oS|qrpqEcdh; rjaxsa (ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES)

Contents
Particular's Page No.

Theory 01 – 11

Exercise - 1 12 – 15

Objective Question

Exercise - 2 15 – 15

Comprehension

Exercise - 3 16 – 18

JEE (Main) / AIEEE Problems (Previous Years)

Answer Key 18

JEE (MAIN) SYLLABUS

Electromagnetic Wave : Electromagnetic waves and their characteristics. Transverse nature of

electromagnetic waves. Electromagnetic spectrum (radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible,
ultraviolet, Xrays, gamma rays). Applications of e.m. waves.

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Electromagnetic Waves

oS|qrpqEcdh; rjaxsa (ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES)


Hkwfedk
eSDlosy ds lehdj.kksa ls mHkjus okyh lcls egRoiw.kZ izkxqfDr oS|qrpaqcdh; rjaxksa dk vfLRRo gksuk gS tks varfj{k esa
lapfjr le; ds lkFk cnyrs (;qfXer) fo|qrh; ,oa pqacdh; {ks=k gSaA eSDlosy ds lehdj.kksa ds vuqlkj, bu rjaxksa dh
pky, izdk'kh; ekiu }kjk izkIr izdk'k dh pky (3 × 108 m/s) ds yxHkx cjkcj gksrh gSA blls ge bl egRoiw.kZ
fu"d"kZ ij igqWps fd izdk'k ,d oS|qrpqacdh; rjax gSA bl izdkj , eSDlosy ds dk;Z us fo|qr, pqacdRo ,oa izdk'k ds
{ks=kksa dks ,dhd`r dj fn;kA 1885 esa, gV~Zt+ us iz;ksx }kjk oS|qrpaqcdh; rajxksa ds vfLrRo dks iznf'kZr fd;kA ekdksZuh
,oa vU; vkfo"drkZvksa us ;Fkkle;, blds rduhdh mi;ksx esa lapkj ds {ks=k esa tks Økafr dh mlds vkt ge
izR;{kn'khZ gSaA bl v/;k; esa, igys ge foLFkkiu /kkjk dh vko';drk ,oa mlds ifj.kkeksa ds fo"k; esa ppkZ djsaxsaA fQj
ge oS|qrpaqcdh; rjaxksa dk ,d fooj.kkRed fp=k izLrqr djsaxsaA oS|qrpaqcdh; rjaxksa dk laiw.kZ o.kZØe , tks xkek fdj.kksa
(rajxnS/;Z ~ 1012 m) ls nh?kZ jsfM;ks rjaxksa (rajxnS/;Z ~ 106 m) rd QSyk gS, mlds fo"k; esa ppkZ dh tk,xhA
foLFkkiu /kkjk
fo|qr /kkjk viusa pkjksa vksj ,d pqacdh; {ks=k mRiUu djrh gSA eSDlosy us n'kkZ;k fd rkfdZd laxkfr ds fy, ;g vko';d
gS fd ifjorZu'khy fo|qr {ks=k Hkh pqacdh; {ks=k mRiUu djsA ;g izHkko cgqr gh egRo dk gS, D;ksafd ;g jsfM;ks rjaxksa, xkek
fdj.kks,a ,oa n`'; izdk'k ds vfrfjDr Hkh vU; lHkh oS|qrpqacdh; rjaxksa ds vfLrRo dh O;k[;k djrk gSA
;g ns[kus ds fy, fd ifjorZu'khy fo|qr {ks=k fd; izdkj paqcdh; {ks=k ds mn~~Hko dk dkj.k curk gSA vkb, ge
fdlh la/kkfj=k ds vkos'ku dh izfØ;k ij fopkj djsa vkSj la/kkfj=k ds ckgj fdlh fcanq ij pqacdh; {ks=k Kkr djus ds
fy, ,sfEi;j ds ifjiFkh; fu;e
 B. dl  0i (t) ............... (1)
dk mi;ksx djsaA
[fp=k 1 (a)] esa ,d lekarj IysV la/kkfj=k C n'kkZ;k x;k gS tks ,d ,sls ifjiFk dk Hkkx gS ftlesa le; ds lkFk
ifjorZu'khy /kkjk i (t) izokfgr gks jgh gSA vkb,, lekarj IysV la/kkfjr ds cká {ks=k esa fLFkr fdlh fcUnq tSls fd P
ij pqacdh; {ks=k Kkr djsaA blds fy,, ge r f=kT;k dk ,d lery o`Ùkkdj ywi ysrs gSa ftldk ry /kkjkokgh rkj dh
fn'kk ds yacor gS vkSj ftldk dsaUnz rkj ds Åij gS [fp=k 1 (a)]A lefefr d vk/kkj ij ge dg ldrs gSa fd
pqacdh; {ks=k dh fn'kk o`Ùkkdkj ywi dh ifjf/k ds vuqfn'k gS vkSj ywi ds izR;sd fcanq ij bldk ifjek.k leku gSA bl
dkj.k, ;fn {ks=k dk ifjek.k B gS rks lehdj.k (1) dk oke i{k B (2r) gSA
B (2r) = 0i (t) .................(2)
vc blh ifjlhek okyh ,d vU; lrg ij fopkj dhft,A ;g ?kM+s ds vkdkj dh ,d lrg gS tks /kkjk dks dgha Hkh
ugh Nwrh gSA (fp=k. 1 (b)] ij bldh ryh la/kkfj=k dh nksuksa IysVksa ds chp esa gS vkSj mldk eqWg Åij of.kZr o`Ùkkdkj
ywi gSA nwljh ,lh lrg (fcuk <Ddu ds) fVfQu ckWDl ds vkdkj dh gS [fp=k 1 (c)]A leku izkpyksa okyh ,slh lrgksa
ds fy, ,sfEi;j dk fu;e yxkus ij, ge ikrs gSa fd lehdj.k (1) ds ckbZ vkSj dk eku rks ugh cnyrk gS ij nkbZ
vksj dk eku 'kwU; gS u fd 0i (t), D;ksfd fp=k 1 (b) vkSj (c) esa n'kkZ;h xbZ lrgksa ls dksbZ /kkjk ugh xqtjrh gSA
blfy,, gekjk lkeuk ,d fojks/kkHkkl ls gksrk gSA ,d izdkj ls x.kuk djsa rks fcUnq P ij paqcdh; {ks=k gS; nwljh izdkj
x.kuk djsa rks P ij pqacdh; {ks=k 'kwU; gksrk gSA D;ksafd ;g fojks/kkHkkl gekjs }kjk ykxw fd, x, ,sfEi;j ds ifjiFkh;
fu;e ds dkj.k mRiUu gksrk gSA bl fu;e esa laHkor% dksbZ in NwV x;k gSA NwVk gqvk ;g in ,slk gksuk pkfg, fd
pkgs ge fdlh Hkh lrg dk mi;ksx djsa fcUnq P ij pqacdh; {ks=k dk leku eku izkIr gksA

fp=k 1

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Electromagnetic Waves
;fn ge fp=k 1 (c) dks /;kuiwoZd ns[ksa rks NwVs gq, in dk vuqeku yxk;k tk ldrk gSA D;k la/kkfj=k dh IysVksa ds
chp dh lrg S ls xqtjrh gqbZ fdlh jkf'k ds eku esa ifjorZu gks jgk gSA th gkW , okLro esa muds chp fo|qr {ks=k
cny jgk gSA ;fn la/kkfj=k dh IysVksa dk +{ks=kQy A gks ,oa bl ij dqy vkos'k Q gks rks IysVksa ds chp fo|qr {ks=k E
dk ifjek.k (Q/A)/ 0 gksrk gS [ nsf[k, lehdj.k (2.4) ] A ;g {ks=k fp=k 1 (c) dh lrg S ds yacor gksrk gSA bldk
ifjek.k la/kkfj=k dh IysVksa ds {ks=kQy A ij leku jgrk gS ij buds ckgj 'kwU; gks tkrk gSA blfy, , lrg S ls
xqtjus okyk fo|qr ¶yDl, xkml ds fu;e ds mi;ksx ls gksrk gSA
1 Q Q
E = E A = A= .................(3)
0 A 0
vc ;fn la/kkfj=k dh IysVksa ij vkos'k Q le; ds lkFk ifjofrZr gks rks ;gkW ,d /kkjk i = (dQ / dt) gksxhA blfy,
lehdj.k (8.3) ls
dE d Q 1 dQ
=   =
dt dt  0  0 dt
;g fufnZ"V djrk gS fd ,sfEi;j ds fu;e esa laxfr ds fy,,
 dE 
0  =i .................(4)
 dt 
;gh ,sfEi;j ds ifjiFkh; fu;e dk NwVk gqvk in gSA ;fn ge fdlh Hkh lrg ls gksdj pkydksa }kjk okfgr dqy /kkjk
esa, 0 xq.kk fo|qr ¶yDl ds ifjorZu dh nj tksMsa rks ge ,sfEi;j ds ifjiFkh; fu;e dk lkekU;hdj.k dj ldrs gSaA
rc lHkh lrgksa ds fy, /kkjk dk eku i leku gksxkA rc dgha ij Hkh ,sfEi;j dk lkekU;hd`r fu;e yxkus ij B ds
izkIr eku esa dksbZ folaxfr ugh vk,xhA fcUnq P ij, B dk eku 'kwU;srj gh gksxk pkgs bldh x.kuk djus ds fy, ge
dksbZ Hkh lrg ysa IysVksa ds ckgj, fdlh fcUnq P ij B dk eku ogh gksxk tks Bhd blds vUnj fcUnq M ij gksuk pkfg,
[fp=k1 (a)] A vkos'kksa ds izokg ds dkj.k pkydksa esa tks /kkjk izokfgr gksrh gS mls pkyu /kkjk dgk tkrk gSA lehdj.k
(4) }kjk O;Dr /kkjk ,d uohu in gSA tks ifjorZu'khy fo|qr {ks=k (;k fo|qrh; foLFkkiu, tks vHkh Hkh dHkh mi;ksx esa
vkrk gSA) ds dkj.k vfLrRo esa vkrk gSA bldks blfy, foLFkkiu /kkjk vFkok eSDlosy dh foLFkkiu /kkjk dgk tkrk
gSA fp=k 2 Åij of.kZr lekarj IysV la/kkfj=k ds vUnj fo|qr ,oa pqcadh; {ks=k n'kkZrk gSA
eSDlosy }kjk fd;k x;k O;kidhdj.k fuEu gSA pqcdh; {ks=k dk L=kks=k
dsoy izokgeku vkos'kksa ls fufeZr pkyu fo|qr /kkjk gh ugha gksrh , vfirq
le; ds lkis{k fo|qr {ks=k esa ifjorZu dh nj Hkh bldk dkj.k cu
ldrh gSA vf/kd Li"Vrk ls bl ckr dks dgsa rks dqy /kkjk i, ic }kjk
fufnZ"V pkyu /kkjk ,oa id (= 0 (d  E / dt) }kjk fufnZ"V foLFkkiu /kkjk
ds ;ksx ds cjkcj gksrh gSA vr%
dE
i = ie + id = ic + 0 .................(5)
dt Figure 2 (a)

lqLi"V 'kCnksa esa bldk vFkZ gS fd la/kkfj=k dh IysVksa ds ckgj dsoy

pkyu /kkjk ic = i gksrh gSA vFkkZr id = 0A nwljh vkSj la/kkfj=k ds vanj
dksbZ pkyu /kkjk ugha gksrh, vFkkZr~ ic = 0 vkSj dsoy foLFkkiu /kkjk gksrh
gSA ftlls id = i A
O;kidhd`r (,oa ;FkkFkZ) ,sfEi;j ds ifjiFkh; fu;e dk Lo:i lehdj.k
(1) tSls gSA cl dsoy ,d varj gSA ",slh fdlh Hkh lrg, ftldh
ifjfefr can ywi gS ls xqtjus okyh dqy /kkjk pkyu /kkjk ,oa foLFkkiu
/kkjk dk ;ksx gksrh gSA" O;kid :i esa ;g fu;e
dE
 Bd  0ic  00
dt
rFkk bls ,sfEi;j eSDlosy fu;e dgrs gSaA

