Hydraulic Bridge

A
Project Report
on

“ Hydraulic bridge ”

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the

requirements Of the diploma of

Civil Engineering
Submitted By

SUHAS RAJENDRA GAIKWAD

PIYUSH SUJIT MHATRE
AKASH RATAN DHIRDE
ROUMYA RAMESH MOHANTY
TUSHAR DIPAK CHAVAN
MANDAR BALARAM DINGORE

Guided By

Mrs. Deepali T. Pawar

At
Department of Civil Engineering

Shivajirao S. Jondhle Polytechnic, Asangaon

Maharashtra State Board,
[2020-2021]
Hydraulic Bridge

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project entitled “Hydraulic Bridge ” is a

bonafide work of
PIYUSH SUJIT MHATRE

submitted for the award of the Diploma in civil engineering in the year 2020-
21.

Mrs. Deepali T. Pawar

(Name of Guide)

Prof. MILINDN TELAVANE Dr. Sneha H.Jondhle

(Head of Civil Engineering department) (Principal)
Hydraulic Bridge

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project entitled “Hydraulic Bridge ” is a

bonafide work of
SUHAS RAJENDRA GAIKWAD

submitted for the award of the Diploma in civil engineering in the year 2020-
21.

Mrs. Deepali T. Pawar

(Name of Guide)

Prof. MILINDN TELAVANE Dr. Sneha H.Jondhle

(Head of Civil Engineering department) (Principal)
Hydraulic Bridge

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project entitled “Hydraulic Bridge ” is a

bonafide work of
AKASH RATAN DHIRDE

submitted for the award of the Diploma in civil engineering in the year 2020-
21.

Mrs. Deepali T. Pawar

(Name of Guide)

Prof. MILINDN TELAVANE Dr. Sneha H.Jondhle

(Head of Civil Engineering department) (Principal)
Hydraulic Bridge

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project entitled “Hydraulic Bridge ” is a

bonafide work of
ROUMYA RAMESH MOHANTY

submitted for the award of the Diploma in civil engineering in the year 2020-
21.

Mrs. Deepali T. Pawar

(Name of Guide)

Prof. MILINDN TELAVANE Dr. Sneha H.Jondhle

(Head of Civil Engineering department) (Principal)
Hydraulic Bridge

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project entitled “Hydraulic Bridge ” is a

bonafide work of
TUSHAR DIPAK CHAVAN

submitted for the award of the Diploma in civil engineering in the year 2020-
21.

Mrs. Deepali T. Pawar

(Name of Guide)

Prof. MILINDN TELAVANE Dr. Sneha H.Jondhle

(Head of Civil Engineering department) (Principal)
Hydraulic Bridge

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project entitled “Hydraulic Bridge ” is a

bonafide work of
MANDAR BALARAM DINGORE

submitted for the award of the Diploma in civil engineering in the year 2020-
21.

Mrs. Deepali T. Pawar

(Name of Guide)

Prof. MILINDN TELAVANE Dr. Sneha H.Jondhle

(Head of Civil Engineering department) (Principal)
Hydraulic Bridge

PROJECT REPORT APPROVAL SHEET

This project report entitled “Hydraulic Bridge ”is approved for the
Diploma in civil engineering in the year 2020-21.

External Examiner Internal Examiner

Date:
Place:
Hydraulic Bridge

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all we would like to thank our project guide Mrs. Deepali T. PawarAssistant
Professor, Civil Engineering Department, Shivajirao S. Jondhle Polytechnic, Asangaon who
has given valuable support during the course of our project by clarifying our doubts and
guiding us with his novel ideas. We would like to thank Prof. Milind Telavne Head of
Department, Shivajirao S. Jondhle Polytechnic, AsangaonWe extend our sincere thanks to all
teaching staff of Civil Engineering Lastly we also thank to all the people who directly or
indirectly gave us.
Hydraulic Bridge

ABSTRACT

An analysis has been conducted on the hydraulic bridge of the water hydraulic servo valve
with annular clearance between sleeve and spool land as its first hydraulic resistance.
Through some formula deductions, the simplified hydraulic bridge is drawn and the
relationship between flapper displacement and differential pressure of spool ends, which is
demonstrated by the subsequent simulation works, is extracted. By the CFD(computational
fluid dynamics) simulation, firstly, the pressure distributions of the flapper face and the fore
end face of the nozzle are obtained. Results show that the flapper has an annular area where
the existing pressure is negative. Secondly, the relationship between flapper displacement and
flow force acting on flapper is also acquired, which is much beneficial to the steady-state and
dynamic analysis of the water hydraulic servo valve.

