Freeway - A controlled-access highway is a type of highway that has been designed for high-speed

vehicular traffic, with all traffic flow—ingress and egress—regulated. Common English terms are
freeway, motorway and expressway. Other similar terms include throughway and parkway

Traffic Control Improvement

Reversible lane
- A reversible lane (British English: tidal flow) is a lane in which traffic
may travel in either direction, depending on certain conditions.
Typically, it is meant to improve traffic flow during rush hours, by
having overhead traffic lights and lighted street signs notify drivers
which lanes are open or closed to driving or turning.
commonly found in tunnels and on bridges, and on the surrounding
roadways
- Reversible lanes are lanes in which traffic may travel in either direction, depending on
displayed overhead signal (a green arrow or a red cross). Reversible lanes are used to improve
traffic flow during rush hours.
Ramp metering
- Ramp meters are traffic signals installed on freeway on-ramps to control the frequency
at which vehicles enter the flow of traffic on the freeway.
This breaks up the platoons of vehicles attempting to merge onto the
mainline. Vehicles already on the mainline will not need to reduce
their speed as much due to the spacing of the entering vehicles.

- Ramp metering is a strategy used to regulate the volume of vehicles entering a freeway
at a given time thereby seeking optimal freeway operations.
Signal coordination
- Signal coordination is the linking together of consecutive traffic signals along a road to
minimize stops and delays.
It is important to prevent blockages between closely-spaced
intersections or when traffic becomes congested. Coordination can
also be achieved within grid networks, like Melbourne’s CBD.
- Reduces overall stops and travel delays. Allows for large groups of vehicles to efficiently
flow through a series of traffic signals without stopping.
- Reduction in the number of stops reduces vehicle emissions and thus improves air
quality: Most of the vehicle emissions occur during acceleration (stop and go traffic).
Parking restrictions
- Pay for parking
o Sometimes you have to pay to park your car. Paying for a
parking space has become very normal, especially in city
centers. Pay for parking can be a restriction in both on- and
off-street parking situations.
- Parking meter
o a device to collect money for parking. In most situations there
is a time limit to park at a parking meter. The classic parking
meters only allow cash for payment method. Parking meters
only serve one parking space at a time. Sometimes people
park at a meter that still contains money from the previous
person who parked there. This means there is still time on the
meter and the person can park for free for this period of time.
- Smart parking meter
o The difference between the classic parking meters and the
smart parking meters, is that smart parking meters give you as
a customer more payment options
- Pay and Display or Parking Pay Station
o means that the person who parked the car, has to walk to the
nearest parking machine and buy a ticket.
- Time limits
o Sometimes you are only allowed to park for a limited amount
of time or only between certain hours of the day. This is
usually corresponded with signs at the parking place.
o There are also situations where you have to pay for parking
between certain hours of the day, and that the other hours
are free. These zones are called Controlled Parking Zones.
- Coupon parking
o combination of disk parking and pay-and-display parking. The
car owner has to purchase a book with coupons in advance.
When he parks on a parking space with a time limit, he has to
tear off a coupon and fill out the current date and time. Then
he places it on his dashboard so enforcement officers can see
what time he has parked the car. The difference between
 coupon parking and disk parking, is that a disk is reusable and
a coupon can only be used once.
- Disk Parking
o On some places where a parking time limit is set, the time
limit is monitored with the use of parking disks. The owner of
the car that is parked, uses this disk to indicate the time when
he parked his vehicle. He then places the disk on the
dashboard. Patrolling enforcement agents can now see at
what time he parked the car and therefor for how long the car
is parked. Disk parking is used at places where there is a time
limit set for parking, but no charge.
- Residential parking space
o are only meant for people who live in that particular
residential area. This means that the spaces are not available
for visitors
- Permit
o A permit is anything that allows a driver to park is a
designated area: Also referred to as permission or credential.
This can be decal, hangtag, RFID, virtual (datable record), etc.
Permitless Parking is a parking system that relies on license
plate recognition to read pre-registered license plates that
serve as parking permits or access credentials. Credentials
allow access to a facility or to park in a certain on-street area
(i.e. residential parking pass) and references to access control
systems.
Congestion pricing
- refers to a dynamic pricing strategy designed to regulate demand by increasing prices
without increasing supply. The strategy, which is based on the economic theory of pricing, is a
common ploy in the transportation industry, where it aims to decrease congestion and air
pollution by charging more for entering especially congested areas of a major metropolitan city.
o Congestion pricing generally imposes price increases for
services that are subject to temporary or cyclic increases in
demand.
o It is a common strategy in the transportation, tourism,
hospitality, and utility industries.
o Congestion pricing includes demand or surge pricing,
segmented pricing, and peak-user pricing.
 o The idea behind congestion pricing is that consumers will use
and waste more of a free or negligibly priced resource than an
expensive one.
o Congestion pricing may increase revenues, but the associated
costs could be high.

