INFECTIONS OF THE SKIN

AND RESPIRATORY
TRACT
Experiment No. 7
Objectives…

At the end of the laboratory period, the student

should be able to develop the skills in analyzing
cases pertaining to infections of the skin and
respiratory tract.

2
 I N T R O D U C T I O N

Bacteria infecting the skin cause diseases that range from mild acne
to life- threatening infections. Skin-infecting bacteria include
Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Propionibacterium, Bartonella,
Pseudomonas and Rickettsia.

Bacteria can infect the upper respiratory system to cause

diseases such as sore throat. They can also spread into the sinuses
and auditory tubes. Physicians recognize a variety of diseases of the
respiratory system and associated organs caused by species of
Streptococcus, depending on the site of infection, the strain of
bacteria, and the immune responses of the patient.
4
GUIDE QUESTION 1.

A 6-year-old boy was brought to a physician

because of skin lesions with “honey-colored
crusts” over the lower extremities. The
condition started a week prior to
consultation as vesicular lesions which later
ruptured and formed crusts.
5
A . What is the most probable diagnosis?
For the medical Diagnosis, this 6 year old boy ay have
the case of Impetigo which can start from an vesicular
lesions, that once it ruptured and once dry out it can be
formed in a crusty scab. Moreover, Impetigo is a skin
condition wherein it is more common in children where it
starts off as an itchy rashes around the face or mouth
and even other parts of the body then will turn into a
vesicular lesion which later on can rupture. In addition,
this skin condition is very contagious.

6
B . What is the most probable causative agent for this condition?
The most probable causative agent for this condition is due to two
bacteria which are the Streptococcus (Group A) and Staphylococcus
aureus. The group A streptococcus are bacteria most commonly found
in the skin of a person. In addition Group A Streptococcus only infect
the skin and wounds however the group B Streptococcus are found
more in digestive tract, vaginal tract and also the throat. While the
Staphylococcus aureus is a bacteria that can cause serious infection
especially in the nose and skin infections. Overall, a person can get this
bacteria due to poor hygiene or due to weak immune system.

7
C. What are the distinctive characteristics of the causative agent?

Impetigo is a common infection of the superficial layers

of the epidermis that is highly contagious and most
commonly caused by gram-positive bacteria. It most
commonly presents as erythematous plaques with a yellow
crust and may be itchy or painful. The lesions are highly
contagious and spread easily.

8
D. What diagnostic tests would you request to establish the diagnosis?

To diagnose impetigo, your doctor might look for sores on

your face or body. Lab tests generally aren't needed. If
the sores don't clear, even with antibiotic treatment,
your doctor might take a sample of the liquid produced
by a sore and test it to see what types of antibiotics
would work best on it. Some types of the bacteria that
cause impetigo have become resistant to certain
antibiotics.

9
E. What advice will you give to the parents of the child?
The most important thing parents can do to keep their
children's skin clean is to keep them clean. DOs (Osteopathic
physicians) recommends giving your child antibacterial soap and
warm water baths or showers on a daily basis. Must pay specific
attention to any skin that has been cut or scraped, as well as any
rashes. If the impetigo does not improve after three days or if
new infected areas occur, see a doctor right once. This infection
can lead to major complications, such as discomfort, swelling,
soreness of the infected areas, pus discharge, and fever, if left
untreated.

10
E. What advice will you give to the parents of the child?
•Tell your child not to pick at the sores or touch them. A new area of
impetigo can start every time your child contacts the impetigo and
subsequently scratches another region of the skin or touches another
person.
•Encourage your child to wash his hands with soap and water on a
regular basis.
•If impetigo is left untreated, it will recover faster. Keep the sores
covered if your youngster picks at them. A loose bandage should be
applied to open, draining lesions.
•Keep your child home from school for 24 hours after using the
antibiotic ointment or taking the antibiotic by mouth.

11
E. What advice will you give to the parents of the child?

The advice that I will give to the parents of the child is to

remind them to tell their children in keeping their skin clean.
This can help in preventing impetigo. Kids should wash their
hands well and often and take baths or showers regularly. Pay
special attention to skin injuries (cuts, scrapes, bug bites, etc.),
areas of eczema, and rashes such as poison ivy. Keep these areas
clean and covered.