Heavy movable bridges have different design, operation and maintenance characteristics
compared to fixed bridges. This is mainly due to the complex interaction between their
structural, mechanical and electrical systems. Movable bridges are viable options in certain
terrain conditions and their unique operation provides versatility. At the same time, their
intricate interrelation also produces some operation and maintenance challenges.
Deterioration, unexpected breakdowns, high maintenance costs and difficulty of repair are
some of the issues related to movable bridges. In this paper, a Structural Health Monitoring
(SHM) application demonstration on a bascule type movable bridge is presented.
Hydraulic Bridge

INDEX

Chapter1:INTRODUCTION................................................................ 01
1.1 General ...................................................................... 01

1.2 Objectives ............................................................................................01

1.3 Scope of project ............................................ 02

1.4 Organization of project .........................................................02

Chapter 2:Literature Review............................................. 03

2.1 Introduction .............................................. 03

2.2 Types of Hydraulic bridges ...................... 03

2.3 Case Study ...............................................05

2.4 Advantages and Disadvantages ...............07

2.5 Summary ................................................. 08

Chapter 3:Scope of Project ............................................................. 09

Chapter 4: Methodology ........................................................................... 10

4.1 Introduction .............................................. 10

4.2 Data collection .........................................11

Chapter 5: Details of Design, Working and processes........................... 13

5.1 Introduction .............................................. 13

5.2 Design........................................................14

5.3 Working and Process.................................15

5.4 Summary ................................................. 18

Chapter 6: Advantages and Disadvantages ............................................19

6.1 Advantages of hydraulic bridge ............... 19

6.2 Disadvantages of hydraulic bridge ...........20

6.3 Overcome of Disadvantages ....................21

Hydraulic Bridge

Chapter 7: Conclusion .............................................................................. 22

Chapter 8: Summary .................................................................................23

Chapter 9: Reference ................................................................................ 24

Hydraulic Bridge

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 General:

The hydraulic bridge incorporates an integrated hydraulic system into the bridge in order to
carry more weight and is a new concept in bridge design.

For arch-based bridges in which the main forces are directed in a horizontal sideways
direction, this system is most suitable and the hydraulic system is integrated into the main
load-bearing members of the bridge can be minimally controlled by computers.

If it is known that a bridge provides a significant obstacle to flow and is responsible for much
of the flooding that occurs, with a knowledge of bridge hydraulics it may be possible to
design improvement works that will help to alleviate the problem.

1.2 Objective:

 Ability to handle varying loads

 Smooth acceleration and deceleration

 Positive locking in any position

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Hydraulic Bridge

1.3 Scope of project:

The scope of the project is as follows:

1. To study Smooth and accurate acceleration and deceleration of Hydraulic Bridge
2. To study positive locking in any conditions of Hydraulic Bridges
3. To study ability to carry varying loads of Hydraulic Bridges

1.4 Organization of project:

In this report, chapter 2 highlight types of Hydraulic Bridge . Chapter 2 also focuses
on history of Hydraulic Bridge in various countries and the case studies regarding Hydraulic
Bridge mechanism are also discussed. In chapter 3 information about study area, Bascular
Bridge is discussed along with the relevant details of Hydraulic Bridge . Chapter 4 focuses on
detailed of hydraulic bridge and its working and many other details of hydraulic bridge.

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Hydraulic Bridge

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction:

This chapter will focus on classification of Hydraulic Bridge , information on

various types of Hydraulic bridges and literature review which contains discussion on
advantages and disadvantages of Hydraulic bridges.

