FAQ: Why Your Handout Crossed 1000 Pages, It Is Very Bulky? Ans. Because It Covers

PILLAR#6A-DEMOGRAPHY, HEALTH AND HUNGER
�FAQ: Why your handout crossed 1000 pages, it is very bulky? Ans. Because it covers →
1) Both Prelims and Mains ka maal in one handout.

2) Both Theory and Current ka maal in one handout.
3) Budget, Economic Survey, NITI Reports, Yojana-Kurukshetra Magz’ imp points embedded
4) Government Schemes, Policies, Apps. Yearbook Info (Ministries/dept) embedded
5) English handout with Hindi translation for important terms
6) Previous Qs for Prelims and Mains given below topics. (ONLY when Student sees MCQs below
the topic, they realize they don’t have to do PHD. So, it’s necessary add Qs in handout.)
�FAQ: How do I revise such handout quickly for Prelims?
⇒ for prelims → Factual info
⇒ for mains → Opinion/analytical/suggestion type info
⇒ You can highlight using different color pens in Foxit PDF Reader software.
⇒ Watch lecture, you’ll get more idea.
Table of Contents
60 👫👫HRD → Population Census (जनगणना) ............................................................................................... 1001
60.1.1 🕵🕵🔢🔢Census -2021 .................................................................................................................... 1001
60.1.2 🕵🕵🔢🔢Census → Demand for OBC Caste Census ................................................................. 1002
60.1.3 🕵🕵🔢🔢Census → Demand for OBC Caste Census → OBC Sub-categorization ................. 1002
60.1.4 👫👫👫👫Demographic transition → Census perspective ........................................................... 1003
60.1.5 👫👫👫👫Demographic Transition → Theoretical Perspective .................................................. 1004
60.1.6 👫👫x👫👫=🌩🌩🌩🌩Malthusian Theory of Population Growth ................................................... 1004
60.2 👫👫👫👫Demographic Indicators (जनसां��क� सं के तक)............................................................................ 1005
60.2.1 📊📊 Census-2011: migration & occupation (�ाना�रण)............................................................. 1007
60.3 💊💊💉💉💉💉 Demographic Indicators: 500 Jaat ke Reports ................................................................ 1007
60.3.1 💊💊💉💉💉💉 NITI’s “Healthy States, Progressive India”/Heath Index..................................... 1007
60.3.2 💊💊💉💉💉💉 National Family Health Survey (NFHS) ................................................................ 1008
60.3.3 💊💊💉💉💉💉National Health Profile 2019 (Released in 2019-Oct) ........................................... 1008
60.3.4 👫👫👫👫Demographic Indicators → Sample Registration System (SRS)................................ 1009
60.4 👫👫↘ 📜📜:🧔🧔National Population Policy 2000 (रा��ीय जनसं �ा नी�त) ............................................... 1009
60.4.1 👫👫↗�:📊📊 World Population Prospects 2019 (Released in 2019-Jul) ............................ 1010
60.4.2 👫👫↗�:📊📊 State of World Population Report ................................................................... 1010
60.5 📔📔📔📔 ES19: Indian Demography @2040- Policy suggestions ......................................................... 1011
(Batch: PCB6) Mrunal’s Economy Pillar#6A HRD: Census, Health, Hunger → Page 998
60.5.1 �<��Demographic Changes (जनसां��क� प�रवतर्न) and Education .................................. 1011
60.5.2 �<��Demo Changes: Working-Age Population (कायर्शील आयु क� जनसं �ा) ................... 1011
60.5.3 �<��Demographic Changes and Health Care Facilities (�ा� सु�वधा) ........................ 1011
60.5.4 �<�� Demographic Changes and: Retirement Age (�नवृ�� आयु) ................................... 1012
61 💊💊 HRD → Health (�ा�) .......................................................................................................................... 1012
61.1.1 � 🧬🧬 🔬🔬 [YEARBOOK] Ministry of Science and Technology........................................... 1013
61.1.2 �💊💊💉💉 [YEARBOOK] Ministry of Health And Family Welfare ...................................... 1014
61.1.3 💊💊🌐🌐� World Health Organization (WHO: �व� �ा� सं गठन) ........................................... 1015
61.1.4 💊💊🌱🌱�[YEARBOOK] Ayush Ministry ............................................................................... 1016
61.1.5 💊💊 📜📜:🧔🧔 → National Health Policy 2017 (रा��ीय �ा� नी�त) ................................................ 1017
61.1.6 💊💊 📜📜:🧔🧔 → National Policy for Rare Diseases-2020.......................................................... 1017
61.2 💊💊🤑🤑🕵🕵 → Cheap Medicine → NPPA Price control ................................................................... 1018
61.3 💊💊📯📯📯📯 → Cheap Medicine → PM Bhartiya Janaushadi Pariyojana ........................................ 1018
61.4 💊💊📯📯📯📯 → National Health Mission (2005: रा�ी� य �ा� �मशन) ..................................................... 1019
61.5 💊💊 → Mother & Child Healthcare (🤰🤰🤰🤰) ...................................................................................... 1020
61.5.1 🤰🤰🤰🤰📯📯📯📯 → Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS-1975) .............................. 1020
61.5.2 🤰🤰🤰🤰📯📯📯📯 → via NRHM’s JSY & JSSK ............................................................................... 1021
61.5.3 🤰🤰🤰🤰📯📯📯📯 → PM Matru Vandana Yojana (₹ 5k for 1st child+1k from other scheme*)1022
61.5.4 🤰🤰🤰🤰💉💉 → Vaccination (टीकाकरण) .......................................................................................... 1023
61.5.5 🤰🤰🤰🤰💉💉💉💉 Intensified Mission Indradhanush (IMI) 3.0 from 2021 onwards .................. 1024
61.6 💊💊💊🦸🦸 → Adolescent boys and girls (िकशोर) ............................................................................... 1024
61.6.1 🤰🤰🤰🤰🤰🤰🤰🤰 → WCD Ministry’s 3 Umbrella Schemes in 2021 ........................................... 1025
61.6.2 Saksham Anganwadis in 👜👜👜👜Budget-2022............................................................................ 1025
61.7 💊💊📯📯📯📯 → Ayushman Bharat & PMJAY ₹ 5 lakh insurance ...................................................... 1026
61.7.1 🍋🍋Health Cess to build hospitals-2020..................................................................................... 1027
61.7.2 🍋🍋Pradhan Mantri Swasthya Suraksha Nidhi (PMSSN) 2021-March .................................. 1027
61.7.3 💸💸💸🍽🍽15th FC: Sector Specific Grants (�ेत्र-�व�श� अनुदान)-Health ................................. 1027
61.8 💊💊📯📯📯📯 → National Health Mission → Comm/Non-Comm diseases ..................................... 1028
61.8.1 🦗🦗🦗🦗🦗🦗 Communicable Diseases: Malaria free country: ................................................... 1029
61.8.2 🌴🌴[🦇🦇 🐷🐷]🤒🤒 Communicable Diseases: “One Health” approach ..................................... 1029
61.9 🤒🤒ES21vol1Ch5 on Healthcare problems-Solutions ....................................................................... 1030
61.9.1 🤒🤒🤒🤒🤒🤒ES21: Indian Healthcare Problems:.......................................................................... 1030
61.9.2 🤒🤒🤒🤒🤒🤒ES21: Healthcare Solutions: Oligopsony for universal health insurance coverage
1031
61.9.3 🤒🤒🤒🤒🤒🤒ES21: Indian Healthcare Solutions: Patient Rights like UK, Sweden .................... 1031
61.10 😷😷ES21Vol1Ch1- Corona Saving Lives & Livelihood................................................................. 1032
61.10.1 😷😷Basic Reproduction Number R0...................................................................................... 1032
61.10.2 😷😷Mitigation versus suppression ......................................................................................... 1032
61.11 📙📙📙📙ES22 Barbell strategy/Agile Response vs Waterfall strategy .............................................. 1033
61.11.1 💦💦Waterfall strategy (USA, EU) (झरना/ जल प्रपात रणनी�त) ..................................................... 1034
61.11.2 ��👟👟 Barbell strategy/Agile Response- India: (बारबेल रणनी�त और फु त�ली प्र�तिक्रया) ................ 1034
61.12 👻👻👻👻: 💊💊📯📯📯📯 Atma-Nirbhar Bharat → Medicine / Health .............................................. 1035
61.12.1 👻👻👻👻: 💊💊📯📯📯📯→ Ayushman Bharat National Digital Health Mission (15th Aug, 2020)
1035
61.12.2 👻👻👻👻: 💊💊📯📯📯📯→Draft Health Data Management Policy (�ा� डेटा प्रबं धन नी�त) .......... 1036
61.12.3 👻👻👻👻👻👻Health → E-Sanjeevani telemedicine ................................................................. 1036
61.12.4 👻👻👻👻👻👻Health Training → iGOT .................................................................................... 1036
61.12.5 👻👻👻👻👻👻Health Training → COVID Warrior TRANING............................................. 1036
61.12.6 👻👻👻👻👻👻👻👻 PM AtmaNirbhar Swasth Bharat Yojana [PMASBY] from 👜👜Budget-2021
1037
61.12.7 👻👻👻👻👻👻👻👻 PM-Ayushman Bharat Health Infrastructure Mission (PM-ABHIM) .... 1037
61.13 👻👻 💉💉 📯📯📯📯: Corona → Vaccination Timeline ...................................................................... 1037
61.14 👻👻 💉💉 📯📯📯📯: Corona → Vaccine Procurement Policy 2021 ................................................. 1037
61.14.1 💉💉 Booster Dose / precautionary Dose (2022) ................................................................... 1038
61.14.2 Vaccine hesitancy- how to reduce: (टीकाकरण से डर/िहचिकचाहट) ............................................. 1038
61.14.3 👻👻 💉💉 📯📯📯📯: Corona → Vaccine & Corona medicines pe 0% GST YES OR NO? .... 1038
61.15 👻👻👻👻: 💊💊💊💊💊💊: Corona → Health Apps / Portal / ORG ........................................................ 1038
61.15.1 🌐🌐🌐: COVAX Network to buy vaccine for member countries ............................................ 1038
61.15.2 👻👻👻👻👻👻: CoWIN (Covid Vaccine Intelligence Work) App & Portal ............................. 1039
61.15.3 💊💊😷😷 → Health: Corona related Drugs/Kits..................................................................... 1040
61.16 💊💊📯📯📯📯 → Health: Misc. Schemes (�व�वध गौण योजनाए) .............................................................. 1040
61.16.1 💊💊✍→ Conclusion-Template-Health? (�न�षर्)................................................................... 1041
61.17 🍴🍴 HRD → Health → Hunger, Malnutrition, Food Security ...................................................... 1042
61.17.1 🍴🍴 �[YEARBOOK] Min. of Consumer Affairs, Food & Public Distribution ..................... 1043
61.17.2 🍴🍴📯📯📯📯 → Hunger → Schemes before NFSA ....................................................................... 1043
61.17.3 🍴🍴📯📯📯📯 → Hunger → National Food Security Act 2013 (खाद्य सुर�ा कानून)......................... 1044
61.17.4 🍴🍴📯📯📯📯:💳💳 → Hunger → NFSA → One Nation One Ration Card .................................. 1045
61.17.5 🍴🍴📯📯📯📯 Hunger → Food distribution reforms taken by Govt ........................................ 1046
61.17.6 Fortification of Rice (चावल क� िकलेबंदी) ................................................................................... 1046
61.17.7 🍴🍴📯📯📯📯 Hunger → NFSA → ES20 says ⏬number of beneficiaries ................................. 1046
61.17.8 👻👻👻👻🍴🍴📯📯📯📯 Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana (PMGKAY)- free grains in
Corona 1047
61.17.9 👻👻👻👻🍴🍴📯📯📯📯 Corona: other initiatives for cooking / hunger? ..................................... 1047
61.17.10 🍴🍴📯📯📯📯 → Hunger → Malnutrition (कु पोषण) → Poshan Abhiyaan (2018) ................... 1047
61.17.11 🍴🍴📯📯📯📯 → Hunger → Malnutrition (कु पोषण) → Mission Poshan 2.0 (2021) ................ 1049
61.17.12 🍴🍴🍴🍴 → Ranking: Global Hunger Index (GHI: वै��क भूख/�ुधा सूचकांक)............................... 1049
61.17.13 🍴🍴🍴🍴 → Ranking: Food/Hunger ke 500 Types/Jaat-ke-Reports ....................................... 1050
61.17.14 🍴🍴🍴🍴 ✍→ Conclusion-Template-Hunger? (�ुधा - �न�षर्) ............................................... 1050
60 👫👫HRD → POPULATION CENSUS (जनगणना)
- 1872: Mayo conducted Census for the first time in India, but not first time in World
- 1881: Ripon started census every decade.
- Constitution → Union List Entry 69 → Census Act 1948: Home Ministry → Registrar General
and Census Commissioner → At district level under respective DM (IAS).
- Post Independence: Census conducted every 10 years. 2011= 7th Census of Free India.
60.1.1 🕵🕵🔢🔢Census -2021
⇒ 2019-Dec: Union Cabinet allotted Rs. ~8700+crores for conducting Census of India 2021
⇒ Following details will be captured: Housing Condition; Amenities & Assets, Demography,
Religion, SC & ST, Language, Literacy, Economic Activity, Migration & Fertility.
⇒ For the first time, Mobile app will be used for data collection.
⇒ Census-2021 was to be conducted in two phases:
⇒ 1) Population Enumeration: 9th February to 28th February 2021.
⇒ 2) House listing and Housing Census: April to September 2020.
⇒ In this phase, parallely, National Population Register (NPR: रा��ीय जनसं �ा र�ज�र) will also be
updated for entire India except Assam. NPR exercise done under Citizenship Act, 1955)
⇒ �Corona: Above census exercise postponed till further notice.
⇒ 2022: GOVERNMENT updates Census rules to allow online self-enumeration in the upcoming
Census. जनगणना म� ऑनलाइन तरीक़े से �� ख़ुद अपना पं जीकरण और ख़ुद ही अपनी �गनती करवा सके ऐसे कु छ �नयमों को
सरकार लागू करने वाली।
🎓🎓Homework- NPR/Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA)/ NPR from POLITY
60.1.2 🕵🕵🔢🔢Census → Demand for OBC Caste Census

अंग्रेजों के ज़माने म� जनगणना के दौरान जा�त आधा�रत डेटा भी जारी िकया जाता था। हालाँिक बाद के वष� म� अंग्रेज़ों ने ये ओबीसी
जा�त आधा�रत data देना ✋बं द िकया. कु छ राजनी�तक प� चाहते ह� िक अगली जनगणना म� ओबीसी समुदाय के भी सव��ण हो.
लेिकन क� द्र सरकार ने लोकसभा म� जवाब �दया है िक हम अगली जनगणना म� ओबीसी समुदाय के भी सव��ण ✋करने वाले नहीं.
Group Until 1931 Census 1941 Census 1951-2011

SC & ST Collected & Published Collected & Published Collected & Published
OBC Collected & Published YES Collected but NOT Collected
NOT Published NOT Published
⇒ The Mandal Commission (1979) estimated the OBC population at 52%
⇒ Socio Economic Caste Census (SECC)-2011 has CASTE related data, BUT NOT released in
public yet. [सामा�जक आ�थक जा�त जनगणना-2011: उसका डेटा सरकार ने सावर्ज�नक मं च पर जारी नहीं िकया है]
⇒ In the absence of OBC population / education / income data→ Difficult to make better quality of
government schemes and policies to help them. [ओबीसी समुदाय क� आबादी, �श�ा और आमदनी के डेटा क�
गैरहा�जरी म� उनके �लए अ�� नी�तयां और योजनाएं बनाना मु��ल]
⇒ So certain political groups demanding the next census should include OBC census as well.
⇒ 2021: Modi Govt replied in Lok Sabha: “The Government of India has decided not to
enumerate caste-wise population other than SCs and STs in Census.”
😰😰Controversy? if the OBC census is done and it is found that certain castes have benefited too
much and some OBC castes / unreserved castes benefited too less, then it may create some new set of
controversy about reservation so perhaps the government indecisive about it. [यिद ओबीसी जनगणना क�
जाती है और यह पाया जाता है िक कु छ जा�तयों को �श�ा और रोजगार म� ब�त अ�धक लाभ �आ है और कु छ ओबीसी जा�तयों/अनार��त
जा�तयों को ब�त कम अवसर �मले ह�, तो आर�ण के बारे म� कु छ नया �ववाद पैदा कर सकता है, इस�लए शायद सरकार इसे टाल रही है]
60.1.3 🕵🕵🔢🔢Census → Demand for OBC Caste Census → OBC Sub-categorization

