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bnx¿aLr cfnf]kfnf] dGqL x'g],
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c? s]xL gePsf] 7f]sj' f u/]sf 5g\ .
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g]kfn sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ nlntk'/sf] lhNnf
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sfo{qmdnfO{{ ;Daf]wg ub}{ dxf;lrj
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bnfnx¿sf] Joj:yf ePsf] eGb}
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hah{:t aGb's / a'6sf] andf zf;g
ug]{ / bdg ug]{ qmd rln/x]sf] 5 .
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cfsfl;Psf] 5 . gful/sx¿sf] hLjg
;xh 9+un] rNg ;s]sf] 5}g .Ú pgn]
ljb]zL cltqmd0fsf/Lx¿n] b]zdfly
x:tIf] k ul//x] s f] eGb} b] z sf
k|fs[lts >f]t, hn, hl8a'6L /
hldgdfly cfFvf ufl8/x]sf] atfP .
pQm hgklqsfsf] pb\ 3 f6g
sfo{qmdnfO{{ ;Daf]wg ub}{ dxf;lrj
ljKnjn] eg]– …dfgj hfltn] ;~rf/sf]
k|of]u w]/} ;dob]lv ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .
xfd|f k'vf{x¿n] ljleGg tl/sfn] o;sf]
k|of]u ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . ju{x¿sf] pbo
ePb]lv o;n] kIfw/tf lnPsf] 5 .
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k'FhLjfbn] sAhf ug{ vf]h]sf] 5 .
clxn] ;a}eGbf a9L ePsf] qmflGt
;"rgf qmflGt xf] . o;sf] gs/fTds
k|l] /t ug{ g]tf so{stf{nfO{{ lgb]z
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hgtfsf] aLrdf nf]slk|o x'bF } uPsf]
eGb} hgtfx¿ cfˆgf ;d:of /
d'2fx¿ NofP/ cfpg] qmd al9/x]sf]
atfpFb} c;f]h !–* ;Dd sf7df8f}dF f
x' g ] kf6L{ s f] /fli6« o dxflwj] z g
eJo¿kdf ;DkGg ug{sf nflu ;Dk"0f{
g]tf so{qmtfnfO{{ Jofks tof/L ug{ /
e|i6frf/, Pd;L;L, dfgj t:s/,
dflkmofsf lj?4 n8\g / >dlzn tyf
pTkfbgzLn kf6L{ agfpg lgb]z
lbPsf 5g\\ .
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k|of]u ub}{ cfPsf] ;"rgf ;~rf/
k'FhLjfbn] b'¿kof]u ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .
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/ ;~rf/dfly sAhf ug]{ / Gofok|]dL
hgtfdfly bdg ug{ k|of]u ub}{
cfPsf] 5 t/ xfdLn] hgtfsf] kIfdf
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k'FhLjfbn] hgtf / b]zdfly bdg
ul//x]sf] a]nf o;sf] lj?4 nl8/x]sf
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rln/x]sf] 5 . b]zsf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf
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sfd eO/x]sf] 5 . ;fd|fHojfbsf
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pQ/bfoL gx'g] ;d:of uDeL/ 5 .
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ju{;3+ if{sf] l;4fGt 5f]8k] l5 km]l/
klg sDo'lgi6 /fhgLltsf] s'/f ug'{
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dflgPsf dfcf]jfbL s]Gb|sf cWoIf
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sf+ u | ] ; ;F u sfo{ u t Pstf u/] /
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Ps k| s f/n] g] k fnsf] sDo' l gi6
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dfS;{jfbL lrGtg 5fl8;Sg' ePsf
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n8\g] ;~rf/ dfWod rflxPsf] 5 .
hgtfsf] kIfdf n8\g] ;~rf/ If]q
rflxPsf] 5 . hgtfsf] cfsf+IffnfO{{
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bnfnx¿ lj?4 ;~rf/ dfWod
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;~rf/ dfWodx¿n] o;sf] rfs8L
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cfjfh a'nGb ug]5 { . hgtfsf] kIfdf
v/f] 9+un] n8\g]5 . /fHo cft+ssf
lj?4 s'g} klg d"Nodf n8\gk' b{5 .
bnfn k'hF Ljfbsf] lj?4 ;~rf/ If]qn]
n8\g]5 . bnfn k'FhLjfbsf lj?4
nl8/x]sf] a]nf /fHon] xfd|f] kf6L{dfly
k| l taGw nufof] . s} o f} + ;~rf/
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lbPsf lyof} F + . clxn] klg km] l /
k|ltaGw nufpg] k|oTg ul//x]sf] 5 .
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x'gx' G' 5, sof}+ 3fOt] x'gx' G' 5 . k|ltaGw
lj?4 xfdLn] k|lt/f]w ;+3if{ u/]sf
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kIfdf xfdL nl8/x]sf] s;}nfO{{ dg
k/]sf] 5}g . o;sf lj?4 n8\g] ;~rf/
dfWod xfdLnfO{{ rflxPsf] 5 . g]kfnL
hgtfsf] lxtdf h'g;'s} xfntdf
hgtfsf] clwsf/sf] kIfdf
hg;~rf/ plqg' k 5{ . hgtfsf]
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of] cgnfOgn] ug]{5 . oxfFsf n'6
hgo'4n] :yflkt u/]sf s'/fx¿ x'g\ .
pxfFn] )^# kl5 k|r08kynfO{{ lagf
lg0f{o÷ lagf ts{ aLr}df 5fl8lbg'
eof] eg] …k|r08ÚnfO{{ cem} k|of]u
ul//xg' ePsf] 5 . pxfF cfh g]kfnL
sf+ u | ] ; , Pdfn] a f6 km' 6 ] / ag] s f]
PsLs[ t ;dfhjfbL / axfgf agfP/ Pdfn] / dfcf]jfbL
h;kfnufotsf kf6L{x¿sf] ;fydf
hxfF x'g'x'G5, ToxfF …k|r08Úsf] k|of]u
8f= s]zj b]jsf]6f
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u'lh|gk' 5{ / xhf/f} df]rf{x? n8\gk' 5{ .
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kf6L{n] hgtfsf cfdd'2fx?nfO{ g]tT[ j
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g]kfndf Pskl5 csf]{ hgtfsf]
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cfqmf]; / 3[0ff k}bf x'bF } uPsf] atfpb}
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cj;/jfbL vfn] k|jl[ Qx¿ /x]sf 5\g\ .
pgLx¿nfO{{ b]zsf] s'g} rf;f] 5}g .
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k|j[lQx¿ lj?4 n8\g h?/L 5 .
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3'dGt] / duGt]x¿ lj?4 n8\g'k5{ .
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n8\g'k5{ . b]zsf hfnL, km6fxf /
bnfn k'FhLjfbsf lj?4 n8\g'k5{ /
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v]Ng'k5{ . h'g lbg;Dd oxfFsf] bnfn
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a;]/ n8\g'k5{ . o'jfx¿ lg/fz
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j}1flgs ;dfhjfb :yfkgf ug{k' 5{ .
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b]z bnfnx¿n] a]r]/ vfPsf 5g\\ .
k'vf{x¿n] gfnfkfgL / l6i6fdf n8]/
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5 . a}bl] zs x:If]kn] l;df gf3]sf] 5 . Pd;L;L h:tf] kf6L{nfO{ g]tT[ jdf ;dlk{t -g]tT[ j j];_
kf6L{ eGg] ul/G5 . dfS;{ j fbL
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j} 1 flgs ;dfhjfb x' F b } ljZj
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ul/b}5 . t/, o; ljifodf ;/sf/, ;Qfwf/L / ;+;bjfbL bz{gn] k|lzlIft ;zQm sfo{stf{sf]
cfjZostf kb{5 . l;+uf] b]z / ;+;f/
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jt{ d fg kl/k| ] I fdf g] k fnL
/ :jR5 g} l tstf ;+ u 7g / sfo{stf{ cjsf lbgdf :yfkLt ug{'
sfo{stf{kl| t ;dk{0f efj :k:6 jQmf kb{5 . Pstf, ;+3if{ / ?kGt/0fsf]
cfly{s kf/blz{tf g]tfdf x'g' kb{5 ljlwnfO{ c+ufNg' kg],{ lgM:jfy{ 9+un]
clg dfq ljZjf;sf] jftfj/0f cfˆgf] If]qsf] j:t'ut l/kf]6{ kf6L{nfO{
jGb5 . xfdL g]kfnL hgtfx? oxL lbg], hgtfnfO{ ;w}F u'? ;+em]/ kf6L{ /
km;fpg] hfnf]df kl;/x]sf 5f}F . hgtfsf] ldqjt ;DjGw sfod /fvL
g]tfdf x'g' kg]{ s'/f d'Vo u/]/ /fVg] . ;Tosf] ;dy{g ug]{ / c;Tosf]
kIfkftL/lxtsf] x'g' kb{5 . ;+u7gsf] lj/f]w ug]{ dfS;{jfbL dfGotf nfu" ug],{
lgodeGbf dfly geO{ ;+u7gsf] rfs8L / u'6aGbL b'a} gug]{ JolQmut
dftxtdf rNg] x/]s cGt/lj/f]wsf] rl/qsf sfo{stf{x?sf] ckl/xfo{
xn hgjfbL s]lGb|otfsf] ljlwåf/f ug]{ cfhsf] cfjZostf xf] .
Ps k|sf/sf] c;n JolQm x'g cfjZos g]kfn Pp6f o:tf] ;'Gb/ / ljzfn
5 . Pstf ;+3if{ / ?kfGt/0fsf] /fi6« xf] . oxfF ljleGg hfthflt, efiff,
ljlwnfO{ c+ufNg' kg]{ lg:jfy{ 9+un] efifL, e]if, e'iff, ;+:sf/ ;+:s[lt;lxtsf
lkmN8sf] j:t'ut l/kf]6{ kf6L{nfO{ lbg] hgtfx?sf] hdftn] ;lhPsf] b]z xf] .
hgtfnfO{ ;+w} u'? ;+em]/ kf6L{ / oxfF wgL, ul/a, /+u, j0f{ s'g} klg
hgtfsf] ldqjt ;DjGw sfod 5'l§b}g . dfq dflg;x?sf] ;femf
/flv/fVg] vfnsf] g]tT[ j eof] eg] ;fob ;d"xnfO{ hgfpF5 . ToxL hgtfsf]
sfo{stf{ / ;b:ox?nfO{ z+sf ug{' kg]{ aLrdf zf;g ug]{] zf;s ju{ / >d
l:ylt cfpFbg} . ;Tosf] ;dy{g ug]{ / ug]{ zflift ju{ aLrsf] cGt/lj/f]wn]
c;Tosf] lj/f]w ug]{ dfS;{jfbL dfGotf /fhgLlts kf6L{ hGdfPsf] sf/0f hgtf
nfu" ug],{ rfs8L / u'6aGbL b'a} gug]{ hlxn] klg b'O{ ;d"xdf ljefhg ePsf]

cfˆgf] n'6sf] :ju{ sfod /fVg] eg]/ bQlrQ eP/

gª / df;'sf] hlts} glhs / alnof]
x'g cfjZos kb{5 . hj of] ;DjGwdf
yf]/} klg ;d:of cfp5, tj kf6L{
lgjf{rgsf] ldlt 3f]if0ff gx'bF } ;+Vofsf] efua08fdf h'6s
] f ;+u7g, ljrf/, l;4fGt / l;+uf]
5g . nf]stqdf hgtfnfO{ :jtGq ?kdf dtbfg ug]{ kf6L{sf] ;+:yfut ;+/rgfd} b/f/ k}bf
x'G5 . o:tf] x'bF f ;j{xf/f ju{n] cfˆgf]
aftfj/0f agfpg' kg]{df oL ;+;b\jfbL /fhgLlts bn lglb{i6 nIfdf k'Ug ;Sb}g . To;}n]
oxfF g]tT[ j, g]tf, sfo{stf{ / hgtfsf]
/ g]tf u7aGwg ub}{ hgtfnfO{ 3]/faGbLdf kf/]/ cfk"m e"ldsf s] xf] < pgLx? s:tf–s:tf
/ cfˆgf] bnnfO{ lahoL agfpg Gjf/fgb]lvsf] an u'0fn] o'Qm x'gk' b{5 clg dfq lqklIfo
;DjGw alnof] x'G5 . eGg] ljifodf
nufpFb} 5g\ . h'g sfo{n] cfdg]kfnLsf] lz/ lgx'l/g ;fdfGo 1fg /fVg h?/L 5 .
g] t [ T j
k'u]sf] 5 eg] nf]stGqsf] wHhL p8fpg] sfo{ ePsf] ;j{ky| d g]tT[ jsf jf/]df hfGg
5 . h'g Hofb} 3[l0ft / lgGbgLo sfo{ xf] . ;+;b\jfbL h?/L 5 . g]tT[ j eg]sf] s'g} klg
lglZrt ljrf/ / l;4fGtsf] dfu{
/fhgLlts bn / g]tfsf] o; lsl;dsf] xs{taf6 bz{gdf b[9 /xL ;dfhsf] ;fdflhs,
j}rfl/s, /fhg}lgts, bz{g, ;+u7g,
at{dfg ;+;bLo Joj:yfaf6 b]z / hgtfsf] d'lQm ;Dea ;+3if{ cfly{s ljsf;nufot ;du|
5}g egg] k'li6 x'G5 . kIfdf g]tT[ j ug{ ;Sg] ax'kl| tefzfnL
Ifdtf ePsf] JolQmnfO{ a'‰g'kb{5 .
To;sf/0f, b]z / hgtfnfO{ ;+;b\jfbL bn–bnaf6 ;dfhdf g]tfx? lg/Gt/ hlGd/xG5g\
t/ g]tT[ j Ps o'udf Ps k6s dfq
kf/ nufpg g]kfn sDo'lg:6 kf6L{n] eg] h:tf] j}1flgs hlGdG5g\ . Tof] klg Go"g ;+Vofdf .
;dfhjfb :yfkgf ug{' clgafo{ ePsf] 5 . o;sf] lglDt g]tT[ jdf j}rfl/s Ifdtf, ;+u7gfTds
s'zntf, kmf}hL snfn] lgk"0ftf /
;Dk"0f{ ;r]t gful/sn] g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{nfO{ ;fy / j}1flgs pTkfbg ug]{ Ifdtf cflb
cfwf/e"t ?kn] x'g} kg]{ x'G5 . cfh
;xof]u ug{s' f] ljsNk 5}g . cGoyf oL ;+;b\jfbL bn h'g b]z / ;dfhdf 7Ls ;dodf
g] t [ T j hGdg ;s] s f] 5} g Tof]
/ g]tfx?n] b]z / hgtfsf] cl:tTj g} gfd]6 agfOlbg] b]z÷;dfh k5fl8 kg]{ u/]sf] 5 eg]
lglZrt 5 . a]nd} f a'l4 k'¥ofp cGoyf k5'tfpg'afx]s g]tT[ j hGd]sf] b]z ljsf;sf] ce"tk"j{
prfOdf k'Ug] u/]sf] 5 . b]zdf g]tfx?
csf]{ ljsNk x'g] 5}g, r]tgf eof . lg/Gt/ hlGdOP em} g]kfndf klg
g]tfx? cgluGtL hlGdP . af:tjdf
g]tfx?df b'/bzL{ / a}1flgs b[li6sf]0f
tfdfª d'lQm df]rf{sf] cWoIftfdf b'ul{ ;+ tfdfª
sf7df8f} F . g] k fn sDo' l g:6 ;d'bfosf] e"ldsf dxTjk"0f{ x'g]
;"IdbzL{ / ;dfg Jojxf/ ;/n :jefj
/ :k:6 jQmf ;fbf hLjg / pRr
kf6L{sf ;lrjfno ;b:o ljifdsf] atfP . ljrf/ :jR5 g}ltstf b]z / hgtfk|lt
k|dv
' cfltYotfdf ePsf] tfdfª d'lQm e]nfdf g]kfn sDo'lg:6 kf6L{sf ;dlk{t efjgf / ljrf/n] cf]tk|ft]
ePsf] x'g' kb{5 . t/, lj8Djgf xfd|}
bfgf s]=;L=
/fhgLlts g]tfx?n] cfˆgf] JolQmut
:jfy{sf lglDt nflu k/]sf] b]lvG5 .
of] pgLx?sf] :jfy{ dxTjsf+IfL dfq
xf] . o;n] w]/} k/;Dd k'¥ofpFb}g .
o;n] Ifl0fs Pz, cf/fd lbP klg
eljiodf k5'tf] x'G5 . ;j{xf/f juL{o
ljrf/ cyf{ t ;Tosf] kIfdf
b[9tfk"js { pleg] ;w}F kf6L{ ;+u7g,
sfo{stf{ / hgtfsf] kIfdf ;dlk{t
x'g] g]tf g]kfnL hgtfnfO{ cfjZostf
xf] . k|To]s cGt/lj/f]wsf] ;dfwfg
j:t'ut ;Totfdf 6]s]/ ljgfe]befj
;dfgtfsf] cfwf/df xn ug{ ;S5'
kb{5 . ju{ ;+3if{k|lt slxNo} klg
;+emf}tf gug]{ a? d[To'j/0f ug]{ t/
hgtf / /fi6«nfO{ wf]sf glbg] x'g'
kb{5 . oL dflysf s'/fx? g]t[Tjdf
x'g' kg]{ u'0f x'g\ . g]tf eg]sf] g]tT[ j
xf]Og, Pp6f ;Lldt If]qsf ln8/ s'g}
k]zf, Joj;foL, ;fdflhs ;+3;+:yf,
hgjuL{ o ;+ u 7g, df] r f{ , kmf} h L
sdf08/ cyf{t\ s'g} klg vf; ;dosf]
cfGbf]ng ;+3if{ / ljb|fx] af6 pbfPsf]
Ifl0fs ln8/nfO{ g]tf eGb5g\ . g]tf
jGgnfO{ cfˆg} b[li6sf]0f / sfo{lbzf
klg rflxb}g . kf6L{ ;+u7g tyf cfk"m
;Dj4 df] r f{ jf ;+ : yfsf] nIo
p2]ZonfO{ a'em]/ ;f]sf] :k:6 JofVof
ug] { / sfof{ G jo ug{ s f nflu
sfo{stf{nfO{ k|lzlIft ug{ ;Sg]
k| l zIfs aGg ;s] d f g] t f aGg
;Sb5 . To;} n ] ;j{ x f/f juL{ o
;dfhjfbsf] kIfw/ k|To]s sDo'lgi6
kf6L{sf ;b:ox?n] cfk"mnfO{ g]tfdf
ljsf; ug]{ / g]tfaf6 g]tT[ jdf ljsf;
ug{ lg/Gt/ sf]lzif ug{' kb{5 .
