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The Instability of Rapidly Stretching Plastic Jets: 132.204.37.217 On: Tue, 02 Dec 2014 13:52:09
The Instability of Rapidly Stretching Plastic Jets: 132.204.37.217 On: Tue, 02 Dec 2014 13:52:09
L. A. Romero
Finite conductivity effects on the MHD instabilities in uniformly elongating plastic jets
Phys. Fluids A 3, 1666 (1991); 10.1063/1.857945
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The instability of rapidly stretching plastic jets
L. A. Romero
Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185
(Received 9 September 1988; accepted for publication 19 December 1988)
A stability analysis of a rapidly stretching jet satisfying the equations of motion for a perfectly
plastic material is presented. It is found that the stability of the jet depends on a dimensionless
parameter r that measures the importance of the inertial forces relative to the plastic forces.
This parameter is a decreasing function of time. It will be shown that jets with r initially very
large will be stable until r decreases to order unity. These jets will then go unstable and break
up into drops whose axial dimension is comparable to their radius. Jets with r initially small
will always be unstable. It will be shown that these jets tend to break up into drops whose axial
dimension is r-· 1/5 times their radius,
3006 J, Appl. Phys. 65 (8),15 Aprii 1989 0021-8979/89/083006-11$02.40 (c) 1989 American Institute of Physics 3006
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al rings. 12 It should be pointed out that for a bar to be consid- 0 0 (0 = Go(O)q(t)-1f2 , (3a)
ered slowly stretching it need only be stretching slowly on P(t) =P(O)q(t)-I. (3b)
the plastic time scale,
The kinematics of the unperturbed jet is now completely
tp = (pa 2 /Y)lf2.
specified. The pressure distribution in the unperturbed jet
Typically Y is very large (in commonly used units such a" wiII now be calculated, In order to do this it is necessary to
egs), so the plastic time scale is usually much shorter than specify a form for the equations of motion and some bound-
the time scale of ordinary human perception. ary conditions at the surface of the jet. These equations will
The main difficulty in analyzing the stability of shaped also be needed when calculating the stability of the jet. It is
charge jets is that the undistributed fl.ow is evolving with assumed that the flow obeys the equations for an incom-
time. This makes it impossible to come up with a precise pressible perfectly plastic material satisfying the Levy-von
criterion for when the system loses its stability or what is the Mises equations 13 and that the surface of the jet is stress free.
most unstable mode. However, it is believed that the follow- The Levy-von Mises equations are
ing analysis shows that one can give reasonably sharp defini-
tions of these quantities, The equations are analyzed by sev-
era! techniques. The results from a finite difference code P
au u ' Vu') =
(Tt+ -Vp+divT', (4a)
using the method of lines are presented. Also, asymptotic
results are given for short wavelengths, long wavelengths,
V·u=O, (4b)
flows with dominant inertial terms, and flow with dominant
where p is the constant material density, p is the pressure,
plastic terms. The asymptotic results are found to be in ex-
and T' is the deviatoric stress. In Cartesian coordinates T' is
ceHent agreement with the results obtained using the code.
given by
The analyses support the conclusions mentioned earlier in
this section. Tij = 2p,€ij' (Sa)
where Eij is the rate of strain tensor,
II. THE UNDISTURBED FLOW
In this section a solution representing the idealized mo-
(au au)/
i3ij= _ ' +_J
BXj ax;
2, (5b)
tion of the jet will be obtained. The remainder of the paper f.l is the effective viscosity,
will be devoted to analyzing the stability of this solution. As Ji = Y(2€kl€kl) --1/2, (5c)
in Ref. 9, the dynamics of the jet tip is ignored and it is
assumed that the jet is infinitely long. The axial velocity of and Y is the yield stress of the material. Equations (5) ex-
any material point in the jet is assumed to be independent of press the fact that the flow is incompressible, the strain rates
time and to vary linearly with distance from the origin. The are proportional to the deviatoric stresses, and the second
jet is assumed to be cylindrical and the radial velocity of invariant ofthe deviatoric stress tensor equals the yield stress
points inside the jet is chosen so that the resulting velocity (T kI T kJ2) = y2.