ओबीसी उप-वग�करण = जैसे �बहार रा� सरकार द�लत और महाद�लत ऐसा उप-वग�करण करती है. उसी तजर् पर ओबीसी म� कम-
समृद्ध समुदायों को आर�ण म� अलग से आंत�रक कोटा दीए जाने पर �वचार
⇒ (Origin of OBC Reservation) While the term ‘OBC’ is not mentioned in the Constitution,
⇒ Article 15 allows the State to make special provisions for the advancement of any socially &
educationally backward classes (SEBC) of citizens. [सं �वधान म� ओबीसी श� का �जक्र नहीं है]
⇒ 1979: Mandal Commission gave report on SEBC.
⇒ 1990: PM VP Singh granted 27% reservation to OBC in central Govt jobs & admissions, which
was permitted by the Indra Swahny Judgement with certain caveats (50% ceiling, creamy layer
etc. READ Polity for me) [सरकारी नौकरी और �श�ा सं �ानों म� 27% आर�ण].
⇒ (Origin: why Sub-categorization) over the years, certain communities within OBC list have
benefitted more than other OBC communities. So, OBC Sub-categorisation is an attempt to
divide the OBCs into two groups: 1) more affluent ones & 2) less affluent ones. [ओबीसी उप-
वग�करण : “�ादा समृद्ध” और “कम समृद्ध” जा�तयों म� िकया जाए]
⇒ so that the less-affluent ones may be given separate quota within 27%, & some additional
schemes / funds earmarked only for them.
⇒ Article 340 allows the President of India to appoint a commission to investigate into the issues
related to SEBC → . 2017: A commission under Justice G. Rohini to look into the issue of OBC-
subcategorization. → it is given extension till 31/JULY/2021 (आयोग क� अव�ध को बढ़ाया गया है).
⇒ Journalists speculate that: Justice G. Rohini may be given extension till 31/Jan/2022 and that she
has given following recommendation: [पत्रकारों का अनुमान है िक आयोग ने �न� �सफा�रश क� है]
Sub-Categorization No. of OBC Castes Reservation
OBC.CATEGORY.1 1674 [they benefitted a lot in past, 2%
In future, give them less reservation]
OBC.CATEGORY.2 534 6%
Total 2633 OBC Castes → 27%
60.1.4 👫👫👫👫Demographic transition → Census perspective
Census Period जनसां��क�य प�रवतर्नकाल: Remarks
- In Census 1921 our population declined (-0.31%)
1) Stagnant Population ग�तहीन compared to 1911, due to WW1, Drought, Epidemics,
(1901-1921) Spanish flu influenza.
🥳🥳Birth rate: High. - This happened only once throughout the demographic
☠Death rate: High. history of India, so 1921 is called the year of Great
Demographic Divide
2) Steady Growth अ�वचल (1921-51) Called ‘Mortality induced growth’ because death rate had
🥳🥳Birth rate: High. declined and so population is rising. �ोंिक लोग कम हो रहे ह�
☠Death rate: Medium. इस�लए आबादी बढ़ रही है
3) Rapid High Growth तेजी से उ� - 🌽🌽 Agri revolution: famine impact reduced कृ �ष क्रां�त के
�वकास (1951-1981) चलते अकाल क� प�र��तयों म� भुखमरी नहीं
🥳🥳Birth rate: High. - � Medical research: epidemics contained & �चिक�ा
☠Death rate: Low. सं शोधन के चलते महामारी �नयं त्रण म�
- Life expectancy increased.
- But people yet to change breeding behavior. Result:
population explosion / ‘Fertility induced growth’
4) High Growth with Definite
Signs of Slowing Down Birth rate is gradually ⏬ due to family planning, nuclear
(1981-2011) family, high cost of living. प�रवार �नयोजन, �वभ� प�रवार, जीवन
🥳🥳Birth rate: Medium → low. यापन क� उ� लागत के चलते युगल कम ब�े पैदा करते है
☠Death rate: Lower.
60.1.5 👫👫👫👫Demographic Transition → Theoretical Perspective
Stage 🥳🥳Birth rate ☠Death Rate India in this period
1: High HIGH HIGH Upto 1920
Stationary
2: Early HIGH MED. 1921-51
Expanding
3: Late MED. LOW 1971 onwards India is here.
Expanding
4: Low LOWEST LOWEST Population begins to “contract / shrink”.
Stationary Most developed countries in this phase. India
to enter here ~2026.
🔠🔠❓MCQ. Arrange the stages of demographic transition associated with economic development
(Prelims-2012)
1) Low birth rate with low death rate 2) High birth rate with high death rate
3) High birth rate with low death rate
Answer Codes: (a) 1, 2, 3 (b) 2, 1, 3 (c) 2, 3, 1 (d) 3, 2, 1
🔠🔠❓MCQ. Decadal growth rate of population in percentage was highest in India in the year
(UPSC-CDS-2020-ii)
(a) 1991 (b) 1981 (c) 1971 (d) 1961
🔠🔠❓Broadly both birth and death rates are low in which one of the following stages of
demographic transition model? [UPSC-CAPF-2021]
(a) High stationary stage (b) Early expanding stage
(c) Late expanding stage (d) Low stationary stage
60.1.6 👫👫x👫👫=🌩🌩💀💀Malthusian Theory of Population Growth

A British scholar Thomas Robert Malthus (1798) noted,
- Food production increases in arithmetic progression while population increases in geometric
progression. Therefore, Nature itself tries to establish equilibrium between population vs food
supply, using ‘Positive Checks (सकारा�क अवरोध)’ such as famine, epidemics, earthquake.
- Malthus also advised humans to initiate ‘Preventative Checks (�नवारक अवरोध)’ to control
population growth e.g. family planning (प�रवार �नयोजन), celibacy (ब्रह्मचयर्), late marriages.
60.2 👫👫👫👫DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS (जनसां��क� सं के तक)
Indicators Census-2011 definitions

Population density − Number of people per square kilometer.
(जनसं �ा घन�) − It was 382 in 2011
Decadal pop. growth − It is the Population in (Latest Census2011 – Last Census2001 / Last
rate Census 2001. It was 17.7% in 2011 (दशक�य जनसं �ा वृ�द्ध दर)
🥳🥳Birth Rate ज�दर − Number of live births per 1000 population. It’s ~20 in 2018 (SRS)
☠Death Rate मृ�ुदर − Number of live deaths per 1000 population. It’s ~6 in 2018 (SRS)
Population’s Growth − It is the difference between the birth rate and the death rate.
Rate
− If it’s a positive figure → rate of natural ⏫ in population.
जनसं �ा वृ�द्ध दर
− When it’s close to zero then population is said to be ‘stabilised’ or has
reached the ‘replacement level’.
Fertility Rate − number of live births per 1000 women in the childbearing age group
(प्रजनन दर) (15 to 49 years).
Total Fertility Rate − IF woman lived through above age group, how many babies would
(कु ल प्रजनन दर) she have produced hypothetically?
🤰🤰 → 👼👼 👼👼=2 − India’s target: 2.1 (Replacement level: प्र�त�ापन �र) i.e. she + her
husband replaced by two new human beings. The Extra 0.1 is kept to
compensate risk of unforeseen accident/deaths (of the babies).
− 📙📙📙📙ES22: Total Fertility Rate (TFR) declined from 2.2 (2015) to 2
(in 2019) which is a great achievement. This was achieved by ⏫ use
of contraceptives, better family planning, and girl education.
(गभर्�नरोधक साधनों का �ादा उपयोग, प�रवार �नयोजन के बारे म� अ�धक जानकारी, और
लड़िकयों क� �श�ा के चलते हम कु ल प्रजनन दर को कम कर पाए)
IMR: �शशु मृ�ु दर Infant Mortality Rate = number infant deaths under the age of 1 year per
1000 live births. It’s ~34/1000 in 2016 & 32 in 2018 (SRS).
CMR: बाल मृ�ु दर Child Mortality Rate = number child deaths under the age of 5 years per
1000 live births. It’s ~50 in 2016. SDG-2030-Target: 11
MMR: मातृ मृ�ु अनुपात Maternal Mortality Ratio = number of women who die in childbirth per
1 lakh live births. It’s ~130 in 2016. SDG-2030-Target: 70.
Life Expectancy Estimated number of years that an average person is expected to survive.
(जीवन प्र�ाशा) Indian Females (70), Males (67)
📆📆💀💀 - 📙📙📙📙ES22: Life Expectancy higher in urban areas (72.6 years) than in
rural areas (68.0 years)
- 📙📙📙📙ES22: Life Expectancy highest in Kerala and Delhi (75-75 years).
And Lowest in Chhattisgarh (65 years)
- 📙📙📙📙ES22: Females are expected to live longer than men in all areas,
except for Bihar and Jharkhand. (मिहलाओं क� जीवन प्र�ाशा पु�षों से �ादा �सवाय के
�बहार और झारखं ड। )
Sex Ratio - Sex Ratio = number of females per 1000 males. 2011: 943.
�लंगानुपात - Child Sex Ratio = girls (0-6 years) per 1000 boys in that age group. All
India declined from 927 (2001) → 919 (2011).
?? 👧👧 - 📙📙📙📙ES22: Sex ratio at birth for children born in the last five years
/ has improved in 2019-21 from 2015-16 in all states (Table 13), except
for Himachal Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Odisha,
1000👦👦
Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Meghalaya, Goa and Nagaland
- In India, sex ratio is expressed as no of females per thousand males
- But in some nations, it’s expressed as no of males per 1000 females
- @global: sex ratio is about 102 males per 100 females
- @ Asia: sex ratio is low i.e. # of men > # female
Age Pyramid It’s a structure that shows proportion of persons in different age groups
relative to the total population.
Dependency Ratio - 👼👼 👴👴÷�👷👷= (population below 15 & above 64) divided by
�नभर्रता अनुपात (%) population in the 15-64 age group.
Demographic - Phenomenon when dependency ratio of a country declines, and
Dividend larger proportion of people in the working age compared to
(जनसां��क�य लाभांश) dependency age. जब �नभर्रता अनुपात म� �गरावट , और कायर्शील आयु म� लोगो क� सं �ा
बढ़े, उसे कहते है
- demographic dividend temporary because the larger pool of working
age people will eventually turn into non-working old people.
You can prepare ascending descending orders of states / UTs demographic indicators from here
cbhidghs.nic.in/WriteReadData/l892s/Chapter%201.pdf but very poor cost benefit
60.2.1 📊📊 Census-2011: migration & occupation (�ाना�रण)
Migrant: person settled in a place different from his previous residence.
Push factors [ध�ा देनेवाले कारक]

� Pull factors [आक�षत करने वाले कारक]
�
Push Factors: force that drives people away from a Pull Factors: force that draws people to
place. immigrate to a place.
Lack of jobs/good salary/Biz Opportunity Presence of it (धं धे/रोजगार के अवसर)
Lack of Basic amenities: water, shelter, hospital Presence of it (उन सु�वधाओं क� मौजूदगी/ उपल�
(पानी अ�ताल घर जैसी बु�नयादी सु�वधाएँ न होना) होना)
Disasters, floods, famines (आपदा, बाढ़, अकाल) Absence of it
Crime, War, lack of safety (अपराध, युद्ध, असुर��त) Safe, peaceful society (सुर��त और शांत समाज)
⇒ 37% of Indian are internal migrants. Among them, majority are female (70%)
⇒ Main reason for migration: A) Female: marriage (70%) B) Male: work & employment (28%)>
moved with household > moved after birth.
Occupation: Census divided the working population of India into four major categories:
1.Cultivators 2.Agricultural Labourers 3.Household Industry Workers 4.Other Workers
🔠🔠❓MCQ. According to the Census 2011, in India, what is the % of people (approximately) considered to
be migrants (internal),i.e. now settled in a place different from their previous residence? (CDS-i-2020)
(a) 25% (b) 35% (c) 45% (d) 55%
🔠🔠❓ Which one of the following is the biggest cause of migration of females in India? (UPSC-CDS-i-2020)
(a) Employment (b) Education (c) Marriage (d) Business
🔠🔠❓2011 Census has divided the working population of India into four major categories. Which one of the
following is NOT one of them ? (UPSC-CAPF-2020)
(a) Cultivators (b) Domestic workers (c) Household industrial workers (d) Agricultural Labourers
�❓Which one of the following is a pull factor for migration? [UPSC-CAPF-2021]
(a) Natural disaster (b) High wage (c) Housing shortage (d) Low income
60.3 💊💊💉💉💉💉 DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS: 500 JAAT KE REPORTS

Note: No need to memorize all of them, but try to memorize some data for using in Mains
intro/body/conclusion.
60.3.1 💊💊💉💉💉💉 NITI’s “Healthy States, Progressive India”/Heath Index

− NITI Aayog health index for 2019-20 (Released in 2021-Dec) (नी�त आयोग का �ा� सूचकांक)
− Top-3: #1: Kerala, TN, Telangana.
− Bottom-3: MP, Bihar, UP (Bottom-most).
− W.Bengal didn’t participate.
− Further, ranking in sub-categories: (larger states, smaller states, and Union Territories), but poor
cost benefit in memorising.
− Started since 2017. This report measures 24 indicators grouped under 3 pillars 1) ‘Health
Outcomes’ 2) ‘Governance and Information’, 3) ‘Key Inputs/Processes’
60.3.2 💊💊💉💉💉💉 National Family Health Survey (NFHS)

- Who? Health Ministry’s International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS), Mumbai.
- NFHS done 5 times: 1992–93, 1998–99, 2005–06, 2015–16, & 2019-21(NFHS-5)
- NHFS-5: Phase1) Data published in 2020-Dec for 22 State/UT’s
- NHFS-5: Phase2) Data published in 2021-Nov, for remaining State/UT Uttar Pradesh (UP), TN,
Punjab, Rajasthan, MP, Jharkhand, Haryana, and Chhattisgarh etc. 14 State/UT.
Major Findings from NHFS-5
- All India level: Total fertility rate has declined: 2.7 children (2005). This TFR ⏬ to 2.2 (2015)
and now ⏬ 2.0 (as per latest NFHS). (अ�खल भारतीय �र पर मिहलाओं के कु ल प्रजनन दर म� कमी आयी है.)
- But, still TFR>2.1 in Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh. (हालाँिक कु छ रा�ों म�
अभी भी मिहला कु ल प्रजनन दर �ादा है)
- Overall usage increased for Contraceptive’s usage, Vaccine usages⏫, institutional births,
breast-feeding, women bank accounts, women mobile phones (इनम� बढ़ोतरी �ई है: गभर्�नरोधक-साधनो का
उपयोग, टीकाकरण, प्रसव अ�ताल म�, ब�ों का �नपान, मिहलाओं के ब�क खाते और मिहलाओं के मोबाइल फ़ोन)
- ⏬child malnutrition but change is not significant as drastic changes in respect of these
indicators are unlikely in short span period. (बाल कु पोषण थोड़ा-सा/ह�ा सा कम �आ है, लेिकन बहोत प्रभावी
असर अभी तक नहीं देखी गई, �ोंिक ये कु छ सम�ाएँ है �जसम� कम अव�ध/ छोटे समय म� ज़ोरदार सुधार नहीं िदख सकता।)
- Anaemia among children and women continues to be a cause of concern. (मिहला और बालको म�
अनी�मया �चंता का �वषय अभी भी है।)
60.3.3 💊💊💉💉💉💉National Health Profile 2019 (Released in 2019-Oct)
Heath Ministry → DG Health Services → Central Bureau of Health Intelligence doing annually.
⇒ Only 1 Govt Doctor For 10,926 People. (WHO’s recommended doctor-population ratio of
1:1000) [हर 1 हजार लोगों के सामने एक डॉ�र होना चािहए]
⇒ India’s public expenditure on healthcare barely 1.28% of GDP. (WHO recommends 5%). �ा�
सेवाओं पर सरकारी खचर् ब�त कम हो रहा है
⇒ + other filler stuff: IMR & MMR ⏬, life expectancy ⏫, but anaemia is a huge health concern
as more than 50% of Indian women and children suffer from it.
It’s a 340 pages document, chasing the ascending descending ranks=poor cost:benefit.
60.3.4 👫👫👫👫Demographic Indicators → Sample Registration System (SRS)
⇒ Home Ministry → Registrar General of India → नमूना पं जीकरण प्रणाली
⇒ Annual Demographic Survey for birth/death etc indicators started in the last 1960s.
⇒ 2020-May = data for 2018 released. (given in respective cells of above table)
⇒ �As such poor cost benefit chasing 'best / worst States & UT'. In all such surveys,
o Usually Bihar / Madhya Pradesh / Chhattisgarh / Andaman will be worst part
o Usually Kerala (State), Delhi (UT) etc will be in the better part.
🔠🔠❓MCQ. Find wrong statement(s) about sex composition? (CDS2019-II-Q75.)

a) In some countries , sex ratio is expressed as number of males per thousand females
b) In India, sex ratio is expressed as number of females per thousand males
c) At world level, sex ratio is about 102 males per 100 females
d) In Asia, there is high sex ratio.
60.4 👫👫↘ 📜📜:🧔🧔NATIONAL POPULATION POLICY 2000 (रा�ी� य जनसं �ा नी�त)

