbs qub cprbsbftce
cprbsbftce rksams. Cd`ufs bxbepdms hb B^A
B^A pmhbe sb
sbrr
mlsbrvchms fc ok`urc c sb`ukr.

<<
 

Sucftm cms Bqukpcebftms hb ^rmtbàám Kfhkvkhucd (B^K) sám hb usm skf`udcr utkdkzchm pbdm
trclcdjchmr, hbstkfchms î prmtbàám hb rksams susabtåvbks hb cebcàcr c sb`urcfàc b c sc÷hb
fm trclcdjm. _cems sclbr ebdjmr smlrb m ssbu
bu usm, fm våhbm
våhbm c sb`ukr.

 Cs ãrbcs hb akra

akraudcàám
udcàám hbvbe
hbvbe sbr ecftkhcs pbrecfbftbebftb
pbrecfbftbebftb hbsmlstruåhcs. Ms ectbrkcks
be utkdkzcàám fm prmabssm prmhutkvm hbvbe sbr cdmachms be ãrbcs bspbakokacs hb
creczbfcebftm, hbvkhcebftb hbecrachcs, ame ockxcs fc amr kfhkachc pbdcs fmrecs
tëafkacs mokakcks mu skfcdkzchcs qucfhm sb trctcr hb ãrbcs bxtbrfcs.

Ms bspcàms cm rbhmr hcs eãqukfcs b bqukpcebftms hbvbe sbr chbquchms cm sbu tkpm b
cm tkpm hb mpbrcàám, hb omrec
o mrec c prbvbfkr c mamrrçfakc hb cakhbftbs b hmbfàcs rbdcakmfchms
cm trclcdjm. C hkstìfakc eåfkec bftrb eãqukfcs, be amfomrekhchb ame sucs acrcatbråstkacs
b cpdkacàòbs, hbvb `crcftkr c sb`urcfàc hms trclcdjchmrbs hurcftb suc mpbrcàám,
ecfutbfàám, cgustb, dkepbzc b kfspbàám, b pbrektkr c emvkebftcàám hms sb`ebftms
amrpmrcks, be ocab hc fcturbzc hc tcrboc. Cs ãrbcs hb akraudcàá
akraudcàám
m b creczbfcebft
creczbfcebftm
m hb
ectbrkcks b ms bspcàms be tmrfm hb eãqukfcs hbvbe sbr prmgbtchms, hkebfskmfchms b
ecftkhms hb omrec qub ms trclcdjchmrbs b ms trcfspmrtchmrbs hb ectbrkcks, ebacfkzchms b
ecfucks, emvkebftbe-sb ame sb`urcfàc.

Ms pksms hms dmacks hb trclcdjm mfhb sb kfstcdce eãqukfcs b bqukpcebftms b hcs ãrbcs hb
akraudcàám hbvbe

<1
 

 Cdëe hm amftrmdb b sb`urcfàc hbftrm

hbftrm hc oãlrkac, tcelëe
tcelëe sám kepmrtcf
kepmrtcftbs
tbs c mrkbftcàám hms
trclcdjchmrbs, smlrb m usm hms Bqukpcebftms hb prmtbàám kfhkvkhucks b amdbtkvms,
trbkfcebftms hcs mpbrcàòbs dclmrcks, ame m usm hb ecfucks hms bqukpcebftms b
ecqukfãrkms, cdëe hb aursms hb rbakadc`be.

Jã tcelëe mutrcs fmrecs tëafkacs qub hbvbe sbr cpdkachcs pcrc c prbvbfàám hms rksams
kfhustrkcks, hkrbakmfchcs c mpbrcàòbs b ctkvkhchbs ecks bspbaåokacs, qub sám cs fmrecs
rb`udcebftchmrcs hm Ekfkstërkm hm Xrclcdjm (EXB), qub rb`udce cs
c s ebhkhcs hb prbvbfàám
b sb`urcfàc be omrfms (F\ 38) b acdhbkrcs b vcsms hb prbssám (F\ 31), îs qucks ms
prmoksskmfcks hb sb`urcfàc hm trclcdjm hbvbe okacr ctbftms pcrc m sbu aueprkebftm
(Lcrscfm & Lcrlmsc, <>38).

 Cssmakchm cm prmabssm hb oclrkacàám hb ebrachmrkcs, jã m Xrcfspmrtb, emvkebftcàám,

creczbfc`be b ecfusbkm hb ectbrkcks qub sám rbufkhcs, euktcs vbzbs, fc bxprbssám
"dm`åstkac hb ectbrkcks", ecs rbqubrbe tcelëe ktbfs kepmrtcftbs hb prmtbàám hms
trclcdjchmrbs. Belmrc m skstbec hb cutmectkzcàám,
cutmectkzcàám, orutm hc bvmduàám tbafm
tbafmdñ`kac,
dñ`kac, tbfjc
ebacfkzchm `rcfhb pcrtb hc emvkebftcàám hb acr`cs (`ukfhcstbs b bstbkrcs, pmr bxbepdm),
jã tcrbocs fcs qucks c omràc ecfucd hm trclcdjchmr ë c ÷fkac cdtbrfctkvc pcrc c akraudcàám

<8
 

b m ecfusbkm hms ectbrkcks, be rczám hcs pcrtkaudcrkhchbs hc ctkvkhchb, amem ms

bftrb`chmrbs hb scacs hb cdkebftms.
^mr kssm, ë oufhcebftcd qub ebhkhcs sám fbabssãrkcs pcrc c prbvbfàám hb rksams fc
akraudcàám hbssbs ectbrkcks b c F\ 33, qub trctc hm trcfspmrtb, emvkebftcàám,
creczbfc`be b ecfusbkm hb ectbrkcks, prbaksc bstcr kftbrkmrkzchc fm qub hkz rbspbktm c
beprbbfhbhmrbs, oufakmfãrkms b hkrbàám.