field is that of an incompressible fluid. In what follows it will be convenient to use the equations
To express this mathematically let (g "',0"*) be the initial in cylindrical coordinates. Assuming we have axial symme-
axial and radial positions of a point in the jet, ao(O) be the try, the momentum equations are
initial radius of the jet, andp(O) the initial axial strain rate. BU+
( - u-
p au+ vau)
-
Zero subscripted variables are used for the undisturbed flow. at ax Br
For the undisturbed flow it is assumed that the axial and
ap al';x aT;x T;x
radial velocities of a point in the jet are given by = --+--+--+- (6a)
Uo(g*,u*,t) =g*P(O) , (1a)
ax ax or r
voCg*,u*,t) = -f3(O)u*qU)-3!112, (lb)
p(avat + u ~ + v ali)
ax ar
where op aT ;. aT ;x (T;r - T so )
+ 1. - - + - - ' +--+ (6b)
q(t) = /3(O)t (Ic) Or Or ax r
The positions in terms of the Lagrangian coordinates and the equation of continuity is
(4'*,0-*) are
~ + (l-) a(rv) = o. (6c)
X(t*,v"',t) = q(t)g*, ax . \ r or
R(g *,u*,t) = a*qUr- 1/2 • In the above (x,r) are the cylindrical coordinates and (u,v)
In terms of cylindrical Eulerian coordinates (x,r), the veloc- are their corresponding velocities. The constitutive equation
ities are given by (5) is still valid provided the strain rates are evaluated using
cylindrical coordinates:
uo(x,r,t) = f3(O)xq(t) -1 • (2a)
vo(x,r,t) = -p(O)rqU) -1/2. (2b)
.
€rr = - ,
au (7a)
ar
The radius of the jet and the axial strai.n rate are both de- • V
creasing functions of time given by Eeo = -, (7b)
r
3007 J. Appl. Phys., Vol. 65, No.8, i 5 April 1969 L. A. Romero S007
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(7c)
(7d) (l3a)
The assumed motion (3} of the jet clearly satisfies the conti-
nuity equation (6c). The strain rates, and hence the devia-
toric stresses, are independent of all spatial coordinates, so
the divergence of the deviatoric stresses vanishes. In order to ( 13b)
satisfy the momentum equation and the stress-free boundary
condition at the surface ofthe jet, the pressure must be given In (13b) the following continuity equation has been used to
by simplify the right-hand side:
po(x,r,t) = - 3p,8(t)2[yZ - 0 0 (t)2]18 - Y /3 1/ 2 • (8) a8u
ax
+ (.l)r a(r8u)
ar
=0. (13c)
It is interesting to compute the axial stress integrated
over the cross section of the jet, Equations (13) must be supplemented by the boundary
conditions that express the fact that the surface of the jet is
FU) = f°(t) O"xx(r)rdr= 31/2a~(t)Y[1- r 2 (t)/16] , stress free, and the boundary condition that relates the time
rate of change of the free surface to the velocity field at the
(9) boundary. The stress-free boundary conditions can be writ-
where ten as
Note that the jet is in compression until r2(£) < 16, and (14a)
that the integrated stress F(t) has a ma,ximum when
r2(t) = 4. By analogy to the necking of static bars it is
(14b)
tempting to suggest that the jet becomes unstable when the
function F(t) passes through its maximum. The analogy is To ensure that the velocity at the free surface is consistent
far from perfect, but it will be seen that it is close to the value with the motion of the free surface one must require that
of 12 (t) where long wavelengths go unstable (it is a factor of
2 too small). DR JR aR
-=-+u-= V at r=R(x,t).
Dt at ax
Ignoring the quadratically small terms, this boundary condi-
tion call be written as
m. THE PERTURBED EQUATIONS
In this section the linearized equations governing the a8a- + x[3(t) -aoa- = Dv - (1)
- - /3(1)80 at r = aoU) .
evolution of axisymmetric disturbances to the mean flow at ax 2
will be derived. The perturbed velocity, pressure, and shape (14c)
of the jet are written as Finally, one must require that
u(x,r,t) = uo(x,r,t) + Du(x,r,t) , (lla) /)v is finite as r approaches zero. (14<1)
v(x,r,t) = vo(x,r,t) + 8v(x,r,t) , (lIb) The differential equations (13) and the boundary con-
p(x,r,t) = po(x,r,t) + Dp(x,r,t) , (lIe) ditions (14) are the equations governing the evolution of
small disturbances. Note that there is an explicit dependence
R (x,t) = ao(t) + 8a(x,t) . (lid)
on r, x, and t in these equations. It is desirable to scale the
A simple calculation shows that the perturbation to the de- dependent and independent variables so the equations are in
viatoric stress tensor is given by dimensionless form. In order to do this it is best to scale the
DTij = 2J.lOEij + 28J.lEij equations not by the initial length and time scales of the
problem, but by the evolving length and time scales. This
= 2J.l (8Eij - EijDE.ul{3(t)] , (12) method of scaling is initially more tedious. but the resulting
where 8Eij is the perturbation to the strain rate tensor, p. is equations have several desirable features. In particular,
the unperturbed effective viscosity, and Eij is the unper- there is no explicit dependence on the axial coordinate, and
turbed strain rate. Substituting ( 11) and (12) into (6) and the only dependence on time is through the physically mean-
ignoring quadratically small terms yields the equations for ingful parameters r and a (to be introduced shortly).