⇒ Achieving TFR= 2.1 (Replacement level) by 2010. (Although now shifted to 2025)
⇒ Achieve stable population by 2045 i.e. India’s population growth rate and age pyramid
composition should remain stable. ��र आबादी
⇒ Encourage family planning, use of contraceptives, safe abortions, HIV control, universal
immunization, compulsory registration of birth and death etc. प�रवार �नयोजन, गभर् �नरोधकों का उपयोग,
एचआईवी �नयं त्रण, टीकाकरण, ज� और मृ�ु का अ�नवायर् पं जीकरण
⇒ Recommended that Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha seats be freezed based on the 1971 Census,
until 2026. So that political parties don’t encourage people to produce more babies just to
increase number of parliament seats.
⇒ Setup two bodies →
⇒ A National Commission on Population (रा��ीय जनसं �ा आयोग) Under the chairmanship of Prime
Minister, all CMs, selected union ministers, NGO & experts to oversee the implementation.
(Although appears defunct body).
⇒ 2005: Population Stabilization Fund (जनसं �ा ��रता कोष): An autonomous body, chaired by
Health Minister, for awareness generation, community participation, mobilising ₹ ₹ donations
etc. Known for 2 schemes:
- � Prerna Scheme (for encouraging delayed marriage, childbirth and spacing. ASHA
workers will give counselling to couples, provide contraceptives etc)
- � Santushti Scheme (Public Private Partnership for sterilization services, नसबं दी)
60.4.1 👫👫↗�:📊📊 World Population Prospects 2019 (Released in 2019-Jul)
Published by United Nations department of economic and social affairs.
2019 Population in billions % of world population
India 1.37 18%
China 1.43 19%
In the next 8 years (2027), India's population to cross China's. Then India will remain the most
populous country in the world for the entire century. 2027 के बाद भारत पूरी शता�ी के �लए दु�नया म� सबसे अ�धक
आबादी वाला देश
60.4.2 👫👫↗�:📊📊 State of World Population Report
⇒ By United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA)- United Nations sexual and reproductive health
agency HQ: New York.
⇒ Theme of 2021’s report: “My body is my own” Highlighted the problems of human rights
violation and child abuse. (“मेरा शरीर मेरा है”- मानव अ�धकार हनन तथा ब�ों का शोषण रोकना)
⇒ Theme of 2020’s report: ‘Against my will: defying the practices that harm women and girls and
undermine equality’. (मेरी इ�ा के �व�द्ध: मिहलाओं और लड़िकयों को नुकसान/ कमजोर करने वाली प्रथाओं को चुनौती
देना) Highlighted the problems of sex-selective abortion, neglect of girl child = 46 million Indian
girls are either not allowed to be born or died before age of 5 due to neglect. (2013-17). भ्रूणह�ा तथा
नवजात ब�ीओ क� उपे�ा के चलते 46 million लड़िकया भारत क� आबादी से गायब है.
⇒ Early marriage = obstacle to education, income and safety of women in India.
⇒ 2010-19: India’s population grew at 1.2% per year= more than double speed of China
🔠🔠❓ theme of the annual report UNFPA on State of World Population – 2019. (UPSC-CAPF-2019)?
a) Worlds apart : Reproductive health and rights in an age of inequality
b) The power of choice : Reproductive rights and the demographic transition.
c) Unfinished business – the pursuit of rights and choices for all
d) How our future depends on a girl at this decisive age
60.5 📔📔📔📔 ES19: INDIAN DEMOGRAPHY @2040- POLICY SUGGESTIONS

ES19 said that National TFR will ⏬ below replacement level (i.e. TFA < 2.1), because of:
⇒ continued urbanization. सतत शहरी करण
⇒ improvements in health care → decline in infant mortality → mothers will not produce second /
third child to offset the loss of the first child.
⇒ ⏫ in female education → family planning, birth control, postponement of marriage
⇒ other socio-economic drivers. शहरीकरण, अ�� चिक�ा, मिहला �श�ा और दू सरे सामा�जक-आ�थक कारकों के चलते
कु ल प्रजनन दर प्र�त-�ापन दर पर प�ँ च जाएगा।
This demographic transition will have the following implications for the policymakers:
60.5.1 �<��Demographic Changes (जनसां��क� प�रवतर्न) and Education

⇒ Proportion of elementary school-going children, i.e. 5-14 age group, will witness significant �.
⇒ Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh have more than 40% of
elementary schools with fewer than 50 students enrolled. It’ll be better to consolidate/merge
such schools located within 1-3 kms radius of each other. ब�ों क� सं �ा म� कमी �जसके चलते �ू लों को
बं ध/�वलीन करना होगा।
⇒ Japan, China, South Korea, Singapore and Canada, already doing the same. We should focus on
quality and efficiency of education rather than quantity of schools. �ू लों क� सं �ा नहीं गुणव�ा को बढ़ाओ
60.5.2 �<��Demo Changes: Working-Age Population (कायर्शील आयु क� जनसं �ा)

⇒ India’s demographic dividend will peak around 2041, when the share of working-age population
(20-59 years) will be 59%. Then it will begin to �.2041 के बाद बुजुग� क� सं �ा बढ़ेगी
⇒ So before that time, we will have to create additional jobs to reap the demographic dividend,
prevent social unrest from unemployment. उससे पहेले रोजगार सृजन नहीं िकया तो सामा�जक आक्रोश
⇒ The population of coastal States will begin to age sooner than the interior states. So, migration of
workers will have to encouraged, and we will have to provide them with affordable rental
homes. आंत�रक रा�ों से तटवत� रा�ों म� मजदू रों को लाना होगा, िकराये के मकानों को प्रो�ािहत करे
60.5.3 �<��Demographic Changes and Health Care Facilities (�ा� सु�वधा)

⇒ India already has low per capita availability of hospital beds compared to other emerging and
developed economies.
⇒ Although India's population growth rate is going to slow down, but in absolute terms our
population is going to increase in the next 20 years. So we will have to increase the per capita
availability of the hospital beds. अ�तालों म� खिटया बढ़ाने क� ज�रत
⇒ We also need to increase investments in geriatric health-care, old age homes. जरा�चिक�ा, वृद्धाश्रम
60.5.4 �<�� Demographic Changes and: Retirement Age (�नवृ�� आयु)
⇒ While the life expectancy will ⏫ but the total fertility rate will ⏬ so, some states will start
transitioning to an ageing society by the 2030s. कु छ रा�ों म� ब�त �ादा बुजुगर् हो जाएं गे
⇒ Due to ageing population and increasing pressure on pension funding, Germany, France, Japan
& others have begun raising the pensionable retirement.
��If India’s ⏫ the age of retirement: (सेवा�नवृ�� क� आयु म� बढ़ोतरी करना)
 It’ll help keeping the Govt funded pension programs viable. सरकारी प�शन योजनाओ का बोज कम रहे
 Income tax revenues will remain viable (Because salaried person is likely to pay more Income
Tax compared to a retired person who is receiving lower amount of pension.)
 We can benefit from the experience of older people who continue in the job-service.
But, Govt should notify this change well at least 10 years in advance, so people can make their
pension/retirement plans accordingly. (अ�ग्रम जानकारी देकर चरणबद्ध तरीके से धीरे-धीरे लागू हो)
61 💊💊 HRD → HEALTH (�ा�)
SDG Goal#3: Ensure Healthy Lives & Promote Well-being For All
India’s Baseline (आधार रे खा) India’s SDG-Target-2030 (ल�)
Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR per 1 lakh Reduce to 70: Kerala, Maharashtra, Tamilnadu
live births): 130. मातृ मृ�ु अनुपात achieved. While UP, Assam etc. have 200+ deaths
Under-5 Child Mortality Rate (per 1000 live Reduce to 11: Only Kerala achieved so far (7)
birth): 50. बाल मृ�ु दर
Annual Reported TB cases per 1 lakh Reduce to 0
population: 138
No. of Govt doctors , nurses and midwives per Increase to 550: Only Kerala achieved so far
1,00,000 population: 221 (700)
SDG Goal #3 (health) also requires nations to reduce road accidents, alcohol and tobacco abuse,
mental-illness, and end HIV/AIDS, Malaria, Hepatitis and other communicable diseases. However,
India has not put any quantifiable targets for that. (हमने अपनी औकात के िहसाब से ल�ांक चुने है. )
61.1.1 � 🧬🧬 🔬🔬 [YEARBOOK] Ministry of Science and Technology
(�व�ान और प्रौद्यो�गक� मं त्रालय)
Dept ⇒ Department of Science and Technology (DST)
⇒ Department of Scientific and Industrial Research
⇒ Department of Biotechnology
Subordinate ⇒ Survey of India, The National Survey and Mapping Organisation
⇒ National Atlas and Thematic Mapping Organisation (NATMO)
Statutory ⇒ Under DST: Science & Engineering Research Board, Technology
Development Board
Autonomous ⇒ National Innovation Foundation in DST
⇒ Indian Science Cong. Association, KOLKATA, in DST
⇒ National Institute of Immunology, in Biotech Department
⇒ Technology Information, Forecasting and Assessment Council (TIFAC).
⇒ ++Truckload of Science and Research bodies.
CPSE ⇒ Bharat Immunological & Biological Corporation
सावर्ज�नक �ेत्र ⇒ Indian Vaccine Corporation Ltd (IVCOL)
उपक्रम ⇒ Biotechnology Industry Research Assistance Council (BIRAC)
⇒ (*) Central Electronics Ltd.
(*) means approved for strategic disinvestment (=privatization) in 2019
NOTE: Dept of Pharmaceutical = Chemical & Fertilizer ministry (Pillar#5)
61.1.2 �💊💊💉💉 [YEARBOOK] Ministry of Health And Family Welfare
�ा� एवं प�रवार क�ाण मं त्रालय consists of <following notable orgs..>

Dept − Dept. of Health and Family Welfare
− Dept. of Health Research
Attached − Directorate General of Health Services
offices o Central Bureau of Health Intelligence (CBHI) → release annual
सं ल� कायार्लय report ‘National Health Profile of India’.
o National Organ and Tissue Transplant Organization (NOTTO)
@Safdarjung Hospital, Delhi
− Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) → Drug Controller
General of India (DCGI) for drug clinical trials & approvals.
− National Health Authority (NHA) to implement PM-JAY ₹5L.
Statutory − Indian Red Cross Society, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS)
वैधा�नक सं �ा To regulate syllabus & profession-following bodies
− Pharmacy Council, Dental Council: New Delhi
− Medical Council Of India: Accused of corruption & mismanagement in
granting permission to new medical colleges → National Medical
Commission (NMC: रा�ी� य �चिक�ा आयोग) Act 2019 replaces this archaic body
with a new commission with powers to control fees in private medical
colleges, system of ‘common entrance exam’, and ‘exit (Licentiate) exam’ to
ensure doctor quality etc.
− (Proposed) National Nursing and midwifery Commission Bill) to replace
Indian Nursing Council. Florence Nightingale award. She was a British
reformer & founder of modern nursing.
− 2020- National Commission for Allied Healthcare Professionals Bill to cover
physiotherapist, X-ray Machine operator, physiotherapists, optometrists,
nutritionists etc. (�ा� सेवाओं से जुड़े पेशेवर)
Autonomous − National Population Stabilisation Fund
�ाय� सं �ा − All India Institute of Speech and Hearing, Mysore
− International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, a ‘Deemed
University’, nodal for National Family Health Survey (NFHS). Five rounds of
NFHS (1992, 1998, 2005, 2015, 2019) done in India.
− Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission (IPC)
− Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR, origin in 1911)
− National Inst of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru →
� �Budget-2022: we’ll launch National Tele Mental Health Programme
under this organization.
Budget − �Budget-2020 allotted <₹70,000 cr on health which is barely 0.3% of GDP.
Even if we add union+state budgets = 1.6% of GDP.
− � �ES22: presently Union+State spending total 2.1% of GDP on health.
− National Health Policy 2017 aims to ⏫ it to 2.5% of GDP by 2025.
− WHO recommends minimum 5% of GDP be spent on public healthcare
CPSE − (*)Hospital Services Consultancy Ltd. (HSCC) (*)HLL Lifecare
Intl Bodies − UN Specialized Agency: World Health Organization (WHO) HQ: Geneva,
Switzerland (1948) specialized agency of United Nations सं यु� रा�� क� �वशेष एज�सी
(*) means approved for strategic disinvestment (=privatization) in 2019
61.1.3 💊💊🌐🌐� World Health Organization (WHO: �व� �ा� सं गठन)
⇒ at Geneva, Switzerland, 1948.
⇒ Its supreme decision making body known as Health Assembly (�ा� सभा)
⇒ It consists of all member states. It elects the Director-General of WHO for a period of five year.
⇒ WHO's Health Assembly's decisions are implemented by the Executive Board (कायर्कारी बोडर्).
⇒ The Executive Board has 34 individual health experts elected for three-year terms.
⇒ 2020: India's health minister Dr. Harsh Vardhan elected as the chairman of the Executive Board.
⇒ �
WHO-Controversy#1? Mishandling of the Corona crisis. US President Trump wanted to
withdraw membership from WHO. Brazil also threatened similar.
⇒ �WHO-Controversy#2? Taiwan wants to be added as an observer in WHO. China hates this
because China says 'Taiwan is a part of China. Taiwan is not a separate country.'
2020: WHO panel to examine WHO's Response to Corona. Panel/ committee recommended:
⇒ 1) Need to setup a Pandemic Framework Convention Agreement within six months to address
gaps in international regulations. Setup an international pandemic financing facility [महामारीओं से
�नपटने के �लए एक अंतररा�ी� य समझौता बने, महामारी के �ख़लाफ़ �व� पोषण / पैसा जुटाने के �लए के �लए अलग सं गठन बने,]
⇒ 2) ⏫Power & Money of WHO [धन और स�ा को बढ़ाया जाए]
⇒ 3) WHO Director General should have a 7-year term With no reappointment. (Presently 5 years
term and reappointment possible, Once there was a director general who served for four
consecutive terms= 20 years then It is difficult to expect innovation, fresh ideas. Such person will
More likely surround himself with his own favourite people, and then administration will
become stagnant). [�व� �ा� सं गठन के डायरे�र जनरल को 7 साल का �सफर् एक कायर्काल �मले, पुनः �नयु�� न क�
जाए. अगर/ यिद एक ही आदमी पूरी �ज़दं गी नाग क� तरह फ़न फै ला के बैठा रहेगा उसी कु स� म� तो नवाचार हो नहीं सकता]
61.1.4 💊💊🌱🌱�[YEARBOOK] Ayush Ministry
- Ministry of Ayurveda, Yoga (Maharshi Patanjali) and Naturopathy, Unani (Arabs. Noted person
in India: Hakim Ajmal Khan freedom fighter), Siddha (by Tamil Siddhar Saints) and
Homoeopathy (by a German Physician), abbreviated as AYUSH
- 2017: Sowa-Rigpa (Tibetan) medicine system is latest to be added in the Ayush list. Later Govt
setup its national research institute in Leh, Ladakh
Dept N/A
Autonomous − Morarji Desai National Institute of Yoga, Delhi
− National Institutes for individual subjects of AYUSH:
o Ayurveda @Jaipur, Naturopathy @Pune (campus name “Nisarga
gram”), Unani Medicine @Bangluru, Siddha @Chennai,
Homoeopathy @Kolkata, Sowa Rigpa@ Leh
− Central Councils for research in individual subjects of AYUSH
o Siddha@Chennai, other subjects’ @New Delhi
Statutory Following bodies regulate the syllabus/practionners:
Bodies − Central Council of Homoeopathy(CCH) 2020- It was replaced by National
Commission for Homoeopathy (NCH).
− Central Council for Indian Medicine (CCIM). 2020- It was replaced by
National Commission for Indian System of Medicine. Common entrance
and exit exam for Ayush practitioners etc.
− 2020: Institute of Teaching & Research in Ayurveda (ITRA) at Jamnagar,
Gujarat
Drugs & Cosmetics Act, 1940- two statutory bodies related to Ayush
1. Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani Drugs Technical Advisory Board (ASUDTAB)
2. Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani Drugs Consultative Committee (ASUDCC),
Attached / − National Medicinal Plant Board (NMPB)
Subordinate − Pharmacopoeia Commission for Indian Medicine & Homoeopathy
(PCIM&H)
CPSE [सरकारी − (*) Indian Medicine Pharmaceutical Corporation Ltd. approved for
क�नी] strategic disinvestment (=privatization) in 2019
E-Governance − National AYUSH Morbidity and Standardized Terminologies
Electronic(NAMASTE) Portal for illness/disease related database
🔠🔠❓Match the following list (CDS2019-II-Q108.)