F\ 33 ë cqubdc qub bstclbdbab

bstclbdbab ms rbquksktms hb sb`urcfàc c sbrbe mlsbrvchms fms dmacks
hb trclcdjm fm qub sb rbobrb cm trcfspmrtb,  emvkebftcàám,  creczbfc`be b cm
ecfusbkm hb ectbrkcks,
ectbrkcks, tcftm hb omrec ebaìfkac
ebaìfkac qucftm ecfucd.
ecfucd. C oufhcebftcàám db`cd
hbstc fmrec sám ms Crtk`ms 3:< b 3:1 hc ADX. B m mlgbtkvm ë sbeprb m ebsem, fë, `bftb=
 C prbvbfàám hb kfomrt÷fkms
kfomrt÷fkms dclmrcks.

Fc prãtkac, sám Fmrecs hb sb`urcfàc pcrc mpbrcàám hb bdbvchmrbs, `ukfhcstbs,

trcfspmrtchmrbs kfhustrkcks
kfhustrkcks b eãqukfcs trcf
trcfspmrtchmrcs.
spmrtchmrcs. Xcelëe pcrc m trclcdjm be
 Ctkvkhchbs hb Xrcfspmrtb hb Qcacs b creczbfcebftm hb Ectbrkcks. ^mr oke, tcelë
tcelëe
e sbrvb
pcrc c emvkebftcàám, Creczbfc`be b Ecfusbkm hb Ajcpcs hb Eãremrb, @rcfktm b Mutrcs
\majcs.

B qucftm îs amrbs= Bdcs fám sbrvbe cpbfcs pcrc hkobrbfakcr amdclmrchmrbs hb hkobrbftbs
ufkhchbs oclrks. Amem fms hkz
hkzbe
be Lcrscfm & Lcrlmsc (<>38), bdcs sám c omrec ecks
skepdbs b mlgbtkvc hb ameufkacàám, mu sbgc, sám c ecfbkrc ecks prãtkac hb sb hbemfstrcr
cd`m, arkcr ue mlgbtkvm, kdustrcr ue prmabhkebftm, amem prmabhbr be hbtbrekfchc sktucàám.
B pbdc suc purc b fcturcd skepdkakhchb c amr amfsb`ub ctkf`kr c tmhms cqubdbs qub pmssube
m sbftkhm hc vksám, ctë ebsem ms cfkecks sám kfodubfakchms pbdcs amrbs.

Fm celkbftb dclmrcd, ë euktm ameue

ameue m usm hb aamrbs.
mrbs. ^mr bxbepdm, cs ockx
ockxcs
cs lrcfacs sám
utkdkzchcs be pcsscrbdcs b amrrbhmrbs hb akraudcàám, pmr ebkm hb ockxcs, hkrbàám b
akraudcàám, dmacdkzcàám b amdbtmrbs hb rbsåhums9 dmacdkzcàám hb lblbhmurms9 ãrbcs be tmrfm
hms bqukpcebftms hb smamrrm hb ur`çfakc, hb amelctb c kfaçfhkm mu mutrms bqukpcebftms
hb bebr`çfakc9 ãrbcs hbstkfchcs î creczbfc`be b zmfcs hb sb`urcfàc.

 C F\ <? bstclbdbab c pchrmfkzcàám hcs amrbs c sbrbe utkdkzchcs amem skfcdkzcàám hb

sb`urcfàc fms celkbftbs hb trclcdjm, hb emhm c prmtb`br c sc÷hb b c kftb`rkhchb oåskac
hms trclcdjchmrbs. Cs amrbs utkdkzchcs fms dmacks hb trclcdjm pcrc khbftkokacr ms
<2
 

bqukpcebftms hb sb`urcfàc, hbdkektcr ãrbcs, khbftkokacr tuludcàòbs beprb`chcs pcrc c

amfhuàám hb dåqukhms b `csbs b chvbrtkr amftrc rksams, hbvbe ctbfhbr cm hkspmstm fcs
fmrecs tëafkacs mokakcks. _cems sclbr ecks, fm våhbm c sb`ukr.

Bfoke, m qub sb bftbfhb ë qub ms prkfakpcks cakhbftbs fc kfh÷strkc hb trclcdjm ckfhc sám c
qubhc hb cdturc, amrtbs,
amrtbs, orcturcs, amftusòbs,
amftusòbs, ceputcàòbs b ajmqubs bdëtrkam
bdëtrkams.
s. Qb`ufhm c
 Cssmakcàám Lrcskdbkrc hb Amfsakbftkzcàám pcrc ms ^brk`ms hc Bdbtrkakhchb (aktchm pmr
Amftuodbx, <>30), cpbfcs be <>38, jmuvb ue cuebftm hb 30,0%
30 ,0% fm åfhkab hb cakhbftbs hb
trclcdjm bfvmdvbfhm bdbtrkakhchb fm sbtmr kfhustrkcd, be rbdcàám cms cfms cftbrkmrbs.

 Cdëe hms cakhbftbs aktchms, vcdb ebfakmfcr, ckfhc, qub ë euktm ameue bpksñhkms hb
cfskbhchb, hbprbssám b bstrbssb be trclcdjchmrbs hc kfh÷strkc, hb emhm qub bssbs acsms
sb acrcatbrkzce amem cakhbftb hb trclcdjm, gã qub cobtce c sc÷hb b c kftb`rkhchb hms
amdclmrchmrbs, kepbhkfhm-ms hb trclcdjcr hb ecfbkrc bobtkvc.

<?
 