;fdflhs cGt/lj/f]w ;DjGwL /fd|f]
1fg cfˆgf] kf6L{ ;+u7gsf] nIo
p2]Zosf jf/]df k"0f{ 1fg ePsf],
vfnsf] g]tf g]kfnL hgtfnfO{ clt x'G5 . Pp6f wgL / csf]{ ul/a . xfdL
cfjZostf v8\ss ] f] 5 . dfS;{jfbLx?n] k|foM ul/a, pTkLl8t
sg} klg j:t', JoflQm jf :yfgsf] / >lds ju{df kg]{ dflg;x?nfO{ ;fFrf]
jf/]df a0f{g ug]x{ f] eg] rf}tkmL{ s'/fx? cy{df hgtf eGg] ub{5f} / ltg} ju{sf]
a'‰g' kb{5 . xfdLn] g]tf / g]t[Tjsf] pTyfg, d'lQm / ;d[l4sf vflt/ ;+3if{
dfq s'/f ubf{ klg vNnf] x'g] ub{5 . ug]{ ub{5f} .
g]tf;Fu;Fu} sfo{stf{ klg ToxL vfnsf] hgtfx? vf; ljrf/ / l;4fGtn]
x' g ' kb{ 5 . g] t [ T jsf] OR5f / n]z x'Fb}gg\ . pgLx?n] s'g kf6L{sf]
g] t [ T jcg' ; f/ sfo{ s tf{ n ] st{ J o ;/sf/n] cfˆgf] b}lgs cfjZostf
lgefPgg\ eg] klg ToxfF ;f:tL v]Kg' k"lt{df ;xh jftfj/0f agfO{ lbG5
kg]{ x'G5 . sfo{stf{n] s'g} lglZrt pxL kf6L{nfO{ cfˆgf] 7fGg] ub{5g\ .
kf6L{sf] Go"gtd / clwstd nIo To;}n] cfhsf] of] jt{dfg b'lgofFdf
p2]ZonfO{ :jLsf/ u/]/ To;sf] k|fKtL ul/a ls;fg, ;j{xf/f >flds ju{x?
/ sfof{Gjogsf vflt/ pQm kf6L{sf] a9L zf;sx?sf] ef]6 a}+ssf ?kdf
ljwfg jdf]lhd ;+ul7t ;b:otf lnO{ pkof]u eO{/x]sf] b]lvG5 . To;}n]
ljleGg txsf] lhDdfdf /xL lgz'Ns dfS;{jfbL bz{gdf ljZjf; ug]{ kf6L{,
/ lg:jfy{ kf6L{sf] sfddf v6\g] g]tf / g]t[Tjn] ;Dk"0f{ pTkLl8tsf]
sfo{stf{ eP kl5 kf6L{ / ;+u7g kmnfd] 9f]sf tf]8\g] ;fFrf] dfS;{jfbL
;b:ox?nfO{ 9'Ss eP/ sfd ug{ ljrf/ wf/faf6 lgb]{lzt sDo'lgi6
pT;flxt x'gu] b{5 . sfo{stf{sf] vf; ;dfhjfbåf/f dfq k|fKt x'G5 eGg]
cy{ of]hgf sfof{Gjog ug]{ b:tf xf], s'/f a'emfpg cfjZos 5 .
hf] ;+ul7t ?kdf x'G5 . s'g} klg hgtfaf6 g] t f, g] t [ T j /
kf6L{sf] gLlt / of]hgfnfO{ dfg]/ Tof] sfo{ s tf{ x ?n] l;Sg' kg] { u' 0 fx?
kf6L{sf] lblUjhosf nflu cufl8 a9\g] pgLx?sf] lg/Gt/ kl/>d /
sfo{stf{x? Tof] /fhg}lts kf6L{sf] b}lgsLaf6 >d ug{ l;Sg' kb{5 .
klxnf] kFh ' L cyf{t zlQm x'g\ . ;+ul7t pgLx? h;/L x'G5 cfTdlge{/ x'G5g\,
sfo{stf{sf] ;xL kl/rfng ljgf s'g} Tof] l;Sg' kb{5 . pgLx? hlxn] klg
klg kf6L{ ljho x'g ;Sb}g . To;}n] kl/jt{glzn x'G5g\, Tof] l;Sg' kb{5 .
g]tf / g]t[Tjn] x/bd ;+ul7t / ;dfh kl/jt{ g sf] h' g ;' s }
;zQm sfo{stf{sf] b:tf /fVg / kl/l:yltdf klg clGtddf lg0ff{os
qmflGtsf/L 9+un] kl/rfng ug{ Wofg zlQm hgtf x'G5g\ . To;sf/0f
lbg' kb{ 5 . :jR5 g} l tstf, hgtfnfO{ ;fydf /fVg h?/L 5 .
Odfgbfl/tf, cg'zfl;t, ;/n :jefj Ps ;Gbe{df dfcf]T;]tª' n] eGg' ePsf]
w}o,{ ;xgl;ntf v'nf, :k:6 b]z elQm lyof] ls …hgtfn] ;xL g]tT[ j kfP
/ hgtfk| l t akmfbf/ cfly{ s eg] hgtf O{ltxf; lgdf{tf x'g olb
kf/blz{ t f / >dlznn] el/k" 0 f{ hgtfn] unt g]tT[ j kfP eg] hgtf
sfo{stf{ eOlbP kl5 s'g} klg kf6L{n] e]8f klg x'g\ .Ú To;}n] hgtfnfO{ s:tf]
;f:tL Joxf]g'{ kb}g{ . agfpg] -qmflGtsf/L ls blIf0f kGyL_
st{Jo / clwsf/sf s'/f ubf{ eGg] s'/fdf kf6L{ g]t[Tj g]tf /
kf6L{sf] ;+:yfut of]hgf / gLltk|lt sfo{stf{sf] 7"nf] e"ldsf x'G5 . hgtf
;w}F k|ltj4 /xg] . sDtLdf dfS;{jfbsf] cfkm}df slxNo} klg v/fa x'Fb}g .

unt k|jl[ Qx¿ kf6L{ / qmflGtaf6 efUb} hfG5g\

df]rf{ g]kfnsf] /fli6«o e]nfn] b'u{l;+
tfdfª -k|]/s_ sf] g]t[Tjdf @%
;b:oLo s]Gb|Lo sfo{;ldlt rog
u/]sf] 5 . h;sf] pkfWoIf la=P;=
nfdf, dxf;lrj ;nfd l;+ nfdf,
;lrj u'0f l;+ ?Daf / sf]iffWoIf ;'Gb/
nfdfnufot @% ;b:oLo /x]sf 5g\\ .
pQm e]nfnfO{{ ;Daf]wg ub}{ k|dv '
cltly ljifdn] /fli6« u :o d' l Qm
cfGbf]ngdf tfdfª ;d'bfon] lg0ff{os
e"ldsf v]Ng'kg]{ pNn]v ub}{ j}1flgs
;dfhjfbL Joj:yf :yfkgfsf nflu
PsLs[t hgqmflGtdf klg tfdfª
s]Gb|Lo ;b:o tyf sf7df8f}F lhNnf
O~rfh{ dfOnf nfdfn] tfdfª
;d' b fon] g] k fnsf] qmflGtsf/L
cfGbf]ngdf dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]ns] f]
eGb} ;f] ;d'bfosf] Oltxf; / cfufdL
bfloTjsf af/]df k|lzIf0f;lxt awfO{
dGtJo /fv]sf lyP .
o;}u/L, PsLs[t hgqmflGtsf
3fOt] of]4f a'4 nfdf, du/ d'lQm
df]rf{sf s]Gb|Lo dxf;lrj OGb|axfb'/
du/ / g]jfM d'lQm df]rf{sf s]Gb|Lo
cWoIf ;'/]Gb| dxh{gn] z'esfdgf
dGtJo /fv]sf lyP .
sf7df8f}F . g]kfn sDo'lg:6 kf6L{sf
dxf;lrj ljKnjn] qmflGtsf/L
cfGbf]ngsf] nfdf] ofqfdf sof}+ unt
k|jl[ Qx¿ kf6L{ / qmflGtaf6 efUb} hfg]
7f]sj' f ub}{ o;sf] kl5Nnf] pbfx/0f
wd]G{ b| / ;'bz{g ePsf] atfPsf 5g\ .
clvn g]kfn hg;f+:s[lts dxf;+3sf]
kfFrf}+ s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf] k"0f{ a}7snfO{{
;Daf]wg ub}{ dxf;lrj ljKnjn] ;f]
s'/f atfPsf x'g\ . pgn] s~rg/
;'bz{gn] qmflGt u5{g\ eg]/ pgsf]
k5fl8 nfUg' cfk"mnfO{{ lj;h{g ug{e' Psf]
eGb} knfogjfb / c/fhstf jfbsf]
Pp6} k|jl[ Q ePsfx¿ ;w}F Ps} 7fpFdf
x'g;] d]t atfP .
dxf;lrj ljKnjn] ;flxTo
qmflGtsf] ;fwg ePsf] atfpFb} ?;L
qmflGtsf] ;Gbe{df sd/]8 n]lggn]
;flxTonfO{{ bfFt / k]rlsnf eGg'ePsf]
k|;u+ hf]8b\ } pgn] ;flxTosf] kIfw/tf
x'g] atfP . pgn] ;flxTo juL{o b[li6n]
>ldsju{sf] kIfdf, ;Qfsf] b[li6n]
j}1flgs ;dfhjfbsf] kIfdf / ;+3if{sf]
b[li6n] ju{;3+ if{ / PsLs[t hgqmflGtsf]
kIfdf x'gk' g]{ atfpFb} n]vs ;flxTosf/
Pj+ ;+:s[ltsdL{x¿ ;flxTosf] kIfw/tf
dfqgeP/ k|lta4tf;lxt ;+3if{df
x'gk' g]{ atfP . dxf;lrj ljKnjn]
;+:s[lt /fhgLltaf6 cnu x'G5 eGg]
unt ePsf] eGb} hgtfsf] kIfdf
l;h{gfsf nflu sof}+ cK7\of/f /
;+3if{af6 u'hg| k' g]{ atfP .
o;}u/L, dxf;lrj ljKnjn] bnfn
;+;bLo k'h
F LjfbL /fHo;Qf k"0f{ ¿kdf
Wj:t gkfbf{;Dd hgtfsf] Joj:yf
gcfpg] eGb} o;sf nflu kf6L{n]
lg/Gt/ ;+3if{ ug]{ atfP . pgn]
cfnf]rgfaf6 cl:tTj wfGb} cfPsf
sltko n] v s ;+ : s[ l tsdL{ x ¿
k|ltnlIft ub}{ dfS;{jfbL ;flxTosf/
Pj+ ;+:s[ltsdL{x¿ cfnf]rgfTds
r]t ;lxtsf] x'gk' g]{ t/ cfnf]rgf
ju{ ;+3if{sf] kIfdf x'g'kg]{ atfP .
dxf;lrj ljKnjn] ;fd|fHojfbn]
g]kfnnfO{{ sDo'lg:6/lxt klZrd
a+ufn agfpg vf]lh/x]sf] eGb} o;sf
lj?4 86]/ n8\g] atfpb} /fHo ;Qf
aGb'ssf] gfnaf6 lg:sg] eGb} clxn]
ljrf/sf] aGb's af]s]/ n8\g] atfP .
pgn] kf6L{lj?4 k|ltlqmofjfbLx¿,
km'6jfb / cj;/jfbLx¿n] rf}tkmL{
xdnf ug]{ k|of; u/] klg o;n]
cfk"mnfO{{ s'g} km/s gkfg]{ atfP .
pQm sfo{qmddf g]skfsf s]Gb|Lo
;lrjfno ;b:o ;Gtf]if a'9f du/,
kf6L{ s]Gb|Lo ;b:oPj+ dxf;+3sf
s]Gb|Lo cWoIf dfOnf nfdfnufotn]
k|lzIf0f lbPsf lyP . a}7sn] & hgf
s]Gb|Lo ;b:o yk u/]sf] 5 . h;df
¿kGb]xLaf6 ljxfgL du/, df]/ªaf6
b] j /fh, ;+ v ' j f;efaf6 ;' h g,
sflnsf6]af6 ;du| ad, ;fdgf
kl/jf/af6 x]d/fh, rGbg, s'df/
/x]sf 5g\ .
 @)&( ;fn ;fpg * ut] cfOtaf/
?;–o'qm]g o'4sf] cGt/syf
?; / o'qm] gsf] Oltxf; / cfk;L
;DaGw ptf/r9fjk"0f{ /xFb} cfPsf]
5 . ;d|f6 hf/x¿sf] ;dodf o'qm]g
?;f] lgoGq0fdf /xFb} cfPsf] lyof] .
t/, o'qm]gLx¿ :jtGq b]zsf] ¿kdf
/xg rfxGy] . o'qm]gLx¿sf] Tof] rfxgf
slxNo} k"/f ePg . ha !(!& df
?;df ;dfhjfbL qmflGt ;DkGg eof],
ta aflN6s u0f/fHox¿ :jtGq
b]zsf] cl:tTjdf cfP . To;kl5 g}
o'qm]g klg ljZj dfglrqdf :jtGq
b]zsf] ¿kdf cl:tTjdf cfPsf] xf] .
klxnf] ljZjo'4 -!(!$–!(!(_
kl5 ?; / aflN6s u0f/fHo;d]tdf
k'FhLjfbL b]zx¿sf] cltqmd0f /
bafakZrft cfk;L ;xof] u /
;'/Iffsf] lglDt hf/sfnLg ?;L
dxf;+3sf] ;xsfo{ cfjZos aGg
yfn] s f] dx;' ; ul/of] . ?;;F u
Psfsf/ x'bF f ?;L pklgj]z x'g] qf;,
cnu a:bf klZrd o'/f]ksf] pklgj]z
eOg] qf; aflN6s u0f/fHox¿df
lyof] . To:tf] cj:yfdf ?;L bafa
dx;'; ePsf] v08df zflGtk"0f{
¿kn] :jtGq x'g ;Sg] k|fjwfg
;+ljwfgdf g} Joj:yf ul/of] . h;nfO{
n]lggn] …cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/Ú egL
kl/eflift ug'{eof] . To;kl5 ;g\
!(!( df o'qm]g, ?;;lxt …;f]leot
;+3Ú u7g eof] . o'qm]g # jif{ dfq
:jtGq cl:tTjdf /Xof] .
d:sf]n] ;a} aflN6s u0f/fHosf]
ljsf; / cfw'lgsLs/0fdf ;dfg gLlt
lnof] . To;} qmddf o'qm]gdf ;+;f/s}
;a}eGbf 7"nf] cf0fljs pmhf{ e§L
lgdf{0f eof] . ha ?;df k|ltqmflGt
eof] ta /l;ofn] c? If]qdfly zf]if0f,
bdg ug{ yfNof] . ta c;Gt'li6 a9\g
yfNof] . ;fd|fHojfbL, 3";k}7 eof] /
…cfuf]df £o"Ú xfn]em}F eof] . To;kl5
;f]let ;+3 lj36g / :jtGqtfsf]
cfjfh p7\g yfNof] / Tof] gf/f
nf]slk|o aGg yfNof] . To;kl5
;f] l eot ;+ 3 sf] k| u ltzLn
;+ljwfgcg';f/ hgdt ;+u|x ub}{
:jtGq x'bF } hfg] qmd rNof] . /Qmkft
gu/L lgdf{0f ePsf] …;f]leot ;+3Ú
/Qmkftlagf g} lj36g eof] . To;kl5
!((! df o'qm]g km]l/ :jtGq b]zsf]
¿kdf cl:tTjdf cfof] .