List I (Institute) List II (Location)
A. National Institute of Ayurveda 1. Chennai
B. National Institute of Homeopathy 2. Bengaluru
C. National Institute Unani Medicine 3. Kolkata
D. National Institute of Siddha 4. Jaipur
Codes: A B C D: → (a) 1 2 3 4 (b) 1 3 2 4 (c) 4 3 2 1 (d) 4 2 3 1
61.1.5 💊💊 📜📜:🧔🧔 → National Health Policy 2017 (रा��ीय �ा� नी�त)

- ⏫ public health expenditure to 2.5% of the GDP.
- Transform primary health care into Health and Wellness Centres.
- Proposed to setup National Digital Health Authority (NDHA) / National eHealth Authority
(NeHA) to encourage telemedicine, remote evaluation of Xray, CT scan etc.
- ⏫ Generic Drugs, Cheap Medical Devices, Make In India, Alternative Medicinal System
(=AYUSH)
- HIV/AIDS: Achieve global target of 2020 (also termed as target of 90:90:90). Further
- HIV Prevention Act 2017: end AIDS by 2030 & prevent discrimination against HIV +ve
persons. [एड्स पीिड़त के साथ भेदभाव न हो, इसके �लए क़ानून।]
- 1st December observed as World AIDS Day. [�व� एड्स िदवस]
- National AIDS Control Organisation (NACO) is nodal body.
- Eliminate / ⏬ various non-communicable diseases in time bound manner.
61.1.6 💊💊 📜📜:🧔🧔 → National Policy for Rare Diseases-2020

⇒ �वरल/असाधारण रोगों के �लए रा��ीय नी�त-2020 replaced 2017’s policy.
⇒ Upto ₹15 lakh financial support through Rashtriya Arogya Nidhi.
⇒ Govt will also encourage donation / crowdfunding.
⇒ Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) to create a database of rare diseases like
Haemophilia, Thalassemia, Sickle cell anaemia, Lysosomal storage disorders etc.
61.2 💊💊🤑🤑🕵🕵 → CHEAP MEDICINE → NPPA PRICE CONTROL
- 1997: National Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority (NPPA: रा��ीय औष�ध मू� �नधार्रण प्रा�धकरण) setup as
an attached office under Dept of Pharmaceuticals under Ministry of Chemicals & Fertilizers.
- NPPA derives power from Essential Commodities Act, 1955 → Drugs Prices Control Order
(DPCO), 1995 & 2013. → NPPA monitors availability & prices of drugs. It enforces price
ceilings on 800+ essential medicines.
- 🤳🤳 Pharma Sahi Daam: NPPA’s app & portal. Customer can check drug prices before buying.
- 🤳🤳 Pharma Jan Samadhan: NPPA’s webportal where consumers can file complaint about drug
pricing and availability. (महंगी दवाई और दवाइयों क� अनुपल�ता के �खलाफ �शकायत)
- A coronary stent is a tube-shaped device placed in the arteries that supplies blood to heart. Stent
keeps the arteries open for coronary heart patients.
- 2017: NPPA enforced price ceilings on Stent to stop profiteering by the companies and hospitals.
- � �ES20 vol1ch4: NPPA drug price control has harmed more than it has helped. Its logical
argument is similar to what we learned in Pillar#4A: food inflation → Essential Commodities
Act. Here, NPPA price control → companies discouraged to produce more / innovate more →
shortage of medicine supply → chemist (illegally) demand more prices from patients. (ब�त �ादा
भाव �नयं त्रण से फायदा कम, नुकसान �ादा �ोंिक िफर कं प�नया मुनाफे म� कमी के चलते नवाचार /�रसचर् नहीं कर पाती)
61.3 💊💊📯📯📯📯 → CHEAP MEDICINE → PM BHARTIYA JANAUSHADI PARIYOJANA

− Boss? Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers → Bureau of Pharma PSUs of India (BPPI is an
autonomous body of all Pharma-PSUs under this department. BBPI is registered under Societies
Registration Act, 1860) [रसायन और उवर्रक मं त्रालय]
− NGO / individual applies to open a Jan Aushadhi Stores (JASs) to sell generic medicines** at
affordable prices to all. BPPI supplies the generic drugs to such stores.
− Such stores are opened at district hospitals and other public places.
− �Budget-2020: we’ll expand Jan Aushadhi Kendra in all districts by 2024.
Table 1: Related Terminologies
Generic Drug After a branded drug patent expires (or Govt gives Compulsory License), other
companies can manufacture the same formula. Such non-proprietary drug are
called ‘Generic’ Drugs. [पेटंट अव�ध ख़� होने पर कोई भी क�नी उस दवा को बना सकती है]
Fixed Dose It’s a cocktail / mixture or two or more drugs. Govt banned many FDCs because
Combinations they’re unsafe / multiple side effects. E.g. Corex, Saridon, D'Cold, Vicks Action
500.
🔠🔠❓MCQ. Find correct statements about Bureau of Pharma PSUs of India (BPPI) [CDS-2019-i]
1. It is the implementing agency of Pradhan Mantri Bhartiya Janaushadhi Pariyojana.
2. It has registered as an independent society under the Societies Registration Act, 1860.
Codes: a) 1 onlyb) 2 only c) Both 1 and 2 d) Neither 1 nor 2
61.4 💊💊📯📯📯📯 → NATIONAL HEALTH MISSION (2005: रा�ी� य �ा� �मशन)

Boss? Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. Core Scheme (Not 100% funded by Union)
1. ⏬ MMR to 1/1 lakh live births; IMR to 25/1000 live births.
2. ⏬ Total Fertility Rate to 2.1.
3. ⏬ Anaemia in women (15–49 years) [मिहलाओं म� र� अ�ता]
4. ⏬ Household expenditure on healthcare.
5. Focus on Tuberculosis, Leprosy, Malaria etc.
6. Eliminate Kala-azar by 2015. (WHO says not achieved fully yet)
7. The Mission has two sub missions viz.
○ National Urban Health Mission (रा��ीय शहरी �ा� �मशन) → to reduce urban poor’s
healthcare expenditure. Although nothing MCQ-worthy.
○ National Rural Health Mission (रा��ीय ग्रामीण �ा� �मशन)
61.5 💊💊 → MOTHER & CHILD HEALTHCARE (🤰🤰🤰🤰)
SDG Goal#3 requires- मातृ मृ�ुदर और बाल मृ�ुदर म� कमी करना

- India’s Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR per 1 lakh live births): 130 → reduce to 70.
- India’s Under-5 Child Mortality Rate (per 1000 live birth): 50 → reduce to 11.
61.5.1 🤰🤰🤰🤰📯📯📯📯 → Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS-1975)

- सम��त बाल �वकास योजना Boss? Ministry of Women and Child Development.
- Centrally sponsored scheme → Core Scheme (60:40, 90:10)
- Who? Children 0-6 years, Pregnant women and Lactating mothers. ICDS is an ‘Umbrella
Scheme’, its components include:
- Anganwadi Services Scheme
- Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana (₹ 5k + ₹ 1k for birth of first live child)
- SABLA: Scheme for Adolescent Girls (11-18 years)
- POSHAN Abhiyan
- National Creche Scheme: to setup Creches for working women.
- Child Protection Scheme: for children in difficult circumstances.
- 🤩🤩Benefits? ⏬ IMR, MMR & Anaemia, Immunization, Health check-up, Pre-school edu
61.5.2 🤰🤰🤰🤰📯📯📯📯 → via NRHM’s JSY & JSSK
Boss? Health Min’s National Rural Health Mission’s notable schemes for mother & child:
1. Accredited social health activists (ASHA workers) to provide Reproductive, Maternal,
Newborn, Child and Health and Adolescent (RMNCH+A) services.
2. 🤰🤰 Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY):
a. BPL women (irrespective of age or number of children) is given conditional cash transfer
around ₹ 1000 for delivering child @hospital. The amount depends on whether it is a
rural area or urban area etc. गरीब मिहला का हॉ��टल म� प्रसव करवाने पर मिहला को ₹1000 �पये द�गे।
b. ASHA worker given bonus ₹ ₹ for bringing her to hospital.
3. 🤰🤰 Janani Shishu Suraksha Karyakram (JSSK):
a. Free normal / caesarean deliveries @public hospitals. मु� म� प्रसव
b. Free food, medicines, free transport from home to hospital by dialling 102.
4. Surakshit Matritva Aashwasan (Suman-2019): if pregnant women visits a govt hospital but
denied any of the scheme/services or her dignity is not respected then complaint can be
registered through SUMAN helpline/sms/web portal & govt will adopt ZERO tolerance to the
culprit doctor/nurse/wardboy. Result? ⏬IMR,MMR, ⏫Positive birthing experience। सरकारी
अ�ताल म� गभर्वती मिहला को अ�� सेवा न �मली तो �शकायत
5. Pradhan Mantri Surakshit Matritva Abhiyaan (2016): all pregnant women given free medical
checkup, iron folic acid (IFA), calcium tablets etc. on 9th of every month. This scheme is for
‘Antenatal Period’ = before the delivery. Private doctors also encouraged to ‘volunteer’ for this
campaign (in other words, Government will not pay them ₹ ₹ )
6. Laqshya- Labor Room Quality Improvement Initiative (2017): to ensure public hospital delivery
room is sterilized & has necessary medicines/equipment to deal with delivery related
complications / emergencies. (Side Note: Swatchha Bharat Mission’s sub-component ‘Kayakalp’
aims for cleanliness in Public hospitals)
7. Mother's Absolute Affection (MAA 2016): Awareness generation to encourage mothers to
breastfeed babies. Because exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months is essential to improve
child health & immunity. [�नपान को प्रो�ाहन देना]
8. Mission Parivar Vikas (2016): Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh,
Jharkhand and Assam constitute 44% of the country’s population because of their high TFR. So
this mission aims for:
a. Encourage family planning in these states. प�रवार �नयोजन / नसबं धी
b. new FREE contraceptives in Govt hospitals:
i. ‘Chhaya’ contraceptive pill (गभर्�नरोधक गोली) which has to be taken only once in a
week. Chemical name: Centchroman, it’s a non-hormonal pill.
ii. ‘Antara’ injectable hormonal contraceptive which has to be taken once in three
months.
c. All India TFR = 2.2 (2016) → Reduce it to 2.1 (2025) कु ल प्रजनन डर म� कमी
🔠🔠❓MCQ. 'Janani Suraksha Yojana' Program aims to: (Asked in UPSC-Pre-2012)

1. to promote institutional deliveries
2. to provide monetary assistance to the mother to meet the cost of delivery.
3. to provide for wage loss due to pregnancy and confinement
Codes: (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 only (c) 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
61.5.3 🤰🤰🤰🤰📯📯📯📯 → PM Matru Vandana Yojana (₹ 5k for 1st child+1k from other scheme*)
Manmohan launched Indira Gandhi Matritva Sahyog → Modi renamed as Matritva Sahyog Yojana
(2014) → again renamed Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana(2017)
- Boss? Ministry of Women and Child Development
- Core Scheme (Not 100% funded by Union). 60:40, 90:10
PM Matru Vandana Installment िक�#1 → ₹1k
PM Matru Vandana Installment #2 → ₹2k
PM Matru Vandana Installment #3 → ₹2k
Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY) ONLY IF BPL women → ₹1k

Total amount (₹) ₹6k**
**National Food Security Act (NFSA 2013) requires Govt to provide ₹ 6,000 to pregnant and
lactating mother. So, Govt has created this contrived arrangement of ₹ 6,000.
- This ₹ ₹ helps poor woman to get adequate rest before and after delivery, without worrying about
wage loss → Child can receive adequate breastfeeding.
- This ₹ ₹ is conditionally transferred in bank account, as woman goes for medical checkup, child
vaccination etc. so it helps reducing MMR, IMR.
1. Women in Government jobs or PSUs jobs not eligible.
2. Women less than age 19 not eligible.
3. Women can receive this ₹ ₹ only for the birth of first live child.
61.5.4 🤰🤰🤰🤰💉💉 → Vaccination (टीकाकरण)
Boss? Health Ministry 100% funding, plus support from WHO, UNICEF
⇒ 1985: Universal Immunization Programme (सावर्�त्रक टीकाकरण कायर्क्रम) to give free vaccines for
 BCG vaccine for TB & tubercular meningitis.
 Oral Polio Vaccine → WHO declared India ‘Polio Free’ in 2014.
 Rotavirus vaccine for Diarrhoea (द�)
 Japanese Encephalitis (in selected areas only)
 Measles-rubella Vaccine (MR)
 Vaccine for Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis (Whooping cough), Influenza Type B and
Hepatitis B.
 Although by 2014, UIP had covered only 65% of children. So,
⇒ 2014: Mission lndradhanush by Modi
 To immunization 100% children (Below 2 years) against atleast 7 (=number of rainbow
colors) diseases viz. diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus (धनु�ंभ), polio, tuberculosis,
measles and hepatitis B.
 In the subsequent years even more vaccines for Japanese Encephalitis etc.
 Pregnant women also given vaccines for selected disease. [गभर्वती मिहलाओं के �लए भी]
⇒ 2017: Modi launches Intensified Mission Indradhanush (IMI) to cover atleast 90% children
below age of 2 and all pregnant women by 2018 December.
⇒ e-VIN (Electronic Vaccine Network): United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) gave ₹
₹ & technology to India for online monitoring of vaccine stocks. Health ministry runs it.
61.5.5 🤰🤰🤰🤰💉💉💉💉 Intensified Mission Indradhanush (IMI) 3.0 from 2021 onwards
लॉकडाउन के चलते �जन ब�ों-मिहलाओ का पो�लयो, धनु�ंभ इ�ािद टीकाकरण न हो पाया उनका टीकाकरण कर�गे
7) focus on Children and pregnant women who have missed their (non-corona) vaccine doses
during the corona pandemic/lockdown
8) Focus on migrants & remote area/ hard to reach areas। प्रवासी मज़दू र-प�रवार, दुगर्म प्रदेश पे �ान
9) Health ministry to use staggered approach = instead of inviting everyone at the same time, 10-10
beneficiaries will be invited. This will reduce crowding in Corona.
🎓🎓Homework: Corona related updates: EXCEL File Mrunal.org/Current
61.6 💊💊💊🦸🦸 → ADOLESCENT BOYS AND GIRLS (िकशोर)
Table 2: पुरानी योजनाए, �ादा नींद खोने क� ज�रत नहीं है

Women & − SAKSHAM: for Adolescent Boys aged 11-18. similar objectives like SABLA.
Child − SABLA: Rajiv Gandhi Scheme for Empowerment of Adolescent Girls aged 11-
Ministry 18. To promote awareness about health, hygiene, nutrition, adolescent
reproductive and sexual health (ARSH), Iron-Folic Acid (IFA)
supplementation, home management, vocational skill training.
− Kishori Health Cards for Adolescent Girls (aged 11-18) containing info about
weight, height, Body Mass Index (BMI) etc
Health − Rashtriya Kishor Swasthya Karyakram: Boys aged 10-19. objectives like above.
Ministry − Rashtriya Bal Swasthya Karyakram (RBSK): Children aged 0-6. For early
identification of defects at birth, deficiencies, Diseases, Development delays
including disability. Free medical checkup for children in 6-18 age group once a
year in Government schools.
61.6.1 🤰🤰🤰🤰🤰🤰🤰🤰 → WCD Ministry’s 3 Umbrella Schemes in 2021
2021-March, Ministry of Women and Child Development announced that existing schemes will be
clubbed into 3 umbrella schemes. Reason? More effective monitoring & implementation.
प्रभावी �प से �नगरानी और अमल करने के �लए वतर्मान योजनाओं को तीन छतरी योजनाओं के नीचे वग�कृ त िकया गया है
Sr Umbrella Scheme Schemes included Amt 2021

1. Saksham Anganwadi and ICDS and its components like - Anganwadi >₹20,000 cr
POSHAN 2.0 Services, Poshan Abhiyan, Scheme for
मिहला िकशोरी और ब�ों के Adolescent Girls, National Creche Scheme
�लए- भोजन पोषण इ�ा�द
2. Mission VATSALYA Child Protection Services and Child Welfare ₹900 cr
बाल सुर�ा और क�ाण Services. 📑📑More in Pill#6C weaker section
3. Mission Shakti (Mission A. SAMBAL (One Stop Centre, Mahila >₹3,000 cr
for Protection and Police Volunteer, Women's
Empowerment for Helpline/Swadhar/Ujjawala/Widow
Women) मिहला सुर�ा और Homes etc.)
सश��करण B. SAMARTHYA (Beti Bachao Beti
Padhao, Creche, Pradhan Mantri
Matru Vandana Yojana/ Gender
Budgeting/Research.
📑📑More in Pill#6C weaker section
61.6.2 Saksham Anganwadis in 👜👜🥻🥻Budget-2022

⇒ ICDS →Anganwadi center provides services such as 1) family planning advice 2) nutrition / free
food for mother and infants 3) pre-school activities for small children.
⇒ We’ll setup a new generation of Anganwadis with better infrastructure and audio-visual aids,
clean energy. Two lakh anganwadis will be upgraded under the Scheme.
61.7 💊💊📯📯📯📯 → AYUSHMAN BHARAT & PMJAY ₹ 5 LAKH INSURANCE
What is the meaning of above mindmap? Ans. Already taught in Pillar1D.