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Electromagnetic Waves
fdlh Hkh n`f"V ls foLFkkiu /kkjk ds HkkSfrd izHkko pkyu /kkjk ds leku gSaA dqN fLFkfr;ksa esa , mnkgj.kkFkZ, fdlh pkyd
rkj esa fu;r fo|qr {ks=k ds fy, foLFkkiu /kkjk dk eku 'kwU; gks ldrk gS D;ksafd fdlh fo|qr {ks=k E le; ds lkFk
ifjofrZr ugha gksrkA dqN nwljh fLFkfr;ksa esa, tSls fd Åij crk, x, vkosf'kr gksrs la/kkfj=k esa pkyu ,oa foLFkkiu
/kkjk nksuksa gh mifLFkr gks ldrs gS ij vyx vyx fnd~ LFkkuksa esaA ijUrq vf/kdrj fLFkfr;ksa esa nksuks ,d gh LFkku
ij fo|eku gks ldrs gSa D;ksfd dksbZ Hkh ek/;e iw.kZ pkyd ;k iw.kZ fo|qrjks/kh ugha gksrkA lokZf/kd jkspd rF; ;g gS
fd fdlh fo'kky {ks=k esa tgkW dksbZ Hkh pkyu /kkjk ugha gksrh , le; ds lkFk ifjorZu'khy fo|qr {ks=k ds dkj.k dsoy
foLFkkiu /kkjk gh gksrh gSA ,sls {ks=k esa, vklikl dksbZ (pkyu) /kkjk L=kksr ugha gksus ij Hkh pqcadh; {ks=k fo|eku gksxkA
bl foLFkkiu /kkjk ds vfLrRo dh izkxqfDr iz;ksx }kjk iq"V dh tk ldrh gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, fp=k 2(a) ds la/kkfj=k
dh IysVksa ds chp (ekuk fcUnq M ij) pqcadh; {ks=k ekik tk ldrk gSA ;g Bhd mruk gh ik;k tk,xk ftruk fd ckgj
ds fdlh fcUnq (ekuk P) ijA foLFkkiu /kkjk ds ('kCn'k%) nwjxkeh ifj.kke gSaA ,d rF; ftldh vksj gekjk /;ku ,dne
vkdf"kZr gksrk gS, og ;g gS fd fo|qr ,oa pqacdRo vc vkSj vf/kd leferh; gks x, gSa A QSjkMs dk izjs.k laca/kh fu;e
;g crkrk gS fd izsfjr fo|qr okgd cy pqacdh; ¶yDl ifjorZu dh nj ds cjkcj gksrk gSA vc , pw¡fd nks fcUnqvksa
1 ,oa 2 ds chp fo|qr okgd cy, fcUnq 1 ls fcUnq 2 rd bdkbZ vkos'k dks ys tkus esa fd;k x;k dk;Z gSA fo|qr okgd
cy dh mifLFkfr ,d fo|qr {ks=k dh mifLFkfr dks bafxr djrh gSA QSjkMs ds fo|qr pqacdh; izjs.k laca/kh fu;e dks ge
nwljs 'kCnksa esa bl izdkj Hkh dg ldrs gSa fd le; ds lkFk ifjorZu'khy pqacdh; {ks=k , fo|qr {ks=k mRiUu djrk gSA
;g rF; fd le; ds lkFk ifjorZu'khy fo|qr {ks=k, pqacdh; {ks=k mRiUu djrk gS, QSjkMs ds fu;e dk leferh;
izfr:i gS vkSj foLFkkiu /kkjk ds pqacdh; {ks=k dk L=kksr gksus dk ifj.kke gSA vr% le; ij fuHkZj oS|qr ,oa pqacdh;
{ks=k ,d-nwljs dh mRifÙk ds dkj.k gSaA QSjkMs dk fo|qr pqacdh; izsj.k dk fu;e ,oa eSDlosy- ,sfEi;j dk ifjiFkh;
fu;e bl dFku dh ifjek.kkRed vfHkO;fDr gSA tgkW /kkjk , dqy /kkjk gS tSlk fd lehdj.k (5) ls Li"V gSA bl
lefefr dh ,d vR;ar egRoiw.kZ fu"ifÙk fo|qr pqacdh; rjaxksa dk vfLrRo gS ftlds fo"k; esa ge vxys vuqHkkx esa
ppkZ djsaxsA
eSDlosy ds lehdj.k
1.  E  dA  Q / 0 (fo|qr laca/kh xkml fu;e)
2.  B  dA  0 (pqacdRo laca/kh xkml fu;e)
–d
3  E  d  dt B
(QSjkMs fu;e)
dE
4.  Bd   i 0c 0 0
dt
(,sfEi;j-eSDlosy fu;e)

Example 1. ,d lekUrj IysV la/kkfj=k ftldh o`Ùkkdkj IysVksa dh

f=kT;k 1 m gS, /kkfjrk 1 nF gSA le; t = 0 ij bldks
vkosf'kr djus ds fy, R = 1 Mds ,d izfrjks/kd ds
lkFk Js.khØe esa 2 V dh cSVjh ls tksM+k x;k gS
(fp=kkuqlkj)A 10–3 s ds i'pkr la/kkfj=k ds chp esa nksuksa
IysVksa ds dsUnz ,oa mudh ifjfefr ds Bhd e/; esa fLFkr
fcUnq P ij pqacdh; {ks=k dk ifjdyu dhft,A [{k.k t ij
la/kkfjr ij vkos'k q (t) = CV [1 – exp (–t / )] gksrk gS,
tgkW le; fu;rkad = RC gSA
Solution : CR ifjiFk dk le; fu;rkad  = CR = 10–3 s vr%
q(t) = CV [1 – exp (–t/ t)] = 2 × 10–9 [1– exp (– t/ 10–3)]
t {k.k ij IysVksa ds chp fo|qr {ks=k,
q(t) q
E= = ; D;ksafd A =  (1)2 m2 = izR;sd IysV dk {ks=kQy
0 A 0

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Electromagnetic Waves
vc fcUnq P ls xqtjrs gq, IysVksa ds lekUrj ,d (1/2)m f=kT;k ds o`Ùkkdkj ywi dh dYiuk dhft,A ywi ds
izR;sd fcUnq ij pqacdh; {ks=k B dk ifj.kke leku gS vkSj bldh fn'kk ywi ds vuqfn'k gSA ywi ls xqtjus
2
E
okys QyDl E dk eku E = E × ywi dk {ks=kQy = E ×  ×   =
1 q
=
2 4 40
dE 1 dq
foLFkkiu /kkjk id = 0 = = 0.5 × 10–6 exp (–1)
dt 4 dt
t = 10–3 s j[kus ijA vc ywi ds fy, ,sfEi;j dk fu;e ykxw djus ij,
 1
B × 2 ×   = 0 (ic + id) = 0 (0 + id) = 0.5 × 10–6 0 exp (–1)
2
vFkok B = 0.74 × 10–13 T

oS|qrpqEcdh; rjaxsa (ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES)
rjaxksa ds L=kksr (Source of electromagnetic waves)
oS|qrpqacdh; (electromagnetic, la{ksi esa em) rjaxsa mRiUu dSls gksrh gSa \ u rks fLFkj vkos'k, u gh ,dleku xkfr
ls pyrs gq, vkos'k (fLFkj /kkjk), oS|qrpqacdh; rjaxksa ds L=kksr gks ldrs gSaA D;ksafd , fLFkj vkos'k rks dsoy fLFkjoS|qr
{ks=k mRiUu djrs gSaA tcfd xkfreku vkos'k pqcadh; {ks=k Hkh mRiUu djrs gSa ij og le; ds lkFk ifjofrZr ugha gksrk
gSA eSDlosy ds fl)kar dh ;g ,d egRoiw.kZ fu"ifÙk gS fd Rofjr vkos'k oS|qrpqacdh; rjaxsa fofdfjr djrs gSaA bl
ekSfyd fu"ifÙk dk izek.k ;gk¡ ds foLrkj {ks=k ls ijs gSa, ijarq ge bldks ,d vifj"d`r, xq.kkRed foospu ds vk/kkj ij
Lohdkj dj ldrs gSaA eku yhft, fd ,d vkos'k gS tks fdlh fuf'pr vko`fÙk ls nksyu dj jgk gS (dksbZ nksyu
djrk gqvk vkos'k Hkh ,d Rofjr vkos'k dk mnkgj.k gS )A ;g ml {ks=k esa ,d nksfyr fo|qr {ks=k mRiUu djrk gS tks
iqu% ,d nksfyr pqacdh; {ks=k dks tUe nsrk gS, tks iqu% ,d nksfyr fo|qr {ks=k dh mRifÙk dk dkj.k curk gS vkSj
;g izfØ;k pyrh jgrh gSA vr% nksfyr fo|qr ,oa pqacdh; {ks=k ,d nwljs dks laiksf"kr djrs gSa ;k dgsa fd rjax xeu
djrh gSA LokHkkfod :i ls oS|qrpqacdh; rjaxksa dh vko`fÙk, vkos'k ds nksyuksa dh vko`fÙk ds cjkcj gksrh gSA xeudkjh
rajxksa ls tqMh ÅtkZ, L=kksr vFkkZr Rofjr vkos'k dh ÅtkZ ls gh izkIr gksrh gSA
iwoksZDr ppkZ ds vk/kkj ij gks ldrk gS fd bl izkxqfDr dk ijh{k.k fd izdk'k fo|qr pqacdh; rjax gS, lgt gks ldrk
gSA ge fopkj dj ldrs gSa fd n`'; izdk'k (ekuk fd ihyk) mRiUu djus ds fy, gesa cl ,d vkos'k dks ml izdk'k
dh vko`fÙk ls nksyu djkus ds fy, ,d ac ifjiFk dh vko';drk gSA ysfdu vQlksl dh ckr ;g gS fd ,slk laHko
ugha gSA ihys izdk'k dh vko`fÙk yxHkx 6 × 1014 Hz gS tcfd vR;f/kd vk/kqfud bySDVªkWfud ifjiFkksa ls Hkh tks
vf/kdre vko`fÙk ge izkIr dj ikrs gSa og yxHkx 1011 Hz gksrh gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd tc oS|qr pqacdh; rjaxksa dk
iz;ksfxd izn'kZu gqvk rks og fuEu vko`fÙk dh rjaxksa (jsfM;ks rjaxksa ds ifjlj esa) ds fy, gh gqvk, tSlk fd gV~Zt ds
iz;ksx (1887) ds izdj.k esa ns[k ldrs gSaA eSDlosy ds fl)kUr ds ijh{k.k ds fy, fd, x, gV~Zt ds lQy iz;ksx us
luluh QSyk nh rFkk ;s iz;ksx bl {ks=k esa vU; egRoiw.kZ dk;ksZ ds fy, izsj.kk dk vk/kkj cusA
oS|qrpqacdh; rjaxksa dh izd`fr (Nature of electromagnetic wave)
eSDlosy ds lehdj.kksa ds vk/kkj ij ;g n'kkZ;k tk ldrk gS fd fdlh oS|qrpaqcdh; rjax esa fo|qrh; ,oa pqacdh; {ks=k
,d nwljs ds yacor gksrs gS vkSj blds xeu dh fn'kk ds HkhA foLFkkiu /kkjk ij fn, x, foospu ds vk/kkj ij Hkh ;g
rdZlaxr izrhr gksrk gSA fp=k 2 ij fopkj dhft,A la/kkfj=k esa IysVksa ds chp fo|qr {ks=k IysVksa ds yacor gSA foLFkkiu
/kkjk ds }kjk mRiUu pqcadh; {ks=k la/kkfj=k dh IysVksa ds lekarj o`Ùk ds vuqfn'k gSA vr% bl fLFkfr esa B ,oa E ijLij
yacor gSaA ;g ,d lkekU; y{k.k gSA
fp=k 4 esa geus z fn'kk esa xeu djrh gqbZ ,d lery oS|qrpqacdh; rjax dk izk:fid mnkgj.k iznf'kZr fd;k gS
(fdlh {k.k t ij, {ks=kksa dks z funsZ'kkad ds Qyu ds :i esa n'kkZ;k x;k gS) A fo|qr {ks=k Ex, x-v{k ds vuqfn'k gS vkSj
fdlh {k.k t ij z ds lkFk T;koØh; :i esa ifjofrZr gksrk gSA pqcadh; {ks=k By, y-v{k ds vuqfn'k gS vkSj ;g Hkh z ds
lkFk T;koØh; :i esa ifjofrZr gksrk gSA fo|qr {ks=k Ex ,oa pqcadh; {ks=k By ,d nwljs ds yacor gSa ,oa xeu fn'kk, z
ds Hkh yacor gSA Ex ,oa By dks ge fuEuor fy[k ldrs gSa %
Ex = E0 sin (kz – t) ............7(a)
By = B0 sin (kz – t) ............7(b)
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Electromagnetic Waves
;gkW k ,oa rjax dh rjaxnS/;Z  fuEufyf[kr lkekU; laca/k gS
2
k= .................(8)