;g\ !((! l8;] D a/ @% df
ldvfOn uf]af{rf]en] /fi6«klt kbaf6
/fhLgfdf lbP . ;f]leot ;+3sf] ;+;b\
-h;nfO{ …8'dfÚ elgGYof]_ af6 !%
/fHox¿nfO{ :jtGq b]zsf] dfGotf
lbg] k|:tfj kfl/t eof] . Tof] k|:tfj
kfl/t eP;Fu} ;f]leot ;+3 lj36g
eof] . qm]dlngsf] ;f]let ;+3sf] k|lts
em08f tn emfl/of] .
ljZjsf] k|To]s Ps ;o 8n/
cfodf tLg 8n/ /Iff ah]6df vr{
x'g] u/]sf] 5 . /Iff vr{df cd]l/sf,
rLg / ef/t qmdzM klxnf], bf];|f] /
t];f| ] :yfgdf 5g\ . ef/tsf] /Iff ah]6
&% ca{ 8n/ 5 . ;g\ @)!^ df %^
ca{ 8n/ lyof] . ljZjsf] /Iff
vr{dWo] cd]l/sfn] #( k|ltzt,
rLgn] !# k|ltzt / ef/tn] #=&
k|ltzt ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ . Pl;ofdf
To;dWo] %) k|ltzt xltof/ vl/bdf
vr{ x'g] u/]sf] 5 .
klxnf] ljZjo'4df k/flht hd{gL
/ O6fnLnfO{ ckdfghgs Jojxf/
u/]sf] sf/0f bf];|f] ljZjo'4 ePsf]
lyof] . cg]s ljåfg\x¿n] lj3l6t
;f]leot ;+3nfO{ x]Kg', r]Kg' clgi7
lgDTofpg' xf] eGb} cfPsf lyP . t/,
cd]l/sLx¿n] ;'Gb} ;'g]gg\ . To;}
qmddf cd] l /sL /fi6« k lt lan
lSnG6gn] g]6f]nfO{ k"jL{ o'/f]kdf lj:tf/
ug]{ lg0f{o u/] . t/, Tof] lg0f{onfO{
nfdf] ;do ;fj{hlgs ul/Pg . ;g\
!((* df kf]Nof08, r]s u0ftGq /
xË]/LnfO{ gf6f]df ;+nUg u/fOof] . hf]
jf;f{ ;}g ;+u7g ubf{ klg gf6f] sfod
/xg', k"j; { xdlt ljk/Lt k"jL{ o'/f]kdf
gf6f]sf] lj:tf/ ug',{ ?;sf] l;dfgfdf
3fts xltof/x¿ y' k fg' { n ] ?;L
hgtfdf ckdfg, lrGtf, c;'/Iffaf]w
/ k|ltzf]w e8\lsg yfNof] . ToxL
hldgdf ?;L u'K' tr/ ljefu -s]lhaL_
sf hd{gL df]rf{ k|d'v /x]/ sfd
ul/;s]sf k'l6gsf] pbo eof] . ;g\
@))& df ePsf] Do'lgv ;'/Iff
;Dd]ngdf k'l6gn] r]tfjgL lbFb} g]6f]sf]
lj:tf/ s;k|lt nlIft 5 < ;f]leot
;+3 lj36g ubf{sf] k|lta4tfsf]
;Ddfg cd]l/sL u7aGwgn] ug'k{ 5{
ls kb}{g < eg]sf lyP . la8Dagf,
?;sf] r]tfjgLnfO{ a]jf:tf ub}{
h'lgo/ a';n] hlh{of / o'qm]gnfO{
gf6f]df ufEg] k|of; u/] . To;sf]
lj?4 tL b]zdf …k[ystfjfbLÚ ljb|fx]
;'? eof] . tL e"–efunfO{ ?;n]
cfˆgf]df ufEof] . To;/L gofF ;+s6
;'? eof] . o'qm]gnfO{ ?;n] cfˆgf]
;'/Iff kl/lw -nfn/]vf_ dfGb5 .
o'qm]gnfO{ :jtGqtf lbP/ k"jh { x¿n]
uNtL u/]sf] 7fG5g\ .
o'qm]gdf 7"nf] k|fs[lts UofF;sf]
e08f/ 5 / lqmldofdf ljzfn
aGb/ufx 5 . ?;nfO{ sdhf] /
agfpg', o'/f]ksf] ahf/df ?;L k|efj
/f]Sg' / o'qm]gsf] k|fs[lts UofF; sAhf
ug'{ cd]l/sfsf] :jfy{ xf] . ?;sf] nflu
o'qm]g slt dxTjk"0f{ eGg] s'/f n]lggsf]
egfOaf6 a'‰g ;lsG5 . …/l;ofsf]
nflu o'qm]g u'dfpg' 7Ls To:t} x'G5,
h:t} ls Pp6f z/L/af6 p;f] 6fpsf]
5'6o\ fpg'Ú n]lggn] eGg'ePsf] lyof] .
o'qm]gaf6 ?; ^$) lsldsf] b"/Ldf
5 . ha ls xfn gf6f] !^ ;o lsld
k/} /x]sf] 5 . ;g\ !(#(–!($% df
o'qm]gaf6 ;f]leot ;+3sf] ;'/Iff
ul/GYof] . ?;dfly csNkgLo
3] / faGbL ePkl5 ?; cf0fljs
xltof/;lxt clGtd k|lt/f]wdf pqg
afWo eof] . …j;Gt uh{gÚ gfdsf]
s7\k'tnL ljb|f]xåf/f k5'jf ;/sf/
agfpg] / To;dfkm{t\ gf6f]sf] lj:tf/
ug{ yflnof] . ?; k| l t/f] w df
plqPkl5 cd]l/sf / gf6f] eg]
o'qm]gnfO{ PSn} 5f]8]/ efu]sf 5g\ .
lsgls ?;sf lj?4 n8\g' t];|f]
ljZjo' 4 df ;+ ; f/ wslng' xf] .
o' q m] g sf /fi6« k ltn] …cd] l /sfn]
xfdLnfO{ o';4df PSn} 5f]l8lbof]Ú
cyf{t\ wf]sf eof] eg]sf 5g\ .
?;–o'qm]g o'4f] sf/0f rLgsf]
;d[l4 emg\ psfnf] nfu]sf] 5 . rLg
?;L v]dfdf /x]sf] :ki6 5 . ef/t
/ ?;sf] aLrdf %%–^) k|ltzt /Iff
sf/f]af/ x'g] u/]sf] 5 . cd]l/sfdfly
;Dk"0f{ e/f];f klg 5}g . bf]Snfddf
ePsf] rLg–ef/t em8kdf t6:y
a;]/ ?;n] ef/tnfO{ 7"nf] u'g nufP/
k/Dk/fut ldqtfdf yk ljZjf;
k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . To;}n] ef/t klg
?;sf] lj?4 ghfg] ePsf] 5 .
?;n] gf6f] !((& eGbf cl3sf]
;yfgdf kmls{g'kg]{ ?;sf] dfu 5 .
r]s u0ftGq, xË]/L / kf]Nof08
gf6f]af6 x6\gk' g]{ ?;L dfun] nfdf]
;do;Dd tgfj /xg]5 / of] ljifo
ljZjo'4sf] sf/0f aGg ;S5 . k'l6gn]
…sDo'lgi6 ?;n] o'qm]gsf] lgdf{0f u/]sf]
xf] / ToxL o'qm]g ?;sf] ;j{gfz ug{
cd]l/sfsf] 3f]8f ag]sf] c:jLsfo{
ePsf] atfpF5g\ . ?; !% j6f
aflN6s u0ftGQx¿ :jtGq b] aGf
klg ;+;f/sf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] b]z xf],
h;sf] l;dfgf dWok"j,{ k"jL{o/' f]k,
aflN6s If] q x¿ 5g\ . hd{ g L
rfG;n/n] o'qm]g tTsfn gf6f]df
;+nUg x'g] s'g} ;Defjgf gePsf]
atfPsf eP klg ljZj;d'bfo Tof]
egfOk|lt cfZjf:t 5}g . olb To;f]
x'GYof] eg] ;g\ @)!$ df …j;Gt
uh{gÚ gfdsf] cd]l/sf k|fof]ht
ljb| f ] x åf/f /fi6« k lt leS6/
ofg'sf]lernfO{ ;QfRo't ug'k{ g]{ s'g}
sf/0f lyP . /, s7\kt' nL ef]nf]8f]ld/
h]nG] :sL ;/sf/ u7g ug'k{ g]{ lyPg .
ef/tsf] …hL Go"hÚ 6]lnlehgn] o'qm]g
…alnsf] af]sf]Ú aGg k'us
] f] atfPsf] 5 .
clgn zdf{
gf6f] ;b:osf] ¿kdf /x]sf]
k|mfG;, cd]l/sf;Fu k[ysk[ydf lxF8g\
vf]lh/x]sf] 5 . lj1fg / snfsf]
hggL dflgg] k|mfG; Oltxf;sf] kf}/v
cfh{g ug{ / zlQm /fi6« aGg] ck]Iff
/fV5 . xfn} k|mfG;n] ci6«]lnofnfO{
n8fs' ljdfg a]Rg] ;Demf}tf u¥of] .
t/, cd]l/sfn] k|mfG;sf] eGbf ;:tf]df
lbof], h;sf] sf/0f k|mfG;–ci6«]lnof
/Iff ;Demf} t f vf/] h eof] .
ci6«]lnofsf] Tof] xs{tnfO{ k|mfG;n]
…kL7df 5'/f w;]sf]Ú eg]sf] 5 .
cd]l/sf;Fu lrl9Psf] k|mfG; rLg;Fu
;xsfo{ u/]/ cfly{s ;anLs/0fsf]
af6f]df uPsf] 5 . xfn} k|mfG; /
rLgsf] aLrdf !=& lalnog 8n/sf]
kl/of]hgf ;Demf}tf ePsf] 5 . rLg
/ k|mfG;n] …y8{ kf6L{ lgj]zÚ cyf{t\
rLg / k|mfG;n] t];f| ] kIf -b]z_ df
;+oQ' m nufgL ug]{ /0fgLltdf ;Demf}tfdf
u/]sf 5g\ . k|mfG; / rLg b'jo} :n]
cfˆgf] lxt o;df b]vs ] f 5g\ .
hd{ g L / /l;ofsf] aLrdf
P]ltxfl;s tyf ;f+:s[lts ;DaGw
5 . hgtf–hgtfaLrsf] ;DaGw
6'6fpg zf;ssf] rfxgf dfq ;Dej
x'Fb}g . hd{gLn] ?;;Fu ;a}eGbf w]/}
k|fs[lts UofF; cfoft u5{ . olb
?;;Fu glnP/ cd]l/sf;Fu UofF; lnFbf
dxFuf] k5{ . To;n] hgc;Gt'li6 k};bf
x'g ;S5 / o'/f]kdf /fhgLlts
cl:y/tf l;h{gf x'g ;S5 . xfn}
clk|msL d'n's o'uf08fdf rLg /
k|mfG;n] ;+oQ' m nufgLdf …d]uf k|fh] S] 6Ú
;'? u/]sf 5g\ . cd]l/sf / rLgsf]
aLrdf tgfj al9/x]sf] ;dodf
k|mfG;df …xfdL rLg;Fu lsg n8\g] <Ú
eGg] ax; rn] s f] 5 . hxfF
cd]l/sf;FueGbf rLg;Fusf] ;xsfo{n]
cfly{s lxt x'g] 7flgPsf] 5 . k|mfG;
/ rLgn] o'uf08fdf …t]n k|zf]wg s]Gb|Ú
:yfkgf u/]/ tf~hflgof x'Fb} !$ ;o
lsld k/;Dd kfOknfOgdfkm{t\ Jofkf/
ug]{ ePsf 5g\ .
k|mfG; / ef/tsf] aLrdf klg
P] l txfl;s ;DaGw 5 . ef/tn]
cf0fljs pmhf{ lgdf{0f ub}{ ubf{
cd]l/sfn] k|ltaGw nufPsf] lyof]
eg] k|mfG;n] ;dy{g u/]sf] lyof] .
k|mfG;sf] O/fg;Fu klg ;'dw'/ ;DaGw
5 . k|mfG;, cd]l/sL u'6 aflx/ lg:s]/
cfly{ s kmfobf lng pB[ t 5 .
O08f] g ] l ;ofn] cd] l /sfaf6 #^
Po/qmfˆ6 n8fs' ljdfg vl/b ug{
rfx] s f] lyof] . t/, k| m fG;n]
cd] l /sfn] e Gbf ;:tf] d f a] R of] .
hfkfgdf cd]l/sfn] ;]gf /fv]sf] 5
t/ hfkfgn] cd]l/sfnfO{ ;fdfg
a]R5 . cd]l/sfdf pN6f] c;Gt'li6
a9]sf] 5 . o;/L rLg, ?;, k|mfG;,
ef/t, hd{gLh:tf ljZjzlQm b]zx¿
cd]l/sfsf] Ozf/fdf gfRg tof/
5}gg\ . pgLx¿ cfk"m g} zlQms]Gb|
aGg] dxTjsf+Iff /fV5g\ . h;sf]
sf/0f cd]l/sL gh/ ;+sr ' gdf km:b}
uPsf] 5 / cfly{s ;+s6df 6fg{ o'4
e8\sfpg pB[t 5 .
cd]l/sfn] ?;dfly cfqmd0f u¥of]
eg] o'/f]kdf 89]nf] nfU5, h;sf]
sf/0f o'/f]kdf o'4sf] hgdt 5}g .
?;;Fu n8\bf cfˆgf] d'Vo k|ltåGåL
rLg cem} cufl8 a9\ g ] qf;
cd]l/sfnfO{ 5 .
;g\ !(!& df n]lggsf] g]tT[ jdf
;dfhjfbL qmflGt ePkl5 a]nfot /
cd]l/sfn] nfdf] ;do;Dd ?;lj?4
gfsfaGbL nufPsf lyP . la|6]g /
cd]l/sfsf] gfsfaGbL krfP/ g} ?;
zlQmdf cfPsf] xf] . ?;;F u
gfsfaGbLsf] nfdf] cg' e j 5 .
cd]l/sf;Fu n8\g'kg]{ cfFsng u/]/
?;n] 8n/sf] ljb]zL d'bf| ;~ro !^
k|ltztdf ;Lldt u/]sf] 5 . lrlgofF
d'b|f, o'/f] / ;'g y'kf/]/ ?; a;]sf]
5 . ljZj zlQm rLg / o'/f]ksf]
;a}eGbf 7"nf] cy{tGq hd{gLnfO{
;:tf]df k|fs[lts UofF; a]Rg ?; tof/
5, h;n] gf6f]sf] cfqmfds Ifdtfdf
x|f; cfpg]5 .
gf6f] u7aGwgn] o'qmg]df ;]gf
gk7fpg], cfly{s / xltof/ ;xof]u
ug]{ atfPsf] 5 . ;]gf k7fPdf
ljZjo'4 lglZrt 5 . o'qm]gn] cfˆgf]
b]zdf ?;sf] nflu xjfO{ lgif]lwt If]q
3f]if0ff ug]{df u/]sf] 5 . olb To;f]
ul/of] eg] klg ljZjo'4 x'g ;S5 .
t/, gf6f]n] ?;nfO{ o'qm]gdf cNemfpg
rfxG5 / ckmuflg:tfgdf ePsf]
cfˆgf] Iflt sd ug{ rfxG5 . o'qm]g
o'4sf] sf/0f cd]l/sf klg o'/f]kd}
v'lDrg afWo x'g]5 .
?; / hd{gLsf] aLrdf …gy{
:6«Ld–@Ú kfOknfOg lgdf{0ffwLg 5 .
cd]l/sfn] pQm kl/of]hgfsf] lj/f]w
ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . pQm kl/of]hgf ;kmn
eof] eg] cd]l/sf / pgsf] nufgLsf
sDkgLsf] t]n / UofF; ?;sf] eGbf
lgs} dxFuf] x'g5 ] . o'/f]k pmhf{sf] lgs}
7"nf] vktstf{ xf] . To;}n] ?;sf]
ahf/ o'/f]kdf /f]Sg gf6f] lj:tf/sf]
s]Gb|Lo ljifo xf] .
?; ;g\ !(*( df aln{g kvf{n
9n]kl5 zLto'4sf] cGTo ePsf]
7flgPsf] lyof] . t/, gf6f] ;}Go
;+u7gsf] lj:tf/n] gofF zLto'4sf]
hldg tof/ u¥of] . ?;–o'qm]g o'4n]
gofF :t/ jf r/0fdf csf]{ zLto'4sf]
k|f/De yu/]sf] 5 . lxhf] k'FhLjfb /
;dfhjfbL b' O { ljrf/wf/f, b' O {
/fhLlts k| 0 ffnLaLrsf] zLto' 4
lyof] . cfh Pp6} ljrf/ /
k|0ffnLaLrsf] zLto'4 5 . To;}n]
cd]l/sfnfO{ w|j' Ls/0f u/fpg ;lhnf]
5}g . lutdf ahf/sf] ;jfy{nfO{ b'O{
k[ys ;EotfaLrsf] 6Ss/ eg]/ e|ldt
ul/Psf] lyof], cfh Tof] ;'ljwf 5}g .
o'qm]gsf] 36gfn] l5d]sLsf] lj?4
aflxl/ofsf] uf] 6 L aGg x' F b } g /
zlQms]Gb|x¿sf] aLrdf t6:y tyf
c;+nUg k//fi6« gLltnfO{ sfod /fVg'k5{
eGg] ;Gb]z lbPsf] 5 . g]kfnn] rLg /
ef/taLr ;db"/L sfod ug'{k5{ .
hxfF;Dd tfO{jfg / o'qm]gsf] ax; 5,
tfO{jfg slxNo} klg :jtGq b]z lyPg
/ cfh klg tfO{jfg rLgsf] cleGg
cË xf] . o'/f]kdf zflGt sfod ug]{ /
t];f| ] ljZjo'4 /f]Sg] x] eg] k"jL{ o'/f]kdf
gf6f]sf] lj:tf/ ;w}s F f] nflu /f]Sg'k5{ .
cd]l/sfn] ?;df lj?4 3]/faGbL
kl/Tofu ug'k{ 5{ . o'qm]gdf cd]l/sL
x:tIf]k /f]Sg'k5{ / ?;L ;]gf o'qm]gaf6
lkmtf{ x'gk' 5{ . ?;–o'qm]g o'4sf] d'Vo
bf]ifL ;+oQ' m /fHo cd]l/sf g} xf] .
?;–o'qm]gaLr o'4 ePklg ?;sf]
lgzfgf eg] cd]l/sf xf] . ?;n] gf6f]sf]
sfFwdf aGb's /fv]/ uf]nL bfu]sf] s'/f
?; a] v a/ 5} g . To;sf/0f
cd]l/sfnfO{ sdhf]/ agfpg gf6f]df
k'm6 x'g' jf Nofpg' cfjZos 5 .