8. @B\BFAKCEBFXM HB \KQAMQ

 Cs omrecs qub

qub u
ue
e trclcdjchmr,
trclcdjchmr, qubr
qubr sbgc
sbgc fc kfh÷strkc, fm aameërakm
meërakm mu b
be
e cd`uec
cd`uec rb
rbpcrtkàám
pcrtkàám
hb mobrbab sbrvkàms,
sbrvkàms, bstã bxpms
bxpmstm
tm cm rksam pmhbe
pmhbe vcrkcr lcstcftb. Ecs, vmaç sclkc qub
uec beprbsc pmhb bstcr
bstcr sulebtkhm c vãrkms tkpms hb rksam. Qb`ufhm @rmujy (<>
(<>>8),
>8), jã ms
rksams cprbsbftchms fc ok`urc c sb`ukr.

Hbftrb tmhms cqubdbs cssmakchms cm sbtmr okfcfabkrm, hbstcac-sb, cquk, ms rksams

mpbrcakmfcks b hb octmr juecfm. M prkebkrm ë omrechm pbdcs pbrhcs pmtbfakcks
rbsudtcftbs hb skstbecs kfchbquchms, ocdjc hc `brçfakc, amftrmdbs hbobktumsms, orcuhb b
ocdjc juecfc. M rksam hb octmr juecfm pmhb
pmhb sbr hbokfkhm amem uec omrec bspbakcd h
hb
b
rksam mpbrcakmfcd b sám rbdcakmfchms îs pbrhcs rbsudtcftbs hb ocdjc juecfc, amem pmr
bxbepdm cpbrtcr m lmtám brrchm be ue ameputchmr b kfchvbrtkhcebftb hbstrukr ue crqukvm.
Fm octmr juecfm, tcelëe bfackxcems ms ourtms b rmulms.

 C bxkstçfakc hb prmlclkdkhchb hb ue trclcdjchmr smorbr cd`ue hcfm, rbsudtcftb hb sucs

ctkvkhchbs prmoksskmfcks, ë hbfmekfchc hb rksam maupcakmfcd, mu sbgc, sám cakhbftbs mu
hmbfàcs pmssåvbks c qub bstám bxpmstms ms trclcdjchmrbs fm bxbraåakm hm sbu trclcdjm
t rclcdjm mu
pmr emtkvm hc maupcàám qub bxbrabe.
<0
 

\ksams hb Cakhbftbs sám tmhms ms octmrbs qub amdmace be pbrk`m m trclcdjchmr mu cobtce
suc kftb`rkhchb oåskac mu emrcd. Qám amfskhbrchms amem rksams `brchmrbs hb cakhbftbs7
crrcfgm oåskam hbokakbftb9 eãqukfcs b bqukpcebftms sbe prmtbàám9 obrrcebftcs
kfchbquchcs9 mu hbobktumscs9 bdbtrkakhchb9 kfaçfhkm mu bxpdmsám9 cfkecks pbàmfjbftms9
creczbfcebftm kfchbquchm. Mu sbgc, sám bdb
bdbebftms
ebftms mu sulstcfakcs prbsbftbs be
hkvbrsms celkbftbs, qub cakec hms dkektbs hb tmdbrìfakc pmhbe macskmfcr hcfms î sc÷hb
hcs pbssmcs.

Ms rksams pmhbe sbr hb hkobrbftbs omftbs mu tkpms7 Oåskams, Suåekams, Lkmdñ`kams,

Br`øebtrms b hb Cakhbf
Cakhbftb.
tb. _bgc fc ok`urc c sb`
sb`ukr.
ukr.

Rec vbz sclbfhm smlrb ms rksams, amem hbvbems prma

prmabhbr=
bhbr= Amftrmdcr m rksam
rksam!! Mu
sbgc, lusacr amftrmdcr ms rksams b amdmaã-dms be ue fåvbd sb`urm.   M amftrmdb hms rksam
rksamss
kepdkac vbrkokacr, oksacdkzcr, amfobrkr, kfspbakmfcr b hmekfcr cs sktucàòbs hb rksams. Xcks
ctkvkhchbs tbe lckxm austm, pmks rbqubrbe pmuams kfvbstkebftms be pbssmcs b
bqukpcebftms.

<:
 

M amftrmdb hb rksam bstã hbftrm hb ue prm`rcec ecks cepdm hbfmekfchm hb

`brbfakcebftm hb rksams, qub lusac rbhuzkr ms rksams pmr ebkm hc prbvbfàám (rbhuàám hc
orbquçfakc hb mamrrçfakcs) b hc prmtbàám amftrc ms rksams bxkstbftbs (rbhuàám hb
amfsbquçfakcs).
amfsbquçfakcs). Kssm kepdkac chekfkstrcr, hkrk`kr, `mvbrfcr, mrkbftcr b rb`udcr cs ctkvkhchbs,
m qub rbqubr amfskhbrãvbks kfvbstkebftms be rbaursms juecfms, ectbrkcks b tbafmdñ`kams
(\mgcs, <>32).

M `brbfakcebftm hb rksams ë rbspmfsãvbd pbdc ecfutbfàám hcs mpbrcàòbs hcs kfstcdcàòbs

prmhutkvcs, hbftrm hb pchròbs hb sb`urcfàc amfskhbrchms tmdbrãvbks pbdc db`ksdcàám. M
`brbfakcebftm hb rksam ë uec ãrbc rbdctkvcebftb fmvc, pmrëe bssbfakcd pcrc c sc÷hb mu
ebsem c smlrbvkvçfakc hb uec mr`cfkzcàám. Qbe uec bstrctë`kc hb prbvbfàám lbe-
hbdkektchc, uec beprbsc pmhb ctë̃
ctë̃ sbr dkqukh
dkqukhchc.
chc.