the evolution of small disturbances: To achieve the dimensionless form, axial and radial
3008 Jo AppL Physo, Vol. 65, No.8, 15 April 1969 LA.Romero 3008
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lengths will be scaled according to different lengths. All axial aw = 3a 2 ( san
-a<I> + a .2 (s)_ )- at 17= 1, U8b)
lengths will be scaled according to au at '. as
L(t) = q(t}L(O) = q(t)lk(O) , (lSa) an =
- q:t at 17 = 1, (l8c)
where L(O) is the initial axial length scale and L(t) is the as
changing length scale that takes into account the fact that I.V is finite as a approaches zero. ( 18d)
the jet is stretchi.ng axially. The parameter k (0) will later be Equations (17) and (18) are in dimensionless form de-
chosen to be the initial wave number of a disturbance. All pending only on the dimensionless parameters r2(s) and
radial lengths will be scaled according to the evolving radius a 2 (s). The equations are also independent of g so they can
of the jet,
easily be Fourier transformed. It can now be assumed that
GnU) = ao(O)/q(t) i!Z. (I5b) t
the dependence in the equations is given by
A dimensionless time scale s can be defined such that <I>(S,O",s) = ¢(a,s)e i ,;, (l9a)
increments of time are scaled according to the current strain
W(t,if,5) = l/J(u,s)e {:" i
( 1%)
rate
A(S,a,s) = A(l7,s)e i4 , ( 19c)
ds = /3(t)dt.
Solving this equation for s gives the dimensionless time
!l(?,I7,s) = {t)(a,s)eif; . (19d)
Substituting ( 19) into ( 17) and ( 18) one arrives at the equa-
s=ln[q(t)] =!n[p(O)t+ 1]. (15c)
tions governing the evolution of disturbances with initial
Now, using these evolving length and time scales, one can wave number keO):
define dimensionless spatial coordinates (g,O") by
g = x/Let) = xq-1k(O) , (l6a) aif; + if; = - a 2 (s)iA. + r--2(s)(..!..)
as a
0" = r/a o(!) = rql/2/ao(O) , (16b)
dimensionless velocities (<P,I.V) by
X a(ua::aU) + a 2 (.l')r- 2 (s)¢, (20a)
aw .ii - aA 2 a2q:t It should be emphasized that Eqs. (20) and (21) ana-
--2'!:"=--+a(s) r
_.?
-(5)--, (17b) lyze disturbances whose wavelengths are increasing with
as au ag 2
time. The wavelengths are constant in the Lagrangian co-
J$ + (~)a(uw) = 0, (17c) ordinates of the unperturbed jet motion. The parameter a(s)
as \ 0" aif is the wave number of the disturbance scaled according to
where res) and a(s) are given by the current radius of the jet. That is
r2(s) = r 2 (O)e- 35, ' b
wave Iengt h 0 fd Istur ance = 21Ta()(S)
.
a(s)
a(s)2 = [ao(s)IL(s) f = [ao(O)IL(O) j e - 2
35.
Again, both a(s) and res) are decreasing functions oftime.
The parameter a(s) is a measure of the evolving radial
length scale compared to the evolving axial length scale, and IV. FINITE DiFFERENCE APPROXIMATION
as stated earlier, r (s) is the ratio oftheinertial stresses to the
plastic stresses. The boundary conditions can be written as A finite difference code was written to integrate (20)
and (21). The radial variable u was differenced using a sec-
2[BIfJ + (1-)a~ 1_ r2(s)A ond-order accurate difference scheme with equally spaced
au 2 at J grid points. The resulting equations form a system of linear
+ (! )nr 2
(s) =0 at 17 = 1. (18a) differential algebraic equations with time as the independent
variable. The algebraic part of the equations arises from the
3009 J, Appl. Phys., Vol. 65, No.8, i5 April 1989 L. A. Romero 3009
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continuity equation. This system of equations was integrated solutions are evolving rapidly with time. (b) The large terms
using a differential algebraic equation solver. Results from on the right-hand side almost cancel out, indicating that the
this code will be referred to throughout the rest of this paper. behavior of the equations is independent of the left-hand
To begin integrating Eqs. (20) and (21), initial condi- sides. In this case the left-hand sides can be ignored, and the
tions must be given. Once one specifies ¢(O',O), all the other equations are essentially quasistatic.