rFkk ;gkWa  dks.kh; vko`fr gS, k rjax lfn'k (;k xeu lfn'k) k dk ifjek.k gSA k dh fn'kk rjax ds xeu dh fn'kk
fufnZ"V djrh gSA rjax dh xeu pky (/k) gSA Ex ,oa By ds fy, lehdj.kksa [7 (a) ,oa (b)] rFkk eSDlsosy ds
lehdj.kksa dk mi;ksx djds vki fuEu ifj.kke ij igqWp ldrs gSa&

 = cK, ;gka, c = 1 / 00 ...........9(a)

lehdj.k  = cK lHkh rjaxksa ds fy, izkekf.kd laca/k gSA izk;% bl laca/k dks vko`fr ,  (=/ 2) ,oa rjaxnS/;Z
(= 2/ k) ds inksa esa bl :i esa fy[kk tkrk gS &
 2 
2 = c   vFkok
  
 = c ...........9(b)
eSDlosy ds lehdj.kksa ds vk/kkj ij bl fu"d"kZ ij Hkh igqapk tk ldrk gS fd fdlh oS|qrpqacdh; rjax esa fo|qr ,oa
pqcadh; {ks=k ijLij fuEufyf[kr lehdj.k }kjk lacaf/kr gS B0 = E0/c
vc ge oS|qrpqacdh; rjaxksa ds dqN vfHky{k.kksa ij fVIif.k;kW djrs gSaA os eqDr LFkku ;k fuokZr esa , fo|qr ,oa pqacdh;
{ks+=kksa ds Lo%laiksf"kr nksyu gSaA os bl vFkZ esa vHkh rd gekjs }kjk v/;;u dh xbZ vU; rjaxksa ls fHkUu gSa fd buesa
fo|qr ,oa pqacdh; {ks=kksa ds nksyuksa ds fy, fdlh HkkSfrd ek/;e dh vko';drk ugha gksrhA ok;q esa /ofu rjaxsa vuqnS/;Z
rjaxsa gksrh gSa tks xeu fn'kk esa laihMuksa ,oa fojyuksa ds :i esa pyrh gSaA ty ds d.k lrg ij vuqizLFk rjaxksa esa ,
tSl&tSls rjaxsa {kSfrt ry esa ckgj dh vkSj QSyrh gSa ty ds d.k Åij-uhps gksrs gSaA n`<+ ,oa fo:i.k dk fojks/k
djus okys Bksl esa Hkh vuqizLFk izR;kLFk rjaxs xeu dj ldrh gSaA mUuhloh 'krkCnh ds oSKkfud bl ;kaf=kd fp=k ds
,sls vH;Lr gks x, Fks fd mUgksus ,d ,sls loZO;kih ek/;e dh dYiuk dh tks lc txg vkSj lc inkFkksZ esa fo|eku
Fkk vkSj tks fo|qr ,oa pqcadh; {ks=kksa ds izfr oSls gh fØ;k- izfrfØ;k djrk Fkk tSls dksbZ Hkh izR;kLFk ek/;e djrk gSA
mUgksus bl ek/;e dks bZFkj uke fn;kA vc ge tkurs gSa fd bl izdkj ds fdlh HkkSfrd ek/;e dh vko';drk ugha
gSA ekbdYlu ,oa eksjys ds 1887 esa fd, izfl) iz;ksx us bZFkj dh izkDdYiuk dks iwjh rjg /kjk'kk;h dj fn;kA
fnd~dky esa nksyu djrs fo|qr ,oa pqacdh; {ks=k, fuokZr esa Hkh ,d nwljs dks laiksf"kr djds cuk, j[k ldrs gSA
ysfdu, vxj ,d HkkSfrd ek/;e okLro esa fo|eku gks rks mnkgj.k ds fy, ge tkurs gSa fd izdk'k tks oS|qrpqcadh;
rjaxsa gh gS; dkap esa ls xeu djrk gSA ;g ge igys gh ns[k pqds gSa fd fdlh ek/;e esa dqy fo|qr ,oa pqacdh; {ks=kksa
dks ml ek/;e dh vkisf{kd fo|qr'khyrk  ,oa vkisf{kd pqacd'khyrk  ds inksa esa ofk.kZr fd;k tkrk gS (;g jkf'k;kWa
crkrh gSa fd cká {ks=k dh rqyuk esa dqy {ks=k fdrus xquk gSA ) eSDlsosy lehdj.kksa esa fo|qr ,oa pqacdh; {ks=kksa ds
fooj.k esa 0 ,oa 0 dk LFkku ;g jkf'k;kWa ys ysrh gSaA vkisf{kd fo|qr'khyrk  ,oa vkisf{kd pqacd'khyrk  okys fdlh
ek/;e esa, izdk'k dk osx gks tkrk gSA
1
= ............. (10)

vr% fdlh ek/;e esa izdk'k dk osx ml ek/;e ds oS|qr ,oa paqcdh; xq.kksa ij fuHkZj djrk gSA vxys v/;k; esa ge
ns[ksxsa fd ,d ek/;e ds lkis{k nwljs ek/;e dk viorZukad bu nks ek/;eksa esa, izdk'k ds osx ds vuqikr esa gksrk gSA
eqDr vkdk'k vFkok fuokZr esa oS|qrpqacdh; rjaxksa dk osx ,d egRoiw.kZ , ekSfyd fu;rkad gSA fofHkUu rjaxnS/;Z dh
oS|qrpqacdh; rjaxksa ij fd, x, iz;ksxksa us ;g n'kkZ;k gS fd ;g osx (tks rjaxnS/;Z ij fuHkZj ugha gS) lHkh ds fy,
leku gksrk gS vkSj bldk eku 3 × 108 m/s ls dqN ehVj izfr lsadM de ;k vf/kd gksrk gSA fuokZr esa oS|qrpqacdh;

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Electromagnetic Waves
rjaxksa ds osx dk fu;r gksuk, iz;ksxksa }kjk bruh n`<+rk ls iq"V gks pqdk gS vkSj bldk eku bruh vf/kd ;FkkFkZrk ls
Kkr fd;k tk pqdk gS fd bldks yackbZ ds ekud ds :i esa Lohdkj dj fy;k x;k gSA
gV~Zt us u dsoy oS|qrpaqcdh; rjaxksa dk vfLrRo iznf'kZr fd;k cfYd mUgksus ;g Hkh n'kkZ;k fd izdk'k rjaxksa dh
rqyuk esa ,d djksM xquk rjaxnS/;Z dh rjaxsa foofrZr, viofrZr ,oa /kqfz or gks ldrh gSA bl izdkj mUgksus fofdj.kksa dh
izd`fr dks fu.kkZ;d :i ls LFkkfir dj fn;kA blds vfrfjDr mUgksaus vizxkeh oS|qrpaqcdh; rjaxsa mRiUu dh vkSj nks
Øekxr izLianksa ds chp dh nwjh eki dj mudk rjaxnS/;Z Kkr fd;kA D;ksfd rjax dh vko`fÙk (nksfy=k dh vko`fÙk ds
leku gksus ds dkj.k) Kkr Fkh, mUgksusa lw=k v = dk mi;ksx dj bu rjaxksa dh pky Kkr dh vkSj ik;k fd ;g rjaxsa
Hkh mruh gh pky ls pyrh gSa ftlls fd izdk'k pyrk gSA
D;k vU; rjaxksa dh rjg oS|qrpqacdh; rjaxsa Hkh ÅtkZ ,oa laosx ogu djrh gSa \ th gkWa, os ÅtkZ ,oa laosx ogu djrh
gSaA fdlh eqDr ;k fuokZfrr {kS=k esa ;fn fo|qr {ks=k E fo|eku gksrk gS rks ml {ks=k esa ÅtkZ ?kuRo (0E2/2) gksrk gSA
blh izdkj pqacdh; {ks=k B ls lacaf/kr pqacdh; ÅtkZ ?kuRo (B2/20) gksrk gSA D;ksfd oS|qrpaqcdh; rjax esa oS|qr ,oa
pqacdh; {ks=k nksuksa gh gksrs gSa blds lkFk ,d 'kwU;srj ÅtkZ ?kUkRo tqMk gksrk gSA vc eku yhft, fd oS|qrpaqcdh;
rjax dh xeu fn'kk ds yacor dksbZ ry gSA (fp=k 4)A ;fn bl ry esa dksbZ oS|qr vkos'k gksaxs rks os oS|qrpqacdh;
rjaxksa ds fo|qr ,oa pqacdh; {ks=kksa ds dkj.k xkfr esa vkdj ml xR;koLFkk esa cus jgssaxsA bl izdkj og vkos'k rjaxksa ls
ÅtkZ ,oa laosx izkIr djrs gSaA blls ;gh rF; Li"V gksrk gS fd (vU; rjaxksa dh HkkWafr) oS|qrpqacdh; rjaxsa Hkh ÅtkZ ,oa
laosx ogu djrh gSaA pwWfd ;g laosx ogu djrh gSa blfy, ,d oS|qrpqacdh; rjax nkc Mkyrh gS ftls fofdj.k nkc
dgrs gSaA
;fn t le; esa fdlh lrg ij LFkkukarfjr dqy ÅtkZ U gks rks ;g n'kkZ;k tk ldrk gS fd bl lrg dks iznku fd;k
U
x;k dqy laosx (;g ekurs gq, fd lrg }kjk dqy ÅtkZ vo'kksf"kr dh xbZ gS) gksxk, p = .................(11)
c
izdk'k ds :i esa lw;Z ls ÅtkZ i`Foh rd igq¡prh gS ftlds dkj.k i`Foh ij thou laHko gqvk gSaA