To;}n] cfly{s gfsfaGbL nufPsf] eP
klg ?;n] ;+oQ ' m clw/fHo -a]nfot_
df k|fs[lts UofF;sf] cfk"lt{ g/f]Sg]
ePsf] 5 . To;}u/L, gf6f]sf] ;b:o
xË]/Ln] ?;åf/f o'qm]g cfqmd0fsf] lj/f]w
u/]sf] 5 t/ cfˆgf] e"ld ?;sf] lj?4
k|of]u x'g glbg] 3f]if0ff u/]sf] 5 . oL
o:tf ;+st] x¿ x'g h;af6 gf6f]df
cGt/lj/f]w a9\g] ;Defjgf 5 .
t] n sf] v] n
o'/f]lkog o'lgog / cd]l/sfsf]
k|fs[lts UofF; / t]nsf] ?;L lge{/tf
36fpg o'PO{ / ;fpbL c/asf
/fi6«fWoIf;Fu e]6g\ vf]hs ] f lyP . t/,
e]6\g} rfx]gg\ . cd]l/sf oL b]z;Fu
t]nsf] cfk"lt{ a9fpg / d"No ga9fpg
dgfpg rfxG5 . t/, oL b]z To;f]
u/]/ gfkmf sdfpg] cj;/ u'dfpg
rfxGgg\ . To;kl5 cd]l/sf O/fg;Fu
;Dks{ u/]sf] 5 . t/, O/fgn] k/df0f'
xltof/ agfpgdf ;xof]u vf]Hg]5 .
cGoyf O/fg cd]l/sL ck]Iffsf] kIfdf
/xg] 5}g . olb cd]l/sfn] O/fgnfO{
k/df0f' adsf] nflu …xl/of] em08fÚ
b]vfof] eg] dWok"j{sf] cd]l/sfsf]
k/Dk/fut ;xof]uL b]z Oh/fn
e8\lsg] lglZrt 5 . Oh/fon;Fu} ox'bL
;d'bfo klg c;Gt'i6 x'g5 ] . ?;–
o'qm]g o'4 / csd{0otfsf] sf/0f ljZjdf
cd]l/sfsf] cf}sft pbflËPsf] 5 .
g]6f] / ?;
cd] l /sfn] o' / f] k sf ;–;fgf
b]zx¿;d]t ;d]6/] ;g\ !($( df
gf6f] (NATO) sf] u7g u¥of] .
h;df #) b] z ;Da4 5g\ .
b:tfj]hLs/0f gePsf] eP klg ;g\
!(() df gf6f]sf] lj:tf/ k"jL{o/' f]kdf
gug]{ ;xdlt tTsfnLg ;f]leot ;+3
/ ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfsf] aLrdf
k|lta4tf /x]sf] atfOG5 . h;df
uf] j f{ r f] e , oNtl;g, Eoflnld/
k'l6g;lxt ;a} ?;L g]tfx¿sf] ;dfg
wf/0ff b]lvG5 . ;f] ;DaGwdf ?; /
rLgsf] aLr gf]e]Da/ !(*( b]lv
;]K6]Da/ !(() aLrdf jftf{ eof],
!((! df jf;f{ ;}Go ;+u7g lj36g
k|lqmof ;'? ul/of] . To;kl5 !((&
df cd]l/sf / ?;aLr …g]6f]–?;
cfwf/zLnf ;Demf}tfÚ eof] . ?;sf]
;'/Iff / k"jL{ o'/f]kdf gf6f]sf] lj:tf/
gug]{ ;xdlt ljk/Lt !((& df
r]su0ftGq, xË]/L / kf]Nof08nfO{
gf6f]df ;dfj]z u¥of] . t, cfk"mdfly
wf]sf ePsf] ckdflgt ul/Psf]
;xdlt pNn+3g ePsf] dx;'; u/] .
h;/L klxnf] ljZjo'4df hd{gL /
O6fnLn] ckdflgt dx;'; u/]sf
lyP . hgtfdf k|ltzf]wsf] efjgf
hfu[t eof] . ToxL hd{gL oyfy{df
Eoflbld/ k'l6gsf] pbo eof] .
k"jL{o/' f]kdf gf6f]sf] lj:tf/ nfuQ}
ldvfOn uf]ef{rf]en] eg]sf lyP,
æklZrdsf dfG5]x¿n] o;nfO{ cfˆgf]
ljho 7fg]sf 5g\, h;n] xfdL;Fu
afrf u/]sf lyP ls xfdL k"j{lt/
Ps O~r klg cul8 a9\g] 5}gf}F .
gf6f]nfO{ k"jl{ t/ lj:tf/ ug]a{ f/] slxNo}
ljifo p7fg\ g} gePsf] uf]ef{rf]esf]
bfjL 5 . ægf6f]sf] k"jL{ o'/f]kdf
lj:tf/sf] ljifodf !(*( / !(()
sf] jftf{x¿df slxNo} klg p7fOPsf]
lyP, !((! df jf;f{;d"xsf] lj36g
eP kl5 klg p7fOPsf] lyPg .
k"jL{o'/f]kdf gf6f]sf] lj:tf/nfO{
k'l6gn] ?;sf] ;'/Iff r'gf}tLsf] ¿kdf
p7fP / ?;nfO{ w|j' Ls[t u/] . klxnf]
ljZjo' 4 df hd{ g L / O6fnLn]
ckdflgt dx;'; u/]sf] sf/0f bf];|f]
ljZjo'4 ePsf] 7flgG5 . cfh ?;n]
To:t} dx;'; ul//x]sf] 5 . oxfFlg/
g]N;g d08]nfsf] egfO{ :d/0fLo
nfU5 . d08]nf eG5g\, æ;+;f/df
3
;a}eGbf vt/gfs dflg; ckdflgt
dflg; xf] .Æ oxfF k'l6g o'4 xf]Og,
;Ddfg rfxG5g\ eGg] hd{ g Lsf
rfG;n/sf] egfO cy{ k " 0 f{ 5 .
To;sf/0f ?;–o'qm]g o'4sf] sf/0f gf6f]
tyf cd]l/sf xf] / o'4 kl/0ffd xf] .
dfly elgPsf] 5 ls ;g\ !(()
;Dd gf6f] ;b:o b]zx¿sf] ;+Vof
hDdf !^ lyof] . zLto'4 ;dfKt
ePkl5 ;g\ !((( kl5 !$ b]zx¿
ylkP . Tof] lj:tf/ d"ntM k"jL{o/' f]kdf
eof] . ;g\ !($( df :yfkgf ePsf]
gf6f]sf] k"jL{ o'/f]kdf lj:tf/n] ;f]
If]qdf ;'/Iff lrGtf a9fof] . ;g\
@))! df ckmuflg:tfgdf cd]l/sL
cfqmd0f x'g' cufl8 g} lslu{:tfg /
pHHj]ls:tfgdf cd]l/sL cv08f
lyof] . To;sf] sf/0f ckdflgt /
k|ltzf]wsf] efjgfn] hn]sf] ?;n]
@)!% df o'/f]l;of / @))@ df ;+oQ' m
/Iff ;Demf}tf ;+u7g u7gn] ? km]o/
;f]letsfnLg dfgl;stfdf p7\b}
u/]sf] 5g . lbPsf] lyof] . o'qm]g
gf6f]df uPsf] v08df ?;–o'qm]g
@@(% lsld :yn ;Ldf csNkgLo
c;'/Iffsf]cj:yfdf km:g] ePkl5
?; pQ]lht eof] . @)!$ df k6s–
k6ssf] ;Qfkn6kl5 ag]sf] cd]l/sL
kIfw/ ;/sf/n] gf6f]df k|j]zsf]
tof/L u/]kl5 ?;n] lqmldof sAhf
u¥of] . To;}u/L, hlh{of gf6f]df
uPkl5 @))* df ?;n] ?;LefifL
If]q blIf0f cf;]lzof / cAvflhof
ufEg] k|of; u¥of] . ?;åf/f tL If]qn]
:jtGqtf k|fKt u/] . To;}n] cfˆgf]
;'/Iff lrGtfsf] sf/0f ?pn] ;}Gos/0f
aGb ug'k{ g]{ / ?;Ld"nsf gful/slj?4
lx6\n/n] ox'bL;Fu u/]em}F gfhLjfbL
gLlt TofUg'kg]{ dfu u/]sf] 5 .
dfS;{ j fbL k+ l Qmsf ;a} h ;f]
ljZn]ifsx¿ o'qm]g–?; o'4sf] d'Vo
sf/0f g]6f]sf] k"jL{o'/f]ktkm{ lj:tf/
xf] . cd]l/sfsf] k/fhon] ljZjdf
cd] l /sL bfbflu/L 36\ g ] ck] I ff
u5{g\ . o'qm]gaf6 ?;L ;]gf kmls{gk' g]{
dfu klg pgLx¿ u5{g\ . ?;–o'qm]g
-cd]l/sf_ o'4df s;n] lhT5 eGg]
s'/n] ljZjdf s'g ljZjJoj:yf
lgdf{0f x'G5 eGg] lg¿k0f ub{5 .
?;–o'qm]g o'4sf] ljifodf g]sfsf]
!@ cf}F a}7s eG5, æPsflt/ cd]l/sf
/ gf6f]n] o'qm]gsf] k|fs[lts ;Dkbf sAhf
ug]{ / ?;nfO{ 3]/f xfNg] p2]Zo lnP/
ToxfFsf] ;/sf/nfO{ s7\kt' nLh:tf]
grfpFb,} prfNb} o'4sf] cj:yf;Dd
k'¥ofpg] sfo{ u/]sf 5g\ eg] csf]l{ t/
k"j;{ f]leot ;+3sf] lj36gsf sf/0f
cfly{s ¿kn] ynf k/]sf] t/ ;}Go zlQm
Pj+ s"6gLltdf zlQmzfnL g} /x]sf] ?;n]
cfly{s pGglt u/];uF ;fy} rLg;Fusf]
lgs6 ;DaGwsf] andf cfˆgf] lj36gsf]
s'07f;lxtsf] cqmf]z o'qm]glj?4 kf]Vg
k'Ubf xhf/f}F lgbf]i{ f o'qm]gL hgtfn] hofg
u'dfpg' k/]sf] 5 eg] nfvf}F hgtfn]
csNkgLo Iflt ef]Ug' k/]sf] 5 . ¿kdf
?;L cfqmd0f d'Vo b]lvP klg o'qm]gnfO{
?;h:tf] dxfzlQmsf] tf]ksf] d'vdf
k'¥ofpg] ck/fwdf cd]l/sf / gf6f] klg
plQs} bf] i fL/x] s f 5g\ .Æ cf7f} F
dxfwlj]zgdf g} ljZj ax'wj'| df hfg] /
qmflGtsf] nflu cGt/f{ l i6« o
kl/l:yltcg'sn " x'g] ljZn]if0f ul/Psf]
lyof] . k|r08 / afa'/fd Psw|j' Lo
ljZjdf tTsfn qmflGt ;Dej gb]v/]
kms]s { f lyP eg] s= ls/0f klg ljZj
tTsfn Psw|j' df /lx/xg] lgisif{df lyP,
h;sf] sf/0f ls/0f sfo{lbzf lgdf{0fdf
/IffTds aGg k'u] . g]skfsf] kfFr jif{
cl3sf] ljZn]if0f ;xL ;fljt ePsf] 5 .
t;y{, ;+lIfKtdf eGg ;lsG5– ?;–
o'qm]g o'4 cd]l/sL cfly{s ;+s6,
j}rfl/s, /fhgLlts ;+s6 / gofF ljZj
Joj:yf p7fpg], ljZj ax'w|'jlt/
;+qmd0fsf] ;+s6 g} xf] .
 4 @)&( ;fn ;fpg * ut] cfOtaf/
;jf/L sf/afxLaf6 s/f]8f}+ /fh:j ;+sng
sf7df8f}F . 6«flkms lgod pNn+3g
ug]{ ;jf/L rfnsx¿af6 Ps jif{df
## s/f]8eGbf a9L /fh:j p7]sf]
5 . ut cfly{s jif{ )&*÷&( df
sf/afxLdf k/]sf % nfv % xhf/
%(& ;jf/L rfnsaf6 ## s/f]8 !#
nfv ^* xhf/ @!* ¿k}ofF /fh:j
;+sng ePsf] sf7df8f}F pkTosf
6«flkms sfof{non] hgfPsf] 5 . n]g
cg'zf;g kfngf gu/]sf, dfbs
kbfy{ ;]jg u/]sf, tLj| ult / /ftf]
aQL kfngf gu/]sf ;jf/L rfns
sf/afxLdf kg]{ u/]sf 5g\\ . ef8f
7uL tyf clgoldttf ug]{ !) xhf/
@(% hgf sf/afxLdf k/]sf 6«flkms
k|x/Ln] hgfPsf] 5 . Ps jif{sf]
cjlwdf sf7df8f}F pkTosfaf6 !%
;o () j6f df]6/;fO{sn x/fPsf
5g\\ . tLdWo] $!# df]6/;fO{sn km]nf
kf/L ;jf/L wgLnfO{ { lhDdf
nufO;lsPsf] 5 eg] %)^
df]6/;fOsnsf] vf]hL eO/x]sf] 5 .
;jf/L;fwg rf]/Ldf ;+nUg $^ hgf
;dfltPsf 5g\ \ . pkTosfsf]
clwsf+ z 7fpF s f c08/ u| f p08
kfls{ ª df kfls{ ª geP/ cGo
k|of]hgsf] nflu k|of]u x'g] u/]sf] 5 .
dxfzfvfsf cg';f/ To;df l8:sf],
zf] ?d, SoflG6g, k;n, /fxbfgL
ljt/0f, uf]bfd h:tf sfo{df k|of]u
ePsfn] kfls{ª Joj:yfkgdf r'gf}tL
ePsf] 5 . kfls{ª Joj:yfkgsf nflu
cy{dGqfnoåf/f gof“ dfu{bz{g hf/L
sf7df8f}F . cy{dGqfnon] rfn'
cfly{s jif{ -@)&( ÷*)_ sf] nflu
ljlgof]lht u/]sf] ah]6 sfof{Gjogsf]
;Gbe{df gofF dfu{bz{g hf/L u/]sf]
5 . &) j6f a'Fbfdf hf/L ul/Psf]
dfu{bz{gdf ;/sf/L sfof{non] gofF
;jf/L ;fwg vl/b ug{ gkfOg] / %
s/f]8 dflysf 7]Ssfsf] % jif{;Dd
7]sb] f/n] g} dd{t ;Def/ ug{k' g]{ b]lv
w]/} ljifox¿nfO{{ ;d]l6Psf 5g\\ . w]/}
lzif{sdf vr{ ug{k' g]{ t/ Psd':6
¿kdf ah]6 ljlgof]hg ul/Psf] eP
To:tf] ah] 6 c;f] h d;fGtleq
afF8kmfF8 ul/;Sg'kg]{ / ;DalGwt
lzif{sdf ljlgof]lht ul/Psf] /sd
kmfu'g d;fGtleq vr{ ug{ g;s]df
r} t !% leq ;dk{ 0 f -;/] G 8/_
ul/;Sg' k g] { dGqfnoåf/f hf/L
dfu{bz{gdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
;+3Lo ;/sf/n] k|bz
] tyf :yfgLo
clVtof/åf/f Ps jif{df !#! j6f e|i6frf/ d'2f bfo/ M @ ca{ &* s/f]8 $# nfveGbf a9L lauf] bfaL
sf7df8f}F . clVtof/ b'¿kof]u
cg';Gwfg cfof]un] cfly{s jif{
@)&*÷&( df !#! j6f
e|i6frf/;DaGwL d'2f ljz]if cbfnt
sf7df8f} F d f bfo/ u/] s f] 5 .
clVtof/sf k|jQmf Zofd k|;fb
e08f/Lsf cg';f/ bfo/ ul/Psf
d'2fdf 3'; -l/;jt_ ;DaGwL #@,
gSsnL z}lIfs k|df0f–kq ;DaGwL ^,
;fj{ h lgs ;DklQsf] xflg–
gf] S ;fgL;DaGwL #%, u} / sfg" g L
;f] x6fpg / kfls{ª Jojl:yt agfpg
;DalGwt lgsfo;Fu ;dGjo eO/x]sf]
k|x/Ln] hgfPsf] 5 . 6«flkms k|x/Ln]
sf7df8f} F pkTosfsf] ;jf/L
cfjfudgnfO{{ ;'/lIft, dof{lbt,
Jojl:yt / k|ljlwo'Qm ;jf/L Joj:yfkg
ld;g ;~rfng ul//x] s f] 5 .
h;cGtu{t pkTosfsf @@ :yfgdf
@$ 306f 8\o'6L ug]{ u/]sf 5g\\ .
o;}u/L, gjnk/f;L -ab{3f6–
;':tfk"j_{ l:yt lhNnf 6«flkms k|x/L
sfof{non] 6«flkms lgod pNn‹g ug]{
rfnfsnfO{{ ul/Psf] sf/afxLaf6 ?
b'O{ s/f]8eGbf a9L /fh:j ;Íng
u/]sf] 5 . cfly{s jif{ @)&*÷&(
df 6« f lkms lgod pNn‹g ug] {
rfnsnfO{ { ul/Psf] sf/afxLdf
6«flkms k|x/Ln] ? b'O{ s/f]8 !! nfv
*! xhf/ %)) /fh:j ;Íng u/]sf]
xf] . ut cfly{s jif{df df #! xhf/
!(# rfnsnfO{{ sf/afxL ul/Psf]
k|dv' k|x/L lg/LIfs k|bLk yfkfn]
atfP . lhNnfdf 6«flkms lgodsf]
pNn‹g ug] { ;jf/L ;fwgdWo]
;a}eGbf a9L 6«s / bf];|f] gDa/df
df]6/;fOsn /x]sf pgn] atfP . lj;+
@)&* ;fpg ! b]lv @)&( c;f/
#@ ut];Dd !! xhf/ &%# j6f 6«s
rfns sf/afxLdf k/]sf lyP . 6«flkms
lgod pNn‹g u/L sf/afxLdf k/]sf
6« s rfnsaf6 6« f lkms k| x /Ln]
hl/jfgfafkt ? *$ nfv !% xhf/
;/sf/n] sfof{Gjog ug]u{ /L z;t{
¿kdf x:tfGt/0f u/]sf sfo{qmdx¿sf]
k|ult ljj/0f q}dfl;s ljj/0f d+l;/
!%, r}t !% / c;f/ !% ut]leq
sf]if tyf n]vf lgoGqs sfof{nodf
a' e mfpg' k g] { 5 . hf/L ul/Psf]
dfu{ b z{ g cg' ; f/ sfo{ q md tyf
cfof]hgfx¿sf] lgldQ lgodfjnL,
sfo{ljlw, lgb]l{ zsf / dfkb08 h:tf
s'/fx¿ lgdf{0f ug{k' g]{ ePdf ;fpg
d;fGtleq agfpg'kg]{ 5 . of]hgf tyf
sfo{qmd sfo{Gjog cjlwe/sf] nflu
gofF hgzlQm cfjZos kg]{ ePdf
;fpg d;fGtleq :jLs[t u/fO;Sg'kg]{
/ cfof]hgf sfof{Gjogsf] nflu
cfjZos tof/L k"/f u/L ;fpg
d;fGtleq af]nkq cfXjfg ul/;Sg'kg]{
/ c;f]h d;fGtleq 7]Ssf ;Demf}tf
ug{ ' k g] { s' / f dGqfnoåf/f hf/L
dfu{bz{gdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
nfexfgL;DaGwL #$, /fh:j
lxgfldgf;DaGwL %, u}/sfg"gL ;DklQ
cfh{g;DaGwL & / cGo ljifo;Fu
;DalGwt !@ j6f /x]sf 5g\\ . …cfly{s
jif{ @)&*÷&( df bfo/ ePsf !#!
%)) /fh:j ;Íng ug{ ;kmn ePsf]
yfkfn] hfgsf/L lbP . To:t} ;f]xL
cjlwdf !! xhf/ &! df]6/;fOsn
rfns sf/afxLdf kbf{ ? && nfv
%^ xhf/ %)) / b'O{ xhf/ !!@
ofq'jfxs a;nfO{{ sf/afxL ubf{ ? !@
nfv *! xhf/ hl/jfgf c;'n ePsf]
k|dv' k|x/L lg/LIfs yfkfn] atfP .
rf/ xhf/ $!$ xn'sf ;jf/L ;fwg -
hLk, sf/ tyf Eofg_ rfnsaf6 ?