variables are known initially. In particular, ¢(O',O) is known Possibility (a) will be examined first. In this case the
from (20c), w(D) is then known from (2Ib), 4(0',0) then time dependence of r and a can be ignored since the solu-
follows by solving Poisson's equation derived by differentiat- tions are evolving rapidly compared to the time scale during
i.ng (20c) with respect to s and eliminating the time deriva- which these quantities undergo significant changes. This
tives using (20a) and (20b). The boundary condition for simplifies the problem since the equations are now indepen-
A ( 1,0) is obtained using (21 a). The initial conditions for the dent of time and one can analyze the growth of the perturba-
finite difference code are obtained by a discrete analog ofthe tions by assuming that the perturbations have an exponential
above process. Unless otherwise stated, all the calculations dependence on time. Also, since the wavelengths are small
are done assuming that ¢ (0',0) is a constant. com pared to the rndi us of the jet, the curvature of the jet can
It was usually sufficient to use 20 grid points to discre- be ignored and the problem can be analyzed as though it
tize 0'. However, for very short wavelength disturbances it takes place in a semi-infinite region rather than in a jet with
was necessary to use as many as 200 grid points. For large finite radius. In this case it is best to rescale the radial posi-
values of a it is difficult to integrate the equations using a tions and velocities using the wavelength as a length scale
uniform radial grid since there is a region of rapid decay and to rescale the time using a time scale based on energy
within several wavelengths ofthe free surface. Fortunately it dissipation.
is not important to integrate the equations for very large tk=pl(k2j.L), j.L=y/p.
wave numbers since the asymptotic behavior of the equa-
tions is well understood in this regime. It is convenient to rescale the pressure using a length scale
that is based on the wavelength of the problem,
v. THE BEHAVIOR OF SHORT WAVELENGTHS Pk =p(kYp-l{3-1)2.
In this section the behavior of short wavelength distur- A new independent variable is defined as
bances to the mean flow will be examined. The beginning of z=a(I7-1) . (23)
this section gives some analytical results showing that the
short wavelength disturbances undergo no significant Also, new dependent variables are defined using the wave-
growth. Following this, corresponding numerical solutions length as a length scale and the time scale t k as a time scale.
are given confirming this. The solutions are assumed to vary exponentially in time with
For a wavelength to be considered short it must be growth rate r (in the new dimensionless time scale);
shorter than the radius of the jet. This is satisfied if
a(s) >1 . ¢(z,s) = a2r--2¢*(z)eysa"/rl , (24a)
In order to precisely define what is meant by a short wave- ¢(z,s) = ar- 2 t,&*(z)eYm '/f" , (24b)
length the wavelength must also be compared to other length ,i(z,s) = a 2 r-- ,i *(z)e
4 ysa
'/r
2
, (24c)
scaies in the problem, It will be shown that provided
a(s) > 1, then the size of the parameter
6) (s) = w*a --leysa'/r' • (24d)
3010 J. Appl. Phys., Vol. 65, No.8, 15 April 1989 LA. Romero 3010
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r
the eigenvalues will not be given. Only the main results wiU
be stated.
There are two eigenvalues, Y I (G) and Yz (G), for each
value of G. The real parts of these eigenvalues are always
negative indicating that the solutions are stabk The real
parts of these eigenvalues are plotted in Fig. 1, where it is
seen that the eigenvalues merge into a complex conjugate
pair near G = 0.15. As G approaches infinity, the imaginary
parts of eigenvalues rl and Y2 approach the frequency of
gravity waves with a gravity field given an appropriate value
to match the pressure gradient in the mean flow.
The main conclusion of this analysis is that the very
short wavelengths do not undergo rapid growth (as they do
for example in inviscid Rayleigh-Taylor instability). Any
rapid changes in the perturbations will be due to decay.