Rec vbz qub vmaç hbtbrekfc qub tkpms hb pbrk`ms c ctkvkhchb bfvmdvb, amem qubhc hb
mlgbtms pbschms smlrb c aclbàc hb oufakmfãrkms, be uec mlrc hb `rcfhb ec`fktuhb, mu m
amrtb pcrc qube bstã ecfusbcfhm ue amrtchmr hb czudbgm, cå, okac oãakd c khbftkokacàám hms
rksams, fám ë ebsem=

Ms rbdctms smlrb cs sktucàòbs vkvkhcs fm hkc c hkc hcs mpbrcàòbs pbdms trclcdjchmrbs hcs
ãrbcs hc beprbsc pbrektbe cm ebelrm hc ãrbc hb sc÷hb b sb`urcfàc bftbfhbr cs
mpbrcàòbs rmtkfbkrcs b cs fám rmtkfbkrcs.

B tbe ecks! Jã ckfhc ms p

pbrk`ms
brk`ms b rksams bxtrcs cssmakchcs c gmvbfs hbsprbpcrchms,
hbsprbpcrchms,
pmrtchmrbs hb hbokakçfakc,
hbokakçfakc, eudjbrbs `rã
`rãvkhcs,
vkhcs, hbftrb mutrms. _cems bftbfhbr f
fm
m våhbm c
sb`ukr.

Ë hbftrm hbssb amftbxtm qub sb ameprbbfhb c arkcàám hm ^rm`rcec hb @brbfakcebftm hb

\ksams (^@\), qub ë c omrec amrrbtc hb prbvbfkr c mamrrçfakc hb cakhbftbs celkbftcks qub
pmssce amdmacr be rksam c kftb`rkhchb oåskac hms trclcdjchmrbs, c sb`urcfàc hc pmpudcàám
b m ebkm celkbftb. M amftrmdb ë uec omrec hb `brbfakcebftm. 
`brbfakcebftm. 

^crc \mgcs (<>32), ms prmoksskmfcks bfvmdvkhms ame m `brbfakcebftm hb rksams sám ms

rbspmfsãvbks pbdc bdclmrcàám hms pdcfms b hm hkrbakmfcebftm c sbr sb`ukhm pbdcs
mr`cfkzcàòbs pcrc prmpmrakmfcr sb`urcfàc cm pctrkeøfkm oåskam b juecfm hc beprbsc b hb
sbu bftmrfm. Cs càòbs b ebhkhcs chmtchcs pmr bssbs prmoksskmfcks lcdkzce c sb`urcfàc
<;
 

fcs ctkvkhchbs bxbautchcs fcs beprbscs b mrkbftce ms trclcdjchmrbs pmr ebkm hb

trbkfcebftms b pbdm bstclbdbakebftm hb fmrecs hb amfhutc.

Mlrk`ctmrkcebftb, cs beprbscs prbaksce bdclmrcr ue ^rm`rcec hb ^rbvbfàám hb \ksams

 Celkbftcks (^^\C), c pcrtkr hc Fmrec \b`udcebftchmrc >;, qub vksc î prbsbrvcàám hc
sc÷hb b hc kftb`rkhchb hms trclcdjchmrbs, ctrcvës hc cftbakpcàám, rbamfjbakebftm,
cvcdkcàám b amfsbqubftb amftrmdb hc mamrrçfakc hb rksams celkbftcks bxkstbftbs mu qub
vbfjce c bxkstkr fm celkbftb hb trclcdjm, tbfhm be amfskhbrcàám c prmtbàám hm ebkm
celkbftb b hms rbaursms fcturcks. _bgc m våhbm c sb`ukr.

^crc ocakdktcr c hkstrklukàám hc kfomrecàám, ë oufhcebftcd c bdclmrcàám hb ecpc hb rksams

celkbftcks. _maç sclb m qub ë kssm= Hb camrhm ame \mgcs (<>32), ë uec rbprbsbftcà
rbprbsbftcàám
ám
`rãokac (bslmàm, armquk, dcymut mu mutrm) hb uec hcs pcrtbs mu hb tmhm m prmabssm prmhutkvm
hc beprbsc, be qub sb rb`kstrce ms rksams b ms octmrbs hb rksam c qub ms tr clcdjchmrbs
tr clcdjchmrbs
bstám sugbktms b qub sám vkfaudchms, hkrbtc mu kfhkrbtcebftb, cm prmabssm,  mr`cfkzcàám b
cs amfhkàòbs hb trclcdjm. _cems bftbfhbr ebdjmr fm våhbm c sb`ukr.

Ecs, okqub ctbftm! ^mr sbr ue hmau

hmauebftm
ebftm hkfìekam, m ecpc hb rksams h
hbvb
bvb sbr rbvkstm
rbvkstm b
ctucdkzchm  ebhkhc qub mamrrc c bdkekfcàám mu m sur`kebftm hb rksams mu m cuebftm mu
hkekfukàám hm `rcu hb rksam be vkrtuhb hb cdtbrcàòbs fc prmhuàám mu ebdjmrkc tbafmdñ`kac.

1>
 

2. _RDFB\CLKDKHCHB, QB@R\M QB@R\CFÀC B CAKHBFXBQ HB X\CLCDJM

Rec vbz bftbfhkhms ms pbrk`ms, mpmrtufkhchbs b cebcàcs c uec ctkvkhchb, prmabssm mu

fb`ñakm ë kepmrtcftb hbt
hbtbrekfcr
brekfcr ms rks
rksams,
ams, sbus tkpms b ec`fktuhbs. C pcrtkr hcå
hcå,, ë
kepmrtcftb bstuhcr cs pmssåvbks amfsbquçfakcs, ebhkfhm ms kepcatms b hcfms acuschms
pmr bdcs.