Budget 2018: Ayushman Bharat National Health Protection Mission (AB-NHPM). Core Scheme:
NOT 100% funded by Union. It has two components:
1. Primary Health Care Centers (PHC) to be transformed into Health & Wellness Centres (�ा�
और क�ाण क� द्र). Free drugs, checkup, mother-child care
2. National Health Protection Scheme (AB-NHPS) → Later renamed ‘Pradhan Mantri Jan
Arogya Yojana (PMJAY)’ to give free Health Insurance of ₹ 5 lakh per poor family, per year.
(More about its benefits & challenges refer to 📑📑Pillar#1D)
3. PM-JAY SEHAT:
a. Before: 6 lakh (poor) families of J&K were getting benefit of PM-JAY (₹5 lakh family
health insurance). 2020-Dec Reform: PM-JAY-SEHAT = All residents of J&K (21 lakh
families) will get benefit of ₹5 lakh family health insurance. सभी �नवा�सयों को लाभ
b. There is no cap /limit on family size. JK residents can avail these health insurance
benefits at all designated hospitals across the country = it is 'portable' in nature.
c. SEHAT = Social, Endeavour for Health and Telemedicine.
61.7.1 🍋🍋Health Cess to build hospitals-2020
⇒ �Budget-2020: Introduced 5% Health Cess (�ा� उपकर) on the customs duty on imported
medical devices (आया�तत �चिक�ा उपकरण).
⇒ This Cess ₹₹ will be used for building (Ayushman Bharat ) hospitals in PPP mode,
⇒ In Aspirational Districts (आकांशी-�जले=backward districts identified by NITI Aayog.)
⇒ So the PM-JAY patients in those backward district, can actually get medical treatment.
61.7.2 🍋🍋Pradhan Mantri Swasthya Suraksha Nidhi (PMSSN) 2021-March

उपकर का पैसा इस फं ड म� डाल�गे और �व�वध �ा� योजनाएं चलाएं गे
10) Govt levies 4% Health & Education Cess on direct taxes such as income tax & corporation tax.
(What is Cess? Ref: Pillar#2A) प्र�� करों पर �ा� व �श�ा उपकर
11) 2021-March: govt created a new “Non-Lapsable” fund under Public Account. (What is “Non-
Lapsable fund? Ref: Pillar#2D). लोक लेखा म� एक ग़ैर-��गत �न�ध बनायी जाएगी
12) This fund will receive ₹ ₹ from above cess. Health ministry will use this money for
13) 1) Ayushmann Bharat & its sub schemes like PM-JAY (5L-Health insurance),
14) 2) Pradhan Mantri Swasthya Suraksha Yojana (setting up AIIMS-like institutions in every state
& upgrading government medical colleges).
15) 3) National Health Mission (NHM) रा��ीय �ा� �मशन
16) 4) Health emergencies like Corona �ा� आपदाएँ
61.7.3 💸💸💸🍽🍽15th FC: Sector Specific Grants (�ेत्र-�व�श� अनुदान)-Health

Note: this I’ve already taught in Pillar2B
(More in 📑📑Pillar#2B) Report#2: (2021-26) Amount

Local Bodies Grant (Rural and urban) Local Bodies given 70kcr
पं चायती राज/नगरपा�लकाओं को प्राथ�मक ₹₹ to convert Primary Health centres
�ा� क� द्र को �ा� और क�ाण क� द्र म� (PHC) into health and wellness centres
प�रव�तत करने के �लए ट�क भर के पैसा (HWCs)
Sectoral Grant → Health Critical Care hospitals i.e. facilities 15kcr
नाजुक देखभाल के अ�तालों को बनाने के with Intensive Care Unit (ICU)
�लए पैसा ventilator, kidney dialysis etc.
Sectoral Grant → Health Training of Allied Healthcare 13kcr
�चिक�ा सं ल� मानव बल क� तालीम के workforce (lab technicians,
�लए पैसे radiographers, dieticians,
Physiotherapist, ASHA Worker etc)
Sectoral Grant → Health State government to run Doctor 2kcr
�जले के अ�तालों म� डॉ�री तालीम के training courses in district hospital
कोसर् करवाने के �लए पैसा
(More in 📑📑Pillar#2B) Report#2: (2021-26) Amount
कु ल �मलाकर Total: 1.06 Lcr = approx.
10% of total grants to
Healthcare sector **
** Grants to Healthcare sector are unconditional i.e. not based on performance of State Govt.
Additional Recommendations by 15th FC on Healthcare
⇒ Union and State Government together should spend 2.5% of GDP on Healthcare sector by 2025.
(क� द्र और रा� सरकार ने �मलकर �ा� �ेत्र म� सावर्ज�नक खचर् को बढ़ाकर जीडीपी के ढाई प्र�तशत तक करना चािहए)
⇒ All-India Services Act, 1951: (presently we've IAS,IPS,Indian Forest Service) → make 4th All
India service: "All India Medical and Health Service" → UPSC to conduct recruitment. This will
help addressing the shortage of doctor in backward states. आईएएस/आईपीएस क� तजर् पर एक और अ�खल
भारतीय सेवा बनाई जाए "अ�खल भारतीय �चिक�ा एवं �ा� सेवा" तािक �पछड़े रा�ों म� डॉ�रों क� कमी को पूरा िकया जा सके
⇒ Most of the medical colleges and super-speciality hospitals (e.g. Cancer) are concentrated in the
Western and Southern parts of India. Union and State government should make efforts to
address this.(प��मी/द��णी रा�ों के अलावा वाले �व�ार म� भी अ�� मेिडकल कॉलेज| अ�ताल बनाने पर जोर िदया जाए)
61.8 💊💊📯📯📯📯 → NATIONAL HEALTH MISSION → COMM/NON-COMM DISEASES

Poor cost benefit in chasing these schemes but DO self-study the biology / medical angle about TB,
Malaria, HIV, Swine flu, Ebola, Nipah, Zika, CORONA etc.
🤮🤮:🤒🤒 Communicable Diseases (सं चारी) 🦷🦷🦷🦷Non-Communicable Diseases: गैर - सं चारी
⇒ 🤧🤧 Revised National Tuberculosis Control ✓ Mental Health Programme (NMHP)
Programme (RNTCP) → ✓ National Programme for Prevention and
⇒ Directly Observed Treatment Short control of cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular
course strategy (DOTS).
diseases, and stroke (NPCDCS).
⇒ 🖱🖱 NIKSHAY webportal & app for
✓ Programs for Blindness, Tobacco control,
monitoring patients
Fluorosis, senior citizens (=Geriatric
⇒ 💼💼Budget-2020: we aim to
eliminate TB by 2025. diseases).
⇒ 🦗🦗National Vector (रोगवाहक) Borne Disease ✓ eDantSeva portal for oral/teeth healthcare
Control Programme → Malaria, Dengue, awareness.
Filaria, Kala-azar, Japanese Encephalitis,
Chikungunya.
⇒ Leprosy (कु � रोग) Eradication
⇒ HIV/STD program
⇒ Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme
(IDSP) for Swine flu, Ebola, Nipah, Zika,
CORONA (COVID-19) etc.
61.8.1 🦗🦗🦗🦗🦗🦗 Communicable Diseases: Malaria free country:
य�द तीन वष� तक सतत �प से आपके देश म� मले�रया के कोई भी �ानीय/आंत�रक मामले नहीं �दखते, तो �व� �ा� सं गठन द्वारा
आपके देश को “मले�रया मु�” घो�षत िकया जाता है। २०२१ म� चीन ने उपल�� हा�सल क� है।
⇒ WHO aims to eliminate Malaria from world by 2030. IF a Country has 0% local cases of Malaria
in 3 consecutive years =can apply for WHO certification of malaria-free status.
⇒ Examples: Australia, Brunei and Singapore, Algeria, Argentina, El Salvador (2021), China (2021)
⇒ �
�ES22: while malaria not yet eliminated in India but we’ve eliminated polio, guinea worm
disease, yaws, maternal tetanus and neonatal tetanus. (भारत ने इन बीमारीयो को ख़� िकया)
61.8.2 🌴🌴[🦇🦇 🐷🐷]🤒🤒 Communicable Diseases: “One Health” approach

पयार्वरण का �ा�, जानवरों का �ा�, मनु�ों का �ा� ये तीनों आपस म� जुड़े �ए ह� और एक दू सरे को असर करते ह�- इस�लए
तीनों क� सम�ाओं को एक�कृ त �प से सं बो�धत करना ज़�री- इस �ख़/अ�भगम/��कोण को “एक �ा�” ��कोण कहते ह�
⇒ One Health = An approach recognizes that animal health, human health and the environment’s
health are interconnected. Esp. for Zoonotic diseases (= spread from animal to human. [ख़ासकर
ऐसे रोग/बीमा�रयां जो जानवरों से मनु�ों म� फै लती है] For example
⇒ Environmental degradation: human encroachment in jungles → Nipah Virus spreads from
Jungle Bats to Domestic animals (Pigs) to Humans. [from Malaysia’s NIPAH Village]
⇒ Environmental degradation: Men kill Monkeys, Antelopes for meat → infected with Ebola
virus. [From Africa’s Ebola river region near Congo]
⇒ China’s Wuhan’s Wildlife Meat Market: Cats, ferrets, fruit bats, hamsters, racoon, etc. → Corona
⇒ �Boss? One Health approach is advocated by multiple orgs such as Food and Agriculture
Organization (FAO), the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), the World Health
Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).
Why in news? Indian govt’s Dept of animal husbandry also organizing seminars/workshops on this
matter. Then CA-PDF-wallas have gone “crazier than usual” over this topic.
61.9 🤒🤒📔📔📔📔ES21VOL1CH5 ON HEALTHCARE PROBLEMS-SOLUTIONS
61.9.1 🤒🤒🤒🤒🤒🤒ES21: Indian Healthcare Problems:

Public (Govt) Expenditure Out of pocket expenditure
National Health ⏫ from 1.5% GDP to 2.5-3% ⏬65% to 30%
Policy 2017 target GDP
�ा� सेवा ख़चर् ल� सरकारी ख़चर् म� बढ़ोतरी मरीज़ क� जेब से होने वाले ख़चर् म� कटौती
⇒ �“Saliency Bias” = policymakers give excessive weightage to recent phenomenon, even though
it may not repeat in an identical fashion in the future e.g Corona wave 2.0=Oxygen shortage→
too much focus on Oxygen factories but next pandemic may require some other medicine, & not
oxygen cylinders! [सा�ता पूवार्ग्रह- नी�त �नमार्ता वतर्मान नज़दीक� वतर्मान म� �ई घटनाओं को �ादा होगा ज़ोर/अग्रता देते
है, जबिक वा�व म� उसी प्रकार क� सम�ाओं का भ�व� म� पुनरावतर्न होगा? कोई गारंटी नहीं।]
⇒ �Shortage of medical professionals. Mismatch in Doctors versus nurses: like Punjab, Himachal
Pradesh and Chhattisgarh have a larger number of nurses and midwives but a very low density of
doctors। �ा� क�मयों क� कमी
⇒ �
Irresponsible Doctors: Medical Ethics says doctors should practise altruism But in reality,
many doctors get greed & prescribe unnecessary drugs and x-ray tests to patients, they conduct
Caesarean delivery (C-Section) instead of normal delivery to charge more fees। �चिक�ा नी�तशा� के
िहसाब से डॉ�र ने ब�त ही दयावान होना चािहए िकंतु लोभ लालच म� अनाव�क िक़� क� दवाइयाँ, टे��ंग और सजर्री क� जाती है।
⇒ �Irresponsible Patients: people do smoking, chewing Tobacco, eating unhealthy food, not
wearing seatbelt/helmet while driving, not wearing masks in Corona = they die prematurely =
Insurance companies have to pay hefty compensation to family= Insurance companies profit
⏬→ Insurance companies ⏫ premium (subscription fees) on new subscribers to cover the
losses. Thus, risky behaviour of some people create negative externalities for the entire
healthcare system through higher costs and poorer outcomes. लोगों क� शराब त�ाकू इ�ािद ग़ैर �ज़�ेदार/
ख़राब आदतों के चलते समय से पहले मृ�ु, बीमा कं पनी मुआवज़ा देती है िकंतु बीमा कं पनी का मुनाफ़ा इसके चलते कम होता है. तो
भ�व� म� नए ग्राहकों पर बीमा िक� का बोझ बढ़ता है।
⇒ �Hesitancy/Ignorance: 1) Even after a person has TB symptoms, they delay visiting doctor for
minimum 5.2 months, even in Delhi. As a result their disease has already become worse and they
have infected more people with TB. 2) Many Indian women die in breast cancer, cervical cancer
because they seek medical help very late, tumour has reached advanced stage. िहचिकचाहट / जाग�कता
क� कमी के चलते �यरोग और क� सर म� भी लोग जब तक ददर् असहनीय न हो जाए, डॉ�र से �मलते नहीं. अंतत: बीमारी ब�त गं भीर
हो जाती है, मरीज़ को बचाया नहीं जा सकता।
61.9.2 🤒🤒🤒🤒🤒🤒ES21: Healthcare Solutions: Oligopsony for universal health insurance coverage
⇒ Oligopsony = few buyers and many sellers. Then buyers can command the prices.
⇒ E.g. if individual purchases Rs. 5 lakh Health insurance from insurance company, he may have to
pay Rs 5,000-7000 [premium] scription fees= this discourages many middle-class families from
buying health insurance because the salaries are not very high.
⇒ But Rajasthan govt tied up with health insurance companies → Chiranjeevi Health Insurance
scheme. Poor get free health insurance, and non-poor (middle class) permanent residents of
Rajasthan can get it for Rs.850 premium.
⇒ So, Economic survey basically suggesting that we should adopt models of similar to 1st world
countries wherein few govt organizations / Union/State governments will purchase the
healthcare insurance for everyone & then give it for free/at affordable prices. प्रथम �व� के देशों म� कु छ
सरकारी सं �ान तमाम नाग�रकों के �लए �यं ही �ा� बीमा कं प�नयों से बीमा पॉ�लसी ख़रीदते ह� और िफर नाग�रकों को वह बीमा
पॉ�लसी मु� या िकफ़ायती दामों म� दी जाती है। इस प्रकार का मॉडल भारत म� अपनाया जाए।
61.9.3 🤒🤒🤒🤒🤒🤒ES21: Indian Healthcare Solutions: Patient Rights like UK, Sweden
⇒ Information asymmetry = one business party possesses more information than the other party =
they can exploit the situation. E.g. Nirav Modi knew the weaknesses of Punjab National Bank’s
LOU/SWIFT messaging system, while PNB did not know about Nirav Modi’s losses in diamond
business = Nirav Modi scammed PNB. (Ref Pillar: 1B2)
⇒ Similar information asymmetry exists even in Indian healthcare industry. जानकारी/सूचना क� कमी के
चलते �ापार म� एक �� दू सरे का ग़लत फ़ायदा उठाता है।
⇒ Treatment costs are not uniform across hospitals. Cancer treatment at 1 hospital could cost “X”
lakh ₹, & same treatment could cost “3.7X” lakh ₹ at another hospital. Similarly, cardio (6.8x),
injuries (5.9x), gastro (6.2x), and respiratory (5.2x) disease, But patient does not know what is
the price range for treatment across different hospitals, which hospital has better success rate in
saving the patients? Etc. . एक ही बीमारी क� अलग अ�तालों म� अलग अलग फ़�स होती है। मरीज़ को पता नहीं कौनसा
अ�ताल िकफ़ायती है, िकस अ�ताल म� लोग कम मरते ह�?
⇒ So just like banking industry uses credit rating agencies to pass the loan applications (Ref#1B2),
Govt should create rating agencies to assess the quality of doctors and hospitals. E.g. 2004: UK
→ National Health Service (NHS) → Quality and Outcomes Framework (QOF) → annual
appraisal of all doctors→ further analyses through artificial intelligence- public reports/datasets
released. So patients can know which hospital is better? what is the price range of various
surgeries etc. इं ��ड म� गुणव�ा प�रणाम �परेखा / ढांचे के अंतगर्त सभी डॉ�रों का सालाना सव��ण- इस डेटा को सावर्ज�नक
�प से प्र�ुत िकया जाता है तािक सबको पता चले अलग अलग बीमा�रयों क� फ़�स �ा होती है, कौनसा अ�ताल बेहतर है इ�ािद
⇒ 1992: Finland’s Status and Rights of Patients Law= hospitals require to release the data of how
many patients died. Ombudsman system where patients families can complain against hospital.
िफनल�ड म� मरीज़ों के अ�धकारों के �लए क़ानून- अ�तालों ने अ�नवायर् �प से मरीज़ों के मृ�ु दर का डेटा प्रका�शत करना होगा,
अ�ताल के �ख़लाफ़ �ाय देने के �लए �शकायत �नवारण अ�धकारी।
61.10😷😷📔📔📔📔ES21VOL1CH1- CORONA SAVING LIVES & LIVELIHOOD

✋Note: On daily basis, new development occurring about new drugs, testing kits, vaccine
distribution policy, court judgements, new Apps and portals. You can find those updates at
Mrunal.org/current. In the handout, I have confined the discussion only up to the matters covered
in Economic Survey 2021, to ensure the compactness.
⇒ COVID-19 virus - SARS-CoV-2 - first identified in Wuhan city of China in December 2019.
⇒ Hungarian physician Ignaz Semmelweis. = father of Hand washing / hygiene & hospital
sanitisation.
61.10.1 😷😷📔📔📔📔Basic Reproduction Number R0

R0 value Meaning- एक सं क्र�मत �� िकतनी और लोगों को सं क्रमण फै लाएगा?
Less than 1 One Patient infecting less than one person = disease will gradually vanish.
Equal to 1 One Patient infecting one person. Disease will not vanish but it will not result
in an epidermic. बीमारी सं पूणर् �प से लु� तो नहीं होगी, िक�ु महामारी का बड़ा/�वकट �प नहीं ले
पाएगी।
Greater than 1 One patient infecting more than one person = epidemic possible.
> 10 or >100 Super spreader event. One patient infecting tens & hundreds of people.
61.10.2 😷😷📔📔📔📔Mitigation versus suppression