Example 2. 25 MHz vko`fr dh ,d lery oS|qrpqacdh; rjax fuokZr esa x-fn'kk ds vuqfn'k xfreku gSA fnd~dky
(space) esa fdlh fof'k"V fcanq ij bldk E = 6.3 ĵ V/m gSa bl fcUnq ij B dk eku D;k gS \
Solution : B ,oa E ds ifjek.k ,d nwljs ls fuEufyf[kr lehdj.k }kjk lacaf/kr gSaA
E 6.3V/m
B= = = 2.1 × 10–8 T
c 3  108 m / s
bldh fn'kk ds laca/k esa ge tkurs gSa fd E, y-fn'kk ds vuqfn'k gS vkSj rjax x-fn'kk ds vuqfn'k xeu dj
jgh gSA vr% B x- o y-v{kksa nksuksa ds yacor fn'kk esa gksuk pkfg,A lfn'k chtxf.kr dk mi;ksx djus ij,
E × B dks x-fn'kk esa gksuk pkfg,A pwafd (+ ĵ ) × (+ K̂ ) = î , B z-fn'kk ds vuqfn'k gSA
vr% B = 2.1 × 10–8 k̂ T
Example 3 fdlh lery oS|qrpaqcdh; rjax esa pqacdh; {ks=k By = 2 × 10–7 sin (0.5 × 103 x + 1.5 × 1011t) T gS
(a) rajx dh vko`fÙk rFkk rjaxnS/;Z D;k gS ?
(b) foy|qr {ks=k ds fy, O;atd fyf[k,A
 t 
fn; x, lehdj.k dh fuEu lehdj.k By = B0 sin  2    ls rqyuk djus ij
x
Solution (a)
   T 
2
= m = 1.26 cm,
0.5  103
1
rFkk =  = (1.5 × 1011) / 2 = 23.9 GHz
T
(b) E0 = B0c = 2 × 10–7 T × 3 × 108 m/s = 6 × 101 V/m
fo|qr {ks=k ?kVd rjax dh xeu fn'kk ,oa pqacdh; {ks=k dh fn'kk ds yacor gksrk gS A vr% fo|qr {ks=k
?kVd z-v{k ds vuqfn'k fuEufyf[kr lehdj.k }kjk O;Dr gksxk
Ez = 60 sin (0.5 × 103x + 1.5 × 1011 t) V/m

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Electromagnetic Waves
Example 4. 18 W/cm2 ds ÅtkZ ¶yDl dk izdk'k fdlh vijkoZrd lrg ij vfHkyacor vkifrr gksrk gSaA ;fn lrg
dk {ks=kQy 20cm2 gks rks 30 feuV dh le;kof/k esa lrg ij yxus okys vkSlr cy dk ifjdyu dhft,A
Solution lrg ij iMus okyh dqy ÅtkZ U = (18 W/cm2) × (20cm2) × (30 × 60) = 6.48 × 105 J
blfy,, bl lrg dk iznÙk dqy laosx (laiw.kZ vo'kks"k.k ds fy,) :
U 6.48 105 J
p= = = 2.16 × 10–3 kg m/s
c 3  108 m / s
p 2.16  10–3
vr% lrg ij yxk vkSlr cy gS, F = = = 1.2 ×10–6 N
t 0.18  104
Example 5. 3m dh nwjh ij fLFkr fdlh 100 W cYc ls vk jgs fofdj.k }kjk mRiUu fo|qr ,oa pqacdh; {ks=kksa dh x.kuk
dhft,A vki ;g tkurs gSa fd cYc dh n{krk 2.5% gS vkSj ;g ,d fcUnq L=kksr gSA
Solution : fcUnq L=kksr ds :i esa cYc lHkh fn'kkvksa esa leku :i ls izdk'k fofdfjr djrk gSA 3 m dh nwjh ij bldks
?ksjus okyh xksykdkj lrg dk {ks=kQy A = 4r2 = 4(3)2 = 113 m2
'kfDr 100W  2.5%
vr% bl nwjh ij izdk'k dh rhozrk I = = = 0.022 W/m2
{ks kQy 113 m2
bl rhozrk esa vk/kk ;ksxnku fo|qr {ks=k dk gS vkSj vk/kk pqcadh; {ks=k dk
1
2
I =
1
2
 2
0Erms c =  1
2
(0.022 W/m2)

0.022
Erms = V / m = 2.9 V/m
(8.85  10–12 )(3  108 )
fo|qr {ks=k E dk ;g eku oxZ ek/;e ewy eku gSA D;ksafd fdlh izdk'k iqat esa fo|qr {ks=k T;koØh; gksrk gSA
E0 dk eku gS,
E0 = 2 Erms = 2 × 2.9 V/m = 4.07 V/m
bl izdkj, vki ns[krs gSa fd izdk'k dk fo|qr {ks=k dkQh 'kfDr'kkyh gSA
vc, ge pqacdh; {ks=k dh rhozrk dk ifjdyu djsa,
Erms 2.9Vm1
Brms = = = 9.6 × 10–9 T
c 3  108 ms1
izdk'k iqat esa {ks=k T;koØh; gSa, f'k[kj pqacdh; {ks=k, B0 = 2 Brms = 1.4 × 10–8 TA /;ku nsus ;ksX; ckr ;g gS
fd ;|fi pqacdh; {ks=k esa ÅtkZ, fo|qr {ks=k esa ÅtkZ ds cjkcj gS, Li"Vr% pqacdh; {ks=k dh rhozrk cgqr de gSA

oS|qrpqEcdh; LisDVªe (ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM)
ftl le; eSDlosy us oS|qrpaqcdh; rjaxksa laca/kh viuk fl)kar izLrqr fd;k Fkk rks n`'; izdk'k rjaxsa gh ,d ek=k lqifjfpr
oS|qrpqacdh; (em) rjaxsa FkhA ijkcSxuh ,oa vojDr rjaxksa dk vfLrRo vHkh eqf'dy ls lkfcr gks ik;k FkkA mUuhloha 'krkCnh
ds var rd X-fdj.ksa ,oa xkek fdj.ksa Hkh [kkst yh xbZ FkhaA vc ge tkurs gSa fd n`'; izdk'k rjaxs, X fdj.ks,a xkek fdj.ksa,
jsfM;ks rjaxs lw{e (ekbØks) rjaxsa, ijkcSaxuh ,oa vojDr rjaxsa ;s lHkh em rjaxsa gSaA rjaxksa dk vko`fÙk ds Øe esa oxhZdj.k
oS|qrpqacdh; LisDVªe dgykrk gSA ,d izdkj dh rajx vkSj mlds fudVorhZ nwljs izdkj dh rajx ds chp dksbZ Li"V
foHkktu js[kk ugha gSaA oxhZdj.k eksVs rkSj ij bl ckr ij vk/kkfjr gS fd rjaxsa fdl izdkj mRiUu ,oa/vFkok lalwfpr dh
tkrh gSaA ge oS|qrpaqcdh; rjaxksa ds bu fofHkUu izdkjksa dk mudh ?kVrh gqbZ rjaxnS/;Z ds Øe esa o.kZu djsaxsA