@% nfv *# xhf/ %)) / Ps xhf/
&$# 6\of{S6/ rfnsaf6 ? !! nfv
$% xhf/ hl/jfgf c;'n ul/Psf]
lyof] . lhNnfdf ut cfj @)&*÷&(
df !@# j6f ;jf/L ;fwg b'36{ gfdf
k/]sf / To;df #( hgfn] Hofg
u'dfPsf lyP eg] @#( ;Vt 3fOt]
ePsf lyP .
o;}u/L, DofUbLdf cfly{s jif{
@)&*÷&( df 6«flkms lgod pNn‹g
ug]{ gf} xhf/ $%) ;jf/L;fwgsf
rfnsnfO{{ sf/afxL u/]/ ? ^# nfv
(! xhf/ /fh:j ;Íng ePsf] 5 .
k|of]hgljk/Lt, IfdtfeGbf a9L ofq'
af]Sg], unt 7fpFdf kfls{ª ug],{ rfns
cg' d ltkq / ;jf/LwgLkq
gePsfnfO{{ sf/afxL u/L ;f] /fh:j
;Íng ul/Psf] xf] . lhNnf 6«flkms
k|x/L sfof{nosf k|d'v k|x/L gfoa
lg/LIfs OGb|axfb'/ g]kfnLsf cg';f/
Ps xhf/ (%# df] 6 /;fOsn
rfnsnfO{{ sf/afxL ubf{ ? !$ nfv
dfu{bz{gcg';f/ k'FhLut vr{sf]
dfl;s k|ult cg'udg ug]{ Joj:yf
ldnfpg'kg]{ / :jLs[t sfo{qmddf
gk/]sf cfof]hgfx¿df /sdfGt/ ug{
kfO{+b}g . !) s/f]8 eGbf dflysf
cfof]hgfx¿ /fli6«o ;tstf{ s]Gb|af6
k|fljlws ¿kdf kl/If0f u/fpg'kg]{
5 . To:t} ;/sf/L ejgx¿ lgdf{0f
/ ;hfj6 ;x/L ljsf; dGqfnon]
lgdf{0f u/]sf] dfkb08cg';f/ ug{k' g]{
5 . % s/f] 8 eGbf dflysf
cfof]hgfsf] 7]Ssf ;Demf}tf ubf{ lgdf{0f
;DkGg ePsf] slDtdf % jif{;Dd
lgdf{0f Joj;foLn] g} dd{t Joj:yfkg
ug]{u/L 7]Ssf ;Demf}tf ug{'kg]{ s'/f
dfu{bz{gdf Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
dfu{ b z{ g n] ;8s lgdf{ 0 f ubf{ ,
vfg]kfgL, 9n, lah'nLsf] kf]n / tf/
Joj:ykg h:tf sfdx¿nfO{{ Pp6}
Kofs]hdf af]nkq cfXjfg u/L sfd
j6f d'2fdf k|ltjfbLsf] ;+Vof ^#(
/x]sf] 5, h;dWo] ljlzi6 >]0fLsf
/fi6«;]js sd{rf/L tLghgf, cGo
/fi6« ; ] j s sd{ r f/L #)* hgf,
larf}lnof, dltof/nufot cGo !&@
hgf, e" t k" j { dGqL Ps hgf /
lgjf{lrt, dgf]lgt kbflwsf/Lx¿
!%% hgf /x]sf 5g\,\ Ú k|jQmf e08f/Ln]
hfgsf/L lbP .
ut cfly{s jif{ bfo/ ul/Psf
d'2fsf k|ltjfbLx¿;Fu @ ca{ &*
$# xhf/, Ps xhf/ #$$ 6\of{S6/
rfnsaf6 ? cf7 nfv (( xhf/,
rf/ xhf/ $#^ lhk–sf/ rfnsaf6
? @( nfv ^@ xhf/, %#^ a;
rfnsaf6 ? tLg nfv @% xhf/ /
Ps xhf/ !*! 6«s rfnsaf6 ?
;ft nfv ^@ xhf/ hl/jfgf c;'nL
ePsf] 5 . ;a}eGbf a9L j}zfvdf
Ps xhf/ @%) ;jf/L;fwgsf
rfnsnfO{{ sf/afxL ubf{ ? gf} nfv
!% xhf/ hl/jfgf c;'nL ePsf]
g] k fnLn] hfgsf/L lbP . cfj
@)&&÷&* df rf/ xhf/ *%)
;jf/L;fwgsf rfnsnfO{{ sf/afxL
u/]/ ? #) nfv &# xhf/ /fh:j
;Íng ePsf] lyof] . cfj @)&^÷&&
df tLg xhf/ ^)) ;jf/L;fwgsf
rfnsnfO{{ sf/afxL u/]/ ? @@ nfv
!( xhf/, @)&%÷&^ df ^ xhf/
@)) ;jf/L;fwgsf rfnsaf6 ? $!
nfv (# xhf/ tyf cfj @)&$÷&%
df cf7 xhf/ $)) ;jf/L;fwgsf
rfnsaf6 ? %& nfv ^^ xhf/
/fh:j ;Íng ul/Psf] g]kfnLn]
atfP . ut jif{ DofUbLdf ePsf !*
b'3{6gfdf !% hgfsf] Hofg uPsf]
lyof] . gf} hgf uDeL/ / gf} ;fdfGo
3fOt] ePsf lyP . k|x/L gfoa
lg/LIfs g]kfnLn] hfFrsf ;fy} b'36{ gf
Go"gLs/0f / 6«flkms lgod kfngf
u/fpg rfns, ofq' / gful/s nlIft
sfo{qmd ub}{ cfPsf] atfP .
ug{ cg'/f]w u/]sf] 5 .
dlGqkl/ifb j}7sn] u/]sf] lg0f{o
/ ljz]if kl/l:yltdf afx]s q}dfl;s
¿kdf dfq} /sdsf] lgsf;f x'g]
dGqfnosf] dfu{ b z{ d f pNn] v
ul/Psf] 5 . /fli6« o uf} / jsf
cfof]hgf, ¿kfGt/0fsf/L cfof]hgf
/ ax' j lif{ o cfof] h gfsf nflu
ljlgof]lht ah]6nfO{{ /sdfGt/ ug{
gkfOg] egL pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
dGqfnoåf/f hf/L gofF
dfu{bz{gdf k'h F Lut vr{ / ljQLo
Joj:yftkm{ ljlgof]lht /sd rfn'
vr{ d f /sdfGt/ ug{ gkfOg] ,
;/sf/L sfo{qmd ;/sf/L ;ef xndf
g} ug{k' g]{ / ;/sf/L sfof{nosf] nflu
gofF rf/kf+u|] ;jf/L ;fwg vl/b
gul/g] ljifo n] l vPsf] 5 .
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lgsf;f, vr{ / lgoGq0fnufot
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sf] pkbkmf -$_ cg';f/ ah]6 sfof{Gjog
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dGqfnon] pNn]v u/]sf] 5 .
s/f]8 $# nfv #@ xhf/ &!) ¿k}ofF
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d'2fdf e|i6frf/hGo s;'/ sfod
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cg'/f]w ul/G5 .
If]Kof:q k|sfzg s]Gb|
yfkfufp“, sf7df8f},+ kmf]gM (*$!$)#*%!
E-mail : chhepyastra@gmail.com
janakhabar@gmail.com
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dx]zrGb| /]Udsf Land Tenure
and Taxation in Nepal.
Thatched Huts & Stucco
PalacesM Peasants and
Landlords in 19th Century
Nepal The State and
Economic Surplus, Kings
and Political Leaders of the
Gorkhali Empire h:tf / cGo
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subedi1950subedi@gmail.com
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n'Kt ePsf lyP . xfdLn] emf]nf
af]s]sf lyof}F . ;fdfGo km]g]{ Pshf]/
sk8f, a|;, 6'yk]:6, sfOFof] a;\, c¿
xfd|f] emf]nfleq s]xL lyPg . Toltv]/
Tof] g} xfd|f] ;a}eGbf dxŒjk"0f{ ;DklQ
lyof] . tf}nsf] lx;fan] eGg] xf] eg]
$÷% lsnf]uf| d lyof] xf]nf . cK7\of/f]
af6f] psfnf], cf]/fnf], hª\un clg
lbgel/sf] lxF8fO . To;n] xfd|f
emf]nfx¿nfO{{ ux|fF} agfPsf] lyof] . t/
38Lsf] ;'O{ g/f]lsO{sg lxF8s ] f] lxF8o\ }
u/]em}F xfdL klg nuftf/ lxFl8/x]sf
lyof} F . au] / Laf6 lxF 8 ] k l5 xfdL
Ko'6f/df af; a:of}F . To;kl5 laxfg
% ah] g} ToxfFaf6 lxF8]sf lyof}F .
aLrdf dfN6f eGg] ufpFdf vfgf vfP/
km]l/ lxF8g\ yfNofF2} . sf]xL l56f] 5l/tf]
lxF8\g] sf]xL 7LSs, sf]xL lj:tf/}
lxFl8/x]sf lyof}F . To;} 6f]nLdf s=
lgZrn / s= ;'rG] b| klg x'g' x' G' Yof] .
pxfFx¿ b'j} kf6L{ k|jz ] sf] lx;fan]
gofF t/ sfd, cg'ej clg cfGbf]ngsf]
cfjZostfcg' ; f/sf] rft' o { s f]
lx;fan] rflxF cfk"meGbf $–% tx
dflysf] x'g'x'GYof] . pxfFx¿ kf6L{df
etL{ ePsf] 5f]6} ;dodf cfˆgf] sf}zn
b]vfpg ;Ifd of]4fx¿ x'gx' G' Yof] h;n]
ubf{ b;sf}F kf6L{ sfd u/]sf t/
;do, kl/l:ylt / l;4fGtcg';f/,
cfjZostfcg';f/ cfk"mnfO{{ ljsf;,
¿kfGt/0f ug{ c;kmn dfG5]x¿
pgLx¿sf] ;kmntfaf6 ;fx|} lrl9Gy] .
t/ pgLx¿sf] sfdsf] h'g j]u lyof]
To;n] ubf{ r'F ug{;Sg] l:ylt lyPg .
To;}n] pgLx¿nfO{{ r'SnL ug]{ s'g, stf,
r/ e]l6G5 eg]/ tLvf tLvf cfFvfx¿
pgLx¿s} jl/kl/ 3'ld/x]sf x'Gy] .
pgLx¿ slxn] Pshgfkl5 slxn] csf]{
hgf u/]/ l56f] lxF8g\ g;s]/ kl5
k/]sfnfO{{ ;fy lbO/x]sf lyP .
xfdL h' g lbg sf7df8f} F
pkTosfdf l5g\{] gfsfsf] glhs k'Uof}F .
x'gt cem} !@–!$ 3G6fsf] af6f]
sf6\g afFsL g} lyof] . gfsfglhsdf
km]l/ w]/}hgf klg 5f}F . To;}n] xfdL
/ftL lxF8g\ k' 5{ eGg] eof] . To;}cg'¿k
xfdL $ ah]lt/ vfgf vfO{ lxF8\g
yfNof}F . d+l;/sf] 5f]6f] lbg lxF8\g
yfn] k l5 Ps} l 5g\ k l5 cF W of/f] n ]
5f]Kof] . af6f] slt cK7\of/f] lyof]
eg] le/fnf], u]u/]6f] ePsf], ;fgf],
clnslt lrKn] klg xfdL ;Lw}
afudtLdf ˆofQ v:g] lyof}F . aQL
afNg kfpg] s'/feGbf klg 6f9faf6}
b]lvg] x'gfn] afNg] s'/} ePg . n8\g
t slt n8\of}F, n8\b}, p7\b} xfdL
/ftel/ g} lxFl8/Xof}F . laxfg tLg
ah]sf] lyof] xf]nf gfsf sf6\bf cln
pHofnf] ePkl5 sf6\g'k5{ eGg]
;Nnfx eO/x]sf] lyof] . Psl5g\
kf6Ldf cf/fd ug] { / To;kl5
pHofnf]df hfg'k5{ eg]/ ToxfF xfd|f]
6f] n Ln] la:s' 6 NofPsf] /x] 5 .
PsPsj6f afF8]sf lyP . /ftL ToxfF
vfg dg nflu–nflu klg kl5 ef]s
nfUbf vfg'knf{ egL emf]nfdf /fv]sL
lyPF . Tof] klg stf v;]5, xfdLn]
cf/fd ug]{ eg]sf] blIf0fsfnLsf] tn
afudtL gbLlsgf/sf] kf6L Psbd
hL0f{ lyof] . t/ 5fgf] eg] lyof] .
xfdL zLtn] leh]sf, lgb|fn] r'/r'/
ePsf clg tLg lbgb]lv nuftf/
lxF 8 ] s f] lxF 8 \ o } u/] s f ylst
el/ofx¿sf] nfdh:tf] nfUof] . To;
kf6Ldf cf/fd ubf{ s] cf]5o\ fpg] eGbf
v]tdf k/fn /x]5, ToxL Nofpg] s'/f
eof] . NofOof] klg t/ Tof] klg
xfdLh:t} zLtn] leh]/ nq\ofs–n'qS' s
ePsf] lyof]/ . lr;f] lyof] . hlt
lr;f] eP klg ;':tfpgs} nflu
ga;L–g;' t L ePg . t/ lr;f]
afudtLsf] :ofF7 / k/fnsf] zLtsf]
lr;f] clg cfkm}F klg zLtn] kft
?em]em}F ?em]sf xfdL hlt yfs] klg
lgbfpg s] ;Sg' / < vfln Psl5g\
o;f] a:g] / kN6g] ul/of] . lxF8\g]
a]nf eOxfNof] . uf]8f / lhp b'Mv]/
d'9fh:tf] p7fpg} ufx|f] eO/x]sf]
lyof] . lxF8\bf a? Hofg tft} lyof] .
cf/fd u/]/ p7\bf t lhp rnfpg}
g;Sg] u/L b'v]sf] lyof] . lxF8\g' t
5Fb} lyof] . ha gfsfsf] 5]pdf k'Ug}
nfu]sf] cfef; eof], xfdL cln l56f]
cfOk'u]sf t xf]Ogf}F . cem} cFWof/f]
5 t eg]/ d}n] s'/f u/]F . lxF8\bf–
lxF8\b} t/ Tof] hf];df d]/f] s'/fnfO{{
c¿ sd/]8x¿n] xfjfdf pl8/x]sf]
w'nf]nfO{{ a/fa/ s'g} dxŒj glbO{sg
cl3 al9/x] .
xfdL b]jLrf}/af6 cl3 a9]/ kml;{8f]n
e]6g\ } nfu]sf] a]nf ;fyLx¿ u'?? k5fl8
kms]/{ cfP . ;]gf …qmfplnªÚ u/]/ a;]sf]
/x]5 . xfd|f ;fyLx¿ b'Oh { gf ;dfltP
eGg] ;"rgf lbP . ca t'?Gt} h'g af6f]
cfPsf] xf] ToxL af6f] xfdL bf}8g yfn]sf
lyof}F . To;}an] f d n8]F . s= lgZrn
dnfO{{ p7fpg cfP/ . ptf xfdLnfO{{
nv]6b\ } ;]gf / k|x/L cfPsf] eP eg]/
d]/f] lbdfudf lemNsf aNof] . xf]Og, xf]Og
hfg'xf];\ tkfO{x+{ ¿ d pl7xfN5' eg]F . gq
hf] bf}8g ;s]g, pm t kl/xfNYof] . hf]
p7fpg yfNof], pm klg knf{ eGg] lrGtf
dnfO{{ nfUof] . la:tf/} p7]/ d klg bf}8g
yfn]F . hlt bf}8] klg lgb|f, ysfg,
ToxLFdfly ef]sn] klg 8fDg yfln;s]sf] .
bf}8/] 5ftL km'n/] klg dg]{ g} xf] . b'Zdgn]
e]6] klg dg]{ g} xf] eGg] u/L ;f; a9\of] .
To;kl5 la:tf/} lxFl8of] . t/ b'Zdg
xfd|f] kl5–kl5 cfPsf] eP xfdLnfO{{
pgLx¿n] ;lhn} e]6y\ ] . ca ufpF
cfOk'us ] f] lyof] . b'Zdgsf] 5]pd} k/]sf]
cj:yfdf cfk"m sdhf]/ eP/ b'Zdgsf]
sAhfdf k'Ug' k/] klg ;fyLx¿ hf] l56f]
bf}8g ;Sy] pgLx¿ gkm;"g\ eGg] klxn]
lbdfudf cfpg] . s:tf] crDd t
h;/L klg cfk"m afFRg'k5{ lg .
pgLx¿sf] ;xof]u t d]/f] klg clwsf/
xf] lg eGg] To:tf] s]xL cfpFbg} /x]5 .
slt pRr ljrf/, slt pRr Jojxf/,
eft[Tj, juL{o cfTdLotf . ;do sd
5 eg] cfˆgf] sf/0f lsg csf]n { fO{{
;d]t b'Zdgsf] d'vdf k'¥ofpg] <
;s];Dd, hfg];Dd xfdL hf]sf]xLn] klg
Psn] csf]{nfO{{ arfpg'k5{ eGg]
k|lta4tf Jojxf/d} b]vfk¥of] . cln
k/ rf} a f6f] d f k' u ] k l5 c¿
;fyLx¿;Fu e]6 eof] . s= lgZrnn]
rf/ lbgb]lv af]s/] NofPsf] sk8fsf]
emf]nf ca eg] af]Sg ;lsGg eGg] eof] .
lsgeg] b'Zdg kl5kl5 cfpFb} /x]5 eg]
xfd|f] lwdf ultn] p;n] xfdLnfO{{ ;lhn}
e]65\ eGg] eof] . d}n] /fd|} sk8f a? .
af6}df /flvlbP . Tof] c¿n]
nfpnfg\ eg]F t/ pgn] To;f] ug'{ xfdL
lxF8s ] f] af6f] b]vfpg'h:t} x'G5 . To;}n]
afudtLd} kmfNg'k5{ eg]/ kmflnlbP .
dnfO{{ klg To;df s'g} df]x afFsL /x]g
lsgeg] Pp6f emf]nf af]ss ] } lyof] .
cltl/Qm af]Sg] cfF6 ;lsO;s]sf] lyof] .
x'g;SYof] b'Zdg ;]gfn] oxLF g} sAhf
ug{ ;SYof] . To;}n] emf]nf kmfn]/ csf]{
bf]af6f]df xfdL kms]s { f hlt e]6 eof] .
Psl5g\ pleO{–pleO{ s]xL ;Nnfx eof] .