✋Mitigation [बीमारी का शमन] 👊👊Suppression [स�ूणर् दमन]
Objective Slow down the spread of pandemic by reducing Stop or reverse the spread of
the R0 (e.g. from R0=100 to R0=2) infection completely by
सं क्रमण के दर को पहेले क� तुलना म� कम करना।
ensuring R0<1 सं क्रमण को सं पूणर्
�प से रोक देना
How? Not complete lockdown. allowing factories to run Nationwide complete
with 50% staff etc. Use mask-sanitizers, Social lockdown of everything. सं पूणर्
distancing, home quarantine, contact tracing, �प से तालाबं दी/क�ूर्
active surveillance etc. सं पूणर् �प से तालाबं दी नहीं
Implications? Without damaging the economy greatly, it’ll help Great damage to economy.
⏬death by 50% अथर्तांतर को बहोत �ादा हा�न प�ँ चाएँ अथर्तंत्र को अप्र�ा�शत हा�न
�बना मृ�ु दर म� 50% क� कटौती सं भव
⇒ Barbell strategy in finance = while making an investment in a risky situation you should first
hedge / protect yourself for the worst outcome initially. Then after new feedback/development
you should update your response state by step. बारबेल रणनी�त - अ�न��त प�र��तयों म� �नवेश करते व� सबसे
पहले “यिद ब�त ख़राब प�र��त होगी उससे �यं को सं भालना/सुर��त करना”। उसके बाद जैसे जैसे नई जानकारी सामने आये,
�नवेश के नए फ़ै सले लेते रहना।
⇒ So considering above angles, Indian policymakers followed a similar ‘barbell approach’. First
nationwide lock down to ‘save lives’ & ‘flatten the epidemic curve’ & reduce ‘R0’. Then gradual
unlock down to ‘save the livelihood.’ कोरोना महामारी म� भारत ने कु छ ऐसा ही िकया। सबसे पहले सबक� जान बचाने के
�लए �यं को सुर��त करने के �लए रा��ापी तालाबं दी। उसके बाद नई जानकारी और नए माहौल को देखते �ए धीरे धीरे लोकड़ाऊन
को खोला/ढीला गया बाक़� सब क� आजी�वका का भी र�ण हो सके ।
⇒ Parallely govt also focused on social distancing, contact tracing and vaccination.
✋In the remaining chapter1vol1- economic survey 2021 has done great appreciation of government
lockdown policies. But in retrospect, when we compare the situation in Corona wave 2.0 most of that
appreciation looks redundant. इस पूरे प्रकरण म� कु ल �मलाकर सरकार क� पीठ थपथपायी गई है, हालाँिक कोरोना सं क्रमण क�
दू सरी लहर के बाद ये सब चीज़� / मुद्दे इतने �ादा आकषर्क नहीं िदख रहे ह�।
61.11📙📙📙📙ES22 BARBELL STRATEGY/AGILE RESPONSE VS WATERFALL STRATEGY
Note: � �ES22 has written a very long case-study about it, we’ll not do MBA/PHD on it, but we’ll
collect a few points for quoting in “GSM2- issues in policy design and implementation.”
61.11.1 💦💦Waterfall strategy (USA, EU) (झरना/ जल प्रपात रणनी�त)

Conventional method of policy-making. It involves linear progression e.g. GIVE Corona vaccine to
all adults AT ONCE (नी�त �नमार्ण का पारंप�रक तरीक़ा। रे खीय �प से आगे बढ़ते ह�। दे दनादन सब वय�ों को िटका द� दो)
⇒ it usually involves front-loading = spending greater amount in advance. (ढेर सारी रक़म शु�आत म� ही
ख़चर् कर दो) e.g. if government has to spend Rs.6000 in a year:
o �DONT do 2000 in January + 2000 in June + 2000 in December = 6,000.
o ✅DO ₹4000 in January + 2000 in June = 6,000
⇒ USA, EU etc. tried this type of fiscal stimulus packages to revive their economies post-Corona.
(what is fiscal stimulus? Ref: Pillar2D) (अमे�रका और यूरोप ने ने इस तरह का �व�ीय प्रो�ाहन पैकेज जारी िकया था)
⇒ � It does not give any space to adjust things based on new feedback or new development. e.g.
what if there is third wave of Corona with Omicron variant! (वा��वक जीवन क� नयी घटनाओं, प्र�तिक्रयाऑ
के िहसाब से बाद म� कोई सुधार कर नहीं सकते)
⇒ � you are left with less money in future. So even if you want to adjust some scheme, you
cannot do it. (वैसे भी ढेर सारा पैसा तो आपने शु� म� ही ख़चर् कर िदया तो अभी त�ूरा कु छ नया करोगे, जब पैसा तो बचा निह!)
Waterfall strategy assumes that future can be predicted and so we can go on a FIXED path of action.
Such thinking was also reflected in five-year plans (FYP) & its failures e.g. India forced to take “plan
holiday (1966-69)” after the failure of 3rd FYP due to wars and famines (REF Pillar4B)। (इस रणनी�त म�
हम मानते ह� िक हम भ�व� का पूवार्नुमान कर सकते ह�, और उस िहसाब से एक �न��त मागर् पर आगे बढ़ सकते ह�, और सब कु छ हमारे
योजना के िहसाब से ही होगा। पं चवष�य योजनाओं म� हमने एसा िकया था, तो असफलता �मली थी। जैसे क� युद्ध और अकाल के बाद तीसरी
पं चवष�य योजना क� नाकामयाबी के चलते हम� “योजना छु ट्टी” घो�षत करनी पड़ी थी।)
61.11.2 �👟👟 Barbell strategy/Agile Response- India: (बारबेल रणनी�त और फु त�ली प्र�तिक्रया)
 It involves graded and incremental approach e.g. Give Corona vaccine to 1) Health workers and
senior citizen 2) other adults aged 18&above then 3) teenagers then 4) children. (धीरे धीरे हौले हौले
उ�रो�र आगे बढ़ेग।े दे दनादन सब वय�ों एकसाथ िटका मत दो, सबसे पहले बुजुगर् → बाद म� नौजवान → बाद म� िकशोर और
→ बाद म� छोटे ब�े।)
 real-time adjustment based on feedback-loops, and new developments (वा��वक जीवन क� नयी
घटनाओं, प्र�तिक्रयाऑ के िहसाब से बाद म� सुधार करते रहो )
 e.g. Atma Nirbhar Bharat Stimulus package 1.0 then 2.0 then 3.0 was done. Modi did not do
entire year ka “Atma Nirbhar Bharat” AT ONCE. (जैसे क� आ��नभर्र भारत को एक चरण ही नहीं, तीन चरणों म�
िकया गया)
 RBI did not open all the “on-tap loan windows” at once. RBI gradually opened them based on
feedback. (REF: Pillar1A2 (�रज़वर् ब�क ने भी सारे लोन �खड़िकयाँ एक साथ नहीं खोली थी, धीरे धीरे खोली थी। )
 Production linked incentive (PLI) scheme- 1) more number of sectors were gradually added later
on, based on feedback. e.g. Drone. 2) Base-Year/Subsidy calculation formula was changed based
on feedback. (REF: Pillar4B) (पीएलआई योजना म� नए नए �ेत्रों को जोड़ना स��डी �गनती फ़ॉमूर्ला म� सुधार करना)
 Barbell/Agile improves responsiveness. It does not attempt to predict future. It tries to adjust
itself with the future evolving situations. (बारबेल रणनी�त और फु त�ली प्र�तिक्रया म� हम भ�व� का पूवार्नुमान नहीं
लगाते। हम अपनी योजनाओं को भ�व� म� हो रहे बदलावों के मुता�बक़ धीरे धीरे बदलते रहते ह�)
� �FAQ: here you are saying that front loading is not done in the barbell strategy, but
government of India had done “front loading” in the PM-KISAN instalments as per Pillar4A. Ans. 1)
Economic Survey has to do chikni-chupdi fancy-talk even if in reality govt didn’t truly do it. 2) You
should simply accept and memorize the points for Mains Answer writing. You should not become
Supreme court ka PIL-Lawyer nitpicking over every single word. Such approach is not useful for
clearing competitive exams. (मु� परी�ा म� छाप दो मुद्दे! हम� इस मामले क� वकालत करने सुप्रीम कोटर् थोड़ी जाना है?)
61.12👻👻👻👻: 💊💊📯📯📯📯 ATMA-NIRBHAR BHARAT → MEDICINE / HEALTH
🎓🎓Homework: Corona science tech / vaccination angles
61.12.1 👻👻👻👻: 💊💊📯📯📯📯→ Ayushman Bharat National Digital Health Mission (15th Aug, 2020)
⇒ 2020-15th August speech. PM announced National Digital Health Mission रा��ीय िड�जटल �ा� �मशन
⇒ 2021-Oct: launched with the name “Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission (ABDM)”
⇒ Boss? Health Ministry → National Health Authority (NHA) (Recall PM-JAY walli organization
from Pillar1D. This is same NHA)
⇒ National Health Authority (NHA) will act as the Health Information Exchange and Consent
Manager (HIE-CM). Which doctors/hospitals can access person’s health data? Ans. Person will
give consent about that to NHA.
⇒ Person registers on portal/App using mobile number or Aadhar card. Not compulsory to give
Aadhar card number at present. He gets 14 digit health ID number.
⇒ Citizens to be given Unique Health ID (UHID) with personal records about diseases, diagnosis,
report, medication etc. (रोग, �नदान, �रपोटर्, दवा आिद)
⇒ UHID will be free of cost, voluntary, consent-based with opt-out feature. (�न: शु�, �ै��क और
सहम�त-आधा�रत. मरीज अपना डेटा हटवा/िडलीट भी करवा सकते ह� ).
⇒ Patients can share with doctors = saves time/trouble of keeping multiple files/xerox/X-rays etc.
⇒ Can person delete his account /data? Ans. Yes
⇒ Can a person add a nominee to access account? (e.g. PH person unable to use phone wants to
add his guardian/relative?) Ans. Yes.
⇒ It’ll also connect with digi-doctor, tele-medicine, e-pharmacy. (िडजी-�चिक�क , दू रभाष-दवाइया, ई-
औषधालय)
⇒ � �Budget-2022: Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission → we'll create digital database/registries
of doctor, hospital, patient records.
61.12.2 👻👻👻👻: 💊💊📯📯📯📯→Draft Health Data Management Policy (�ा� डेटा प्रबं धन नी�त)
⇒ Released by National Health Authority (NHA) for National Digital Health Mission (NDHM):
⇒ covers all stakeholders- Patients, Doctors, Union & State Govt, Health insurance cos, pharma
cos, & research bodies. यह नी�त सभी ही धारकों को सं बो�धत करती
⇒ Patient health id number will be created free of cost. मु� म� �ा� सं �ाक िदया जाएगा
⇒ Patient will have the right to remove his personal data, get errors corrected, Restrict the
disclosure of data to other organizations, Request copy of data. मरीज अपना डाटा हटवा सकता है, डाटा
गल�तयों म� सुधार करवा सकता है, िकसी सं �ा से डाटा साझा करने से मना कर सकता है, अपने डेटा क� नकल मांग सकता है- यह सब
अ�धकार प्रा�
⇒ Data will be shared with orgs only with compliance of applicable laws and international
standards. भारतीय कानून और वै��क मानकों के आधार पर ही डाटा को अ� सं �ानों के साथ साझा िकया जाएगा
⇒ Awareness program about data privacy. डाटा �नजता के बारे म� जन जागृ�त अ�भयान
🤩🤩Conclusion? NDHM will help providing access to inclusive, affordable, and safe healthcare to the
people of India. This will greatly help in SDG goals.... रा��ीय िड�जटल �ा� �मशन भारत के लोगों के �लए समावेशी,
स�ी और सुर��त �ा� सेवा प�ँ चाने म� मदद करेगा. सतत �वकास ल�ों क� प्रा�� के �लए उपयोगी
61.12.3 👻👻👻👻👻👻Health → E-Sanjeevani telemedicine

⇒ Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) → Centre for Development of
Advanced Computing (C-DAC, Mohali centre) → e-Sanjeevani Tele-Consultation Services
(टेली/दू रसं चार से �चिक�ा परामशर् सेवाएँ ).
⇒ It provides Patient registration, Audio-Video Consultation with a Doctor, ePrescription.
61.12.4 👻👻👻👻👻👻Health Training → iGOT

⇒ HRD Ministry’s ‘Digital Infrastructure Knowledge Sharing’ (DIKSHA) platform for education
and training → inside DISHA, they developed a new portal ‘Integrated Government Online
training’ (iGOT) portal.
⇒ iGOT provides Training modules for Doctors, Nurses, Paramedics, Hygiene Workers,
Policemen, civil servants@Union & State, National Cadet Corps (NCC), and other volunteers for
Corona crisis= ⏫capacity building. �मता �नमार्ण
61.12.5 👻👻👻👻👻👻Health Training → COVID Warrior TRANING

PM launches crash course to train 1 lakh ‘Covid warriors’ in six job roles — Home Care Support,
Basic Care Support, Advanced Care Support, Emergency Care Support, Sample Collection Support,
and Medical Equipment Support. कोरोना के दौरान लोगों क� �चिक�ा, देखभाल, �ा� उपकरणों क� मर�त इ�ािद के �लए
एक लाख लोगों को तालीम दी जाएगी।
61.12.6 👻👻👻👻👻👻👻👻 PM AtmaNirbhar Swasth Bharat Yojana [PMASBY] from 👜👜Budget-2021

कोरोना जैसी नई महामा�रयों को ढू ंढने और इलाज करने के �लए पैसा
⇒ Who? Health Ministry’s Scheme. Tenure? 2021 to 31/3/2026

⇒ Centrally sponsored scheme. State governments also required to contribute money.
⇒ To detect and cure of new and emerging diseases, deal with present and future pandemics.
⇒ Develop Primary, Secondary, And Tertiary Care Health Systems.
⇒ Focus on IT enabled surveillance, Public Health Labs, National Centre for Disease Control etc.
61.12.7 👻👻👻👻👻👻👻👻 PM-Ayushman Bharat Health Infrastructure Mission (PM-ABHIM)

it is the new name of the above scheme - PM AtmaNirbhar Swasth Bharat Yojana.
61.13👻👻 💉💉 📯📯📯📯: CORONA → VACCINATION TIMELINE

⇒ From Jan, 2021: Corona Vaccines for Health workers and front line workers (e.g. policemen)
⇒ From April, 2021: Corona Vaccines for all citizens aged 45 years and above.
⇒ From May 2021: Corona Vaccines for all aged 18 and above.
⇒ From January 2022: Corona Vaccine for teenagers aged 15-18 years
61.14👻👻 💉💉 📯📯📯📯: CORONA → VACCINE PROCUREMENT POLICY 2021
⇒ Which state will receive how much doses from Union Govt? Ans. Depends on 1) population, 2)
disease burden 3) progress of vaccination. [in these three parameters higher the number more
vaccine doses will be given to state] 4) wastage of vaccines= if more wastage in a State then
union will give less doses in future. [क� द्र सरकार क� इस िकस रा� को िकतनी वै�ीन देगी? जवाब= �जन रा�ों म�
आबादी �ादा होगी, रोगप्रकोप �ादा होगा और वै�ीन क� बबार्दी कम रही होगी- उन रा�ों को �ादा कोटा ज�ा �मलेगा]
⇒ For 1st two doses = Every citizen above the age of 18 will be vaccinated free at centres run by the
Centre or a state government. नाग�रकों को क� द्र और रा� सरकार के क� द्रों म� मु� म� टीका लगवाए जाएं गे।
⇒ if person wants to get vaccinated at private centre then Vaccine fee @pvt hospital= Rs 780 for
Covishield, Rs 1,410 for Covaxin; and is Rs 1,145 for Sputnik V. ADD EXTRA Rs. 150 service
charge. और अगर �� चाहे तो �नजी अ�तालों म� भी पैसा देकर टीका लगवा सकते ह�।
⇒ 2022: Govt started ) vaccination for 15-18 years age group teenagers.
61.14.1 💉💉💪💪 Booster Dose / precautionary Dose (2022)

Given free NOT free. You’ve to pay @pvt clinic.
for health workers, frontline workers (e.g. Other persons aged 18/>
policeman) and senior citizens above 60 age. Starting from 2022-April.
61.14.2 Vaccine hesitancy- how to reduce: (टीकाकरण से डर/िहचिकचाहट)

⇒ Govt ⏫ awareness via media channels, radio jockeys, columnists, social media influencers,
celebrities, fact-check videos by key experts to ⏬Corona vaccine hesitancy among people.
(जागृ�त कायर्क्रम – तािक लोग टीका लेने से डरे निह)
⇒ 2021-Nov: A house-to-house mobilisation campaign (Har Ghar Dastak) to identify and
vaccinate those who missed 1st dose through mobile teams named ‘vaccination Toli’ along with
‘prachar Toli’ (घर घर जाकर)
61.14.3 👻👻 💉💉 📯📯📯📯: Corona → Vaccine & Corona medicines pe 0% GST YES OR NO?
Covered in 📑📑Pillar#2: GST.
61.15👻👻👻👻: 💊💊💊💊💊💊: CORONA → HEALTH APPS / PORTAL / ORG
61.15.1 🌐🌐�: COVAX Network to buy vaccine for member countries

⇒ �Boss? World Health Organisation, GAVI (Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunisation),
and the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI).
⇒ Objective? This organisation / alliance buys vaccines for member countries. [ये सं �ा सद� देशों के
�लए कोरोना वेक�सन ख़रीदता है]
⇒ �Controversy? 1) Allegations that it is not making enough efforts to get sufficient vaccines for
the poor countries. 2) Punjab state government tried to buy vaccines from it but COVAX
denied saying we deal only with union government and not state governments.
61.15.2 👻👻👻👻💉💉: CoWIN (Covid Vaccine Intelligence Work) App & Portal
⇒ �Boss? Health ministry’s National Health Authority (NHA, same organization also looks after
PM-JAY ₹5lakh health insurance)
⇒ COWIN App & Portal helps people to register for vaccination slot and download the vaccine
certificate. [टीकाकरण के �लए पं जीकरण और प्रमाण पत्र उपल� करता है]
⇒ IF person does not have Aadhaar card then he can register with other documents like voter ID,
driving license, etc.[आधार काडर् आव�क नहीं]
⇒ 2021: PM Modi declared COWIN will be given Open source/free to all the nations, so other
nations don’t have to spend ₹₹ on developing similar software/app. [अ� देशों को मु� म� सो�वेयर द�गे]
Table 3: don't loose sleep
COVAID ⇒ �Boss? NITI Aayog webportal (covaid.niti.gov.in)