ge bu fofHkUu izdkj dh oS|qrpqacdh; rjaxksa dk vojksgh rjaxnS/;Z ds Øe esa, la{ksi esa o.kZu dj jgs gSaA
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Electromagnetic Waves
jsfM;ks rjaxsa (Radio waves)
jsfM;ks rjaxsa pkyd rkjksa esa vkos'kksa dh Rofjr xfr ls mRiUu gksrh gSaA budk mi;ksx jsfM;ks ,oa nwjn'kZu dh lapkj
iz.kkfy;ksa esa fd;k tkrk gSA budk vko`fÙk ijkl lkekU;r% 500 kHz ls yxHkx 1000 MHz ds chp gksrk gSA AM
(vk;ke ekWM~;wfyr) cSaM 530 kHz ls 1710 kHz ds chp gksrk gSA blls mPprj 54 MHz rd dh vko`fÙk;k y?kqrajx
cSaMksa ds :i eas mi;ksx dh tkrh gSaA TV rjaxksa dk ijkl 54 MHz ls 890 MHz ds chp gksrk gSaA FM (vko`fÙk
ekWM~;wfyr) jsfM;ks cSaM 88 MHz ls 108 MHz ds chp QSyk gksrk gSA lsY;wyj Qksuksa esa vR;qPp vko`fÙk (UHF) cSaM dh
jsfM;ks rjaxksa dk mi;ksx djds /ofu lans'kksa ds vknku iznku dh O;oLFkk dh tkrh gSA
lw{e rjaxsa (Microwaves)
lw{e rjaxksa (y?kq rjaxnS/;Z dh jsfM;ks rjaxsa) dh vko`fÙk;kW fxxk gV~Zt (GHz) ds
ijkl esa gksrh gSa ls fo'ks"k izdkj dh fuokZr ufydkvksa (vacuum tubes) ftUgsa
DykbLVªkWu, esxusVªkWu vFkok xu Mk;ksM dgrs gSa, }kjk mRiUu gksrh gSaA vius y?kq
rjaxnS/;Z ds dkj.k foEkku lapkyu esa jMkj iz.kkyh ds fy, mi;qDr gSA
ekbØksoso vkWou bu rjaxksa dk ,d jkspd ?kjsyw vuqiz;ksx gSA
bu vkWouksa esa lw{e rjaxksa dh vko`fÙk bl izdkj pquh tkrh gS fd os ty ds v.kqvksa ds vuqukn vko`fÙk ls esy [kk
ldsa, rkfd rjaxksa dh ÅtkZ izHkkoh :i ls v.kqvksa dh xfrt ÅtkZ c<+kus ds fy, LFkkukarfjr dh tk ldsA blls fdlh
Hkh ty;qDr [kk| inkFkZ dk rki c<+ tkrk gSA
vojDr (Infrared waves)
vojDr rjaxsa (Infrared waves) xeZ fiaMksa ,oa v.kqvksa ls mRiUu gksrh gSaA ;g cSaM n`'; LisDVªe ds fuEu vko`fÙk ;k
nh/kZ rjaxnS/;Z fljs ls layfXur gksrk gSA vojDr rjaxksa dks dHkh dHkh Å"ek rjaxsa Hkh dgk tkrk gSaA ,slk blfy, gSa
D;ksfd vf/kdk'ka inkFkksZ esa fo|eku ty ds v.kq vojDr rjaxksa dks rqjUr vo'kksf"kr dj ysrs gSa (dbZ vU; v.kq tSls
CO2, NH3) vkfn Hkh vojDr rjaxksa dks vo'kksf"kr dj ysrs gSA ) vo'kks"k.k ds i'pkr mudh rkih; xfr c<+ tkrh gS
vFkkZr os xeZ gks tkrs gSa vkSj vius ifjos'k dks xeZ djus yxrs gSaA vojDr ySEiksa dk mi;ksx dk;fpfdRlk esa fd;k tkrk
gSA vojDr fofdj.k dh i`Foh dh xehZ vFkkZr~ ek/; rki cuk, j[kus esa Hkh gfjr x`g izHkko ds }kjk ,d vge Hkwfedk gSA
i`Foh ij vkus okyk n`'; izdk'k (tks vis{kkd`r ljyrkiwoZd ok;qeaMy ls xqtj tkrk gS, i`Foh ds i`"B }kjk vo'kksf"kr gks
tkrk gS vkSj nh?kZ rjaxnS/;Z dh vojDr rjaxksa ds :i esa iqufoZfdfjr gks tkrk gSA ;g fofdj.k, dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM ,oa
ty ok"i tSls gfjr x`g izHkkodkjh xSlksa ds }kjk ok;qeaMy esa jksd fy;k tkrk gSA mixzgksa esa yxs vojDr lalwpdksa dk
mi;ksx lSfud m)s';ksa ,oa Qlyksa dh o`f) dk izs{k.k djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA bySDVªkWfud ;qfDr;kWa (mnkgj.k ds
fy, izdk'k mRltZd Mk;ksM) Hkh vojDr rjaxsa mRlftZr djrh gSa, vkSj ?ksjyw bySDVªkWfud iz.kkfy;ksa tSls Vh-oh- lSV,
ohfM;ks fjdkWMZj ,oa gkbZ-QkbZ iz.kkfy;ksa ds fjeksV fu;a=kdksa esa ;s cgqyrk ls iz;ksx dh tkrh gSaA
n`'; izdk'k rjaxsa (Visible rays)
;g oS|qrpqacdh; rjaxksa dk lokZf/kd lqifjfpr :i gSA ;g ml LisDVªe dk Hkkx gS ftlds fy, ekuoh; us=k
laosnu'khy gksrs gSaA bldk vko`fÙk ijkl yxHkx 4 × 1014 Hz ls yxHkx 7 × 1014 Hz ;k rjaxnS/;Z ijkl yxHkx
700- 400 nm gksrk gSA gekjs pkjksa vksj dh oLrqvksa ls mRlftZr ;k ijkofrZr gksus okyk n`'; izdk'k txr ds fo"k; esa
lHkh lwpuk,a gesa miyC/k djkrk gSA gekjs us=k rjaxnS/;Z ds bl ijkl ds fy, laosnu'khy gSAa fofHkUu tarq rjaxnS/;Z ds
fofHkUu ijklksa ds laosnu'khy gSaA mnkgj.kkFkZ, liZ vojDr rjaxksa dks lalwfpr dj ldrs gSaA dbZ dhVksa dk n`'; ijkl
ijkcSaxuh rd igqaprk gSA
ijkcSaxuh rjaxsa (Ultraviolet rays)
blesa yxHkx 4 × 10–7 m (400 nm) ls 6 × 10–10 m (0.6 nm) rjaxnS/;Z ijkl dh rjaxsa lfEefyr gSaA ijkcSaxuh (UV)
fofdj.k fof'k"V ySaiksa ,oa cgqr xeZ fiMksa ls mRiUu gksrs gSaA lw;Z ijkcSaxuh izdk'k dk ,d egRoiw.kZ L=kksr gSA ijarq,
lkSHkkX; ls bldk vf/kdka'k Hkkx ok;qeaMy dh yxHkx 40-50 km dh ÅaWpkbZ ij fLFkr vkstksu ijr esa vo'kksf"kr gks
tkrk gSA vf/kd ifjek.k eas UV izdk'k ds laidZ esa vkus dk ekuoksa ij gkfjdkjd izHkko gksrk gSaA UV fofdj.kksa ds
iM+us ls Ropk esa vf/kd esykfuu dk mRikn~u gksrk gS ftlls Ropk rkez jax dh gks tkrh gSA UV fofdj.k lkekU;
dkap }kjk vo'kksf"kr gks tkrs gSaA vr% dkap yxh f[kM+fd;ksa ls Nu dj vkus okys izdk'k ds dkj.k /kwi -rkezrk
(sunburn) ugha gksrh gSA

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Electromagnetic Waves
osfYMx djus okys yksx, osfYMx fpuxkfj;ksa ls fudyus okyh UV fdj.kksa ls viuh vk¡[kks dh lqj{kk ds fy, fof'k"V
dk¡p ;qDr /kwi ds p'esa igurs gSa ;k dk¡p dh f[kMfd;ksa ls ;qDr eq[kksVs vius psgjs ij yxkrs gSaA viuh NksVh
rjaxnS/;ksZ ds dkj.k, ijkcSaxuh fdj.kksa dks vfr ifj'kq) vuqiz;ksxksa tSls ykfld LASIK (Laser assisted in situ
keratomileusis) us=k 'kY;rk esa mi;ksx gsrq vR;ar ladh.kZ fdj.k -iqatksa esa Qksdflr fd;k tk ldrk gSA ty 'kks/kd
esa ijkcSxuh (UV) ySaiksa dk mi;skx thok.kqvksa dks ekjus esa gksrk gSA
pw¡fd vkstksu ijr ,d laj{kd dh Hkwfedk vnk djrh gS blfy, Dyksjks¶yksjks-dkcZu (CFCs) xSlksa (tSls ÝhvkWu) }kjk
bldk âkl varjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij fpark dk fo"k; gSA

X-fdj.ksa (X-rays)
oS|qrpaqcdh; LisDVªe ds UV Hkkx ds i'pkr X-fdj.kksa dk {ks=k gSA fpfdRlh; mi;ksfxrk ds dkj.k ge x-fdj.kksa ls
ifjfpr gSaA bldk ijkl rjaxnS/;Z 10–8 m (10 nm) ls ysdj uhps 10–13 m (10–4 nm) rd QSyk gSA X-fdj.kksa ds
mRiknu dh ,d lkekU; fof/k fdlh /kkRoh; y{; ij mPp ÅtkZ ds bysDVªkWuksa dh ckSNkj djuk gSA fpfdRlk esa
X-fdj.kksa dks uSnkfud lk/ku ds :i esa rFkk dqN izdkj ds dSalj ds mipkj ds fy, mi;ksx esa ykrs gSaA pw¡fd
X-fdj.ksa ltho Årdksa rFkk thoksa dks gkfu igq¡pkrh gSa ;k u"V dj nsrh gSa blfy, buls vuko';d vFkok vf/kd
mn~Hkklu (exposure) ls cpus dh lko/kkuh cjruh pkfg,A

xkek fdj.ksa Gamma rays

;s oS|qrpqacdh; LisDVªe ds Åijh vko`fÙk ds {ks=k esa gksrh gSa rFkk budh rajxnS/;Z yxHkx 10–10 m ls ysdj 10–14 m ls
Hkh de gksrh gSA mPp vko`fÙk dk ;g fofdj.k ukfHkdh; vfHkfØ;kvksa esa mRiUu gksrk gSA ;g jsfM;ks/kehZ ukfHkdksa }kjk
Hkh mRlftZr gksrk gSA ;s fpfdRlk esa dSalj dksf'kdkvksa dks u"V djus ds fy, Hkh mi;ksxh gSaA
lkj.kh 1 esa fofHkUu izdkj dh oS|qrpaqcdh; rjaxksa, muds mRiknu ,oa lalwpu dks lkj :i esa izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA
tSlk fd igys crk;k x;k gS, fofHkUu fdj.kksa ds {ks=kksa ds e/; dksbZ rh{.k lhek,¡ ugha gSa rFkk ;s nwljs {ks=kksa esa Hkh
O;kfir gksrs gSaA
lkj.kh-1: esa fofHkUu oS|qrpaqcdh; rjaxkksa ds vfHky{k.k
izdkj rjaxnS/;Z dk ijkl mRiknu lalwpu

,fj;y (aerial) esa bysDVªkWuks dk nzqr Roj.k ;k

jsfM;ks rjaxsa > 0. 1 m vfHkxzkgd ds ,fj;y
eanu

lw{e rjaxsa 0.1 m to 1 mm DysLVªkWu ;k esXukVªkWu okYo fcUnq laidZ Mk;ksM

FkeksZikby cksyksehVj
vojDr rjaxsa 1 mm to 700 nm ijek.kqvksa ,oa v.kqvksa ds daiu
vojDr QksVksxzkfQd fQYe
ijek.kq esa bysDVªkWu, tc mPprj ÅtkZ Lrj ekuoh; us=k QksVks lsy
izdk'k rjaxsa 700 nm to 400 nm
ls fuEurj ÅtkZ Lrj ij laØe.k djrs gSaA QksVksxzkfQd fQYe
ijek.kq ds vkrafjd 'kSyksa esa bysDVªkWuksa dk
ijkcSaxuh izdk'k rjaxas 400 nm to 1 nm ,d ÅtkZ Lrj ls nwljs ÅtkZ Lrj ij QksVks lsy QksVksxzkfQd fQYe
laØe.kA

QksVksxzkfQd fQYe xhxj

X-fdj.ksa 1 nm to 10–3 nm X-fdj.ksa ds bysDVªkWu
V~;wc vk;uhdj.k izdks"B

QksVksxzkfQd fQYe xhxj

xkek fdj.ksa < 10–3 nm ukfHkdksa dk jsfM;ks,sfDVo {k;
V~;wc vk;uhdj.k izdks"B

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Electromagnetic Waves
JEE–MAIN ONLINE QUESTIONS
1. bl iz'u esa oDrO;–1 vkSj oDrO;–2 gSA oDrO;ksa ds i'pkr~ pkj fodYi fn;s x;s gS] buesa ls ,d fodYi dks pqus tks
nksuksa oDrO;ksa dks lgh ls of.kZr djrk gSA [JEE(MAIN) 2013_ONLINE TEST]
oDrO;–1 : jsfM;ks rjaxks rFkk lw{ke rjaxks esa ls jsfM;ks rjaxs vf/kd foorZu n'kkZrh gSA
oDrO;–2 : lw{e rjaxks dh rqyuk esa] jsfM;ks rjaxks dh vko`fr vf/kd gksrh gSA
(1*) oDrO;–1 lR; gS] oDrO;–2 vlR; gSA
(2) oDrO;–1 vlR; gS] oDrO;–2 lR; gSA
(3) nksuksa oDrO; lR; gS rFkk oDrO;–2 oDrO;–1 dh lgh O;k[;k djrk gSA
(4) nksuksa oDrO; lR; gS rFkk oDrO;–2 oDrO;–1 dh lgh O;k[;k ugha djrk gSA