ToxfF s] ePsf] lyof] eGg] oyfy{
hfgsf/L ;a}nfO{{ lyPg . To;}n] ToxfF
b'Zdg ;]gf k"/} ;'t/] …kf]lh;gÚ df
a;]sf] glhs} k'uk] l5 dfq ;fyLx¿n]
b]v] . afSnf] x':;' nfu]sf] lyof] .
Toltv]/;Dd pgLx¿ p7]/ ;f]wk'5
ug{ yfn] . a'l4 / sf}lzNofnfO{{
pgLx¿n] lu/ˆtf/ u/] eGg] eof] .
olt;Dd ls s= ;fw'/fdn] sf}lzNofsf]
xft} ;dflt/x] s f] t/ sf} l zNof
kmls{gf;fy pgLx¿sf] Wofg k5fl8
kg]{ . k5fl8 t km]l/ c¿ ;fyLx¿
y'k}| ePkl5 pgn] Tof] xft 5'6fP/
pgLx¿n] ;f]ws ] f] hjfkm lbg yfn]sf]
clg 5f]8/] ;fw'/fdrflxF cfPsf] atfP .
c¿nfO{{ arfpg cfk"m v';Lv';L pgL
d[To'sf] d'vdf uOg\ . ;fw'/fdsf] cg'xf/
cFWof/f] lyof] . lrlGtt klg t/ ljsNk
s] lyof] / < clgnn] ;a}nfO{{ dsjfgk'/
g} kms{g] eGg'eof] . af6f]df b'Zdgsf]
xs{tsf ljifodf ;xL ;"rgf lyPg .
af6f]sf] /]SsL klg lyPg . sf7df8f}F
pkTosf k:g] of]hgf v'Nof] . Iflt eof] .
g]t[Tjn] agfPsf] of]hgf v'Nof] .
cfsl:ds lg0f{o ug'k{ g]{ eof] . To;}an] f
g]tT[ jnfO{{ ;"rgf lbP/ gofF of]hgf
agfpg] l:ylt lyPg . 6f]nL oqtq
5l/Psf] lyof] . s'df/ bfxfnx¿
tf]/Laf/Llt/ bf}8s ] f] va/ t lyof] .
t/ cj:yf c1ft g} lyof] . t/ s=
lgZrn / s= ;"rG] b|n] …xf]Og, xfdL
csf]{ af6f] ca blIf0fsfnLlt/af6
hfG5f},F tkfO{x+{ ¿ kmls{g" . pgLx¿
b'Oh{ gf kl/;s]kl5 s]xL ;fdfgsf]
Joj:yfkg t'?Gt} ug'k{ 5{ gq km]l/ c¿
yk Iflt x'G5Ú eg] . clgn klg ;xdt
x'ge' of] / xfdL ca lxhf] /ftel/ lxF8s ] }
af6f]af6 kms{g yfNof}F t/ kfOnf cl3
;fg{ vf]Hof] /a/ tGs]/ km]l/ k'/fg}
7fpFdf kms]h { :tf] k5fl8 g} tflgG5 .
lxF8g\ } ;lSbgF . ptf b'Zdgsf] 8/, otf
kfOnf g;fl/P/ lrGtf . ca s] ug]{
< Psl5g\ t of] s] ePsf] < s]xL ;f]Rg
;lsPg . w]/} a]/kl5 of] kSs} klg
ef]ssf] sf/0f eGg] ofb cfof] . emf]nfdf
s]xL vfg]s/' f lyPg . jl/kl/ af6f]df
st} Pp6f 3/ lyPg . s] vfg] < cf]xf]
Û ef]sn] dfG5]nfO{{ olt w]/} sdhf]/
agfpF5 eGg] s'/f cem;Dd t s]xL
cg'ej} /x]g5 d;Fu . psfnf]df kfOnf
;f¥of], ;b}{g . ptf clgn ufnL
ul//xg'efÚ5 lsg cln l56f] glxF8s ] f]
< pgLx¿ kl5kl5 cfpg ;S5g\\ eg]sf
5g\\ . t/ cfˆgf] eg] v'§f d/] cl3
a9\bg} . aNn–aNn Pp6f uf]7 e]l6of] .
ToxfF dfG5] klg /x]5g\\ . t/ pgL;Fu
vfg]s/' fsf gfddf ds}sf] hfF8 dfq
/x]5 . xfdL k¥of}F z'4 dfcf]jfbL
hfF8/S;L vfg] / agfpg]nfO{{ ;d]t
p:t} k/] sf/afxL ug]{ . ef]sn] kfOnf
rfNg clt d'l:sn k/]sf] a]nf ToxL
eP klg vfg] ls eGg] lbdfudf cfof] .
t/ km]l/ P afaf cK7\of/f]d} xf] lg
k/LIffsf] 38L eg]sf] . pQL0f{–cg'QL0f{
x'g] g} ToxL ;dodf xf] . x'Gg eg]/
cl3 al9of] . ca s'g} 3/ lyPg .
af6f]el/ Hofgn] af6}df klN6g] lg0f{o
n]nfh:tf] eO;Sof] . t/ la:tf/} eP
klg kfOnf rfNgrflxF 5f]l8gF . c¿
a]nfdf lxF8b\ f xfdL Tolt af6f] @ 3G6fdf
lxF8g\ ] lyof}F . To:t} $–% 3G6fdf xfdL
c¿ a]nf klg hfFbf–cfpFbf ;'Gtnf
lsg]/ vfg] u/]sf] 3';n ] ufpFdf k'Uof}F .
k| s [ l tn] n' s fP/ /fv] s f]
jfudtLlsgf/sf] tfdfªsf] Pp6f
3/df ;'Gtnf lsg]/ vfOof] . t/ cxF
k6Ss} zlQm a9]sf] xf]Og .
d} n ] Tof] 3/wgLnfO{ { s]
vfg]s/' f 5 < dnfO{{ clnslt
lbg';,\ gq d lxF8g\ ;lSbgF
eg]F . pgn] kfSb} u/]sf] ;fu
/ clnslt lrp/f lbOg\ .
Tof] vfPkl5 cln an
cfPh:tf] eof] . clg !)–
!@ j6f ;'Gtnf emf]nfdf
af]s/] lxFl8of] . olt x'bF f klg
ca t lxFl8G5 eg]/ 7"n}
cfF6 cfof] . Psb'O{ 3G6f
lxF8]kl5 km]l/ yflsof] . t/
laxfgsf] h:tf] clGtd eg]
ePsf] lyPg . xfdL;F u
ToxfFsf] ;a} s'/f yfxf x'g]
sf]xL dfG5] ;fydf lyPg .
jl/kl/ lrg]sf] sf]xL lyPg .
aLrdf xf]6]n, k;n s]xL
klg lyPg . lbpF;f] !@ ah]lt/ xf]nf,
xfdL dfN6f k'Uof}F . ToxfF k;nd} klg
vfgf agfP/ vfg lbg] rng /x]5 .
a]ltgL ufpF cfwf/Onfsfh:t} lyof] .
ToxLF ;~rf/sf] 6fj/ /flvPsf] lyof] .
kv{ g ] ;do t lyPg . To;} n ]
rfprfp agfpg nufP/ ToxL vfO{
xfdL cl3 a9\of}F . af6f] la/fpg] xf]
ls eGg] 8/ lyof] . cl3Nnf] /ftdf
lxF8]sf] af6f], Tof] klg aQL gafnL .
pHofnf]df 7Dofpg ;fx|} d'l:sn . t/
otf af6f] ;f]Wg ;lsGYof] . st} ;f]4}
st} g;f]wL lxF8\b} u/]/ xfdL km]l/
a]ltgL k'UofF} . Totf k'u/] otfsf] va/
;'s'Daf;LnfO{{ lj:yflkt gug{ r]tfjgL
sf7df8f}F . clvn g]kfn e"ldxLg
;'sD' af;L ;+3 sf:sLn] ;'sD' af;L
;d:ofnfO{{ 7Ls 9+un] ;Daf]wg c+u]|
;+3if{ ug{ afWo x'g] r]tfjgL lbPsf]
5 . ;'sD' af;Lx¿sf] j}slNks Joj:yf
gu/L pgLx¿nfO{{ lj:yflkt ug{ gkfOg]
eGb} ;'sD' af;L ;+3 kf]v/fsf cWoIf
sdn / kf]v/f dxfgu/ ;]qm]6/L
;f]ddfofn] dËnaf/ lhNnf k|zf;g
sfof{no sf:sL / dxfgu/nfO{{ 5'§f5'6}
1fkgkq lbFb} ;f] r]tfjgL lbPsf x'g\ .
To;}u/L, clvn g]kfn ;'sD' af;L
;+3 sf:sLn] kf]v/f dxfgu/kflnsf
jf8{ g ## sf sl/a #) kl/jf/nfO{{
utxKtf gu/ k| x /Ln] ank" j { s
lj:yflkt ub} { ljrNnL kf/] k l5
;'s'Daf;Lx¿sf] kIfdf ;DalGwt
lgsfonfO{{ 1fkgkq a'emfPsf] 5 .
lhNnf k| z f;g sfof{ n o
sf:sLnfO{{ 1fkg kq k]z u/]kl5
;' s ' D af;Lx¿;F u e] 6 3f6 /
cGt/lqmof ub}{ ;+3sf cWoIf sdnn]
eg] …g]kfnsf] ;lDjwfgn] ;d]t ufF;,
jf; / skf;;lxtsf] df} l ns
ug'{ t lyof] g} . ca Totf s] ug]{
eGg] k|Zg klg HjnGt aGof] . ha
xfdL au]/L x'Fb} kmfk/af/L k'Uof}F
xfdL;Fu;Fu} h:tf] pkTosf k;]sf #–
$ hgf ;dfltPsf] va/ cfof] .
To;df pxL s= ;"rG] b|, s= lgZrn,
s= ofbjx¿ lyP . To;kl5
pkTosfsf c¿ sd/]8 hf] afFsL
x'gx' G' 5 -lu/ˆtf/Ldf gk/]sf_ ;a}nfO{{
l/ªd} af]nfpg'k5{ . ca csf]{ gofF
of] h gf gagfO{ x' F b } g eGb} s] x L
sd/]8x¿ afFsL sd/]8x¿nfO{{ aflx/
lgsfNg hfg'eof] . 7f]; kl/l:yltsf]
7f]; ljZn]if0f gu/L s'g} klg of]hgf
;kmn x'g g;Sg] l:ylt To;a]nfsf]
s6' ;To lyof] . t/ sltko
36gfx¿df eg] ToxL 7f] ;
kl/l:yltsf] 7f]; ljZn]if0fsf] cefjn]
ubf{v]l/ g} 7"nf7"nf Ifltx¿ ePsf]
;"rL 5 h;nfO{{ kl5 To:t} vfnsf
sdhf]/L gbf]xf]¥ofpg] k|lta4tf;lxt
¿kfGt/0fsf] h'g k|lqmof lyof] To;sf]
sdL kfOnfkfOnfdf ug{ kfOGYof] .
pkTosf Ao'/f]sf ;a}h;f] ;b:ox¿
lu/ˆtf/ ug{ b'Zdg ;kmn eO/x]sf]
lyof] . otf pkTosfsf] sfdsf/afxL
;Lldt x'g k'us ] f] lyof] . ToxfF sfd ug{
tTk/ eP/ kmls{/x]sf] 6f]nLdf /x]sf
b'Oh{ gf sd/]8 hf] sf}lzNof kf]v/]n /
a'l4axfb'/ tfdfª x'gx' G' Yof] . pxfFx¿
b'jh } gfnfO{{ k|ltlqmofjfbL ;/sf/n] a]kQf
agfof] . h;nfO{{ cfhsf] lbg;Dd klg
;fj{hlgs ug]{ cfF6 ug{;s]sf] 5}g .
b'Zdgn] t lu/ˆtf/ u¥of] . a]kQf
agfof] . oftgf lbof] . nfU5, pgLx¿nfO{{
u}/sfg'gL tj/af6 xTof g} u¥of] . t/
ha hgo'4sf gfos ag]sfx¿ ;/sf/df
uP/ k|wfgdGqL, u[xdGqL alg;s]/ klg
b]zsf nflu Hofgsf] afhL nufP/ n8\g]
of]4fx¿sf af/]df ;To, tYo, oyfy{
;fj{hlgs ug{ g;Sg] :ofnx¿ ag], hf]
vfgsf sfn dfq ;flat eP / dxfg\
hgo'4sf] la;h{g;Fu} logLx¿sf] cfTdf
klg bnfn / hgtfsf] b'Zdgsf ¿kdf
km]l/O;s]sf] 5 .
clwsf/sf] s'/f u/]sf] 5, /fHon] of]
clwsf/nfO{{ Uof/]G6L ug{' kg]d
{ f pN6}
afnaflnsf / a'9fkfsf gful/sk|lt
k|x/L nufP/ bdg ul/Psf] 5, of]
/fHo cft+s xf] .Ú To:t} ;'s'Daf;L
;+ 3 kf] v /f dxfgu/ ;] q m] 6 /L
;f] d dfofn] elgg\ – æxfdLn]
1fkgkqdfkm{t\ pgLx¿sf] Wofgfsif{0f
u/fPsf 5f}, pgLx¿sf] j}slNks
Joj:yf u/]/ df}lns clwsf/sf]
;' l glZrttf ul/g' k5{ ,
dfgjclwsf/sf] Go"gtd cg'e"lt
x'g'k5{, olb of] s'/fnfO{{ 7Ls 9+un]
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g} k|r08, z]/axfb'/ g} sf+u; ]| jf sf+u; ]| k|fKt x'g] ;'lglZrt / clgjfo{ 5 . l:ylt 5 . / of] lgs6 eljiodf
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ePsf] ax;af6 cQflng k'us ] f] 5 . lglDt lg/Gt/ ;+3if{ ub}{ cfPsf] ljKnj klg ljb|fx] x'g,] g]kfnL ;]gf leqsf]
Pstfa4 eP/ Pp6f cfdhgtfsf] ;xeflutf /xg] ljb|fx] sf] df]rf{ vf]Ng' kg]{ bnfn k'h F Ljfb cfk"mn] v8f u/]sf JolQmTjlj?4 k|xf/ x'g' ;f/t of] b]z /fi6«jfbL wf/, g]kfn k|x/L leqsf]
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sf/0f of] b]zdf ljKnj g} Ps b]z / b]zelQm dflysf] k|xf/ xf] . of] clwsf+z lx:;f klg cfˆgf] lsQfnfO{{
o'udf hfg clkn ug{k' g]{ o'u k|jt{ssf] lhDdf ePsf xfdLn] ;du| qmflGtsf/L / b]zeQm g]tf xf] eGg] 5lj k|xf/nfO{{ k/f:t ug{' cfd g]kfnL :ki6 ub} { cd] l /sg / klZrdf
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g} qmflGt jf qmflGt g} ljKnj h:tf] xfdLn] o:tf t'R5 / skf]slNkt jftfj/0f aGb} uPsf] b]lvG5 . lsgls
lng / To;sf] tof/L ug{ /f}+ hlQ klg r'Sg x'bF g} . t/, of] a]nf ljKnj aGg k'Uof] . ljKnj qmflGtsf] kof{osf] k|xf/lj?4 86]/ k|lt/f]w ug{ cfjZos cGt/f{li6«o zlQm;+3if{sf] g]kfndf
¿kdf hgtfsf] gh/df aGg'eof] . /, 5 . xfd|f] kf6L{nfO{{ of] b]zsf b]zeQm, ljBdfg l:ylt / o;sf] ljsf;n] of]
JolQmTjdflysf] xdnflj?4 cfdk+lQm / l;+uf] b]z Psl9Ssf eP/ n8\g' of] lgud k'h F LjfbL cy{ ;DaGw / To;n] dWod juL{o tKsf, /fli6«o k'h F LhLklt ;+ e fjgfnfO{ { glhs agfO/x] s f]
dxTjk"0f{ sfd xf] . xfdL of] ug{ ;Ifd 5f}F . gofF ;Defjgf cfFwL lnP/ g]tf gfds kfqx¿nfO{{ a'‰g hgtfdf ju{, ;Rrf nf]stGqjfbL zlQm, ls;fg, tYox¿n] :ki6 ub}{ nu]sf 5g\\ . of]
aGg k'us ] f] dgf]lj1fgsf] pkh lyof] . dhb'/, o'jf ljBfyL{, pTkLl8t hftL a]nf g]kfndf lqmofzLn qmflGtsf/L
cfpFb5} . cfFwLnfO{{ cfˆgf] kIfdf tfGg / ljZj k'h F Ljfbsf] lrxfg vGg cy{ ;DaGw / o;n] hgtfdf k}bf ug]{ ;d'bfoaLr k'Ug / Pstfa4 ug{af6 sDo' l g:6 kf6L{ x ¿ / b] z eQm
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ldx]gt u/]/ lkmN8df v6f}+ . xfd|f] kf6L{dfly nfu]sf ldYof / skf]slNkt lyof] . g]kfndf ;+;b\jfbL g]tf / s]xL lx+;fnfO{{ c+ufNg afWo kfg]{ k|k~r cfdhgtfsf] ;xeflutf /xg] ljb|fx] sf]
cf/f]k kfgLsf] kmf]sf h:t} km'6/] hfg]5g\\ . kfqx¿nfO{{ h;/L h;/L prflnof] bnfn /lrPsf] 5n{Ë 5 . df]rf{ vf]Ng' kg]{ / To;sf] tof/Ldf
k'hF Ljfblj?4 ;+3if{sf] d}bfgdf ePsf] xfdLn] tLg a'Fb] ;xdlt x'Fb}, ;a} lhDd] j f/ ag] / nfUg' kg] {
¿kdf wfjf af]Ng' xf] . g]kfndf qmflGt cd]l/sfsf] of]hgf / o;nfO{{ lakmn cd]l/sg w|j' n] g]kfndf ;fdgf ug{k' g]{ g]tfnfO{{ klg hgtfn] cfˆgf] dl;xf, ;r]ttfk"js { hgtfdf hfgsf] lglDt cfjZostf b]lvG5 . n'6/] f k'h F Ljfbsf]
x'g' cfkm}dF f ljZjnfO{{ ;fDojfbtkm{ kfg]{ g]kfnL hgtfsf] of]hgf ;txdf cfFwLj]x/Lk"0f{ k|lt/f]waf6 pQm w|j' lx/f], b'Mv df]rssf] dfgs agfP . ljleGg sfo{gLltx¿ clVtof/ ubf{ tVtf kN6fP/ k'FhLjfbsf] clGtd
k|lji6 ug{ clkn ug{' xf] . o;} sf/0f kbf{k0f e};s]sf] 5 . To;}n] n8fOFF{ ql;t 5 . To;}n] pQm w|j' hgtfsf] g]kfn sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ vf]h, xfd|f] kf6L{nfO{{ hgtfaf6 cnu ug]{ lrxfg g]kfnnfO{{ agfpFb} g]kfnaf6
g]skf dxf;lrj ljKnjn] kf6L{sf] !!cf}+ cfdg]–;fdg] aGb} uPsf] / Pp6f cfqmf]znfO{{ df]8g\ /lj nfld5fg] / cg';Gwfg / a[xt\ ax; / ;+3if{df s'Voft if8\oGqx¿ clxn] klg e}/x]sf j}1flgs ;dfhjfbsf] em08f kmx/fpFb}
s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf] a}7sdf k]z ug{e' Psf] eofgs n8fOFF{ g]kfnL hgtfn] n8\g' o:t} 5ß k|sf/sf] ˆofS6/nfO{{ cufl8 /x]sf] kf6L{ ePsf]n] o;n] hgtfnfO{{ 5g\\ . of] Joj:yfsf] ljsNk / b]zsf] ljZjnfO{{ gofF ;fDojfbL o'udf hfg
k|:tfjdf xfd|f] lhDd]jf/L o'u k|j4{s kg]{ ;'lglZrt h:t} b]lvG5 . ;fb}{ gofF of]hgf;lxt d}bfgdf cfPsf] hfu?s u/fpg, k|lt/f]wsf] lglDt :jfwLgtf /Iff vf]lh/x]sf g]kfnL clkn ug{k' g]{ o'u k|jt{ssf] lhDdf
aGg] :t/df 5 eg]/ ;+Zn]if0f ug{e' Psf] /fi6«3ftL tyf hg3ftL bnfn 5 . lg/Gt/ ;+ ; bLo k' F h LjfbL tof/ ug{ / hgtfsf] ljZjf;sf] g]tT[ j hgtfnfO{{ xfdLn] Pstfa4 ug{ kxn ePsf xfdLn] ;du| ;Defjgfx¿nfO{{
5 . xfdLn] pQm dd{nfO{{ ulx/f]u/L k'FhLjfbL ;+;bLo ;Qf cd]l/sg ;Qflj?4 ;+3if{ ub}{ cfPsf] qmflGtsf/L ub}{ cd]l/sg :jfy{nfO{{ w'nf] r6fpg] ug{' k5{ / cfd g]kfnL hgtfn] ca glhsaf6 gfKb} g]tT[ jbfoL e"ldsf
af]w ug}k{ 5{ . kf6L{n] ax'wj'| jf b'O{ s7\k'tnL ;Qf xf] . of] ;Qflj?4 kf6L{, ljrf/ / g]tT[ j jl/kl/ b]zeQm, lglZrt 5 . cd] l /sg :jfy{ s f] Pstfa4 x'g l9nf ug{' x'bF g} . v]Ng] :t/df kxnsbdL lng / To;sf]
w|j' Lo ljZjaf/] u/]sf] ;+Zn]if0f o'qm]g hgtfsf] cfqmf]z tLa| 5 . rf}tkmL{ kl/jt{gsfdL / qmflGtsf/L hgtfsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] tuf/f] g} g]kfn sDo'lg:6 xfdL Pstfa4 eP/ cd]l/sg tof/L ug{ /f}+ hlQ klg r'Sg x'bF g} .