12
F. How can the infection be prevented?

Impetigo can be contacted more than once. Having impetigo does

not protect a person from contacting it again. While there is no
cure for impetigo, there are certain things that people may take
to protect themselves and others.
To help prevent impetigo (group A strep) from spreading, keep
sores caused by impetigo covered.

13
F. How can the infection be prevented?
- The best ways to prevent infection are to stay clean and healthy.
- Keep hands clean: Wash hands regularly. Use alcohol-based
sanitizer if you don’t have soap and water.
- Practice good hygiene: Clip your (and your child’s) fingernails
regularly to avoid scratching.
- Sneeze into a tissue and then throw the tissue away.
- Bathe daily (or as often as possible), especially for children with
eczema or sensitive skin.
- Avoid scratching: Don’t scratch cuts or wounds. If your child gets a
cut, scratch or wound, keep them from scratching it.
- Clean wounds: Clean cuts, scrapes and injuries with soap and water.
- Then put an antibiotic cream or ointment on the wound.
14
F. How can the infection be prevented?

- Keep linens clean: Wash underwear, towels and sheets in hot

water.
- Cover your mouth when you cough or sneeze.
- Get vaccinated.
- Be a smart traveler. Infectious diseases can easily be picked
up while traveling, particularly when traveling to underdeveloped
countries.
- Practice safe sex
- Don’t pick your nose (or your mouth or eyes either).
- Exercise caution with animals
- Watch news.

15
16
GUIDE QUESTION 2.

A 15-year-old girl consulted a physician

because of hypopigmented macules over
right cheek. On physical examination, the
lesions appear scaly and dry, with a
“chalky” appearance. There are no other
accompanying signs and symptoms.
17
A. What is the probable diagnosis?

Pityriasis alba is the most probable diagnosis, given the

patient's age and the absence of any other symptoms in
the subject point. Pityriasis alba is a common skin
condition that affects children and young adults. Dry,
scaly hypopigmented lesions appear on the face,
particularly the cheeks, as well as other parts of the
body. The phrase comes from the words pityriasis (scaly)
and alba (white).

18
A. What is the probable diagnosis?

The probable diagnosis is a fungal skin infection named

Tinea versicolor (Pityriasis versicolor) that is caused by
Malassezia furfur (Pityrosporum orbiculare). M. furfur is
a normal flora of the skin particularly in areas rich in
sebaceous glands. The infection is worldwide in
distribution but more common in tropical regions. The
lesions are irregular, discrete hypo – or hyperpigmented
macules depending on the skin color of the affected
individual. The lesions are also scaly with a dry, chalky
appearance, and usually appear on the face, neck trunk,
and arms. 19
B. What is the most likely etiologic agent?

No known cause of Pityriasis Alba has been reported.

However, the condition is thought to be linked to
eczema, a common skin condition that causes scaly, itchy
rashes. It's a mild form of atopic dermatitis, which is a
type of eczema. There is no evidence that the condition
is contagious, and no infectious agent has been
identified.

20
C. What tests or procedures should be requested to establish the
diagnosis?
A doctor will establish a diagnosis based on the results of a physical exam
and information about your family history. During the physical examination,
the doctor will examine all parts of your skin and record any spots with
lighter pigmentation than others. They'll also keep track of any suspicious-
looking moles or other spots that need to be addressed. A biopsy may be
performed by the doctor in some instances. They'll scrape a little piece of
skin off for this process and send it to a lab for additional investigation. The
doctor may also inquire about the skin pigmentation of your relatives. This
will aid in the identification of any genetic components.

21
C. What tests or procedures should be requested to establish the
diagnosis?
Healthcare providers can diagnose tinea versicolor with simple skin tests. In
one type of test, your healthcare provider scrapes off loose skin cells they
believe are infected with tinea versicolor. This skin sample is examined under
a microscope for yeast cells. M.furfur was used to designate the fungal
pathogen of tinea versicolor before it is grown in culture. M.furfur is not a
dermatophyte, does not grow on dermatophyte test media (DTM), and does
not respond to griseofulvin therapy.

22
SUBGROUP 2

23
24
GUIDE QUESTION 3.