2. lwph–I ¼oS|qr pqEcdh; LisDVªe ds rjaxnS/;Z ijkl½ dks lwph–II ¼bu rjaxks ds mRiknu dh fo/kh½ ls lqesfyr dhft;s vkSj
lwfp;ks ds uhps fn, x, fodYiksa esa ls lgh fodYi dks pqfu,A [JEE (MAIN) 2014_ONLINE TEST]
lwph–I lwph–II
(a) 700 nm ls 1mm (i) ijek.kqvks rFkk v.kqvksa ds dEiUu }kjk
(b) 1nm ls 400 nm (ii) ijek.kqvks dh vkUrfjd d{kkvksa ds bysDVªkuksa ds ,d ÅtkZ Lrj ls
nwljs ÅtkZ Lrj esa xeu }kjk
(c) < 10–3 nm (iii) v.kqvks ds jsfM;ks /kehZ {k; }kjk
(d) 1mm ls 0.1 m (iv) esXusVªkWu okYo }kjk
(1) (a)–(i), (b)–(ii), (c)–(iii), (d)–(iv) (2*) (a)–(iii), (b)–(iv), (c) – (i), (d)–(ii)
(3) (a)–(iv), (b)–(iii), (c)–(ii), (d)–(i) (4) (a)–(ii), (b)–(iii), (c)–(iv), (d)–(i)
3. lwph–I ¼oS|qr pqEcdh; fofdj.k ls lEcfU/kr rF;½ dks lwph–II ¼oS|qr pqEcdh; LisDVªe dk Hkkx½ ls lqesfyr dhft;s
vkSj lwfp;ks ds uhps fn, x, fodYiksa esa ls lgh fodYi dks pqfu,A [JEE (MAIN) 2014_ONLINE TEST]
lwph–I lwph–II
I lksfM;e dk f}d (Doublet) A n`'; rjaxs
II lEiw.kZ {kS=k dks Hkjus okyh lens'kh; fofdj.k ls lacaf/kr rki B lw{e rjaxs
ds laxr rjaxnS/;Z
III varrkZjdh; vrafj{k esa gkbMªkstu ijek.kq }kjk mRlftZr C y?kq jsfM;ks rjaxs
rjaxnS/;Z
IV gkbMªkstu esa nks fudV ÅtkZ Lrj ls fudyus okyh fodhj.k D. X–fdj.ksa
dh rjaxnS/;Z
(1) (I) – (B), (II) – (A), (III), (D), (IV)– (A) (2*) (I) – (A), (II) – (B), (III), (B), (IV)– (C)
(3) (I) – (A), (II) – (B), (III), (C), (IV)– (C) (4) (I) – (D), (II) – (C), (III), (A), (IV)– (B)
4. 1 × 1014 gVZt vko`fr dh ,d oS|qrpqEcdh; rjax z–v{k ds vuqfn'k lapfjr gSA oS|qr {ks=k dk vk;ke 4V/m gSA ;fn
0 = 8.8 × 10–12 C2/N–m2 rks oS|qr {ks=k dk vkSlr ÅtkZ ?kuRo gksxkµ [JEE (MAIN) 2014_ONLINE TEST]
(1) 35.2 × 10–11 J/m3 (2*) 35.2 × 10–12 J/m3 (3) 35.2 × 10–13 J/m3 (4) 35.2 × 10–10 J/m3
Ans. (2)
2
1 1  4 
Sol. u = 0E2rms = × 8.8 × 10–12 ×   = 35.2 × 10
–12
2 2  2
5. O;kse rjax lapj.k gsrq] jsfM;ks rjaxks dh vko`fr lhek gksxhµ [JEE (MAIN) 2014_ONLINE TEST]
(1) 1 MHz ls 2 MHz (2) 45 MHz ls 50 MHz (3) 35 MHz ls 40 MHz (4) 5 MHz ls 25 MHz

6. yEch nwjh izlkj.k laHko gksxk tcfd jsfM;ks rjaxs vk;u e.My ls ykSV dj vkrh gSA bl mís'; gsrq jsfM;ksrjaxks dh
vko`fr fuEu ijkl esa gksuh pkfg,µ [JEE (MAIN) 2014_ONLINE TEST]
(1*) 8–25 MHz (2) 80–150 MHz (3)150–500 kHz (4) 1–3 MHz
Ans. (1)

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Electromagnetic Waves
7. ;fn oS|qr pqEcdh; LisDVªe esa M, X, I, G, U, R rFkk V }kjk] lw{e rjaxks] x-fdj.kksa] vojDr] xkek fdj.ksa] ijkcSaxuh]
jsfM;ks rjaxs rFkk n`'; fdj.k Hkkx dks n'kkZrk gS] rks fuEu esa ls dkSulk fodYi rjaxnS/;Z ds c<+rs Øe dks n'kkZrk gSµ
[JEE (MAIN) 2014_ONLINE TEST]
(1) I, M, R, U, V, X rFkk G (2) R, M, I, V, U, X rFkk G
(3) M, R, V, X, U, G rFkk I (4*) G, X, U, V, I, M rFkk R
Ans. (4)
8. 2 × 1014 gVZt~ vko`fr rFkk 27 Vm–1 ds oS|qr {ks=k ds vk;ke okyh ,d oS|qr pqEcdh; rjax x-fn'kk esa lapfjr gSA uhps fn,
x, fodYiksa esa ls dkSulk ,d fodYi bl rjax gsrq pqEcdh; {ks=k dks n'kkZrk gSA [JEE (MAIN) 2015_ONLINE TEST]

B(x, t)  (9  10 –8 T)jˆ B(x, t)  (9  10 –8 T)iˆ

(1) (2)
sin 1.5  10–6 x  2  1014 t  sin 2(1.5  10 –8 x  2  1014 t)

B(x, t)  (9  10 –8 T)kˆ B(x, t)  (3  10 –8 T)jˆ

(3) (4)
sin 2(1.5  10 –6 x  2  1014 t) sin 2(1.5  10 –8 x  2  1014 t)
Ans. (3)
Sol.  = 2 × 2 × 1014 Hz
E 27
B0 = 0 = = 9 × 10–8 Tesla
C 3  108
B ds nksyu ĵ ;k k̂ fn'kk esa laHko gSA
 fodYi (3)

9. z-fn'kk esa lapfjr lery oS|qrpqEcdh; rjaxks gsrq fuEu esa ls dkSulk leqPp; Øe'k% E rFkk B gsrq lgh laHko fn'kk
dks n'kkZrk gSA [JEE (MAIN) 2015_ONLINE TEST]

(1)  2iˆ  3ˆj  rFkk  ˆi  2ˆj  

(2) 2iˆ  3 ˆj rFkk  3iˆ  2jˆ 
(3) 3iˆ  4ˆj  rFkk  4iˆ  3ˆj  (4)  ˆi  2ˆj  rFkk  2iˆ  ˆj 
Ans. (2)
Sol. E B = 0
[ E  B ]
fodYi 2, 3, 4 laHkogSA
E × B , Z v{k ds vuqfn'k gksuk pkfg,

 2jˆ  3ˆj  × 3iˆ  2jˆ  = 5kˆ

 fodYi (2)

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Electromagnetic Waves

 fpfUgr iz'u nksgjkus ;ksX; iz'u gSA

OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1. oS|qr pqEcdh; rjaxksa dk ewy òksr gS
(1) ifjorZuh; pqEcdh; {ks=k (2) fu;r pqEcdh; ,oe~ oS|qr {ks=k
(3) oS|qr vkos'kksa ds fujUrj dEiu (4) xzg (planet)

2. oS|qr pqEcdh; rjaxksa dh pky çkIr djus ds fy;s lEcU/k gSsa
(1)    (2) 00 (3) 1/  (4) 1/ (00 )

3. oS|qr pqEcdh rjax esa] oS|qr {ks+=k E rFkk pqEcdh; {ks=k B gksrs gSa
(1) ijLij yEcor~ (2) lekUrj (3) ijLij 300 ij (4)ijLij 600 ij

4. oS|qr pqaEcdh; rjaxks esa ;fn oS|qr o pqEcdh; {ks=k E o B gSa] rc oS|qr pqEcdh; rjax ds lapj.k dh fn'kk gksxh
a (1) E (2) B (3) E  B   (4) mijksDr esa dksbZ ughsa

5. yky izdk'k, uhys izdk'k ls fdl xq.k esa fHkUu gSA

(1) pky (2) vko`fÙk (3) rhozrk (4) vk;ke

6. nwjlapkj esa iz;qDr oS|qrpaqcdh; rjaxsa gksrh gSA

(1) ijkcSxuh (2) vojDr (3) n`'; (4) lw{e rjaxsa

7. ;fn fuokZr ls lapfjr oS?kqrpqacdh; rjax

E = E0 sin (kx – t) ; B = B0 sin (kx – t),gSA rc
(1) E0 k = B0  (2) E0B0 =  k (3) E0  = B0 k (4) E0 B0 = / k

8. fuEu esa ls dkSu&lh fdj.k fo|qr pqEcdh; rjax ugha gS ?

(1)  – fdj.k (2) Å"eh; fdj.k (3) X- fdj.k (4) –fdj.k

9. ,d ek/;e esa fdlh izdk'k rjax dh vko`fÙk 2 × 1014 Hz gS vkSj bldh rjaxnS/;Z 5000 Å gSA ek/;e dk viorZukad
gksxk:
(1) 1.40 (2) 1.50 (3) 3.00 (4) 1.33

10. ,d fo|qr&pqEcdh; rjax ds fo|qr vkSj pqEcdh; {ks=k :

(1) ,d gh dyk esa vkSj ijLij lekUrj gS
(2) foijhr dyk esa vkSj ijLij yEc fn'kk esa gksrs gSA
(3) foijhr dyk esa vkSj ijLij lekUrj gksrs gSa
(4) ,d gh dyk esa vkSj ijLij yEc fn'kkvksa esa gksrs gSa

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Electromagnetic Waves
11. ,d ek/;e esa ,d fo|qr pqEcdh; rjax dk oS|qr {ks=k iznf'kZr gS
Ex = 0 ;
N  rad   rad  
Ey = 2.5 cos  2  106 t     102 x
C 

s   m  
Ez = 0. rc :
(1) rjax 200 eh rjaxnS/;Z rFkk 2 × 106 gVZ~t vko`fÙk ds lkFk y fn'kk ds vuqfn'k xfreku gS
(2) rjax 100 eh rjaxnS/;Z rFkk 106 gVZ~t vko`fÙk ds lkFk x fn'kk ds vuqfn'k xfreku gS
(3) rjax 200eh rjaxnS/;Z rFkk 106 gVZ~t vko`fÙk ds lkFk x fn'kk ds vuqfn'k xfreku gS
(4) rjax 200eh rjaxnS/;Z rFkk 106 gVZ~t vko`fÙk ds lkFk –x fn'kk ds vuqfn'k xfreku gS

12. oS|qr pqEcdh; rjax dk oS|qr {ks=k E  10cos(107 t  kx)jˆ oksYV@eh] }kjk fn;k x;k gS] tgk¡ t vkSj x Øe'k% lsd.M
rFkk ehVj esa gSa] ifj.kke gks ldrs gSa
(i) rjaxnS/;Z  = 188.4 m. (ii) rjaxla[;k k = 0.33 jsfM;u@eh
(iii) rjax vk;ke = 10 oksYV@eh (iv) rjax +x v{k ds vuqfn'k izlkfjr gksrh gS
mijksDr dFkuksa esa dkSu&ls dFku lR; gSa \
(1) (iii) vkSj (iv) (2) (i) vkSj (ii)
(3) (ii) vkSj (iii) (4) (i) vkSj (iii)