2.2 Types of Hydraulic bridges

There are three important types of hydraulic bridges :

2.2.1 Bascule Bridge

The Bascule bridge is a subcategory of drawbrige. These bridge can be a single leaf or double
leaf. Single leaf bascul bridges also called rolling bascule bridge are similar to drawbridge.
Whereas, the double leaf bascul bridges will split in the middle. These bridges are structurally
sound, reliable, and economical.

Figure no 2.1:- Bascule Bridge

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2.2.2 Swing Bridge

The swing bridge use a rotating design. It will rotate at an angle of 90° in most cases. The
rotating structure will be present at the centre or at both ends of the bridge.

Figure No 2.2:- Swing Bridge

2.2.3 Lifting Bridge

Lifting bridges will move the bridge surface in vertical direction for opening water
transportation. Another type of lifting bridge is double vertical lifting bridge, which is
divided into two parts and balance.This lifting bridges are suitable for location requiring long
spans.

Figure No 2.3:- Lifting Bridge

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2.3 Case Study

Case studies on Hydraulic bridge are given below:

2.3.1 Case Study on Bascule Bridge London :
The most famous hydraulic bridge is probably the Towerbridge in London. The
Towerbridge in London is abascule bridge (sometimes referred to as a drawbridge),
amoveable bridge that opens to provide clearance for boat traffic on the River
Thames .Hydraulic bridges are designed to work in a broad range of environmental
conditions. The motion cycle may face adverse wind conditions or additional loads like snow
or water, but still, the bridge is expected to open and close in time while being able to stop at
any time in case of an emergency.

Technical Challenges

a. The hydraulic system of bascule bridges has to maintain stable working conditions in
a wide range of temperatures.
b. Local requirements, e. g. the positioning of the bridge cylinders with respect to the
hydraulic power station can have a strong influence as well.
c. Parts of the piping system between pumps, control valves and cylinders are subject to
different temperatures, which can affect the viscosity of the hydraulic medium.
d. In addition, the hydraulic system has to cope with shifting lever arms and centers of
gravity, which alter the stability criteria while the bridge moves.

Figure No 2.4:- Bascule Bridge London

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2.3.2 Case Study on Bascule Bridge

Heavy movable bridges have different design, operation and maintenance characteristics
compared to fixed bridges. This is mainly due to the complex interaction between their
structural, mechanical and electrical systems. Movable bridges are viable options in certain
terrain conditions and their unique operation provides versatility. At the same time, their
intricate interrelation also produces some operation and maintenance challenges.
Deterioration, unexpected breakdowns, high maintenance costs and difficulty of repair are
some of the issues related to movable bridges.

Field Implementation and Challenges

The technical challenges associated with field implementation of a SHM program for bridges
are commonly related to installation, operation, and maintenance of the various components
of the monitoring system as well as the coordination and cooperation with the bridge owners,
coast guards, contractors, and users. Ideally, an SHM system should be designed to operate
accurately and reliably with minimal maintenance for the entire duration for which the bridge
will be monitored. Meeting this standard requires a careful consideration of the various issues
and incorporating some degree of flexibility and redundancy to the system during its initial
design. Another major challenge in the implementation of SHM system in real life is the
coordination of fieldwork with infrastructure owners in such a way that the sensors and
cables installation impacts the land and maritime traffic minimally. Since it is a movable
bridge application, the sensor installation was delayed many times by the bridge openings
FDOT Engineers have facilitated the coordination of the field work among several agencies.

Figure No 2.5 :- Bascule bridge

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2.4 Advantages and Disadvantages

2.4.1 Advantages of Hydraulic Bridge

We might have heard about bridges that can be moved for allowing passage for boats and
ships. How is it possible? The answer is HYDRAULICS. Hydraulic bridge or movable bridge
is an example from our hydraulic industry. You can find other alternatives like creating a
tunnel beneath the river or creating a bridge in a specific height above the river. But, both this
won’t be the best solution when considering some technical and economic reasons. For
movable hydraulic bridge models, road transportation needs to be closed for water
transportation. Tower Bridge, London, England; Gateshead Millennium Bridge, Newcastle,
England; Pont Jacques Chaban-Delmas, Bordeaux, France; Puente de la Mujer, Buenos Aires,
Argentina; etc.. are some of the famous movable bridges in the world.