A 7-year-old child was brought to the

emergency room because of fever and a
prolonged episode of forceful, dry hacking
cough with a distinct inspiratory whoop.
The patient has no history of
immunization?
25
A. What is the most probable diagnosis?
Diagnosis may be difficult, because people may seem healthy
between coughing episodes. Health care providers can perform a
variety of tests to properly diagnose. The most probable
diagnosis is that the 7-year-ols child might have a viral
Pneumonia. As stated to the following symptoms are also
symptoms to know if there’s a viral Pneumonia. The symptoms of
viral pneumonia usually appear over several days. Fever, a dry
cough, headache, muscle discomfort, and weakness are common
early symptoms, comparable to those of influenza. The
symptoms usually worsen within a day or two, with a cough,
shortness of breath, and muscle soreness.

26
A. What is the most probable diagnosis?
The most probable diagnosis is pertussis. Pertussis (whooping
cough) is characterized by a severe cough that can linger for
months. When people try to breath during coughing episodes,
they may generate a "whooping" sound. Although most individuals
recover without complications from whooping cough, it can be
deadly in young children, especially newborns, and the elderly.

27
B. What is the most probable causative agent and its characteristics?

Whooping cough, also called pertussis, is a serious

respiratory infection caused by a type of bacteria called
Bordetella pertussis. The infection causes violent,
uncontrollable coughing that can make it difficult to
breathe.
While whooping cough can affect people at any age, it can
be deadly for infants and young children.

28
C. What tests should you request for the diagnosis of this infection?

Diagnosing whooping cough in its early stages can be difficult

because the signs and symptoms resemble those of other
common respiratory illnesses, such as a cold, the flu or
bronchitis.
Sometimes, doctors can diagnose whooping cough simply by
asking about symptoms and listening to the cough. Medical tests
may be needed to confirm the diagnosis. Such tests may include:
- A nose or throat culture and test.
- Blood test.
- A chest X-ray

29
C. What tests should you request for the diagnosis of this infection?

PCR is a highly sensitive CDC-recommended lanoratory test

that is especially useful forthe timely diagnosisof pertussis.

30
D. What is the proper way of collecting specimen for sputum
examination?
1. The health care provider will wear gloves to avoid getting contact
fluid of the patient.
2. The cup is very clean. Don't open it until you are ready to use it.
3. As soon as you wake up in the morning (before you eat or drink
anything), brush your teeth and rinse your mouth with water. Do
not use mouthwash.
4. If possible, go outside or open a window before collecting the
sputum sample. This helps protect other people from TB germs
when you cough.
5. Take a very deep breath and hold the air for 5 seconds. Slowly
breathe out. Take another deep breath and cough hard until some
sputum comes up into your mouth.
6. Spit the sputum into the plastic cup. 31
D. What is the proper way of collecting specimen for sputum
examination?

7. Keep doing this until the sputum reaches the 5 ml line (or
more) on the plastic cup. This is about 1 teaspoon of sputum.
8. Screw the cap on the cup tightly so it doesn't leak.
9. Write on the cup the date you collected the sputum and label
the name of the patient.
10. Put the cup into the box or bag the nurse gave you.
11. Give the cup to your clinic or nurse. You can store the cup in
the refrigerator overnight if necessary. Specimens should be
transported the same day as collected unless otherwise
instructed.

32
D. What is the proper way of collecting specimen for sputum
examination?
A special plastic cup will be given to you by your doctor or nurse to collect
your sputum. Carefully follow the steps below:

1. The cup is spotless. Wait until you're ready to utilize it before opening
it.
2. Brush your teeth and rinse your mouth with water as soon as you get up
in the morning (before eating or drinking anything). Mouthwash is not
recommended.
3. Before collecting the sputum sample, if possible, step outside or open a
window. When you cough, this helps to protect others from TB bacteria.
4. Take a big breath in and hold it for 5 seconds. Breathe out slowly. Take
another deep inhale and cough vigorously until sputum enters your mouth.
33
5. Into the plastic cup, spit the sputum.
D. What is the proper way of collecting specimen for sputum
examination?

6. Continue doing so until the sputum reaches the 5 ml line on the plastic
cup (or more). This is approximately one teaspoon of sputum.
7. To prevent leakage, tightly screw the cup's cap on.
8. Put the date you gathered the sputum on the cup.
9. Place the cup in the box or bag that the nurse provided.
10. Give the cup to your clinic's nurse or a doctor. If necessary, keep the
cup in the refrigerator overnight. Do not freeze it or leave it out at room
temperature.