13. eSDlosy ds lehdj.k ewyHkwr fu;e n'kkZrs gSA

(1) dsoy fo|qfrdh esa (2) dsoy pqEcdRo esa (3) dsoy ;kafU=kdh esa (4) (1) o (2) nksuks gh

14. fuokZr esa xeu dj gh ,d fo|qr&pqEcdh; rjax fuEukuqlkj O;Dr dh tkrh gS :

E = E0 sin(kx - t). fuEu esa ls dkSulk@dkSuls rjaxnS/;Z ij fuHkZj ugha djsxsa -
(1) k (2)  (3) k/ (4) k

15. ,d vR;Yi vk;ru esa fufgr ÅtkZ ftlls dksbZ fo|qr&pqEcdh; rjax xqtj jgh gks] nksyu djrh gS -
(1) 'kwU; vko`fÙk ls (2) rjax dh vko`fÙk ls
(3) rjax dh vk/kh vko`fÙk ls (4) rjax dh nqxuh vko`fÙk ls

16. ,d lekUrj IysV l/kkfjr ftldh IysV dk {ks=kQy A rFkk IysVks ds e/; nwjh d gS, dks fu;r /kkjk i ls vkosf'kr fd;k
tkrk gS A IysVks ds e/; A/2 {ks=kQy dh lery lrg ij fopkj djrs gS tks IysVks ds e/; lefer :i ls fLFkr gS
bl {ks=kQy ls xqtjus okyh foLFkkiu /kkjk Kkr djks
i
(1) i (2) (3) 2i (4) 'kwU;
2

17. /kukRed x-fn'kk esa lapfj=k ,d izdk'k iqat fo|qr {ks=k Ey = (300 V/m) sin(t – x/c) }kjk n'kkZ;k tkrk gSA ,d
bysDVªkWu y-fn'kk ds vuqfn'k 2.0 × 107 m/s dh pky ls xfr djus ds fy, ckf/kr gSA bysDVªkWu ij dk;Zjr vf/kdre
fo|qr cy rFkk vf/kdre pqEcdh; cy gksxk
(1) 4.8 × 10–17 N, 'kwU; (2) 4.2 × 10–18 N, 1.8 × 10–8
(3) 4.8 × 10–17 N, 3.2 × 10–18 N (4) 'kwU;, 'kwU;

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18. 4 mW ij lapkfyr ,d izdk'k iqat dh 60 cm yEckbZ esa laxzkfgr ÅtkZ Kkr djksA .
(1) 8 × 10–12J (2) 6 × 10–12J (3) 4 × 10–12J (4) 7 × 10–12J

19. ,d lekukarj iV~V la/kkfj=k dh IysV dk {ks=kQy A rFkk IysV&varjky d gS] bldks t = 0 ij fo-ok-cy E rFkk
vkarfjd izfrjks/k R okyh cSVjh ls tksM+k x;k gSA lery lrg ftldk {ks=kQy A/2 gS] ij fopkj dhft;s tks IysVksa ds
chp lefer :i ls fLFkr gS rFkk IysVksa ds lekukarj gSA bl lrg ls xqtjus okyh foLFkkiu /kkjk le; ds Qyu :i
esa Kkr dhft;sA
  td   td 2  td  2td
(1) e (2) e (3) e (4) e
2R AR R AR R AR 2R AR

dE
20. ;fn E fo|qr {ks=k dh rhozrk dks iznf'kZr djrk gS] tks jkf'k 0 dh foek fdlds rqY; gSA
dt
(1) fo|qr /kkjk (2) /kkjk ?kuRo (3) fo|qr foHko (4) oS|qr ¶yDl

21. ,d lery fo|qr pqEcdh; rjax esa] fo|qr {ks=k ,d 2.5 × 1010 Hz dh vko`fr rFkk 480 V/m ds vk;ke ij T;koØh;
:i ls nksyu djrk gS] rc nksfyr pqEcdh; {ks=k dk vk;ke gksxkµ
(1) 1.52 × 10–8 Wb/m2 (2) 1.52 × 10–7 Wb/m2 (3) 1.6 × 10–6 Wb/m2 (4) 1.6 × 10–7 Wb/m2

22. ;fn 0 rFkk 0 fuokZr~ dh ifjferrk rFkk ikjxE;rk dks n'kkZrs gSaA rFkk  o ek/;e dh ifjferrk ,oa ikjxE;rk dks
n'kkZrs gSa] rks ek/;e dk viorZukad gSµ
0 0   0 0
(1) (2) (3) (4)
 0 0 0 0 

23. ,d yky izdk'k izsf"kr djrh ¶yM ykbZV dks ,d fQVj }kjk <+dk x;k gSA mRlftZr che dk fo|qr {ks=k Ex = 36 sin
(1.20 × 107z – 3.6 × 1015t) V/m ,d T;koØh; lery rjax }kjk iznf'kZr gS] rks che dh vkSlr rhozrk W/m2 esa
gksxhµ
(1) 6.88 (2) 3.44 (3) 1.72 (4) 0.86

24. ,d ysEi ,d o.khZ; gjk izdk'k ,d leku :i ls lHkh fn'kkvksa esa mRlftZr djrk gSA ysEi fo|qrh; 'kfDr dks fo|qr
pqEcdh; rjaxks esa cnyus esa 3% fo|qrh; gS rFkk 100W dh 'kfDr miHkksx djrk gSA ysEi ls 5m dh nwjh ij fo|qr
pqEcdh; fofdj.kksa ls lEcð fo|qr {ks=k dk vk;ke gksxkµ
(1) 1.34 V/m (2) 2.68 V/m (3) 4.02 V/m (4) 5.36 V/m

25. ,d fo|qr pqEcdh; fofdj.k dk fcUnq L=kksr 800W dh vkSlr fuxZr 'kfDr j[krk gSA L=kksr ls 4.0 m dh nwjh ij
fo|qr {ks=k dk vf/kdre eku gSµ
(1) 64.7 V/m (2) 57.8 V/m (3) 56.72 V/m (4) 54.77 V/m

26. lehdj.k E = (50 N/C) sin (t – kx) }kjk nh xbZ fo|qr pqEcdh; rjax dk vkSlr ÅtkZ–?kuRo gksxk µ
(1) 10–8 J/m3 (2) 10–7 J/m3 (3) 10–6 J/m3 (4) 10–5 J/m3

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27. ,d X-fn'kk ds vuqfn'k lapfjr lery fo|qr pqEcdh; rjax dh rjaxnS?;Z 3mm gSA vk;ke ds lkFk Y-fn'kk esa fo|qr
{ks=k esa ifjorZu 66 Vm–1 dk gksrk gSA x rFkk t ds Qyu ds :i esa fo|qr rFkk pqEcdh; {ks=kksa ds fy, lehdj.k Øe'k%
gSaµ
 x  x
(1) Ey = 33 cos  × 1011  t –  , Bz = 1.1 × 10–7 cos  × 1011  t – 
 c  c
 x  x
(2) Ey = 11 cos 2 × 1011  t –  , By = 11 × 10–7 cos 2 × 1011  t – 
 c  c
 x  x
(3) Ex = 33 cos  × 1011  t –  , Bx = 11 × 10–7 cos  × 1011 t – c 
 c   
 x  x
(4) Ey = 66 cos 2 × 1011  t –  , Bz = 2.2 × 10–7 cos 2 × 1011 t – c 
 c   
 x  x
(5) Ey = 66 cos  × 1011  t –  , By = 2.2 × 10–7 cos  × 1011 t – c 
 c  

28. ;fn izd'k dh rjaxnS/;Z 4000 Å gS] rks 1mm yEckbZ esa rjaxksa dh la[;k gksxhµ
(1) 25 (2) 0.25 (3) 0.25 × 104 (4) 25 × 104

29. uokZr~ esa ,d fo|qr pqEcdh; rjax ls lEcð fo|qr {ks=k E  ˆi40cos (kz – 6 × 108t) }kjk fn;k x;k gS tgk¡
E, z rFkk t Øe'k% oksYV/ehVj, ehVj rFkk lsd.M esa gSa] rks rjax lfn'k k dk eku gSµ
(1) 2m–1 (2) 0.5 m–1 (3) 6 m–1 (4) 3 m–1

30. fo|qr pqEcdh; rjax fuEufyf[kr }kjk fopfyr gks ldrh gSµ
(1) dsoy fo|qr {ks=k (2) dsoy pqEcdh; {ks=k (3) nksuksa (a) rFkk (b) (4) bues ls dksbZ ugha

31. ,d lery fo|qr pqEcdh; rjax esa pqEcdh; {ks=k By = 2 × 10–7 sin (0.5 × 103x + 1.5 × 1011 t) }kjk fn;k x;k gSA
;g fo|qrpqEcdh; rjax gSµ
(1) ,d n`'; izdk'k (2) ,d vojDr rjax (3) ,d lw{e rjax (4) ,d jsfM;ks rjax

 fpfUgr iz'u nksgjkus ;ksX; iz'u gSA

vuqPNsn
,d lery em rjax esa fo|qr {ks=k] 2.0 × 1010 Hz vko`fr rFkk 48 V m–1 vk;ke ls T;koØh; :i ls nksyu djrk
gSA
1. rjax dh rjaxnS?;Z fdruh gS
(1) 1.5 × 10–2 m (2) 2.5 × 10–2 m (3) 1.5 × 10–3 m (4) 2.5 × 10–3 m

2. nksyu'khy pqcdh; {ks=k dk vk;ke D;k gS

(1) 2.7 × 10–7 T (2) 1.6 × 10–7 T (3) 1.6 × 10–8 T (4) 2.7 × 10–8 T

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 fpfUgr iz'u nksgjkus ;ksX; iz'u gSA

Hkkx - I : AIEEE ds iz'u ¼iwoZorhZ; o"kksZ½

1. vojDr fofdj.kksa dk lalwpu ……… }kjk gksrk gS [AIEEE 2002; 3/225, –1]
(1) LisDVªksehVj (2) ik;jksehVj (3) usuksehVj (4) QksVksehVj
1
2. dh foek gksxh, tgka ladsrks dk lkekU; vFkZ gSA [AIEEE 2003; 3/225, –1]
 0 0
(1) [L–1 T] (2) [L–2 T2] (3) [L2 T–2] (4) [L T –1]

3. fuEu esa ls fdl fofdj.k dh rjax nS/;Z U;wure gksxh ? [AIEEE 2003; 3/225, –1]
(1) -fdj.ksa (2) -fdj.ksa (3) -fdj.ksa (4) X-fdj.ksa

4. ,d fo|qr pqEcdh; rjax dh vko`fr n = 3.0 MHz gS] fuokZr ls ijkoS|qr ek/;e esa xqtjrh gS ftldh fo|qr'khyrk
 = 4.0, gS]rc [AIEEE 2004; 3/225, –1]
(1) rjax nS/;Z nqxuh gksxh o vko`fr vifjofrZr jgsxh
(2) rjax nS/;Z nqxuh gksxh o vko`fr vk/kh gksxh
(3) rjax vk/kh gksxh o vko`fr vifjofrZr jgsxh
(4) rjax nS/;Z o vko`fr nksuks gh vifjofrZr jgsxh