There are the following advantages of hydraulic bridge such as;

1. Provides smooth and accurate acceleration and deceleration.

2. It has safe and easy operations.

3. It has the ability to carry varying loads.

4. Behind hydraulic bridge working, Pascal’s law is the principle.

5. The operator of a hydraulic system can easily start, stop speed up and slow down by
using simple levers and push-buttons.

6. Positive locking in any condition is another advantage of this bridge.

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Hydraulic Bridge

2.4.2 Disadvantages of Hydraulic bridges

1. Hydraulic systems also have some drawbacks. Handling hydraulic fluids is messy,
and it can be difficult to totally get rid of leaks in a hydraulic system.

2. If hydraulic fluid leaks in hot areas, it may catch fire.

3. If hydraulic lines burst, they can cause serious injuries.

4. Take care when handling hydraulic fluids, as too much exposure can lead to health
issues.

5. Hydraulic fluids are also corrosive, but some types are less so than others. For
example, two main types of brake fluid are available for hydraulic mountain bikes,
DOT fluid and mineral oil.

6. Due to its non-corrosive properties, mineral oil is less likely to destroy a bike's
paintwork. To keep your hydraulic system in its prime, periodically check hydraulic
systems for leaks, lubricate when necessary, and change filters and seals as required.

7. Hydraulic systems are systems that use changes in pressure to control hofluids move
in driving machinery like tools or moving mechanical components such as gears.

8. There are many different ways of classifying hydraulic systems through the different
means of using fluid power under high pressure to lift or support a load.

9. Every hydraulic system, no matter its design or purpose, takes fluid from a reservoir
through a pump to a selector control valve. This converts the mechanical energy into
hydraulic energy.

2.5 Summary

In this Chapter we learn about various information about Hydraulic Bridge and the
major types of hydraulic bridges, their advantages and disadvantages. Also through
discussion of various case studies the of Hydraulic bridges and various technical challenges
of hydraulic bridge.

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Hydraulic Bridge

CHAPTER 3

SCOPE OF PROJECT

It has Good scope because of Smooth and accurate acceleration and deceleration, positive
locking in any conditions, driving end locks, safe and easy operations, and ability to carry
varying loads. Pascal's law is the principle behind hydraulic bridge working.
If accurately calibrated, there is no need for computers to control the hydraulic actuators. The
hydraulic rams can be in motion only by the loading applied to it. That is to say, if a certain
load is applied on the bridge, the hydraulic ram applies an appropriate force upwards to
counteract any deflections. This implies that there is very little maintenance concerning
automated systems and in situations such as blackouts or malfunctions, the bridge will not be
in any immediate concern for failure.
As a result of applying a force upwards that is dependent on the load and displacement of the
bridge, the quantity of material required to construct the bridge is reduced. The material alone
does not have to handle all imposed loading; the load is distributed onto the hydraulic rams.
Consequently, less money can be used in purchasing materials and the project cost is reduced
(arguably, the money may be spent on the hydraulic systems).
Certainly, elegant bridges may be constructed with thinner structural members, which can
increase its aesthetic and social impact on the community around it. What is more is that if
the load becomes to great and causes the mid-span piston to go down, then the support
pistons will push inwards resulting in the arch heading upwards; hence they maintain
equilibrium.

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CHAPTER 4

METHODOLOGY

4.1 Introduction

In this Chapter we are going to learn about methodology of hydraulic bridges and data
collection of hydraulic bridges. A few ancient drawbridges were built, including one 4,000
years ago in Egypt and one 2,600 years ago in the Chaldean kingdom of the Middle East. But
they were not commonly used until the European Middle Ages. By the end of the fifteenth
century, Leonardo da Vinci was not only designing and building bascule bridges but also
drawing plans and constructing scale models for a swing bridge and a retractable bridge.