 C cfãdksb hb vudfbrclkdkhchb tbe pmr okfcdkhchb c hbtbrekfcàám hm fåvbd hb hcfm `brchm

fms rbaursms (juecfms, celkbftcks b kfstcdcàòbs oåskacs)
o åskacs) dmacdkzchms fc ãrbc hb kkfoduçfakc
foduçfakc
hms cakhbftbs. C rb`rc hms emhbdms hb vudfbrclkdkhchb ë trczbr c ec`fktuhb hm obføebfm
b bstkecr ms hchms c pbssmcs, bstruturcs b ebkm celkbftb.

Ecs qub ebkms sám utkdkzchms pcrc sb oczbr bssc cfãdksb= @brcdebftb, sám utkdkzchcs
tëafkacs hb bf`bfjcrkc pcrc emhbdc`be b skeudcàám hb cakhbftbs ame c utkdkzcàám hb
—smotwcrbs―. C kftbf
kftbfàám
àám ë khbftkokacr mu ctë ebsem ecpbcr cs pmssåvbks ãrbcs, hbftrm hc
beprbsc, qub pmhbe sbr ctkf`khcs pbdms bobktms oåskams, quåekams, lkmdñ`kams b
tmxkamdñ`kams, mrk`kfchms pmr cakhbftbs bfvmdvbfhm prmhutms pbrk`msms.

Hbstc omrec, sbrám hbtbrekfchcs b acdaudchcs cs bxtbfsòbs hb hcfm hms abfãrkms qub
tcelëe sbrám rbprbsbftchcs `rcokacebftb smlrb hbsbfjms mu omtms cërbcs, pbrektkfhm-sb
cvcdkcr ms bobktms prmvmachms pbdcs jkpñtbsbs cakhbftcks fcs kfstcdcàòbs b/mu ameufkhchbs
vkzkfjcs cms rbspbatkvms pmftms hb dklbrcàám hb prmhutms.

B vmaç pmhb rbprbsbftcr kssm, fc omrec

o mrec b tclbdcs mu quchrms, ecs m ebdjmr sbrkc dmacdkzcr
kssm, hbftrm hc pdcftc kfhustrkcd. Csske, vmaç ocz c dmacdkzcàám
dmacdkzcàám m sbtmr, hbftrm hc amrpmrcàám
b guftm, ue quchrm ame cs acrcatbråstkacs hm cakhbftb b ms rbspbatkvms cdacfabs rbdctkvms
cms bobktms oåskams amfskhbrchms.

Hbstc omrec, sbrám hbtbrekfchcs b acdaudchcs cs bxtbfsòbs hb hcfm hms abfãrkms qub
tcelëe sbrám rbprbsbftchcs `rcokacebftb smlrb hbsbfjms mu omtms cërbcs, pbrektkfhm-sb
cvcdkcr ms bobktms prmvmachms pbdcs jkpñtbsbs cakhbftcks fcs kfstcdcàòbs b/mu ameufkhchbs
vkzkfjcs cms rbspbatkvms pmftms hb dklbrcàám hb prmhutms.

13
 

 Cd`ufs cutmrbs sám ecks bspbaåokams b, tcd amem m ABXBQL (<>>1), c Cfãdksb hb
_udfbrclkdkhchb ë m Bstuhm rbcdkzchm pmr kftbreëhkm hb emhbdms ectbeãtkams uschms pcrc
prbvbr ms kepcatms hcfmsms îs pbssmcs, îs kfstcdcàòbs b cm ebkm celkbftb, ame lcsb fms
dkektbs hb tmdbrìfakc pcrc ms bobktms hb smlrbprbssám, chvkfhms hb bxpdmsòbs, rchkcàòbs
tërekacs hbamrrbftbs hb kfaçfhkms
kf açfhkms b bobktms tñxkams chvkfhms hb bxpmskàòbs îs sulstìfakcs
quåekacs.

 Cabssb m tbxtm hm ABXBQL, ame m —Ecfucd hb mrkbftcàám pcrc c

bdclmrcàám hb bstuhms hb cfãdksb hb rksam ―,
rksam―, hkspmfåvbd be
4jttp7//celkbf.ame.lr/^HO/A.^\B_BFAM33FmrecXbafkacABXBQL8.<?
3.pho6. Cabssm be 3? mut <>3:.

 C kfbvktãvbd rbcdkhchb hm rksam dbvmu c juecfkhchb c prmaurcr `brbfakcr m rksam. _maç

bsamdjb bvktcr m rksam, mu sbgc, hbkxc hb oczbr c ctkvkhchb qub prmemvb m rksam, amem
trclcdjcr, cfhcr fc ruc mu vkcgcr. Mu, bftám, vmaç `brbfakc m rksam, ctrcvës hb acekfjms,
amem m cutmssb`urm, eutucdksem b m sb`urm. _bgc c bxpdkacàám pcrc achc ue hbssbs
acekfjms, prmpmstms pmr XXQ (<>3:).

1<
 

M sb`urm ë ue amftrctm bftrb ue kfhkvåhum mu uec beprbsc (sb`urchm) b uec sb`urchmrc.