[�चिक�ा उपकरण to facilitate the import/Donation of Corona relief material into India by
व�ुएँ दान देने के domestic and foreigers. e.g. Oxygen Cylinders, Oxygen Concentrators,
�लए] Ventilators, Rapid Detection Kits, Remdesivir etc.
🤳🤳🤳🤳 Department of Consumer Affairs monitors health-safety guidelines @retail
Suraksha Store stores, with help of tech-startups Safejob and Seekify. These tech-startups
initiative provide online training to kirana shop owners about Corona safety guidelines.
🤳🤳🤳🤳 ⇒ uses Bluetooth technology and GPS location data to track people infected
Aarogya Setu with Corona / came in close contact with infected patients.
2020-April ⇒ Developed by National Informatics Centre (NIC, under MEITY) with help
of NITI Aayog & private sector IT experts.
😰😰Controversy? Privacy / hacking / misuse of data. (नाग�रकों क� �नजता पर खतरा)
🤳🤳😷😷 Ministry of Science & Technology → CSIR → AarogyaPath Supply Chain
AarogyaPath Portal gives info about real-time availability of masks, PPE (Personal Protective
2020 Equipment), medicines and other critical healthcare supplies for Corona
Health Ministry →National Health Authority portal for Corona vaccine
Co-WIN
distribution/supply chain management, monitoring adverse/side effect etc.
Mission COVID Atma-Nirbhar: Ministry of Sci & Tech → Department of Biotechnology
Suraksha (DBT) given ₹900 cr to help companies develop Corona Vaccine😷😷😷😷
Niti Aayog & Dept of Biotechnology's Consortium for Affordable & Rapid
😷😷Project Card
Diagnostics (CARD) to ⏫ Indian production of coronavirus testing kits.
📊📊📊📊 Oxford University to how strict a country's Corona lockdown measures were.
Stringency Marks: 0 to 100 (100 = strictest). Scoring changes with time. E.g India <20 in
Index January, but 100 during March-April. िकस देश ने िकतने कठोर तालबं धी के कदम उठाए।
61.15.3 💊💊😷😷 → Health: Corona related Drugs/Kits
Table 4: don't loose sleep.
Diganostic kit: Corona Self Diagnostic kit developed by Defence Research and Development
DIPCOVAN Organisation's Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS)
laboratory. Can give result in 75 minutes & cost ₹75. This will be commercially
launched Delhi-based Vanguard Diagnostics company. डीआरडीओ द्वारा कोरोनावायरस
का घर पे ही �-परी�ण के �लए नई क�ट का �नमार्ण. ₹75 म� �मलेगी पर 75 �मनट म� नतीजा देगी
Corona Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)'s new oral drug 2-
Medicines: deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) drug can provide early relief from oxygen
2DG dependency among the Corona patients. Drugs Controller General of India
(DCGI) granted emergency use permission to it. कोरोना मरीज यह दवाई मुंह से लेगा तो
उसे ऑ�ीजन क� ज�रत कम होगी.
Amphotericin- ⇒ Myucomercosis is a black fungal infection occurring as a post-coronavirus
B complication. result in loss of vision if not treated immediately.
FOR ⇒ Excessive use of steroids in diabetes patients increases their vulnerability.
Mucormycosis ⇒ Myucomercosis is not contiguous from one person to another but, fungus
is present in a closed area and enters the respiratory system through air.
⇒ Antifungal injection Amphotericin-B required
Remdesivir This Anti-viral injection is meant to be used for critical/severe case of Corona.
But excessively prescribed even in normal cases → supply shortage of
injection and its black marketing. [अनाव�क �प से दे दनादन सभी मरीज़ों को दी गई �जसके
चलते स�ाई/आपू�त म� कमी �ई थी और कालाबाज़ारी म� शु� �ई थी]
61.16💊💊📯📯📯📯 → HEALTH: MISC. SCHEMES (�व�वध गौण योजनाए)
Pradhan Mantri सभी रा�ों म� ए� जेसे अ�ताल बनाओ योजना Central Sector Scheme: 100% funded by
Swasthya Union to ⏬regional imbalance in Healthcare infrastructure of India by
Suraksha 1. Setting up new AIIMS like Institutions
Yojana 2. Upgrading Government Medical Colleges.
Rashtriya Health Ministry gives ₹ ₹ for BPL patient suffering from major life threatening
Arogya Nidhi diseases to get FREE treatment at super specialty hospitals from this RAN fund
National Health Ministry to monitor
Pharmacovigila ⇒ Adverse Drugs Reactions (ADR: दवा क� प्र�तकू ल प्र�तिक्रया),
nce Programme ⇒ Spurious/Fake drugs. (�मलावटी / नकली दवा)
Deworming Children given Albendazole tablets, awareness, cleanliness etc. [कृ �महरण]
Atal Jai Science Ministry → Dept of Biotechnology launched this with 5 sub-missions:
Anusandhan 1. GARBH-ini: A research mission to find out reasons for for pre-term /
Biotech premature births. So such babies can be saved accordingly.
Missions 2. IndCEPI: A Mission to develop affordable vaccines for endemic diseases.
2019 3. UNaTI: to transform health, agro & energy e.g. research on bio-fortified
and protein rich wheat.
4. Mission on Antimicrobial Resistance
5. innovative technological for the Swachch Bharat mission
Boss? Ministry of Ayush
- Core Scheme (Not 100% funded by Union)
National Ayush
- Encourage the use of AYUSH medicine, setup new colleges, setup new
Mission (2014)
hospitals, increase manpower etc.
- Encourage Medicinal plants cultivation, ensure quality control of drugs
PM Vrikshayush Ayush Ministry scheme for medicinal plants’ cultivation and post-harvest
Yojana management (कटाई के बाद का प्रबं धन)
Ayush Ministry portal for online licensing of Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani and
🤳🤳 Homoeopathy drugs. It’ll also provide information of cancelled and spurious
e-AUSHADHI
drugs.
⇒ BHUVAN-YOGA: ISRO app to know about how many people participated
🤳🤳Yoga Apps International Yoga day across different venues.
⇒ Yoga Locator: to find venues for International Yoga day.
⇒ 21 June: Day of Yoga (started since 2015, by UNGA)
🤳🤳Imp. Days ⇒ 4th January: Siddha Day. Ayush Ministry started this from 2018.
⇒ 1 Dec: World AIDS Day.
Disease � �ES22: India has eliminated eliminating polio, guinea worm disease, yaws
eliminiated and maternal tetanus and neonatal tetanus.
61.16.1 💊💊✍→ Conclusion-Template-Health? (�न�षर्)
- People can lead socially and economically productive life only when they have a good health. अ�े
�ा� के �बना मनु� सामा�जक और आ�थक �प से उ�ादक जीवन नहीं जी सकता।
- Preventable illness / death of a father / mother may push a family into poverty, students into
child labourers, adolescents into juvenile delinquents. बीमारे म� मा-बाप क� मृ�ु एक प�रवार को गरीबी म�, ब�ों
को बाल मजदू रों म�, िकशोरों को अपराध-जगत म� धके ल सकती है।
- Universal health coverage is therefore a prerequisite for human development. Else, India's
economic growth will neither be sustained or secured for long term. �ा� सेवाओं का सावर्�त्रक �प से
�मलना मानव �वकास क� पूवर् शतर् है, वरना वृ�द्ध दीघर्कालीन �प से / सतत �प से चल नहीं पाएगी।
- Aforementioned schemes / initiatives / challenges are important in that regard / need to be
addressed on priority basis / war-footing. ऊकत योजनाओ/ सम�ाओ को अग्रताक्रम देकर लागू करना / लड़ना ज�री
61.17🍴🍴 HRD → HEALTH → HUNGER, MALNUTRITION, FOOD SECURITY
- Hunger =distress arising from insufficient calorie / food intake. (भूख: भोजन न �मलने पर होने वाली पीड़ा )
- Malnutrition is the deficiency arising from insufficient calories and / or insufficient nutrients in
a person’s diet. (कु पोषण: अपयार्� भोजन / पोषक त�ों के चलते होंने वाला शारी�रक अभाव /सम�ा)
- खाद्य सुर�ा Food security means the availability of nutritious food at stable & affordable prices
round the year for all the people. (��र / िकफायती दामों पर पूरे साल पोषण�म आहार/भोजन �मलना )
SDG Goal#2 requires India to end hunger & achieve food security.
Food security Pillar What has India done to achieve it?
food should be available in  Union: MSP, fertilizer subsidy, PM-KISAN
sufficient quantity at all times and  States: cheap canal water and electricity to farmers.
at all places [पयार्� मात्रा म� भोजन �मले  Together, they encourage farmers to produce more
सबको] grains.
Food should be affordable To Through National Food Security Act (NFSA), Govt provides
poor people. िकफायती दामों गरीबों को cheap grain to poor.
�मले
Food should be nutritious to Through Poshan Abhiyan, Mid-day meal, Integrated-Child
ensure healthy development of Development Services (ICDS) and half dozen other schemes,
body of mind. पोषणयु�, शरीर म�� Govt ensures nutritious food to children & women.
�वकास
In food prices and supply must be FCI keeps ‘buffer-stock’ of grains. It can be sold to open
stable. खा� चीजों म� दामों म� ��रता रहे market or distributed among people during high inflation,
natural disaster etc. (More in 📑📑Pillar#4A: agri)
61.17.1 🍴🍴 �[YEARBOOK] Min. of Consumer Affairs, Food & Public Distribution
उपभो�ा मामले, खाद्य और सावर्ज�नक �वतरण मं त्रालय consists of <notable organizations are >
Dept − Dept. of Consumer Affairs → Integrated Grievance Redress Mechanism
(INGRAM) portal for consumer complaints.
− Dept. of Food and Public Distribution
Attached / − Directorate of Sugar and Vegetable Oils → National Sugar Institute
subordinate offices − Indian Grain Storage Management & Research Institute
Statutory Bodies − Warehousing Development and Regulatory Authority (2007)
(we learned them − National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission
in 📑📑Pillar#4A) − Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS)- ISI & Gold hallmarking
− + enforcement of Essential Commodities Act, 1955
Commercial − Food Corporation of India (FCI-statutory corporation, 1964)
Undertakings − Central Warehousing Corporation (Statutory corporation, 1962)
− Central Railside Warehouse Company Limited
− Hindustan Vegetable Oils Corporation Limited
Autonomous N/A or not MCQ worthy.
61.17.2 🍴🍴📯📯📯📯 → Hunger → Schemes before NFSA
TPDS-1997 Targeted Public Distribution System (ल��त सावर्ज�नक �वतरण प्रणाली )
- Panchayats, Self-help Groups, Co-operatives, Individuals are given
‘license’ to open fair price shops / PDS shops.
- Beneficiaries can buy subsidized grains, fuel (kerosene) etc. from such
shops using their ‘ration card’.
AAY-2000 - Antyodaya Anna Yojana to give 35 kg subsidized grains per poorest of
poor family per month. Price: ₹ 2/kg wheat and ₹ 3/kg rice.
NFSA-2013 National Food Security Act 2013 converted above scheme entitlements into
‘legal rights’. ऊकत योजनाओ म� �मलने वाली चीजों को कानूनन हक म� प�रव�तत िकया।
61.17.3 🍴🍴📯📯📯📯 → Hunger → National Food Security Act 2013 (खाद्य सुर�ा कानून)
- aims to provide subsidized food grains to poor families. स�ी क�मतों पर गरीब प�रवारों को भोजन /अ� देना
- Boss? Dept of Food and Public Distribution (खाद्य और सावर्ज�नक �वतरण का �वभाग)
- Union procures grains from farmers at Minimum Support Price (MSP: �ूनतम समथर्न मू�, Ref:4A).
- Union sells the grains to States at Central Issue Price (CIP: क� द्रीय �नगर्म मू�). Quantitative allotment
to each state is done on the basis of number of beneficiaries.
- NFSA Act requires that CIP can’t be greater than MSP.
- Food Subsidy = FCI’s Economic Cost MINUS Central Issue Price (CIP)
- States ultimately sell the grains to beneficiary through Fair Price Shops/Ration Shops/ Public
Distribution System/PDS Shops. (राशन क� दुकान�)
- It’s a Central Sector Scheme. Budget-2019 allotted >₹ 1.50 lakh crore for this.
- States shortlist the beneficiaries & sell them foodgrains in such manner that
- ~2/3rd =67% Indian population is covered, including
- 75% rural population is covered (तीन-चौथाई ग्रामीण आबादी को शा�मल िकया)
- 50% urban population is covered. (आधी शहरी आबादी को शा�मल िकया)
- Thus, both BPL and (slightly) above poverty line (APL) families are covered. गरीबी रेखा के नीचे/ऊपर
- These beneficiaries are entitled to grains at subsidized rate, through PDS shops →
Rice ₹ 3/kg
Wheat ₹ 2/kg These prices are fixed by Union. Union
Coarse grains ₹ 1/kg may update these subsidized prices, but
not higher than MSP.
Total quota per beneficiary per month 5 kg
 If State / UT doesn’t want the administrative burden of providing grains in PDS shop at above
price, they may do Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT: प्र�� ह�ांत�रत लाभ) to beneficiaries so they can
purchase @market prices (such as ₹ 35/kg rice, ₹24/kg wheat). Chandigarh, Puducherry, Dadra
& Nagar Haveli adopted this route. [खुद अनाज नहीं दे सकते तो बाजार से खरीद ने के �लए पैसा दे दो गरीब को]
 If State / UT can’t provide food within stipulated time / quantity then they’ve to pay food
security allowance (खाद्य सुर�ा भ�ा) to the beneficiaries.
 Beneficiary can complaint at district & state level. States required to form State Food
Commissions for monitoring / implementation.
 For women empowerment: The eldest woman in the household (aged 18/>) shall be considered
the head of the household for issuing ration card. (घर क� सब से बुजुगर् मिहला के नाम पर राशन काडर् बने)
 Pregnant and lactating mothers (upto 6 months) are eligible for
- "Take home ration" of 600 Calories.
- entitled to a free meal at the local Anganwadi (including their 0-6 years child)
- Maternity benefits of min. ₹ 6,000, in instalments. (Ref: PM Matru Vandana Yojana in
previous section.)
 6-14 aged children entitled to one free hot meal or ‘take home rations’ in Govt schools (Ref: Mid
Day Meal Scheme under Education section). [ब�ों को �ू ल म� खाना �मले]
🔠🔠❓MCQ. Find correct statement(s) about National Food Security Act, 2013 (UPSC-Pre-2018)
1. The families coming under category of 'below poverty line (BPL)' only are eligible to receive
subsidised food grains.
2. The eldest woman in a household, of age 18 years or above, shall be the head of the household for
the purpose of issuance of a ration card.
3. Pregnant women and lactating mothers are entitled to a 'take-home ration' of 1600 calories per
day during pregnancy and for six months thereafter.
Codes: (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 3 only
61.17.4 🍴🍴📯📯📯📯:💳💳 → Hunger → NFSA → One Nation One Ration Card

सामा� �प से राशन काडर् क� सु�वधा �ान- आधा�रत होती है, यानी मुंबई म� बनाया गया राशन काडर् लखनऊ म� स�ा अनाज ख़रीदने के
�लए इ�ेमाल नहीं कर सकते। “ एक रा�� एक राशन काडर् प्रणाली” क� जहाँ प्रवासी मज़दू र को एसी सु�वधा �मले। िक�ु कु छ रा�ों ने
अभी तक यह प्रणाली नहीं अपनायी तो नाराज़ सुप्रीम कोटर् ने उ�� 31 जुलाई तक का समय �दया।
😰😰BEFORE 🤩🤩AFTER
⇒ Generally ration card is made in the name ⇒ WILL BE ABLE TO DO IT.
of a family and it is location specific. ⇒ Project started from 2019 but in 2021: Four
⇒ So, if a migrant worker has got a ration card states were yet to join the scheme —
in Mumbai → he cannot use it for buying Assam, Chhattisgarh, Delhi and West
cheap grains at Pune (Intrastate) or Bengal. : SUPREME Court ordered all
Lucknow (Interstate). governments to implement this by a
deadline July 31, 2021.
Thus, ONORC aims to provide inter-state and intrastate portability of public distribution system
(PDS) / National Food security act (NFSA) entitlement. It functions using two portals:
Boss? Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food & Public Distribution:
🖱🖱IMPDS Integrated Management of Public Distribution System (IMPDS) ) to implement

portal national level portability.
🖱🖱Annavitran to display the sales data of subsidized foodgrains bought through e-Point of Sale
Portal (e-PoS) devices. राशन क� दुकानों पर स�े अनाज क� �बक्र� के आँकड़े
61.17.5🍴🍴📯📯📯📯 Hunger → Food distribution reforms taken by Govt
 Global Positioning System (GPS) and Radio-frequency identification (RFID) based real time
vehicle tracking system for trucks used to transport subsidised food grains. It curbs the menace
of diversion of subsidized food grains in black market. (राशन अनाज �वतरण प्रणाली म� जीपीएस का प्रयोग से
कालाबाजारी के अवसरमे कमी)
 electronic Point of Sale (ePoS) devices are being installed at Fair Price Shops (FPSs). This helps
tracking the distribution of food in a more systematic manner.
 Aadhaar Number helps removing duplicate / ghost / dead beneficiaries.
 Toll-free helpline.
61.17.6 🍚🍚💪💪 Fortification of Rice (चावल क� िकलेबंदी)

 Rice fortification involves artificially adding extra vitamins & micronutrients such as Iron, Folic
Acid, and Vitamin B12 in rice before supplying to customer. PM announced to finish this by
2024. (ग्राहक को चावल देने से पहले उसम� अ�त�र� �वटा�मन और पोषक द्र� डालना)
61.17.7 🍴🍴📯📯📯📯 Hunger → NFSA → 📔📔📔📔ES20 says ⏬number of beneficiaries
⇒ NFSA provides grains at heavily subsidized price to 67% of Indian population. We should reduce
the number of beneficiaries to bottom-20% poorest Indians. (�सफर् एकदम गरीब लोगों को लाभ दो।)
⇒ For ‘relatively less poor’ people, Govt shd charge slightly higher prices.(जो कम गरीब है उनहे थोड़ा मं हगा)
⇒ We should also explore Conditional Cash Transfer Schemes, wherein poor families are given
money to buy (non-subsidized) foodgrains from the market. This will ⏬ FCI’s procurement
and stock keeping burden. (सशतर् नकदी ह�ांतरण योजनाएं : प�रवार बाजार भावों पर अ� खरीद ले)
61.17.8 👻👻👻👻🍴🍴📯📯📯📯 Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana (PMGKAY)- free grains in
Corona
⇒ Corona → Atma-Nirbhar → PMGKAY: 80 crore poor people will to get 5 kg [wheat or rice] + 1
kg of pulses for free every month for the next three months.
⇒ Boss? Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food & Public Distribution → FCI → releases the
foodgrains to State government. Funding: ₹1.5 lakh crores
⇒ Duration? Phase-1: from April to June 2020. Phase-2: July to November 2020. Then in 2021:
Scheme is extended, but only 5kg grain given, no pulses given. [दू सरे चरण म� दाल नहीं, के वल अनाज द�गे]
⇒ This scheme is valid till 2022-Sept.
61.17.9 👻👻👻👻🍴🍴📯📯📯📯 Corona: other initiatives for cooking / hunger?