To complete the analysis of the short wavelengths one FIG. 2. Plots ofln aI(s) as a function of a- I (s) for several different values
of reO). On curve A, 0.75 <r(s) < 13; on curve E, O.143<f'(s) <5.2; 011
must consider case (b) In this case one can again consider
<
curve C, 0.035 < f(s) < 1.3; and on curve D, 0.028 < res) <0.65.
the flow to take place on a semi-infinite interval and one can
solve the equations in Cartesian coordinates rather than cy-
lindrical coordinates. It is appropriate to scale the equations of r (0). It is seen that very little growth or decay occurs
as in case (a) except time should not be rescaled. The left- until a(s) decreases to about 2. Once a(s) is less than 2,
hand sides of the equations of motion can be ignored, and the rapid growth occurs if res) is also small. The smaller r(s)
equations are essentially quasistatic, The analysis is simple, is, the more rapid the growth. Ifns) is not small, then rapid
but uninteresting. It is then found that the perturbations to growth does not occur even if a(s) is small. More details on
the radius evolve somewhat over dimensionless time periods this will be given in Sees. VI and VII.
of order one. However, the variations in the radius are mea- The results of this section are summarized as follows:
sured relative to the wavelength, not the radius, so the per- Disturbances cannot undergo any appreciable growth as
turbed radius changes very little with time when it is com- long as their wavelengths appear short compared to the radi-
pared to the radius of the jet. us of the jet.
The main result of the analysis of (b) is the short wave-
length disturbances to the mean flow cannot undergo signifi- VI. INERTIALLY DOMINATED FLOWS
cant growth. As the jet stretches the wavelength of a distur-
bance increases [a (s) decreases with time], so a disturbance
In this section the behavior of perturbations for r (s) 1 »
win be analyzed. Some analytical bounds on the growth rates
that starts out as a short wavelength will not undergo signifi-
win be presented that show that if r> 1, no wave number
cant growth until the jet has stretched enough that the wave-
experiences significant growth. In the limit as r approaches
length is no longer small. To demonstrate this point, the
infinity, the jet behaves like an incompressible inviscid fluid
growth of short wavelength disturbances were tracked using
and it is possible to ignore the presence of the plastic stresses
the finite difference code for several different values of r (0).
in the equations of motion and in the boundary conditions.
These results are presented in Fig. 2. The plots show
In this case Eqs. (20) can be replaced by
In[w(s) J as it function of a-I(s) for several different values
a</J A. -a2( SI1A,
-+",= ,'1
(27a)
as
aif; -2if;= -OA, (27b)
as au
-.1
if/; + (.l) a(r.np) = 0 .
CT aCT
(27c)
301 i J. Appl. Phys., Vol. 65, No.8, 15 April 1989 L. A. Romero 30i1
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generated by an ideal fluid. To begin with, it will be assumed To analytically show that the solutions to (32) are well
that the flow is initially irrotational. This allows one to re- behaved, one can multiply Eq. (32) by a(d(vlds)Io(a)1
duce the equations governing the disturbances from partial II (a), and manipulate the equations to show that
differential equations to ordinary differential equations.
Once this situation is analyzed the more general case of rota-
tional disturbances will be analyzed.
(~ )d {( alo(a)(~:) / 1 (a) 1 r
Assuming that the initial disturbances are irrotational + (! )a w I o(a)1II (a)} /
3 2
ds
they will remain irrotational for all time, so the velocities can
be derived from a potential:
4>(u,g,s) = ia2(s)7T«(T,s)ei~ , (29a)
= - [(~: )10 (a)aI1 (a) 1 r
¢(a,g,s) = eiSa1T(U,s)/8u . (29b) (3)
i--W
8
2 d [a 3 I o(a)/I j (a) 1
ds
<.0 (33)
Substituting (29) into Eq. (27c) yields the equation
The inequality fonows from the fact that dalds < 0, and
[(!)a(a~~aa)] -a 2
(s)7T=O. d[ZlIo(z)II1(z) Vdz> O. The inequality (33) shows that w
and do)lds cannot experience significant growth. An in-
= 0 we get
Requiring that the solution be regular at u equality similar to (33) that applies to Eqs. (27) and (28)
can be derived without assuming that the flow is irrotational.
1T(U,S) = x(s)a-2(s)Io[a(s)aJ/1o[a(s) 1 • (30)
To derive such an expression one can multiply (27a) by
where 10 is the modified Bessel function of zero order. Substi- e- su~, (27b) by a 2 e- sutf, add the equations, and integrate
tuting this into (29a) and (29b) and evaluating the bound- with respect to a from 0 to !. After using (28c), (28a), and
ary conditions (28a) and (2gb), one gets (28b), one can arrive at the expression
dX
ds
+X= - ( ~)a2(S)(j)(S) ,
\4
(31a)
(~ )~J e·\ f (¢¢ + o.2 ¢¢)ada + (! )a e- ui]
2 s
ds
dw
-=xsa
( ) -I( s )I1 [a(s)] .
Io[a(s)]
(3Ib)
= (8'3) a
w2as(a2e-S) - (3)
2' Jot ¢tPudue-'<O.
- .