o'4;Dd k'Ubf Jojxfl/s¿kdf k'li6 ab\gfd aGb} cfPsf] of] ;Qf s'g} klg w|j' Ls/0f x'g;Sg] / To;n] g} gofF ;Qf kf6L{ / ljKnj JolQmTj aGg k'us ] f] :jfy{lj?4 k|lt/f]w ubf{ g}o : pgLx¿n] t/, of] a]nf ljKnj JolQmTjdflysf]
ePsf] 5 . cd]l/sgx¿n] g]kfnsf] d"Nodf Wj:t x'gk} 5{ . cGoyf of] b]zn] hGdfpg] / b]zsf] g]tT[ j /Iff ug]{ 5 . hgtfsf] gh/df ag]sf] ljKnj ;dfKt kfg{ vf]hs ] f] ljKnj JolQmTjsf] xdnflj?4 cfdk+lQm / l;+uf] b]z
;+;b\af6 Pd;L;L kf; u/fPkl5 eo+s/ ;+s6sf] ;fdgf ug{k' g]{ b]lvG5 . tfut /fVg] b]vk] l5 pgLx¿ g]kfn JolQmTjnfO{{ Wj:t gkf/L cfˆgf] ;+s6 /Iff x'G5 / oxL JolQmTjsf] jl/kl/ g} Psl9Ssf eP/ n8\g' dxTjk"0f{ sfd
g]kfndf klg lsQfaGbLsf] cf/De cfO{lkP;sf] of]hgf af]s]/ cfPsf] sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ / o; kf6L{sf] g]tT[ j ;dfwfg gx'g] 7fgL cd]l/sf / ljZj xfdLn] cfGbf]ngsf] cfFwLnfO{{ ;+ul7t xf] . xfdL of] ug{ ;Ifd 5f}F . gofF
ePsf] 5 . ;+;b\af6} Pd;L;L kf; Pd;L;L kl/of]hgf vf/]h ug{ clgjfo{ dxf;lrj ljKnjsf cleJolQmlj?4 k'h F Ljfblj?4 g]kfndf ;+ul7t ag]sf] ug{ ;S5f}F . ;r]ttfk"js { eofgs ;Defjgf cfFwL lnP/ cfpFb}5 .
ePkl5 ;txdf b] l vPsf] tLa| 5 . /, of] g]kfnL hgtfsf] lglDt dfq rf}tkmL{ xdnf / cfqmd0fdf plqPsf qmflGtsf/L sDo'lg:6 cfGbf]ng / if8\oGqdf plqPsf] cd]l/sg :jfy{nfO{{ cfFwLnfO{{ cfˆgf] kIfdf tfGg / ljZj
c;Gt'ng / ;+;b\jfbL bn / g]tfx¿sf] xf]Og rLgsf] lglDt klg plQs} clgjfo{ 5g\\ . of] xdnf lsg e}/x]sf] 5 < ljKnj JolQmTjnfO{{ rf}tkmL{ cfqmd0f Wj:t ug{ xfdLn] pQm SofDklj?4 k'h F Ljfbsf] lrxfg vGg ldx]gt u/]/
cfTd;dk{0fsf/L Jojxf/n] qmflGtsf/L 5 . o;nfO{{ vf/]h ug{ b]zeQm g]kfnL o;nfO{{ cfdg]kfnL hgtfn] k/f:t ug{ ug{ cufl8 cfPsf] 5 . cfˆgf] ;+s6 eLif0f xdnf ug{ cfjZos 5 . of] lkmN8df v6f}+ . xfd|f] kf6L{dfly nfu]sf
zlQm, b]zeQm / Gofok|d] L hgtfsf] hgtfn] oyfl:yltnfO{{ eTsfP/ cfˆgf] lsg cfjZos 5 / xfdLn] cfufdL ;dfwfg ug{ ljKnj JolQmTjnfO{{ e"ldsf l;+uf] kf6L{ k+lQm / ;Dk"0f{ ldYof / skf]slNkt cf/f]k kfgLsf]
cfjfh Ps} k|sf/n] u'lGhg yfn]sf] ;Qf hGdfpg clgjfo{ 5, cGoyf of] ;Defjgfsf] kl/rfngdf s:tf] l;Wofpg' cd]l/sg :jfy{sf] k|dv ' sfd qmflGtsf/L, kl/jt{ g sfdL / kmf]sf h:t} km'6/] hfg]5g\\ .
5 . /, k'h F LjfbL ;fd|fHojfbLx¿sf c;Dej 5 . cfˆgf] ;+s6 ;dfwfg kxnsbdL lng'knf{ yf]/} rrf{ ug{ aGg k'us ] f] 5 . b]zeQmx¿n] v]Ng'k5{ . n]vsM g]skfsf s]Gb|Lo ;b:o x'g\ .
 8 sf= lh= k|= sf= b= g+= !^#÷@)^#÷^$
qmflGt=====
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/fli6«otfdf Pskl5 csf]{ ;+s6k"0f{
cj:yf cfPsf] pNn]v ub}{ Oltxf;sf
;a} /fi6«3ftnfO{ / hg3ftnfO{ dfy
ug]{ u/L clxn] 36gfx? 3l6/fv]sf] /
ef/tLo x:tIf]knfO{ pl5g]/ clxn]
cd] l /sL x:tIf] k xfd| f ] /fli6« o
:jflwgtfsf lj?4df vt/gfs 9+un]
cfO{/fv]sf] atfP . pgn] qmflGtsf/Lsf
lj?4 cfpg] leqL / jflx/L if8\oGqx?sf
lj?4 lgdf{tfk"js { n8\g / ljho xfl;n
ug{ ;Dea ePsf] 7f]sj' f ub}{ kf6L{ /
g]tT[ jsf lj?4 hlt if8\oGq u/] klg
b]zsf] clxn]sf] ;+6sk"0f{ l:yltsf]
;dfwfg eg]sf] qmflGtafx]s csf]{
tl/sfn] gx'g] atfP .
k|jQmf k|sf08n] kf6L{ hgtfsf]
aLrdf nf]slk|o x'Fb} uPsf] eGb}
hgtfsf ;d:of / d'2fnfO{ phfu/
ug{'kg]{ atfpb} c;f]h !–* ;Dd
sf7df8f}dF f x'g] kf6L{sf] /fli6«o dxflwj]zg
eJo¿kdf ;DkGg ug{ s]lGb|o k|rf/ tyf
k|sfzg ljefunfO{ pNn]Vo e"ldsf
lgefpg lgb]z { g;d]t lbP .
g]kfn sDo'lg:6 kf6L{sf s]lGb|o
;b:o k|Hjngsf] cWoIfftfdf ePsf]
;f] a} 7 sn] kf6L{ s f ultljlw /
/fli6«otf / hg;/f]sf/sf ljifonfO{
k|wfgtfdf /fv]/ Aofks?kdf k|rf/–
k|;f/ ug]{ lg0f{o u/]sf] 5 .
g]kfnsf]=====
n8fOF{ n8\g' k5{ . of] g]kfnL hgtfsf]
cfsf+Iff /x]sf] 5 / of] ;Dej 5 .
o;sf nflu ;~rf/ dfWodn] ;fy
lbg'k5{ . o;n] g]kfnL hgtfsf] ;]jf
ug{'k5{ . b]z / hgtfnfO{{ b'Mv kbf{
g] s kf cu| e fudf pleG5 .
b]zeQmx¿ o;sf nflu Ps x'gk' 5{ .
g]kfnL ;]gf / k|x/Ln] klg bnfn
k'h
F Ljfbsf lj?4 n8\g ;fy lbg'k5{ .
b]z hf]ufpg ;+;f/el/sf o'jfx¿
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hLt ;'lglZrt /x]sf] 5 .Ú
o;}u/L, pQm sfo{qmdsf] cWoIftf
u|x0f ub}{ g]kfn sDo'lg:6 kf6L{sf
k|jQmf k|sf08n] PsLs[t hgqmflGt
ljho eP/ 5f]8g\ ] atfP . pgn] eg]–
…PsLs[t hgqmflGtsf lj?4 if8\oGq
u/] klg, kf6L{sf lj?4 if8\oGq u/]
klg, of] b]zdf /fli6«o d'lQm / g]kfnL
hgtfsf] d'lQmsf] ;"lglZrt ug]{
PsLs[t hgqmflGt ljho eP/ 5f]8g\ ]
5 . d tkfO{+{x¿nfO{{ eGg rfxG5',
b]zsf] lrqnfO{{ x]g{'eof] eg] cfufdL
s]xL lbgleq ;+;b / k|bz ] sf] r'gfjsf]
3f]if0f x'Fb}5 . kfFr–5 dlxgfaLrsf]
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s;/L hfG5, csf]{ dlxgf s;/L hfG5,
eGg ;lsFbg} . cfufdL rf/–5 dlxgf
s;/L hfnf < ;/sf/n] b]zsf] /
hgtfsf] hLjg Ps sbd cufl8
lng ufx|f] 5 . Pp6f xfxfsf/ b]vf
kb}{5 . b]zdf clxn] cy{Joj:yfdf
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eg], xfnt v/fj ePsf] s'/f pxfFx¿n]
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eg]/ Joj;foLx¿ eGb} 5g\\ . ljQLo
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If]Kof:q k|sfzg s]Gb|åf/f k|sflzt, ;Dkfbs M /fh]Gb|k|;fb lrdf}l/of, sfof{no M yfkfufpF, sf7df8f}F, df]afOn M (*$!$)#*%!,
E-mail : chhepyastra@gmail.com,website: www.janakhabar.com d'bs
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k| j Qmf k| s f08n] g] k fnsf]
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lg/Gt/ kqsfl/tfsf] hutaf6 jf
csf]{ efiffdf ldl8of df]rf{af6 b]z
/ hgtfsf] kIfdf cfk"mnfO{{ pEofpFb}
cfpg] qmddf g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts
cfGbf]ngdf kqsfl/tf If]qdf klg y'k}|
wf/x¿ b]lvFb} cfPsf] pNn]v ub}{
kqsfl/tf hgtfsf] aLrdf :yflkt
ePsf] atfP .
pgn] eg]– …kqsfl/tf clxn]
cl:tTjdf 5, Tof] kqsfl/tfsf] eljio
tadfq /xG5, ha To;n] lg/Gt/
b]z / hgtfsf] ;]jfdf cfk"mnfO{{
k' ¥ ofpF 5 . hgtfsf cfjfhx¿
af]Nb5 . hgtfnfO{{ ;TotYo ;"rgfsf
cfwf/df ;';l" rt ug]{ cfˆgf] d'Vo k|jl[ t
agfpFb5 / kl/jt{g / ;d[l4nfO{{ hlxn]
klg cfˆgf] clei6f agfp5 . clxn]
ljZj /fhgLltf / /fli6«o /fhgLltdf
klg zf;s / zfl;t x'g] e};s]kl5
kqsfl/tf klg jlu{o rl/qsf] x'g] g}
eof] . ljutdf g]kfnsf] kqsfl/tf If]q
cyjf ldl8of If]qnfO{{ xfdLn] x]¥of}F eg]
d"ne"t ¿kdf hlxn] klg zf;s ju{sf
lj?4, cGofosf lj?4df / hgtfsf]
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kIfdf snd rnfpg] k4lt kqsfl/tf
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rl/qsf] /Xof], Tof] qmflGtsf/L rl/qsf]
/Xof], Tof] /fi6«jfbL rl/qsf] /Xof], Tof]
hgklIfo rl/qsf] /Xof], To;sf lj?4
h;/L hgtfsf] cfGbf]ngsf lj?4,
hgtfsf] zlQmsf lj?4, hgtfsf]
kf6L{sf / hgtfsf] /fhgLltsf] lj?4
if8\oGq eof], To;/L g} kl/jt{g /
qmflGtsf kIfdf cfk"mnfO{{ v8f ug]{
ldl8of / ldl8ofsdL{sf lj?4 klg
if8\oGqx¿ eP . clxn] x]ge '{ of] eg]
ljZjdf / g]kfndf ;d]t x]g'{ eof] eg]
qmflGtsf/L kqsfl/tf, k|utLlzn
kqsfl/tf jf hgklIfo kqsfl/tf /
v'lkmof kqsfl/tf aLr :ki6 w|l' js/0f
b]lvb} cfPsf] 5 . xfdLn] ljutb]lv
clxn];Dd rfx] lxhf] qmflGtsfndf xf];\
cyjf hgo'4 sfndf cyjf Tof] eGbf
klxn]sf] kl/l:yltdf xf]; jf clxn]
xfd| f ] kf6L{ s f] tkm{ a f6 PsLs[ t
hgqmflGtsf] ;+Zn]if0f ub}{ qmflGt
cufl8 a9fO/xFbf xf];, hgtfsf]
tkm{af6 kqsfl/tf df]rf{nfO{{ vf]Ng] /
ldl8of v8f ug]{ kIfnfO{{ hf]8 lbFb}
lg/Gt/ ldl8ofx¿ rnfpFb} cfof}F .
tkfO{{+ xfdLnfO{{ yfxfF 5b}5, ev{/} xfdLn]
xfd|f] kf6L{ agfO{ ;s]kl5 /ftf]va/
klqsf / cgnfOg rnfO/x]sf] lyofF} .
To;sf] j/Lk/L kf6L{sf sd/]8x¿n]
rnfO/x]sf ldl8ofx¿ uf]na4 lyP .
To;n] g]kfnsf] qmflGtsf/L kqsf/
cfGbf]ngsf] g]tT[ j ul//fv]sf] lyof] .