The modern era of movable bridge construction began in the mid-nineteenth century
following the development of processes for mass producing steel. Steel beams are light and
strong, steel bearings are durable, and steel engines and motors are powerful.

Many of the movable bridges currently in use in the United States were built in the early
twentieth century. As they are being refurbished or replaced, two types of improvements can
be made. First, more sophisticated design techniques and stronger, lighter materials allow
new bridges to be built higher above the water. This means larger vessels can sail under them;
consequently, it is not necessary to open them as frequently. Some modern replacements
must be opened only one-fourth to one-third as often their predecessors. Second, some new
bridges are operated hydraulically rather than being driven with gear mechanisms.

4.2 Data Collection

Data collection is vital and requires the gathering of all necessary information for hydraulic
analysis. This should include such information as topography and other physical features,
land use and culture, any existing flood studies of the stream, historical flood data, basin
characteristics, precipitation data, geotechnical data, historical high-water marks, existing
structures, channel characteristics and environmental data. A site plan showing the bridge
location should be developed on which much of the data can be presented.

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Figure No 4.1:- Material Graph

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4.2.1 Preliminary Data to be Collected

1. Name of the river/ road, probable bridge location, any close by bridges on the same river

2. Location of the nearest available benchmark

3. Present and anticipated future volume and nature of traffic

4. Hydraulic data pertaining to river Preliminary Data to be Collected

5. Soil profiles

6. Navigational requirements of the stream (if any)

7. Material availability to locations (source locations and transportation)

8. Utility and service supply during construction

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Hydraulic Bridge

CHAPTER 5
Details of Design , Workings And Processes
5.1 Introduction
The intent of this Report is to present uniform guidelines and procedures for the
inspection, evaluation and maintenance of the nation's existing movable bridge inventory.
The Report provides information pertaining to the unique structural, mechanical, and
electrical components and operational characteristics of a movable highway bridge.

The Report was developed for bridge engineers, inspectors,and maintainers charged with
operational and maintenance responsibility for these complex structures. Therefore, the
content of each part is intended for a specific group within the industry. Commentary
adjacent to the text on the same page provides suggestions on implementing the guidelines
and procedures of this Manual and directs the reader to additional sources of information.

Figure No 5.1:- Design of Bridge

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Hydraulic Bridge

5.2 Design

Each draw bridge is a unique structure designed for its particular location and traffic needs.
There are at least half a dozen different design concepts, but the most common is the bascule
type. In double-leaf or four-leaf (a double-leaf bridge with separate leaves for each direction
of vehicular traffic) bascule bridges, each leaf can be raised and lowered independently.

The energy required to raise and lower the bascule leaves is greatly reduced by
counterbalancing each leaf with a compact weight on the opposite side of the pivot axle
(trunnion). In various bascule designs, this counterweight might be located above the
roadway and allowed to pivot below the roadway as the bridge is raised, or it might be
located below the roadway and allowed to descend into a basement level (often well below
the waterline) as the bridge opens. The counterweight is a massive concrete box containing
chambers into which heavy, metal rods can be inserted to change the weight and its
distribution. It might be located adjacent to the trunnion or, for greater leverage, be set back a
few yards (meters). As an example, each pair of 500-ton (450-metric-ton) leaves on the Casco
Bay Bridge is balanced with an 800-ton (720-metric-ton) counterweight.

Besides the leaves and the counterweights, the other primary elements of a bascule bridge are
the trunnion and the lift mechanism. A single steel trunnion up to 10 ft (3 m) in diameter and
65 ft (20 m) or more in length may be used for one leaf of the movable span; or a separate,
short trunnion may be used for each side of each leaf. The lift mechanism is usually a rack-
and-pinion gear arrangement driven by electric motors.

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5.3 Working and Process

5.3.1 Working

The principle behind hydraulic bridge working is Pascal’s law and for operations, this bridge
uses petroleum-based hydraulic fluids. For powering the bridge with hydraulics, hydraulic
motors and hydraulic cylinders are two important components used and the amount of
gearing required is dependent on the type of hydraulic motor for a bridge operation.