5. fuokZr esa ,d fo|qrpqEcdh; rjax esa fo|qr ,oa pqEcdh; {ks=k E ,oa B gSa] tks fd ges'kk ,d nwljs ds yEcor~ gSaA
/kzqo.k dh fn'kk X ls nh tkrh gS vkSj rjax lapj.k dh k lsA rc [AIEEE 2012, 4/120, – 1 ]
(1) X || B vkSj k || B  E (2) X || E vkSj k || E  B
(3) X || B vkSj k || E  B (4) X || E vkSj k || B  E

6. ,d xfr'khy fo|qr pqEcdh; rjax esa pqEcdh; {ks=k dk 'kh"kZ eku 20 nT gSA fo|qr {ks=k lkeF;Z dk 'kh"kZ eku gS :
[JEE (Main) 2013, 4/120, –1]
(1) 3V/m (2) 6V/m (3) 9V/m (4) 12 V/m

7. bl iz'u esa dFku ,d rFkk nks gSaA dFkuksa ds ckn fn;s x;s pkj fodYiksa esa ls ,d dks pwfu;sa tks nksuksa dFkuksa dks
lcls vPNk iznf'kZr djrk gSA [JEE(MAIN) 2013_ONLINE TEST]
dFku–1 : jfM;ks rjaxksa rFkk lw{e rjaxksa esa ls jsfM;ks rjaxsa vf/kd foorZu ls xqtjrh gSA
dFku –2 : jsfM;ks rjaxksa dh vko`fÙk lw{erjaxksa vko`fÙk dh rqyuk esa T;knk gksrh gSA
(1) dFku–1 lgh gS] dFku–2 xyr gSA
(2) dFku–1 xyr gS] dFku–2 lgh gSA
(3) nksuksa dFku lgh gS rFkk dFku&2, dFku&1 dk lgh Li"Vhdj.k gSA
(4) nksuksa dFku lgh gS rFkk dFku&2, dFku&1 dk lgh Li"Vhdj.k ugha gSA

8. ,d ek/;e esa fo|qr pqEcdh; rjaxksa ds lapj.k ds nkSjku % [JEE (Main) 2014, 4/120, –1]
(1) fo|qrh; ÅtkZ ?kuRo pqEcdh; ÅtkZ ?kuRo dk nqxquk gSA
(2) fo|qrh; ÅtkZ ?kuRo pqEcdh; ÅtkZ ?kuRo dk vk/kk gSA
(3) fo|qrh; ÅtkZ ?kuRo pqEcdh; ÅtkZ ?kuRo ds cjkcj gSA
(4) nksuksa fo|qrh; ,oa pqEcdh; ÅtkZ /kuRo 'kwU; gSA

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9. lwph-I (fo|qr pqEcdh; rjax izdkj) dks lwph-II (buls lEcf)r@vuqiz;ksfxr) ls lqesfyr dhft, vkSj lwfp;ksa ds uhps
fn;s x;s fodYiksa ls lgh fodYi pqfu,: [JEE (Main) 2014, 4/120, –1]
List-I List-II
(a) vojDr rjaxsa (i) ek¡lisf'k;ksa dh foÑfr ds bykt ds fy,
(b) jsfM;ks rjaxs (ii) izlkj.k ds fy;s
(c) X-fdj.ksa (iii) gfM~M;ksa ds vfLFkHkax dh igpku ds fy,

(d) ijkoSaxuh fdj.ksa (iv) okrkoj.k dh vkstksu ijr }kjk vo'kks"k.k

(a) (b) (c) (d)
(1) (iv) (iii) (ii) (i)
(2) (i) (ii) (iv) (iii)
(3) (iii) (ii) (i) (iv)
(4) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)

10. lwph–I (fo|qrpqEcdh; LiSDVªe dh rjaxnS/;Z ijkl) ds lwph–II (bu rjaxksa ds mRiUu gksus dk rjhdk ds lkFk feykbZ;s)
rFkk uhps nh xbZ lwfp;kaas ds fodYiksa esa ls lgh fodYi pqfu;sA [JEE (MAIN) 2014_ONLINE TEST]
lwph–I lwph–II
(a) 700 nm to 1mm (i) ijek.kqvksa rFkk v.kqvksa ds dEiUu
(b) 1nm to 400 nm (ii) ijek.kqvksa esa vkUrfjd dks'k ds bysDVªkWu tks ,d ÅtkZ Lrj ls fuEu
ÅtkZ Lrj esa xfr djrs gSA
(c) < 10–3 nm (iii) v.kqvksa dk jsfM;ksa lØh; {k;
(d) 1mm to 0.1 m (iv) esXusVªkWu okYo
(1) (a)–(i), (b)–(ii), (c)–(iii), (d)–(iv) (2) (a)–(iii), (b)–(iv), (c) – (i), (d)–(ii)
(3) (a)–(iv), (b)–(iii), (c)–(ii), (d)–(i) (4) (a)–(ii), (b)–(iii), (c)–(iv), (d)–(i)

11. lwph–I (fo|qrpqEcdh; fofdj.k dh ?kVuk ls tqM+s) dks lwph–II (fo|qr pqEcdh; LiSDVªe ds Hkkx) ds lkFk feykb;sa rFkk
uhps nh xbZ lwfp;ksa ds fodYiksa esa ls lgh fodYi pqfu;s& [JEE (MAIN) 2014_ONLINE TEST]
lwph–I lwph–II
I lksfM;e dk f}d A n`'; fofdj.k
II lEiw.kZ txg ls esjh levk;rfud fofdj.k ds B lw{erjaxsa
lkFk tqM+s rkieku ds vuq:i rjax nS/;Z
III vUrrkZjdh; LFkku esa ijek.kfod gkbMªkstu C y?kq jsfM;ksa rjaxsa
}kjk mRlftZr rjaxnS/;Z
IV gkbMªkstu is nks cUn ÅtkZ Lrjksa ls mRiUu gksus D. X–fdj.ksa
okyh fofdj.k dh rjaxnS/;Z
(1) (I) – (B), (II) – (A), (III), (D), (IV)– (A) (2) (I) – (A), (II) – (B), (III), (B), (IV)– (C)
(3) (I) – (A), (II) – (B), (III), (C), (IV)– (C) (4) (I) – (D), (II) – (C), (III), (A), (IV)– (B)

12. ,d 1 × 1014 gV~Zt vko`fÙk dh fo|qr pqEcdh; rjax z–v{k ds vuqfn'k lapfjr gSA fo|qr {ks=k dk vk;ke 4V/m gSA
;fn 0 = 8.8 × 10–12 C2/N–m2 gS rks fo|qr {ks=k dh vkSlr ÅtkZ ?kuRo gksxk&
[JEE (Main) 2014_ONLINE TEST]
(1) 35.2 × 10–11 J/m3 (2) 35.2 × 10–12 J/m3 (3) 35.2 × 10–13 J/m3 (4) 35.2 × 10–10 J/m3

13. ;fn fo|qrpqEcdh; LiSDVªe dh lw{erjaxsa] X-fdj.ksa] vojDr fdj.ks] xkek fdj.ksa] ijkcSxuh fdj.kas] jsfM;ksa rjaxsa rFkk
n`'; {ks=k dks M, X, I, G, U, R rFkk V ls iznf'kZr fd;k tk, rks fuEu esa ls dkSulk rjaxnS/;Z ds c<+rs Øe esa gS&
[JEE (Main) 2014_ONLINE TEST]
(1) I, M, R, U, V, X rFkk G (2) R, M, I, V, U, X rFkk G
(3) M, R, V, X, U, G rFkk I (4) G, X, U, V, I, M rFkk R
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14. x-fn'kk esa lapkfjr ,d fo|qr pqEcdh; rjax dh vko`fÙk 2 × 1014 Hz rFkk fo|qr {ks=k dk vk;ke 27 Vm–1 gSA uhps
fn;s fodYiksa esa ls dkSulk ,d bl rjax ds fy, pqEcdh; +{ks=k iznf'kZr djrk gS\ [JEE (Main) 2015_ONLINE TEST]
B(x, t)  (9  10 –8 T)jˆ B(x, t)  (9  10 –8 T)iˆ
(1) (2)
sin 1.5  10–6 x  2  1014 t  sin 2(1.5  10 –8 x  2  1014 t)

B(x, t)  (9  10 –8 T)kˆ B(x, t)  (3  10 –8 T)jˆ

(3) (4)
sin 2(1.5  10 –6 x  2  1014 t) sin 2(1.5  10 –8 x  2  1014 t)

15. z-fn'k esa lery fo|qr pqEcdh; rjax lapj.k ds fy, fuEu esa ls dkSulk la;kstu Øe'k% gS rFkk E rFkk B {ks=k ds
fy, lgh laHko fn'kk nsrk gS& [JEE (Main) 2015_ONLINE TEST]

(1)  2iˆ  3ˆj  rFkk  ˆi  2ˆj  

(2) 2iˆ  3 ˆj rFkk  3iˆ  2jˆ  
(3) 3iˆ  4ˆj  rFkk  4iˆ  3ˆj  (4)  ˆi  2ˆj  rFkk  2iˆ  ˆj 

16. fuEu izfr DokaVe oS|qr&pqEcdh; fofdj.kksa dks mudh ÅtkZ ds c<+rs gq, Øe esa yxk;sa %
A : uhyk izdk'k B : ihyk izdk'k [JEE (Main) 2016 ; 4/120, –1]
C : X-fdj.ksa D : jsfM;ks rjax
(1) A, B, D, C (2) C, A, B, D (3) B, A, D, C (4) D, B, A, C

 
,d fo|qr pqacdh; rjax gok ls fdlh ek/;e esa izos'k djrh gSA muds oS|qr {ks=k E1  E01xˆ cos 2   t  gok
z
17.
c   
esa ,oa E2  E02 xˆ cos k(2z  ct) ek/;e esa gSa] tgk¡ lapj.k la[;k k rFkk vko`fÙk  ds eku gok esa gSaA ek/;e
vpqEcdh; gSA ;fn r rFkk r Øe'k% gok ,oa ek/;e dh lkis{k fo|qr'khyrk gks rks fuEu esa ls dkSu lk fodYi lR;
1 2

gksxk\
r1 1 r1 1 r1 r1
(1)  (2)  (3) 4 (4) 2
r2 4 r2 2 r2 r2

EXERCISE-1 EXERCISE-2
1. (3) 2. (4) 3. (1) 1. (1) 2. (2)
4. (3) 5. (2) 6. (4)
7. (1) 8. (1) 9. (3) EXERCISE-3
10. (4) 11. (3) 12. (4)
13. (4) 14. (3) 15. (4) PART – I
16. (2) 17. (3) 18. (1) 1. (2) 2. (3) 3. (1)
19. (1) 20. (2) 21. (3) 4. (3) 5. (2) 6. (2)
22. (2) 23. (3) 24. (2) 7. (1) 8. (3) 9. (4)
25. (4) 26. (1) 27. (4) 10. (1) 11. (2) 12. (2)
28. (3) 29. (1) 30. (4) 13. (4) 14. (3) 15. (2)
31. (3) 16. (4) 17. (1)

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