One can eliminate X from this expression to get an equation It is seen that the norm
for w,
d [dwlds 0.[0(0.)11 1 (0.) J
ds
e -s f (¢¢ + a 2 ¢1ft}adu+ 3/4a2 e-"w2
¢, + ¢ = r-2(s)(.l)~(aa¢), (34a)
u au au
FIG. 3. The plots show rues) as a function of q- J (s) for different values of o¢ =0 at U= 1. (34b)
reO). On each plot the results are compared to the resl!lts for r equal to au
infinity. (a) 7 <res) < 104; (b) 3.5 < r(s)< 52; (e) 1.75 <res) <26. A simple change of variables can transform (34) into the
3012 J. Appl. Phys., Vol. 65, No.8. 15 April i 989 L. A. Romero 3012
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(l.) + (d(vlds) 2]
2 2
diffusion equation showing that tjJ is evolving to a constant as d [a H(s)UJ
time progresses. This evolution occurs faster when r(s) is 2 ds
small.
As a starting point in deriving a long wavelength ap-
= _ (dW)2 + ()J2d [a 2 (s)H(s) 1
ds ds
proximation one can derive an exact, but underdetermined,
system of ordinary differential equations for the evolution of = R(s) .
the integrated velocities and pressure. To do this multiply Provided r(s) is large enough so that H(s) is greater than
Eqs. (20a) and (lOc) by 0', (20b) by cr,
and integrate these zero, then R(s) <0, and the solution cannot grow. Once
equations from 0 to 1 to obtain H(s) becomes less than zero the solution starts experiencing
exponential growth. Due to the fact that in Eq. (38) H(s) is
dA +A = multiplied by a 2 , it is seen that the extremely long wave-
ds lengths (a < 1) will grow very slowly (assuming H < 0) .
To check the validity of this long wavelength approxi-
+ a 2 (s)r- 2 (s)A, (35a) mation, the solutions to Eq. (38) were compared to the solu-
tions obtained from the finite difference code. In Fig. 4(b) is
dB -2B= -A,(1) +2C-a 2 (s)r- 2 (s)B, (35b)
ds a plot of a solution with a(O) = 1.6, and rcO) = 0.65. It is
iA + ¢'(l) = 0 (35c) seen that the agreement between the long wavelength ap-
proximation and the solution to the full set of partial differ-
where ential equations is quite good. In Fig. 4(a) is a solution with
A(s) = f u¢>(u,s)da,
aCO) = 0,8, and rcO) = 0.65; in this plot the two solutions
are almost indistinguishable.
ri
B = 1 cr'I/J(u,s)dO' , vm. THE MOST UNSTABLE WAVELENGTH FOR
INITIAllY STABLE JETS
C(s) = f aA(u,s)du. In this section the most unstable wavelength for jets
with r initially large will be determined. Due to the fact that
Eliminating C from (35a) and (35b), and using boundary the flow is evolving with time it is not possible to give a single
conditions (21) to eliminate A (l) and J¢ (1 ) I au, one gets value for the most unstable wavelength. The procedure used
in this section is to determine the most unstable wavelength
2( ~~ + A) + ia\s) ( ~~ - 2B) as a function of the amplification, That is, we determine the
first wavelength to increase its amplitude by a fixed amount.
= ia2(s)w[6r-~2(s) - 3/4J It will be seen that the most unstable wavelength does not
+ 2a 2
(s)r-2(s)A - ia4 (s)r-- 2 (s)B vary dramatically as a function of the amplification. In par-
ticular, the most unstable wavelength is between 21T and 41T
- a 2 (s)¢( 1,s)r- 2 (s) , (36a) times the current radius of the jet.
d(tJ It is worthwhile to summarize the results of the previous
- = ,pO,s) . (36b)
sections: (a) Any mode whose wavelength is short com-
ds
Equations (36) give two equations in the four un- pared to the current radius of the jet is stable (Sec. V). (b)
knownsA, B, <p( 1,s), and UJ. A long wavelength approxima- As long as res) is bigger than 1, aU modes will be stable
tion may be derived by assuming that (Sec. VI). (c) Once res) is less than 1, the long wavelengths
will be unstable, but the longer the wavelength, the slower
4>(O",s) =/(s) . (37a) their growth will be (Sec. VII),
Under this assumption (2Oc) implies The most unstable wavelength is a function of time. To
I/1(O",s) = - iu/(s)/2, (37b) illustrate this, Fig. 5 shows some plots of modes with differ-
ent initial wave numbers integrated out to a fixed time, aU
and also
A (s) =/(8)/2, (37c) .. ) b)
~-71
I--~r--~-l
B(s) =- i/(s)/8 . (37d)
If one substitutes the assumed forms (37) into (36), and /, I
keeps only the leading order terms ina(s) in front of each of
100.