/fi6«jfbL kqsfl/tf cfGbf]ngsf] To;n]
g]tT[ j ub}{ cfPsf] lyof] . ;dfhjfbL
kqsfl/tf cfGbf]ngsf] g]tT[ j To;n]
ul//fv]sf] lyof] . tkfO{x{+ ¿nfO{{ yfxf
5, qmflGt y'k}| pQ/r9fjaf6 u'lh|g'
k5{ . xhf/f}F df]rf{x¿ n8\gk' 5{ . tL
df]rf{x¿df xf/ / lhtsf] aLraf6
u'h/{] dfq cGtdf qmflGtsf] df]rf{ lhTg
;lsG5 . To;f] ePsf] x'bF f kf6L{ Pp6f
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9+un] xfd|f] ldl8of cufl8 al9/fv]sf]
lyof] . hgtfsf] lbnlbdfudf Tof]
lyof] . kl5Nnf lbgdf kf6L{n] hgtfsf
cfdd'2fx¿nfO{{ g]tT[ j ub}{ hfg yfNof],
/fli6«o d'2fdf ;+3if{ ub}{ hfg yfNof],
hgtfsf d'2fdf ;+3if{ ub}{ hfg yfNof],
ljb]zLx¿sf] x:tIf]klj?4 ;+3if{ ub}{
hfg yfNof], ta bnfn k'h F Ljfb /
To;sf] ;Qf g]kfndf Pskl5 csf]{
hgtfsf] aLrdf gfsfd x'bF } uPkl5,
jbgfd x'Fb} uPkl5, c;kmn x'Fb}
uPkl5, hgtfdf Pp6f 7"nf] cfqmf]z
/ 3[0ff o;sf lj?4 k}bf x'bF } uPkl5,
g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{ ;a} /fli6«o d'lQm
rfxfg] g]kfnL hgtf, ;a} /fhgLlts
kf6L{leqsf k|ultlzn k|jl[ t ePsf g]tf
/ sfo{stf{ sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ngleqsf
qmflGtsf/L g]tf / sfo{stf{x¿sf] Pp6f
cf:yf / ljZjf; w/x/ aGb} uPsf]
lyof] . h'g 36gfsf] kl/b[ZonfO{{
tkfO{x{+ ¿n] klg glhsaf6 x]g'{ ePsf]
5 / cjnf]sg ug{e ' Psf] 5 . clxn]sf]
/fHo Joj:yfsf] ljsNk, clxn]sf] /fHo
;Qfsf] ljsNk / o;nfO{{ ;~rfng
ug]{ g]tT[ jsf] ljsNk g]kfnL hgtfn]
vf]lh/fv]sf] 5 . xfd|f] kf6L{n] PsLs[t
hgqmflGtsf] ljsNk k|:t't ul//fv]sf]
lyof] . xfdLn] elg/fv]sf lyof},F bnfn
;+;bLo Joj:yfsf] cGTo u/]/ To;sf]
7fpFdf j}1flgs ;dfhjfbL Joj:yf
clxn]sf] cfjZostf xf] . bnfn
k'h F Lkltju{sf] g]tT[ j ug]{ ;+;bjfbL
kf6L{sf g]tfx¿ hf] 5g\,\ Tof] g]tT[ jsf]
cGTo u/]/ To;sf] 7fpFdf hgtfsf]
qmflGtsf/L kf6L{sf] qmflGtsf/L g]tT[ j
xfdLn] cufl8 ;f/]sf lyof}F . sd/]8
dxf;lrjsf] g]tT[ j xfdLn] cufl8
;f/]sf lyof}F . xfdLn] eg]sf lyof}F .
/fli6«otf Pskl5 csf]{ olt w]/}
;+s6k"0f{ 5 ls Oltxf;sf ;a}
/fi6«3ftnfO{{ / hg3ftnfO{{ dfy ug]{
u/L clxn] 36gfx¿ 3l6/fv]sf 5g\\ .
ef/tLo x:tIf]knfO{{ pl5g]/ clxn]
cd] l /sL x:tIf] k xfd| f ] /fli6« o
:jfwLgtfsf lj?4df vt/gfs 9+un]
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5, To;sf lj?4 xfdL n8\b} cfPsf
5f} . /fli6«o :jfwLgtfsf] cfGbf]ng,
/fli6«o d'lQmsf] cfGbf]ng / /fli6«o
d'lQmsf] qmflGtdf klg xfdL h;/L
n8\of}F . xfdLn] h;/L d'2fnfO{{ :yflkt
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ub}{ uof}fF ta of] b]zsf] /fli6«o d'lQmsf]
g]tT[ j g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{ xf] eGg]
:yflkt eof] . tkfO{x{+ ¿nfO{{ yfxf 5,
of] lrq ha /fli6«o /fhgLltdf aGb}
uof], cfdg]kfnL hgtf pT;flxt x'bF }
uPsf lyP . of] /fi6«sf] d'lQm rfxg]
;a} g]kfnLx¿ pT;flxt x'bF } uPsf
lyP . qmflGtsf/Lx¿ klg pT;flxt
x'bF } uPsf lyP . em08} em08} Oltxf;df
;a} wf]sfw8Lx¿nfO{{ clxn]sf] g]kfn
sDo'lgi6 kf6L{ / g]tT[ jsf] qmflGtn]
;w}sf] lglDt cGTo ug]5 { eGg] hgtfdf
Pp6f ljZjf; k}bf x'bF } uPsf] lyof] .
oxL a]nfdf kqsf/ ;fyLx¿, ;xof]4f
sd/]8x¿, d}n] tkfO{+{x¿sf] Wofg
s]lGb|t ug{ sxfF vf]hs ] f]eGbf ;+;lbo
Joj:yf gsfd x'bF } uPsf] l:ylt, o;sf]
;Qf klg c;kmn x'g] / o;nfO{{
;+rfng ug]{ g]tfx¿;d]t hgtfsf]
cfqmf]z / 3[0fsf] tf/f] aGg] l:ylt
ha /fli6«o /fhgLltdf b]lvof], Tof]
j]nf b]zL–ljb]zL k|ltlqmofjfbLx¿,
b]lz–ljb]lz cj;/jfbLx¿, / b]lz–
ljb]lz ;+zf]wgjfbLx¿n] xfd|f] kf6L{sf
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xfd|flj?4 nfu] . of] ;a} oyft{
tkfO{x{+ ¿nfO{{ yfxf 5 .
clxn] cfly{s b[li6sf]0fn] klg
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cy{ljbx¿n] ts{ ul//fv]sf 5g\\ . ca
cy{Joj:yf klg sf]NofK; x'bF 5
7fpFdf clxn] cfPsf] 5 . t/, cfhsf]
} eGg]
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km]lno/ eof] eGg] ax; lyof] . Tof] t
;a} hgtfn] b]Vg] u/L Pp6f ljsNksf]
¿kdf b]lvGYof] eg] /fHoJoj:yf
c;kmntf ;Fu;Fu} cfly{s Joj:yfdf
klg ;+s6 k}bf x'bF } uPsf] lyof] . oBlk
clxn]sf] l:yltdf cfO;s]sf] lyPg .
xfdLn] ljZn]if0f ub}{ lyof}F . tkfO{x{+ ¿n]
/fli6«o ;'rsf+snfO{{ x]g'{ eof] eg],
cGt/f{li6«o 8]6fnfO{{ x]g'{ eof] eg] Tof]
b]Vg ;lsGYof] . x'bF } cfpFbf clxn] s]
eof] eg] cfly{s b[li6sf]0fn] klg b]z
;+ s 6sf] 7fpF d f k' u sf] 5 .
ljZn]ifsx¿n] klg >[ns + f;Fu t'ngf
ug{ yfn]sf] cj:yf 5 . /fli6«otfsf]
l:ylt cd] l /sgx¿n] cfˆgf]
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em08} ;ft cf7 ;o /f]kgL hUuf vl/b
ul/;s]sf 5g\,\ ToxL cj:yf kfNkfdf
5 . o:t} l:ylt dsjfgk'/df 5 .
b]zsf P3f/j6f lhNnfdf pgLx¿ 8]
6' 8] cfpg] xs{t ul//fv]sf 5g\\ .
;' ? df h' g j] n f O08f] k ] l ;lks
O:6« f 6] h Lsf] rrf{ rn] s f] lyof] ,
Pd;L;Lsf] rrf{ rn]sf] lyof], Tof] j]nf
of] b]zsf zf;sx¿n] eGg] uy]{ of]
O08f]kl] ;lks O:6«f6]hL;Fu Pd;L;Lsf]
;DaGw 5} g . Pd;L;L ljsf;
kl/of]hgf xf] . of] cd]l/sL x:tIf]k;Fu
;DalGwt 5}g\ . cem cd]l/sL ;]gf
| M lwDn] ckm;]6 k|;
] , b]jLgu/, kmf]gM %!&@^%%
g]kfndf cfpg];Fu ;DalGwt 5}g\
cyjf cd]l/sfsf] ;}Go of]hgf;Fu
o;sf] ;DaGw 5}g eg]/ a]:;/L
s/fpy] . t/, clxn] tkfO{x{+ ¿n] x]g'{
ePs} 5, P;kLkL cfpg] a]nf;Dd
pgLx¿sf ;a} gsfj RofltPsf 5g\,\
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n]V5f} eGg' kg]{ eof] . oBlk ciff9 5
ut] ltlgx¿n] lg0f{o u/]sf 5g\ t/
clxn] ; Dd ;/sf/sf] k//fi6«
dGqfnon] cd]l/sfnfO{{ lr7L n]vs ] f]
5}g\ . /fli6«otf x]ge '{ of] eg] hh{/
cj:yfdf 5 . hghLljsf] cj:yf x]/f},
8] 6' 8] ef/L af]s/] vfg] dhb'/x¿sf]
t s'/} gu/f}F . dWodju{;d]t dxËLn]
cflht ePsf] 5 . a]ns ' flt/ ahf/df
hfbf ?g'kg]{ l:ylt 5 . dxËL ToxfF
k'us ] f] 5 . clxn]sf] ;a} lrq x]ge '{ of]
eg] of] b]z t ;a} b[li6n] km]lno/
7fpFdf k'usf] 5 . /fHos} cl:tTj
/xG5 ls /xb}g eGg] lrGtf ylkb}
uPsf] 5 . d'n'ssf] cl:tTj /xG5
ls /xb}g, of] l:yltdf b]z 5 . of]
lrq xfdLn] klxNo} cfsng u/]sf
lyof}F . clxn] of] b]zsf bnfnx¿n]
ljz] i f u/] / ;fd| f HojfbLx¿n] ,
;fd| H ojfbLx¿sf cy{ l jbx¿n] ,
ltgsf ljQLo lgsfox¿n] ul//fv]sf
5g\\ . /fhgLlts ;+s6sf] 7fpFdf
cfly{s ;+s6 k'Uof] eg] ;a} ;d:ofx¿
Ps 7fpFdf s]lGb|t eP eg] of] b]z
xfd|f] lgoGq0fdf /xg]5}g\ . g]kfndf
xfd|f bnfnx¿n] o;nfO{{ sG6«fn ] ug{
;Sg] 5}gg .
To;}n,] of] b]zsf] /Iff ug]{ lhDd]bf/L
g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{sf] sfFwdf cfpg]
5 . g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{n] rnfPsf]
PsLs[t hgqmflGtsf] g]tT[ jdf hfg]5 .
of] b]z pj{/ e"ld x'g5 ] . of] ;QfnfO{{
arfpg ;Sg] 5}gf} eGg] at{dfg
zfifsx¿sf] ljZn]if0f 5 . To;f] ePsf]
x'bF f pgLx¿n] h'g;'s} d"Nodf g]kfn
sDo'lgi6 kf6L{nfO{{ sdhf]/ kfg{' k¥of],
if8\oGq ug{k' ¥of] / tf]8kmf]8 ug{k' ¥of]
eg] / nfu] s f 5g\ . To;} n ]
;fd|fHojfbLx¿n] if8\oGq ug]{ yfn] /
s]xL bnfn k'FhLjfbsf] if8\oGq xfd|f]
kf6L{sf lj?4 s]lGb|t eof] . pgLx¿
s;/L hgtfdf xfd|f] nf]slk|otfnfO{{
36fpg ;lsG5, s;/L o;sf] g]tT[ j
/ /fli6« o /fhgLltdf kf6L{ s f]
prfOnfO{{ sdhf]/ agfpg ;lsG5
sf]le8–!( sf] hf]lvd k'gM b]vf k/]sf] 5
o;af6 aRg / arfpg
Ø ;xL tl/sfn] df:s nufcf}+ .
Ø e]63f6 / hd36df sDtLdf @ ld6/sf] b"/L sfod /fvf}+ .
Ø ;do–;dodf ;fa'gkfgLn] xft w'g] jf :oflg6fOh/ k|of]u u/f}+ .
Ø vf]Sbf jf xflR5\oF " ubf{ gfs d'v 5f]Kg] u/f}+ .
Ø cfk"m a:g] 3/ tyf sfof{nonufotsf] :yfgdf lgoldt ;]g6] fOh u/f}+ .
Ø cgfjZos eL8ef8 gu/f}+ .
Ø xfjf cf]xf]/–bf]xf]/ gug]{ :yfg / eL8ef8df ghfcf}+ .
Ø sf]le8–!( lj?4 vf]k nufpg afFsL eP tTsfn nufcf}+ .
Ø sf]le8sf] nIf0f b]lvPdf c?nfO{ ;g{ glbgsf] nflu ;dodf g}
k/LIf0f u/f}+ .
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sf7df8f}F . clvn -qmflGtsf/L_ n] ljBfyL{dfly cg}lts ;DaGwsf] k|:tfj
/fVg] kf]v/f ljZjljBfnosf k|fWofksnfO{ s8f sf/afxL ug{ dfu u/]sf] 5 .
kf]v/f ljZjljBfnosf] If]qLo ;dGjo ;ldltsf OGrfh{ tf/f ;~Hofnn]
z'qmaf/ Ps k|]; lj1lKt hf/L ub}{ kf]v/f ljZjljBfnosf] s]lGb|o
ljZjljBfnosf k|fWofks 9fsf/fh kGtn] nfdf] ;dob]lv ljBfyL{dfly ;dflhs
;~hfndfkm{t cg}lts k|:tfj /fVg] u/]sf] eGb} o:tf] cg}lts sfo{ ug{
k|fWofksnfO{ sfo{jfxLsf] dfu u/]ls x'g\ .
lj1lKtdf elgPsf] 5, kf]v/f ljZjljBfnosf] s]lGb|o ljZjljBfnosf
k|fWofks 9fsf/fh kGtn] nfdf] ;dob]lv To; ljBfnodf cWoog/t ljBfyL{
dfly ;dflhs ;~hfndfkm{t cg}lts k|:tfj /fVg] u/]sf] / ;f] ljifo aflx/
cfPsf] v08df /fd|f] gx'Fg] egL wDsL lbPsf] s'/f lxhf] @)&( ;fpg % ut]
aflx/ cfPsf] 5 . ljZjljBfno h:tf] ;Ddflgt lzIffnodf o:tf] lsl;dsf]
Jojxf/ x'g] s'/f b'Mvb, v]bhgs / nhf:kb 5 .
lgh k|fWofksnfO{ oyfzL3| s8f sfjf{xLsf] ug{sf] lglDt xfd|f] ;+u7g
hf]8bf/ dfu tyf vabf/L ub{5 . olb of] ljifodf laBfyL{nfO{ wDsfP/
8/qf; b]vfP/ 6fn6'n ug{ vf]lhPsf] v08df xfd|f] ;+u7g r'k nfu]/ a:g]
5}g . k|df0fx? xfdL;Fu ;'/lIft ePsfn] xfdL To;nfO{ ;fj{hflgs ub}{ csf]{
;+3if{ ug{ afWo x'g] s'/f o;} la1fKtLdfk{mt\ hfgsf/L u/fpg rfxG5f}+ .
eg]/ /0fgLltsf ;fy nfu]sf 5g\ . ug],{ To;sf] cfjfh af]Ng], b]zsf] ljrf/
oxL j]nfdf xfd|f] kf6L{leqsf] v/faL jf]Ng] / b]zsf] /fhgLltnfO{{ k|jfx ug]{
hf] clxn] km'6jfb / euf}8f k|j[ltsf] ldl8of rflxGYof] . oxL cfjZostfnfO{{
¿kdf b] v f k/] s f] 5, To;n] kl/k"lt{ ug{sf] lglDt xfdLn] cfh
;fd|fHojfbLx¿sf] of] if8\oGqnfO{{ / hgklqsf cgnfOg k|f/De u/]sf xf} .
/0fgLltnfO{{ xfd|fl] j?4 k|of]u ug]{ Pp6f clxn]sf] b'lgofF lj1fg / k|ljlwsf] b'lgofF
xltof/sf] sfd u/]sf] 5 . clxn] klg xf] . o;df klg cfO6Lsf] b'lgofF xf] .
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tygfd s/fO{ /fVg'ePsf] 5 ls hgtfsf] aLrdf cufl8 a9fpg],
pxfF x ¿ cfk" m nfO{ { a8f] / xfdL o;nfO{{ :yflkt ug]{ / o;sf] Jojl:yt
;+;bjfbL eGg'ePsf] 5, of] dfq} xf]Og ¿kdf ;a} kf6L{ k+lQm, hgtf /
lxhf] dfq} Pp6f cGtjf{ t f{ d f cfd;+rf/ hut ;a}n] hfgsf/L kfpg]
eGg'ePsf] 5 – ;+;bjfbL t dfcf]jfbL u/L of] sfo{qmdsf] xfdLn] pb\3f6g
s]Gb| xf]Og /] xfdLnfO{{ cyjf g]kfn sfo{qmd cfof]hgf u/]sf xf} . d}n]
sDo'lgi6 kf6L{ ;+;b\jfbL xf] . h;/L cl3g} eg] w]/} eGg' 5}g tkfO{+{ xfdL
kf6L{ / g]tT[ jlj?4 if8\oGq eof], Tof] lg/Gt/ qmflGtsf] ofqfdf 5f} .
if8\oGqdf xfd|f] ldl8of klg k/] . qmflGtsf/Lsf] lj?4 x' g ] ;a}
;fob tkfO{x{+ ¿nfO{{ yfxf 5, n]lggs} if8\oGqnfO{{ rfx] ;fd|fHojfbsf lj?4
cfˆgf] hLjgdf klg bf];f| ] dxflwj]zgdf xf];, rfx] bnfn k'FhLjfbsf lj?4
cfˆgf] klqsf d]G;]ljsx¿n] lgoGq0f xf];\ xfdL ;a} df]rf{df lg/Gt/ 8l6/xg]
u/] . d]G;]ljsx¿n] lgoGq0f u/] klg 5f}F . leqsf v/faL / aflx/sf
n]lggsf] cS6f]a/ qmflGt /f]lsPg . if8\oGqx¿sf lj?4 lgdf{tfk"j{s
n]lggsf] jf]N;]les kf6L{ lg/Gt/ n8\g] 5f} / ljho xfl;n ug]{ 5f} .
qmflGtdf cufl8 al9/Xof] . clxn] kf6L{ / g]t[Tjsf lj?4 hlt if8\oGq
kf6L{nfO{{ of] l:yltdf k'¥ofP / kf6L{sf u/] klg b]zsf] clxn]sf] ;+6sk"0f{
dxTjk"0f{ cjojx¿nfO{{ qmflGtaf6 l:yltsf] ;dfwfg eg]sf] qmflGtafx]s
cnu u/]/ bnfn k'h F Ljfbsf] ;]jf ug]{ csf] { tl/sfn] b] l vb} g .Æ pQm
/ ;fd|fHojfbsf] ;]jf ug]{ hf] d"vt{ f sfo{qmddf g]skfsf ;lrjfno ;b:o
oL km'6jfbLx¿n] u/], To;sf lj?4 ljifdn] :jfut dGtAo /fv]sf lyP
xfdLnfO{{ qmflGtsf/L kf6L{ / ;a} eg] sfo{qmd ;+rfng s]lGb|o ;b:o
qmflGtsf/L g]kfnL hgtfsf] k|ltlglwTj k|Hjngn] u/]sf lyP .
g] k fn ;/sf/