 �ATMANI→ PM GaribKalyan → Free monthly LPG cylinder to PM-Ujjwala beneficiaries for
next 3 months. (Ref: Pillar#5A: energy)
 �
ATMANI→ �If a migrant is not covered under the National Food Security Act (NFSA) or
unable to get food because he does not have a ration card….then, State Government will
distribute (5kg grain per person + 1 kg chana per family) per month x for 2 months. Union will
bear its full cost. [प्रवासी मजदू र के पास भले राशन काडर् न हो, उसे अनाज िदया जाए]
 � One Nation One Ration Card to be implemented across India by 2021-March. (At present
only 20 States have done it) → Then migrants will be able to get NFSA’s subsidized food at any
place, irrespective of whether his name entered in given State’s ratio card database or not.
61.17.10 🍴🍴📯📯📯📯 → Hunger → Malnutrition (कु पोषण) → Poshan Abhiyaan (2018)
With National Food security act, India achieved ‘food security’ but not nutritional security, because
malnutrition is caused by →
1. Income Inequality: Poor people unable to buy milk / veggies / almonds. Since ~21% of Indian
population is Below Poverty Line (2011), this is bound to happen. (आय म� असमानता)
2. Gender Inequality: Women eating last and least. >1/3rd of Indian women have low Body Mass
Index (BMI) (मिहलाओ से भेदभाव)
3. Social Inequality: SC/ST etc deprived of economic opportunities → unable to buy good food.
(सामा�जक असमानता- अनुसू�चत जाती/जनजा�त के प�रवार गरीबी के चलते अ�ा भोजन ले नहीं पाते)
4. Water-sanitation-disease e.g. open defecation → worms in intestine, enteropathy. (गं दगी, अंतड़ी म�
कृ �म/सूजन)
5. Psychological issues e.g. Anorexia nervosa: person fears gaining weight so avoids eating. Social
media/instagram → insecurity about weight gain & body image. (मनोवै�ा�नक कारण। अपने
�प/सुं दरता/बाहरी िदखाव के �लए असुर�ा क� भावना )
6. Dietary habits: Vegetarians suffer from protein deficiency, according to Western scientists.
(शाकाहार के चलते शरीर म� प्रोटीन क� कमी)
To address above problems, Govt. launched ….
2018: National Nutrition Mission = POSHAN = Prime Minister’s Overarching Scheme for Holistic
Nutrition. Motto: Sahi Poshan, Desh Roshan
- Boss? Ministry of Women and Child Development (मिहला एवं बाल �वकास मं त्रालय)
- Core Scheme (Not 100% funded by Union). 60:40, 90:10. Union will arrange its side of money-
half from budget and half from World Bank (IBRD) and other Multilateral Development Banks
(MDBs).
- Iron Folic Acid (IFA)tablets, nutritious food in Anganwadi / Schools, convergence with ongoing
schemes for women/child, Online monitoring, IEC awareness generation, E-learning, even Yoga.
- Bharatiya Poshan Krishi Kosh (BPKK) database of diverse crops across 128 agro-climatic zones
in India for better nutritional outcomes.
- Poshan Anthem song by Prasoon Joshi and Shankar Mahadevan.
- Rashtriya Poshan Mah – celebrated every year in the Month of September.
Objective & Indicators Target
1) Stunting in 0-6 group (presently all India average above 35%) Reduce to 25% by 2022 (=
In Bihar & Madhya Pradesh etc. it’s >40% Mission25 by 2022)
2) Stunting (low height for age), undernutrition, low- Reduce by 2% every year upto
birthweight. 31/3/2020
3) Anemia (र�ा�ता) in 0-6 age children, adolescent girls, Reduce by 3% every year upto
women. 31/3/2020
- Anaemia is a condition when blood doesn’t have enough Red
Blood Cells (RBC) or Haemoglobin → Blood unable to
transport enough Oxygen → Fatigue.
- Anemia results from poor diet, malaria etc. or genetic
disorders- sickle cell disease, Thalassamia.
- >½ of Pregnant women suffer from Anaemia in India.
61.17.11 🕵🕵Poshan → National Council on India's Nutrition Challenges

Govt setup it to oversee Poshan Abhiyan. (भारत के पोषण सं बंधी चुनौ�तयों पर रा��ीय प�रषद)
- Chairman: Vice Chairman of NITI Ayog
- Members:) NITI Ayog CEO (IAS) | Union ministers of Women and child development,
drinking water and sanitation, Tribal Affairs, rural development etc. | CM / their representatives
from selected (=backward) states on rotation basis.| secretary rank officers from Health Ministry
61.17.12 🍴🍴📯📯📯📯 → Hunger → Malnutrition (कु पोषण) → Mission Poshan 2.0 (2021)
💼💼Budget-2021: we will launch Mission Poshan 2.0 by merging following two schemes
1) Poshan Abhiyan Learned in above section.

2) Supplementary - a subscheme of Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS)
Nutrition Scheme - Gives hot cooked meals and/or take home ration (rice, wheat flour,
(अनुपूरक पोषण योजना) kabuli chanaa, rajma, eggs, soyabean, jaggery, biscuit etc for to
children (6 months to 6 years), Pregnant Women, Lactating Mothers
and out-of-school Adolescent Girls (11-14 years).
Above scheme#1 + scheme#2 merged → Mission Poshan 2.0 (2021) under Women-Child Ministry
with following features: �मशन पोषण के िद्वतीय चरण के िदशा �नद�श जारी िकए गए।
 Take-home rations [घर ले जाने के �लए अनाज दाल इ�ािद राशन द�गे]
 Focus is on the 1,000 days between a mother’s pregnancy and her child’s second birthday. मिहला
के गभार्धान से लेकर ब�े के दू सरे ज� िदन तक के कु ल �मलाकर 1000 िदनों म� पोषण पर जोर िदया जाएगा
 � Poshan Tracker Portal: to moniter — pregnant women, lactating mothers, children and
adolescents. � Boss? Women-Child Ministry. माता, ब�ों और िकशोरीओ के कु पोषण क� �नगरानी के �लए।
 � Poshan Gyan Portal: national digital repository / knowledge bank / Wikipedia type thing on
nutrition. � Boss? NITI Aayog, in partnership with Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation etc orgs.
What about free meal in schools? Ans. Refer Pillar6B: → HRD Education
🔠🔠❓MCQ. objectives of ‘National Nutrition Mission’ are _ _ _ .?(Asked in UPSC-Pre-2017)

1. To create awareness relating to malnutrition among pregnant women and lactating mothers.
2. To reduce the incidence of anaemia among young children, adolescent girls and women.
3. To promote the consumption of millets, coarse cereals and unpolished rice.
4. To promote the consumption of poultry eggs.
Codes: (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 1, 2 and 3 only (c) 1, 2 and 4 only (d) 3 and 4 only
61.17.13 🍴🍴🍴🍴 → Ranking: Global Hunger Index (GHI: वै��क भूख/�ुधा सूचकांक)
Annual reported by Concern Worldwide (Ireland) and Welthungerhilfe (Germany). Previously this
report was prepared by IFPRI (International Food Policy Research Institute).
To compute the GHI, they measure four indicators:
1. Undernourishment: Population whose caloric intake is insufficient
2. Child wasting: low weight for height.
3. Child stunting: low height for age. caused by (chronic) long-term insufficient nutrients
4. Child mortality (0-5 age)
�India’s rank fallen: 94th (2020) → 101st (2021). We are behind Pakistan, Bangladesh and Nepal.
Although NITI Aayog defends, “International surveys’ methodologies are faulty, otherwise as per
Indian Govt’s own surveys there has been improvement in India.” (वै��क / आंतररा�ी� य सं �ाओ के �गनती करने
के तरीकों म� ही गलती है, हम गलत नहीं है)
61.17.14 🍴🍴🍴🍴 → Ranking: Food/Hunger ke 500 Types/Jaat-ke-Reports

World’s Children report By UNICEF. Highlighted that in India, every second child is
affected by some form of malnutrition (2019)
Global Nutrition Report Nutrition for Growth (N4G) is partnership between the United
Kingdom, Brazil and Japan governments + donors + NGOs →
based on their 2013’s summit, group of experts started this annual
report. It doesn’t give a composite ‘rank’ but generates ‘profile’.
India is profiled as a nation suffering from anaemia and stunting.
State of Food Security and Annual report by Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO),
Nutrition in the World WHO & a few other org.
report It uses the Food Insecurity Experience Scale developed by FAO.
Food Waste Index Report By United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). Found that
2021 [अ� बबार्दी सूचकांक] 50 kg of food is waste/thrown away per person every year in
Indian homes. Food Waste → Landfill → GHG Emission
Hunger Hotspots Report By Food and Agriculture Organisation and World Food
Programme. Identified Ethiopia, Madagascar, Yemen, South
Sudan and Nigeria for hunger problems.
Global Food Security Index By less-famous body London-based Economist Impact. So poor
cost benefit in memorising the India's ranking
🔠🔠❓MCQ. Which indicator(s) is/are used in Global Hunger Index Report?(Pre-2016)
1) Undernourishment 2) Child stunting 3) Child mortality
Codes: (a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1, 2 and 3 (d) 1 and 3 only
61.17.15 🍴🍴🍴🍴 ✍→ Conclusion-Template-Hunger? (�ुधा - �न�षर्)

⇒ Hunger elimination / Nutritional security is fundamental for human dev. Malnutrition in
women ⏫ IMR & MMR. (मानव �वकास, भुखमरी, बाल/मातृ मृ�ु दर- इन सब अनुसंधानों म� कु पोषण से लड़ना ज�री)
⇒ A malnourished person cannot pursue education, economic opportunities or have a long life
expectancy. (कु पो�षत �� न तो �श�ा यो��प से ग्रहण कर पाएगा, न हीं आ�थक अवसरों का लाभ यो��प से ले सकता है)
⇒ So, SDG Goal #2: to end all forms of hunger & malnutrition by 2030. Aforementioned schemes /
initiatives / challenges imp / need to be addressed on priority basis. (अग्रता क्रम से लड़ना ज�री)
Next Handout📑📑
 #6B: Education, Skill Development. #6C: Poverty.
 #6D: Women & other Weaker Section, UNDP, HDI, SDG
 Mains Qs of Pillar6 = at the end of Handout No. 6C

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PILLAR#6A-DEMOGRAPHY, HEALTH AND HUNGER

1) Both Prelims and Mains ka maal in one handout.

60 👫👫HRD → POPULATION CENSUS (जनगणना)

60.1.2 🕵🕵🔢🔢Census → Demand for OBC Caste Census

Group Until 1931 Census 1941 Census 1951-2011

60.1.3 🕵🕵🔢🔢Census → Demand for OBC Caste Census → OBC Sub-categorization

60.1.6 👫👫x👫👫=🌩🌩💀💀Malthusian Theory of Population Growth

Indicators Census-2011 definitions

Push factors [ध�ा देनेवाले कारक]

60.3 💊💊💉💉💉💉 DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS: 500 JAAT KE REPORTS

60.3.1 💊💊💉💉💉💉 NITI’s “Healthy States, Progressive India”/Heath Index

60.3.2 💊💊💉💉💉💉 National Family Health Survey (NFHS)

🔠🔠❓MCQ. Find wrong statement(s) about sex composition? (CDS2019-II-Q75.)

60.4 👫👫↘ 📜📜:🧔🧔NATIONAL POPULATION POLICY 2000 (रा�ी� य जनसं �ा नी�त)

60.5 📔📔📔📔 ES19: INDIAN DEMOGRAPHY @2040- POLICY SUGGESTIONS

60.5.1 �<��Demographic Changes (जनसां��क� प�रवतर्न) and Education

60.5.2 �<��Demo Changes: Working-Age Population (कायर्शील आयु क� जनसं �ा)

60.5.3 �<��Demographic Changes and Health Care Facilities (�ा� सु�वधा)

60.5.4 �<�� Demographic Changes and: Retirement Age (�नवृ�� आयु)

61 💊💊 HRD → HEALTH (�ा�)

�ा� एवं प�रवार क�ाण मं त्रालय consists of <following notable orgs..>

🔠🔠❓Match the following list (CDS2019-II-Q108.)

61.1.5 💊💊 📜📜:🧔🧔 → National Health Policy 2017 (रा��ीय �ा� नी�त)

61.1.6 💊💊 📜📜:🧔🧔 → National Policy for Rare Diseases-2020

61.3 💊💊📯📯📯📯 → CHEAP MEDICINE → PM BHARTIYA JANAUSHADI PARIYOJANA

61.4 💊💊📯📯📯📯 → NATIONAL HEALTH MISSION (2005: रा�ी� य �ा� �मशन)

SDG Goal#3 requires- मातृ मृ�ुदर और बाल मृ�ुदर म� कमी करना

61.5.1 🤰🤰🤰🤰📯📯📯📯 → Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS-1975)

🔠🔠❓MCQ. 'Janani Suraksha Yojana' Program aims to: (Asked in UPSC-Pre-2012)

PM Matru Vandana Installment #2 → ₹2k

PM Matru Vandana Installment #3 → ₹2k

Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY) ONLY IF BPL women → ₹1k

🎓🎓Homework: Corona related updates: EXCEL File Mrunal.org/Current

61.6 💊💊💊🦸🦸 → ADOLESCENT BOYS AND GIRLS (िकशोर)

Table 2: पुरानी योजनाए, �ादा नींद खोने क� ज�रत नहीं है

Sr Umbrella Scheme Schemes included Amt 2021

61.6.2 Saksham Anganwadis in 👜👜🥻🥻Budget-2022

What is the meaning of above mindmap? Ans. Already taught in Pillar1D.

61.7.2 🍋🍋Pradhan Mantri Swasthya Suraksha Nidhi (PMSSN) 2021-March

61.7.3 💸💸💸🍽🍽15th FC: Sector Specific Grants (�ेत्र-�व�श� अनुदान)-Health

(More in 📑📑Pillar#2B) Report#2: (2021-26) Amount

Additional Recommendations by 15th FC on Healthcare

61.8 💊💊📯📯📯📯 → NATIONAL HEALTH MISSION → COMM/NON-COMM DISEASES

61.8.2 🌴🌴[🦇🦇 🐷🐷]🤒🤒 Communicable Diseases: “One Health” approach

61.9.1 🤒🤒🤒🤒🤒🤒ES21: Indian Healthcare Problems:

61.10😷😷📔📔📔📔ES21VOL1CH1- CORONA SAVING LIVES & LIVELIHOOD

61.10.1 😷😷📔📔📔📔Basic Reproduction Number R0

61.10.2 😷😷📔📔📔📔Mitigation versus suppression

61.11📙📙📙📙ES22 BARBELL STRATEGY/AGILE RESPONSE VS WATERFALL STRATEGY

61.11.1 💦💦Waterfall strategy (USA, EU) (झरना/ जल प्रपात रणनी�त)

61.12👻👻👻👻: 💊💊📯📯📯📯 ATMA-NIRBHAR BHARAT → MEDICINE / HEALTH

🎓🎓Homework: Corona science tech / vaccination angles

61.12.3 👻👻👻👻👻👻Health → E-Sanjeevani telemedicine

61.12.4 👻👻👻👻👻👻Health Training → iGOT

61.12.5 👻👻👻👻👻👻Health Training → COVID Warrior TRANING

61.12.6 👻👻👻👻👻👻👻👻 PM AtmaNirbhar Swasth Bharat Yojana [PMASBY] from 👜👜Budget-2021

⇒ Who? Health Ministry’s Scheme. Tenure? 2021 to 31/3/2026

61.12.7 👻👻👻👻👻👻👻👻 PM-Ayushman Bharat Health Infrastructure Mission (PM-ABHIM)

61.13👻👻 💉💉 📯📯📯📯: CORONA → VACCINATION TIMELINE

61.14👻👻 💉💉 📯📯📯📯: CORONA → VACCINE PROCUREMENT POLICY 2021

61.14.1 💉💉💪💪 Booster Dose / precautionary Dose (2022)

61.14.2 Vaccine hesitancy- how to reduce: (टीकाकरण से डर/िहचिकचाहट)