~10a. r /1 I
the derivatives of (tJ, one gets
.. P . "f
d 2()J
-0-
ds·
+ -d()J + a-(s)H(s)UJ
ds
"
= 0, (38)
c.~~-~ o.LL_-L-~~1f . .$ 3. f.S 3.
S S
where
H(s) = 3/8 - 3r- 2 (s) . FIG. 4. These plots show w(s) as a function s for different values of a(O).
On each graph the results are compared to the results using the long wave-
This is the approximate equation governing the evolution of length approximation. (a) nO) =,0.65 a(s) <0.0125; (b) reO) = 0.65
long wavelength disturbances. From (38) one can see that a(s) <0.2.
3013 J. Appl. Phys .• Vol. 65, No.8, 15 April 1989 L. A. Romero 3013
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100.r------------r------------~~
values ofa in Fig. 6 are aU with rcO) = 0.65. There is little
difference between this plot and plots done with higher val-
uesofr(O) because very little growth can occur until res) is
less than 1. Figure 7 shows a plot of the most unstable wave
number (the first mode to increase its amplitude by 1000 X )
as a function of r (0). The conclusion is that if r (0) is large,
S 50.
then once the jet goes unstable, the most unstable mode will
have a about equal to 0.5. This indicates that the wavelength
will be of the same order of magnitude as the radius of the jet.
,8
.6 tI 1.
(1:1
.'*
.2
o. ~------------~------------~
.85 1.3
O. f'
2. 1.1.1 11.1
IflGr
FIG. 7. A plot of the first wave number to increase its amplitude lOOOX asa
FIG. 6. A plot ofa as II function ofln( Gr}. function of f'( 0) .
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¢(s*,a) = eYS'¢(a) , a*(r) = 2(18) iilOrl15 + .. , , (42a)
...t * (s*,a) = eYS"...t *(0-) . r*(r) = 2I! za*(r)r . (42b)
Substituting these forms into (20a )-( 2Oc) and keeping only This asymptotic form is evaluated in the third column of
the highest order terms in r one gets Table I, and is found to be in excellent agreement with the
numbers in the second column. It should be noted that the
(39a) growth rate r* (r) in (42b) is slow on the time scale s*, but
it is still rapid compared to the time for the jet to stretch
appreciably, so the assumption of ignoring the time evolu-
(3%)
tion of a and r is still valid.
These results were also checked using the finite differ-
(39c) ence code. For r -< 1 the most unstable wavelength is almost
independent of the time interval on which it is evaluated. In
The boundary conditions (21a) and (20b) can be written as
the fourth column of Table I are the values of the most unsta-
2[ :~ + ( ~ )i¢] - A '" + ( !)¢r 4
/r = 0 , (40a)
ble wavelength predicted by integrating the full set oflinear~
ized partial differential equations governing the motion of
o¢
au
+ ia2¢ = 3ia 2 ?y . (
40b)
small disturbances. It is seen that the results are in excellent
agreement with the results in the second column.
The perturbed radius has been eliminated in the above equa- X. CONCl.USIONS
tions using (2Ic).
Equations (39) and (40) give an eigenvalue problem for It has been shown that a stretching jet is stable until the
the determination of y. As one lets r approach zero, the parameter r becomes less than one. If r is initially large, the
boundary conditions simplify to most unstable wavelength is of the same order of magnitude
as the radius ofthejet. Ifr is initially small, the most unsta-
2 [:~ + ( ~ )¢] - A '" = 0 , (41a) ble wavelength is proportional to the radius times r-l/ 5 .
ACKNOWL.EDGMENTS
a¢ + ia 2¢=O. (4lb)
au The author would like to acknowledge Denni.s Grady
The eigenvalue problems (39) and (41) determine the for bringing the subject matter of this paper to the authors
behavior oftne solutions as one lets r approach zero with a attention, and for many useful suggestions during the course
fixed. As will be seen, one has to keep an additional term to of the work. This work was performed at Sandia National
determine the behavior of the solutions as both a and r Laboratories and supported by the U.S. Department of En-
approach zero. One can show analytically that the eigenval- ergy under Contract No. DE-AC04-76DP00789.