34
“
Identify the dermatophytic fungal
infections affecting the following
sites and describe each infection:

35
 1. Scalp
Tinea capitis, also known as ringworm or herpes
tonsurans infection, is a fungal infection of the
scalp hair. It is caused primarily by the
dermatophyte speciesMicrosporum and
Trichophyton.

36
2. Groin
Tinea cruris, frequently called
“jock itch,” is a dermatophyte
infection of the groin. This
dermatophytosis is more common in
men than women and is frequently
associated with tineapedis.

37
 3. Hands
Tinea manuum is a contagious fungal
infection on the hands caused by a
type of fungi called dermatophytes.
Tinea is the technical term for
ringworm, which is fungal infection.

38
4. Bearded area
Tinea barbae is a dermatophytic
infection that is limited to the coarse
hairbearing beard and mustache areas
in men. Clinicaly, it ranges from mild
and superficial to a severe inflamatory
pustullarfolliculitis.

39
5. Nails
Onychomycosis is a fungal infection of
the nail unit. When onychomycosis is
caused by dermatophytes, it is called
tinea unguum. The term onychomycosis
encompasses not only the dermatophytes
but the yeasts and saprophytic molds
infectionsas well.

40
6. Feet
Athlete’s foot is a dermatophyte
(fungal) infection of the skin of the
feet. Symptoms of tinea pedis inlude a
build of scale on the feet and sometimes
redness anditchng.

41
 7. Body or Trunk
Body ringworm is a dermatophyte
(fungal) infection of the face,
trunk, arms, and legs. Symptoms of
tinea corporis include pink-to-red,
round patches on the skin that
sometimes itch. Doctors examine
the affected area and
sometimesview a skin scraping
under a microscope to make
thediagnosis.

42
 C O N C L U S I O N
Respiratory infections are the third most common health concern among
overseas visitors. The majority of infections are moderate and not
incapacitating, therefore the prevalence is understated. The majority are
caused by cosmopolitan agents, and 'tropical' diseases are uncommon.
Travel promotes the spread of complex epidemics such as influenza and
legionellosis, and it is linked to an increased risk of M. Tuberculosis. Most
respiratory infections are acquired through direct contact, making behavioral
strategies for prevention problematic. Vaccines are the mainstay of preventive
medicine.
REFERENCES
https://www.cdc.gov/groupastrep/diseases-public/impetigo.html
https://findado.osteopathic.org/impetigo-common-skin-infection-children
https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/impetigo
https://www.testing.com/tests/prenatal-group-b-strep-gbs-screening/
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/staph-infections/symptoms-causes/syc-
20356221
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/staph-infections/symptoms-causes/syc-
20356221
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430974/
https://www.cdc.gov/groupastrep/diseases-hcp/impetigo.html#:~:text=1-
,Diagnosis%20and%20Testing,and%20staphylococcal%20non%2Dbullous%20impetigo.&t
ext=Gram%20stain%20or%20culture%20of,can%20identify%20the%20bacterial%20cause.
https://www.healthline.com/health/skin-
disorders/hypopigmentation?fbclid=IwAR3GsR220semx3iF_4X0cQioIE9NRORcjAFCaclsb3
OnSx7Fj72MfGcGLCQ#diagnosis
https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/pneumonia/symptoms-and-
diagnosishttps://kidshealth.org/en/parents/impetigo.html
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15134-impetigo

44
 GROUP 1
SUBGROUP 1 WAYA, NASHREEYA AERL

M TE, EMILY
E LEONOR, REYANESSA
M
MANAP, MONERA
B
NUNEZ, SHERYLL
E
VENUS, DAVID JAKE
R
S
 GROUP 1
SUBGROUP 2 NOCOS, JULIA ANDREA

M MIDTIMBANG, RUSMIA
E LABOR, FRANCES MAE
M ROMBO, IKE
B
TALAMON, APPLE GRACE
E
VILLARAZA, ALEX
R
S
THANKS!
 Free templates for all your presentation needs

For PowerPoint and 100% free for Ready to use, Blow your audience
Google Slides personal or professional and away with attractive
commercial use customizable visuals

48