 Cqubdb qub hbsbgc sbr prmtb`khm hms rksams kfbrbftbs î suc ctkvkhchb/bvbftm pc`c ue
—prçekm― b c amepcfjkc sb`urchmrc, pmr suc vbz, ameprmebtb -sb pc`cr c bvbftucd pbrhc
okfcfabkrc amrrbspmfhbftb, hurcftb m pbråmhm hc cpñdkab. Sucftm ecks acrm omr amftclkdkzchm
m rksam, eckmr ë m prçekm c sbr pc`m.
pc`m. Rsucdebftb, pc`cems
pc`cems ue sb`urm ecks acrm, quc
qucfhm
fhm
m acrrm ë ecks vcdkmsm mu ms rksams hb cakhbftb b/mu hb ourtm sám ecks kfakhbftbs, fám ë
ebsem=

Hb camrhm ame XXQ (<>3:), abrtcebftb, m sb`urm ë ue amftrctm kfbvktcvbdebftb

bspbaudctkvm. C beprbsc sb`urchmrc rbablb cs kfomrecàòbs hm sb`urchm b, ame lcsb
fbdcs, trcàc ue pbrokd hm rksam b acdaudc c pbrhc bspbrchc b m prçekm. Cs sb`urchmrcs usce
hchms hb rksam pcrc acdaudcr c prmlclkdkhchb hb mamrrçfakc hm bvbftm amftrc m qucd sb bstã
oczbfhm m sb`urm. Bssc kfomrecàám ë utkdkzchc pcrc acdaudcr m prçekm. Sucftm ecks prmvãvbd
mamrrbr tcd bvbftm, eckmr sbrã m rksam pcrc c sb`urchmrc b, amem rbsudtchm, eckmr m vcdmr
hm prçekm hb sb`urm.

Fm celkbftb hb trclcdjm, euktcs beprbscs gã tçe lusachm sb`urms qub aulrce rksams hb
cakhbftbs fm trclcdjm.
trclcdjm. Fkf`uëe hbsbgc ue cakhbftb hb trclcdjm b lusac
lusace
e ms acekfjms
db`cks b mpbrcakmfcks
mpbrcakmfcks pcrc ekfkekzã-dms. Ecs, b qucfhm camftbabe= M q
qub
ub oczbr= Ame
Amem
m
austbcr=

Hb camrhm ame c Dbk f· :.<31, hb <8 hb gudjm hb 3;;3, cakhbftb hm trclcdjm ë cqubdb
cakhbftb qub mamrrb pbdm bxbraåakm hm trclcdjm, c sbrvkàm hb beprbsc mu hb beprb`chmr
hmeëstkam mu pbdm bxbraåakm hm trclcdjm hm sb`urchm bspbakcd (amem pbssmc rbskhbftbs fm
keñvbd rurcd), prmvmacfhm dbsám amrpmrcd mu pbrturlcàám oufakmfcd qub acusb c emrtb mu c
pbrhc mu rbhuàám, pbrecfbftb mu tbepmrãrkc, hc acpcakhchb pcrc m trclcdjm.

Ecs, b cs hmbfàcs chqukrkhcs b qub pmhbe sbr rbdcakmfchcs cm tkpm hb ctkvkhchb

prmoksskmfcd qub vmaç bxbrab= Fbssb acsm, c Dbk :<
:<31/;3
31/;3 tcelëe ë euktm aadcrc,
dcrc, be sbu
crtk`m <>. Amfskhbrce-sb cakhbftb hm trclcdjm cs sb`ukftbs bftkhchbs eñrlkhcs, cs Hmbfàc
prmoksskmfcd (^rmhuzkhc mu hbsbfachbchc pbdm bxbraåakm hm trclcdjm pbaudkcr c hbtbrekfchc
ctkvkhchb b amfstcftb hc rbspbatkvc rbdcàám bdclmrchc pbdm Ekfkstërkm hm Xrclcdjm b hc
^rbvkhçfakc Qmakcd) b Hmbfàc hm trclcdjm (Chqukrkhc mu hbsbfachbchc be oufàám hb
amfhkàòbs bspbakcks be qub m trclcdjm ë rbcdkzchm b ame bdb sb rbdcakmfb hkrbtcebftb, ame
c hmbfàc prmoksskmfcd).
11
 

Hb camrhm ame m crtk`m sbxtm hc hm Hbarbtm f· ?3.0:8, hb <: hb Fmvbelrm hb 3;?0,

tcelëe sám amfskhbrchms cakhbftbs hm trclcdjm7
t rclcdjm7 

Dbelrb-sb hb qub tmhm cakhbftb hb trclcdjm hbvb sbr ameufkachm î ^rbvkhçfakc Qmakcd,
ctrcvës hm Ameufkachm hb Cakhbftb hm Xrclcdjm (ACX), kfhbpbfhbftbebftb hb tbr jcvkhm
cocstcebftm mu fám hm trclcdjchmr.

Sucfhm m trclcdjchmr sb cocstc, pmr amftc hb cakhbftb hb trclcdjm, bdb bstã prmtb`khm pbdm
Qb`urm hb Cakhbftb hb Xrclcdjm (QCX), uec amftrklukàám ms beprb`chmrbs pc`ce, fc
omrec hb kepmstm, pcrc austbcr lbfboåakms hm Kfstktutm Fcakmfcd hm Qb`urm Qmakcd (KFQQ)

18
 

cssmakchms cms cakhbftb

cakhbftb hb trclcdjm b/mu îs hmbfàcs maupcakm
maupcakmfcks.
fcks. C cdåqumtc fmrecd ë
hb ue, hmks mu trçs pmr abftm smlrb c rbeufbrcàám hm beprb`chm.

Okqub ctbftm! Ebsem qub m trclcdj

trclcdjchmr
chmr rbablb ms vc
vcdmrbs
dmrbs hm sb`urm, m beprb`chmr
beprb`chmr fám
tbe suc mlrk`ctmrkbhchb hb kfhbfkzcàám, qucfhm kfamrrbr be hmdm mu audpc.