ue problem given by (39) and (4] ) has the following proper-
ti.es: (a) The eigenvalues r are real; (b) when a is zero, the APPENDIX A
largest eigenvalue of the system is zero. Numerically it is In this Appendix the asymptotic form of the eigenvalue
possible to show that (c) when a is nonzero, all the eigenval- problems (39) and (40) will be examined as y*, r, and a
ues are negative, approach zero. In particular, the asymptotic form of a* (r)
From this one can conclude that all modes with a will be examined, where a:l< (r) is the value of a at which the
bounded away from zero are stable. However, as a ap- growth rate r takes on its maximum value. To determine this
proaches zero, there is a mode that has y< 1, so one cannot asymptotic form, one can first express the functions </>, "1/;, and
r
ignore the term rZa z/ in (40b). If one keeps this term one A '" in terms of a power series in a:
ends up with the eigenvalue problems (39) and (40), This 00
eigenvalue problem was solved numerically, and it was ¢;(u) = I. ¢;k«', (Ala)
found that for small values of a there is in fact an unstable k~O
mode. For each value of r one can find the value a* (r) that
gives the largest growth r'" en.
Some values of a'" are listed ¢(u) =
k
L""-~O
¢k~' (Alb)
in the second column of Table 1. In the Appendix it will be 00
3015 J. Appl. Phys., Vol. 65, No.6, 15 April 1989 L. A. Romero 3015
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ePo = 1 , (A3a) Combining this relation with
Ao=A, (A3b) r*2 + 1'*a*6/192 - 3a*2r 2 = 0,
tPl = - i12, (A3c) one gets
ePz = (/4)[ (r -a 2
) + ia A] 2
, (A3d) y*2 = 2a*2r2 .
AZ = (y + a )iI4,
Z
(A3e) Since we are interested in the most unstable mode, this im-
1/!3 = - (i/16)[ (y - a 2
)+ ta A] ,
2
(A3f) plies that
¢J4 = (1/64) [1.,2 - 31'a 2
+ ia2A (y - a 2
)] , (A3g) r* = 2l/2a *r . (42b)
,1,4= (i/64)(y+a 2 )(y-a 2 +ia 1A) , (A3h) Substituting this expression into (48) yields
1/;5= - (i1384)[f-3ya 2 +ia2A(1'-a2 )] , (A3i) a* = 2(l8)1/Wrl/5 . (42a)
2 2 2 2
eP6 = (1/2304 ){(y - a ) (y - 3ya + ia A(y - a )] These last two equations are the equations in Sec. VI,
and are the final conclusions of this Appendix.
- a 2 (y + a 2 )(y _ a 2 + ia 2A)}. (A3j)
In the above A is an arbitrary constant that is deter-
mined by the boundary conditions. In order to determine the
leading order behavior in a* (r) one needs only the above IG. Birkhoff, D. MacDougall, E. Pugh, and G. Taylor, J. Appl. Phys. 19,
terms. Substituting these expressions into (41a) one finds 563 (1948).
that to lowest order 2E. M. Pugh, R.I. Eichelberger, and N. Rostoker, J. Appl. Phys. 23, 532
( 1952).
(A4) 3D. E. Grady, The 1986 Hyperoelocity Impact Symposium, Oct. 21-24
1986, San Antonio, TX.
Now, substituting (45) and (46) into (40b), and keeping 4J. R. Asay and L. D. Birthoff, Sandia National Laboratories, Report No.
only the lowest order terms in front of y, one finds that SAND-78-1256 (1978).
y + ya /192 - 3a2r2 = o.
6 5 A. Considere, Ann. Ponts Chaussees 9, 574 ( j 885).
(AS) 6E. W. Hart, Acta Metall. 15, 351 (1967).
Equation (4-7) is the equation that determines the growth 71'. C. Chou and J. Carleone, J. Appl. Phys. 48, 4187 (1977).
"J. M. Walsh, J. App!. Phys. 56,1997 (1984).
rates for small values of a and r. Let a*(r) and y*(r) be
91. Frankel and D. Weihs, J. Fluid Mech. 155, 289 (1985).
the most unstable wave number, and the growth rate asso- IOJ. P. Curtis, J. App!. Phys. 61,4978 (1987).
ciated with it for a given value ofr. Usi.ng implicit differenti- "D. C. Pack, J. App!. Phys. 63,1864 (1988).
ation, it is clear that 02D. E. Grady and D. A. Benson, Exp. Mech. 23, 393 (1983).
"A. C. Eringen, Nonlinear Theory ofContinua (McGraw-Hill, New York,
6y*a*5/192 - 6a*r2 =0. (A6) 1962).
3016 J. Appl. Phys., Vol. 65, No.8, 15 April 1989 L. A. Romero 3016
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