Depending on the construction, the hydraulic cylinders can be divided into tie rod and welded
and for providing longevity for the bridge, the welded hydraulic cylinder is suitable.

To carry varying loads and hold the bridge firmly in any position, counterbalance valves used
in the structure will help in this and by the proportional valve used, smooth and accurate
acceleration and deceleration are provided.

Figure No 5.2:- Working Principle

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5.3.2 The Manufacturing Process

Although each installation is different, the following is a generic description of the
construction of a bascule bridge.
Piers
If the bascule support piers will be located in the water, a cofferdam is built around the site
for each pier. Steel panels are lowered into the water and driven into the riverbed to form a
box. A clamshell digger removes soil inside the cofferdam. Piles are inserted deep into the
riverbed to support the great weight of the pier and the bascule leaves. Steel piles may be
driven, or reinforced concrete piles may be poured, into drilled holes. The bottom of the
cofferdam is sealed with a layer of concrete. The water is pumped out of the cofferdam to
provide a dry area for constructing the pier.

Fig No :- 5.3 A. Bascule pit. B. Fender system. C. Bridge pier.

 Forms are built to shape the concrete piers. Steel bars (rebar) are tied together to
make a carefully designed reinforcing cage for the interior of the pier. The rebar
cage is lowered into position inside the forms. The forms are filled with concrete.
When the concrete has hardened, the forms are removed. Around the waterline, a
protective layer of an erosion-resistant material, such as granite, may be attached
to the pier. The cofferdam is removed.
 A fender may be built around the pier to protect it from being hit by errant ships.
For example, on the Casco Bridge, large concrete cylinders were erected upstream
and downstream from each pier to support the ends of a steel fender. The fender
was faced with slippery plastic to deflect minor impacts. Under heavier impacts,
the fender can deflect against rubber bumpers and, if necessary, against crushable
hollow concrete boxes that would keep the impact from damaging the pier itself.

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Hydraulic Bridge

Bascule leaves
 One or more trunnions are mounted on supports within the pier.
 A counterweight is constructed and placed inside the pier.
 Gear drives and/or hydraulic lift mechanisms are installed in the pier.
 Two side girders are constructed for the heel section of each leaf of the bridge. A
trunnion bearing is mounted in an opening in each girder. The girder may be
equipped with gears that will mesh with the lift mechanism, or it may be fitted
with paddles that hydraulic rams can push against.
 The two side girders are lifted into the pier and eased over the ends of the trunnion.
The heel section is completed with a crossbeam connecting the two side girders.
The counterweight is attached to the heel section.
 Additional longitudinal girders may be hoisted into position between the side
girders and attached to the heel section. Steel braces are attached between the side
girders and any other longitudinal girders. As pieces are added to the leaf, an
appropriate amount of weight must also be added to the counterweight to maintain
stability. This is particularly important if the bridge is being built in the closed
position and must be opened during construction to allow marine traffic to pass.
 The leaf is completed by attaching a tip section that connects the side girders (and
any longitudinal girders) at the end opposite the heel. Devices called span locks
are mounted on the leaf tips to connect opposite leaves when the bridge is down,
so that vehicles driving on the bridge will not make the leaves bounce. Additional
locks can secure the leaves in their open position so wind does not force them
back down.

5.4 Summary

In this Chapter we learn about various things related to Working of hydraulic bridge and
also learn The principle behind hydraulic bridge working is Pascal’s law and for operations,
this bridge uses petroleum-based hydraulic fluids. Also about design plans used for hydraulic
bridge and at last we learn about manufacturing process of the Hydraulic Bridge.

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Hydraulic Bridge

CHAPTER 6

Advantages and Disadvantages

6.1 Advantages of Hydraulic Bridge

1. If accurately calibrated, there is no need for computers to control the hydraulic

actuators.
2. The hydraulic rams can be in motion only by the loading applied to it. That is to
say, if a certain load is applied on the bridge, the hydraulic ram applies an
appropriate force upwards to counteract any deflections.
3. This implies that there is very little maintenance concerning automated systems
and in situations such as blackouts or malfunctions, the bridge will not be in any
immediate concern for failure.
4. As a result of applying a force upwards that is dependent on the load and
displacement of the bridge, the quantity of material required to construct the
bridge is reduced.
5. The material alone does not have to handle all imposed loading; the load is
distributed onto the hydraulic rams.
6. Consequently, less money can be used in purchasing materials and the project
cost is reduced (arguably, the money may be spent on the hydraulic systems).
7. Certainly, elegant bridges may be constructed with thinner structural members,
which can increase its aesthetic and social impact on the community around it.