Travel Demand Management

Telecommuting
- Remote work, also called distance working, telework, teleworking, working from home,
mobile work, remote job, and work from anywhere is a work arrangement in which employees
do not commute to a central place of work, such as an office building, warehouse, or store
- the ability for an employee to complete work assignments from outside the traditional
workplace by using telecommunications tools such as email, phone, chat and video apps.
Short Work Week
- means a work week during which an employee performs some work for the Company or
performed compensated work for the Union or was otherwise compensated by the Company
for a day or part thereof but his compensated or available hours for such week are less than the
number of hours in his standard work week
Variable Work Hours
- an alternative to the traditional 8 hours a day, 5 days a week work schedule. It is a
program that gives employees more flexibility and control over both their work and personal
time.
- Variable shifts – also called rotating shifts – are one way employers schedule employees
to cover 24 hour a day, 7 days per week operations. ... In a varied hours job, the hours and days
an employee works typically change from week to week.
Carpooling
- It is the sharing of car journeys so that more than one person travels in a car, and
prevents the need for others to have to drive to a location themselves.
- the sharing of car journeys so that more than one person travels in a car, and prevents
the need for others to have to drive to a location ..
Better transit system

- There are many ways to improve public transit service and Encourage transit

ridership:
  Increase service - more routes, increased frequency, and longer operating hours.
 Improved coordination among modes - buses, trains, ferries and airports.
 Transit Priority - bus lanes, queue-jumper lanes, bus-priority traffic signals, and other
measures that reduce delay to transit vehicles. Grade separation so transit is not
delayed by cross-streets and traffic congestion.
 Reallocate Road Space to transit and walking.
 Comfort improvements, such as reduced crowding, better seats and cleaner vehicles.
 Improved Stops and Stations, including shelter (enclosed waiting areas, with heating in
winter and cooling in summer), seating, Wayfinding and other Navigation Tools,
washrooms, refreshments, Internet services, and other convenience and comfort
features.
 Lower fares and discounts, and more convenient fare payment (such as electronic
“smart cards”).
 Improved rider information and Marketing programs, including real-time information on
transit vehicle arrival.
 Transit Oriented Development and Smart Growth, which result in land use patterns
more suitable for transit transportation.
 Pedestrian and Cycling Improvements that improve access around transit stops.
 Bike and Transit Integration (bike racks on buses, bike routes and Bicycle Parking near
transit stops).
 Universal Design of vehicles, stations and pedestrian facilities to accommodate people
with disabilities and other special needs.
 Park & Ride facilities.
 Reform transport Regulations and Organizations to increase transit service efficiency
and responsiveness.

 Improved Security for transit users and pedestrians.

 Multi-Modal Access Guides, which includes maps, schedules, contact numbers and other
information on how to reach a particular destination by public transit.

 Services targeting particular travel needs, such as express commuter buses, Special

Event service, and various types of Shuttle Services.

Description
Public Transit (also called Public Transportation, Urban Transit and Mass Transit)
includes various services using shared vehicles to provide mobility to the public.
These include:
·         Heavy rail – relatively large, higher-speed trains, operating entirely on separate rights-of-way, with
infrequent stops, providing service between communities.
·         Light Rail Transit (LRT) – moderate size, medium-speed trains, operating mainly on separate rights-
of-way, with variable distances between stations, providing service between urban neighborhoods
and commercial centers.
·         Streetcars (also called trams or trolleys) – relatively small, lower-speed trains, operating primarily
on urban streets, with frequent stops which provide service along major urban corridors.
·         Conventional bus transit - full-size buses on fixed routes and schedules.
·         Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) – premium quality bus service with features that typically include grade
separation, frequent service, attractive stations, quick loading, and attractive vehicles.
·         Express commuter bus – direct bus service from residential to employment areas.
·         Ferry services.
·         Mini bus – smaller buses or large vans used for public transit.
·         Demand Response Paratransit – small buses or vans that provide direct (door-to-door) service,
often intended primarily for people with disabilities.
·         Personal Rapid Transit (PRT) – small, automated vehicles that provide transit service on demand.
·         Shared Taxi.
 
 
 A Green Vehicle, clean vehicle, eco-friendly vehicle or environmentally friendly
vehicle is a road motor vehicle that produces less harmful impacts to the
environment than comparable conventional internal combustion engine vehicles
running on gasoline or diesel.
 Alternative fuel, known as non-conventional and advanced fuels, are any materials
or substances that can be used as fuels, other than conventional fuels like; fossil
fuels (petroleum (oil), coal, and natural gas), as well as nuclear materials such
as uranium and thorium, as well as artificial radioisotope fuels that are made
in nuclear reactors.
 Some well-known alternative fuels include bio-diesel, bio-
alcohol (methanol, ethanol, butane), refuse-derived fuel, chemically
stored electricity (batteries and fuel cells), hydrogen, non-fossil methane, non-
fossil natural gas, vegetable oil, propane and other biomass sources.