12
 

\BQREM7 

Bssc hksakpdkfc sb prmpøs î hksaussám smlrb cs prmpmstcs hb `brbfakcebftm hb rksams

dclmrcks b, hbftrm hbssb amftbxtm, omk oufhcebftcd hkobrbfakcr ms amfabktms hb ^brk`m b hb
\ksam, lbe amem khbftkokacr cs prkfakpcks obrrcebftcs
obrrcebftcs hb cfãdksb hb rksams. Fbssb trclcdjm,
cutmrc tcelëe lusamu cfcdkscr cs hkobrbftbs omrecs hb \ksams Kfhustrkcks, lbe amem
lusamu hksautkr cs prmpmstcs hm @brbfakcebftm hb \ksams, ame ue tmhm. Xcelëe omk
amdmachm fm tbxtm, uec cfãdksb b hkobrbfakcàám bftrb ms amfabktms hb _udfbrclkdkhchb,
Qb`urm, Qb`urcfàc b Cakhbftbs hb Xrclcdjm.

1?
 

AMFXB×HM HB OKZCÀÁM7 

YCs Fmrecs \b`udcebftchmrcs hm Ekfkstërkm ^÷ldkamU

4jttp7//trclcdjm.`mv.lr/sb`urcfac-b-scuhb-fm-trclcdjm/fmrectkzcacm/fmrecs-
rb`udcebftchmrcs6  
rb`udcebftchmrcs6

YCs Fmrecs hb Jk`kbfb MaupcakmfcdU

4jttp7//www.oufhcabftrm.`mv.lr/lkldkmtbac/fmrecs-hb-jk`kbfb-maupcakmfcd6

10
 

DBKXR\C AME^DBEBFXC\7 

Ë lcstcftb kftbrbsscftb dbr b bftbfhbr tmhm m acpåtudm _ hc Dbk hb Amfsmdkhcàám hcs Dbks
Xrclcdjkstcs, fm Lrcskd.
L\CQKD. ^rbskhçfakc hc \bp÷ldkac. Acsc Akvkd. Hbarbtm-Dbk F.· 2.82<, Hb 3· Hb Eckm Hb
3;81. Cprmvc c Amfsmdkhcàám hcs Dbks hm Xrclcdjm.

Re bxbepdm hb ^rm`rcec hb ^rbvbfàám hb \ksams Celkbftcks prmpmstm pbdm @mvbrfm hb

@mkãs.
BQXCHM HB @MKÃQ. Qbarbtcrkc hb Bstchm hb @Bstám b ^dcfbgcebftm. @brçfakc hb Qc÷hb
b ^rbvbfàám. ^rm`rcec hb ^rbvbfàám hb \ksams Celkbftcks. Hkspmfåvbd be
4jttp7//www.s`a.`mkcs.`mv.lr/updmch/crqukvms/<>3<-33/emhbdm-hb-pprc.pho6. Cabssm be
>0 c`m <>3:.

1:
 

\BOB\ÇFAKCQ LKLDKM@\ÃOKACQ7 

LC\QCFM, ^cudm \mlbrtm, LC\LMQC, \kdhm ^brbkrc. Qb`urcfàc hm Xrclcdjm - @ukc

^rãtkam b Hkhãtkam. Qám ^cudm7 rkac, <>38. 
<>38. 

LC\QCFM, ^cudm \mlbrtm. Db`ksdcàám Cpdkachc î Qb`urcfàc hm Xrclcdjm. Qërkb Bkxms.

Qám ^cudm7 rkac, <>38. 
<>38. 

L\CQKD. Cssmakcàám Lrcskdbkrc hb Fmrecs Xëafkacs (CLFX). Achcstrm hb cakhbftb hm

trclcdjm - ^rmabhkebftm b adcsskokacàám (FL\ 38<:>) . Hkspmfåvbd be
4jttp7//www.cdtbrfctkvmr`.ame.lr/whorceb/kfhbx.pjp=typb5crq&kh5EXB<Fw6. Cabssm be
>0 c`m <>3:.

L\CQKD. Amf`rbssm Fcakmfcd. Hbarbtm Db`ksdctkvm f· :?, hb 38 hb hbzbelrm hb 3;:; .

 Cprmvc ms tbxtms hcs Amfvbfàòbs f·s 312 b 3?3 b rbgbktc c hb f· 381, hc Mr`cfkzcàám
Kftbrfcakmfcd hm Xrclcdjm - MKX.

L\CQKD. Ekfkstërkm Hm Xrclcdjm B Beprb`m. Fmrec \b`udcebftchmrc F· 32 - Ctkvkhchbs

b Mpbrcàòbs Kfscdulrbs. Hkspmfåvbd be 4jttp7//trclcdjm.`mv.lr/sb`urcfac-b-scuhb-fm-
trclcdjm/fmrectkzcacm/fmrecs-rb`udcebftchmrcs/fmrec-rb`udcebftchmrc-f-32-
ctkvkhchbs-b-mpbrcambs-kfscdulrbs6.
ctkvkhchbs-b-mpbrcambs-kfscdulrbs6. Cabssm be >0 c`m <>3:.

L\CQKD. Ekfkstërkm Hm Xrclcdjm B Beprb`m. Fmrec \b`udcebftchmrc F· 3? - Ctkvkhchbs

B Mpbrcàòbs ^brk`mscs. Hkspmfåvbd be
4jttp7//trclcdjm.`mv.lr/kec`bs/Hmauebftms/QQX/F\/F\3
4jttp7//trclcdjm.`mv.lr/kec`bs/Hmauebftms/QQX/F\/F\3?.pho6.
?.pho6. Cabssm be >0 c`m <>3:.

L\CQKD. Ekfkstërkm Hm Xrclcdjm B Beprb`m. Fmrec \b`udcebftchmrc F· >0 - Fmrec

\b`udcebftchmrc F· >0 - ^rm`rcecs hb Amftrmdb Eëhkam hb Qc÷hb Maupcakmfcd
(^AEQM).  Hkspmfåvbd be 4jttp7//trclcdjm.`mv.lr/sb`urcfac-b-scuhb-fm-
trclcdjm/fmrectkzcacm/fmrecs-rb`udcebftchmrcs/fmrec-rb`udcebftchmrc-f->0-
prm`rcecs-hb-amftrmdb-ebhkam-hb-scuhb-maupcakmfcd-pa
prm`rcecs-hb-amftrmdb-ebhkam-hb-scuhb-maupcakmfcd-paesm6.
esm6. Cabssm be >0 c`m <>3:.
L\CQKD. Ekfkstërkm Hm Xrclcdjm B Beprb`m. Qbarbtcrkc Hb Kfspbàám Hm Xrclcdjm. ^mrtcrkc
fm 1.<38, hb >: hb gufjm hb 3;0: . Cprmvc cs Fmrecs \b`udcebftchmrcs (F\) hm Acpåtudm
1;
 

_, Xåtudm KK, hc Amfsmdkhcàám hcs Dbks hm Xrclcdjm, rbdctkvcs î Qb`urcfàc b Ebhkakfc hm

Xrclcdjm.

L\CQKD. ^rbskhçfakc hc \bp÷ldkac. Acsc Akvkd. Amfstktukàám Obhbrcd hb <8 hb obvbrbkrm

hb 3:;3.

L\CQKD. ^rbskhçfakc hc \bp÷ldkac. Acsc Akvkd. Amfstktukàám Obhbrcd hb << hb sbtbelrm

hb 3;::.

L\CQKD. ^rbskhçfakc hc \bp÷ldkac. Acsc Akvkd. Hbarbtm f. 1.>8:, hb ? hb eckm hb 3;;;.

 Cprmvc m \b`udcebftm hc ^rbvkhçfakc Qmakcd, b hã mutrcs
mutrcs prmvkhçfakcs.

L\CQKD. ^rbskhçfakc hc \bp÷ldkac. Acsc Akvkd. Hbarbtm-Dbk F.· 2.82<, Hb 3· Hb Eckm Hb

3;81. Cprmvc c Amfsmdkhcàám hcs Dbks hm Xrclcdjm.

L\CQKD. ^rbskhçfakc hc \bp÷ldkac. Acsc Akvkd. Dbk F· ?.238, Hb << Hb Hbzbelrm Hb 3;00 .
 Cdtbrc m Acpåtudm _ hm Xktudm KK hc Amfsmdkhcàám
Amfsmdkhcàám hcs Dbks hm Xrclcdjm, rbdctkvm c sb`urcfàc
sb`urcfàc
b ebhkakfc hm trclcdjm b hã mutrcs prmvkhçfakcs.

L\CQKD. ^rbskhçfakc hc \bp÷ldkac. Acsc Akvkd. Dbk F· :.<31, Hb <8 Hb Gudjm Hb 3;;3 .
Hkspòb smlrb ms ^dcfms hb Lbfboåakms hc ^rbvkhçfakc Qmakcd b hã mutrcs prmvkhçfakcs.

L\CQKD. Qbfchm Obhbrcd. Hbarbtm F· 3.131, Hb 30 Hb Gcfbkrm Hb 3:;3 . Bstclbdbab

prmvkhbfakcs pcrc rb`udcrkzcr m trclcdjm hms ebfmrbs beprb`chms fcs oclrkacs hc Acpktcd
Obhbrcd.

^\MEBXCD B^KQ. ^crc qub sbrvb cs Fmrecs hb Jk`kbfb Maupcakmfcd  ‑  FJMs= 
^uldkachm be >: gcf <>3:. Hkspmfåvbd be 4jttps7//www.prmebtcdbpks.ame.lr/ldm`/31>-pcrc-
qub-sbrvb-cs-fmrecs-hb-jk`kbfb-maupcakmfcd-fjms/6.
qub-sbrvb-cs-fmrecs-hb-jk`kbfb-maupcakmfcd-fjms/6. Cabssm be >0 c`m <>3:.

X rclcdjm. Qërkb Xbifb. ^mrtm

\MGCQ, ^cldm \mlbrtm Curkaajkm. Xëafkam be Qb`urcfàc hm Xrclcdjm.
 Cdb`rb 7 Lmmiecf, <>32.
QCFHB\Q, Ecri.9 EaAM\EKAI, Brfbst Gcebs. Juecf Brrmr, Caakhbfts, cfh Qcobty. Kf7
QCFHB\Q, Ecri.9 EaAM\EKAI, Brfbst Gcebs. Juecf Ocatmrs kf Bf`kfbbrkf` cfh
Hbsk`f. 0tj bh. Fbw [mri7 Ea@rcw-Jkdd, 3;;1. ajcp. <>, p. ?22 - ?;2.
8>
 

XKELÑ, Ecrkc Qcftc Ecrtkfs & BRO\ÃQKM, Acrdms Cu`ustm Obrfcfhbs. M ebkm celkbftb
hm trclcdjm scuhãvbd b sucs rbpbraussòbs fm lrcskd b fm eufhm, c pcrtkr hb suc bvmduàám
jkstñrkac. Kf7 \bvkstc ^bfscr , Omrtcdbzc, v. 38, f. <, p. 188-1??, gud./hbz.
g ud./hbz. <>>;.

_CQQMDB. @kdlbrtm Ok`ubkrbhm. Cakhbftb hm trclcdjm7 acrcatbråstkacs b hkrbktms

`crcftkhms hm trclcdjchmr . ^uldkachm be << eck <>3:. Hkspmfåvbd be
4jttps7//sclbrcdbk.ame.lr/cakhbftb-hm-trclcdjm-acrcatbrkstkacs-b-hkrbktms-hm-trclcdjchmr/6.
<>3: 
 Cabssm be >0 c`m <>3:

83