8. Provides smooth and accurate acceleration and deceleration.

9. It has safe and easy operations.

10. It has the ability to carry varying loads.

11. Behind hydraulic bridge working, Pascal’s law is the principle.

12. The operator of a hydraulic system can easily start, stop speed up and slow down
by using simple levers and push-buttons.

13. Positive locking in any condition is another advantage of this bridge.

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6.2 Disadvantages of Hydraulic bridge

1. As a consequence of the vertical hydraulic column being required to be located in the

centre of the arch, there are intrinsic complications.
2. For example, to install the hydraulic pipe connections would require tunnelling either
underground or to lay the pipes over ground.
3. This entails placing construction workers in hostile environments and they have to be
specialised workers.
4. This requires extensive training which can affect the building project economically.
5. Vertical column type hydraulic bridges may never be used in arch bridges required to
span gaps which are very high in the context of the altitude of the locale.
6. Without solid ground for the column to rest on, the action of the hydraulic will cause
deflection and eventual failure.
7. However, there are methods to overcome this problem.
8. Possible hydraulic failure at the three main points can be caused by very high forces
and pressures due to excessive loading on the main bridge.
9. The high pressure of hydraulic fluid can cause failure at any O-ring and gasket seals
rendering it useless.

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6.3 Overcoming the disadvantages

1. The disadvantages of having to lay hydraulic pipes underground in hostile conditions

and also having no possible use in arches in high altitude applications can be resolved
by eliminating the single vertical hydraulic column.
2. Rather it can be replaced by utilizing hydraulic components placed at an angle, thus
connecting the supports to mid-span.
3. However, this would require calibration of the diameter of the hydraulic face in order
to provide additional forces with a higher vertical component.
4. Otherwise, angling the hydraulic components nearer to vertical will provide a greater
vertical force.
5. As a result, with this method, the hydraulic bridges can be built over hostile gaps and
at higher altitudes which is very beneficial.
6. The problems with seal failure can be resolved by adding several, thicker O-rings and
gaskets and increasing the area of the hydraulic face.
7. Reducing pressure which reduces the possibility leaks and failures.

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CHAPTER 7

CONCLUSION

Movable bridges are used to provide both waterway for vessels and ships to pass though the
bridge and provide traffic way for cars, trains, and other forms of transportation.

There are different types of movable bridges which can be constructed based on conditions of
the project site and bridge related factors. Certainly, each type of movable bridge has various
advantages and disadvantages.

Benefits and drawbacks of three distinct type of movable bridges including bascule, vertical
lifting bridge and swing bridges are discussed.

Smooth and accurate acceleration and deceleration, positive locking in any conditions,
driving end locks, safe and easy operations, and ability to carry varying loads are some
advantages of the hydraulic bridge. Pascal's law is the principle behind hydraulic bridge
working.

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CHAPTER 8

SUMMARY

The hydraulic bridge is a type of movable bridge and in order to allow maritime traffic
through a body of water that can be raised with the help of mechanical installation. Smooth
and accurate acceleration and deceleration, positive locking in any conditions, driving end
locks, safe and easy operations, and ability to carry varying loads are some advantages of the
hydraulic bridge. Pascal's law is the principle behind hydraulic bridge working. An advantage
of making bridges moveable is the lower cost, due to the absence of high piers and long
approaches. The principal disadvantage is that the traffic on the bridge must be halted when it
is opened for passage of traffic on the waterway. For seldom-used railroad bridges over busy
channels, the bridge may be left open and then closed for train passages. For small bridges,
bridge movement may be enabled without the need for an engine. Some bridges are operated
by the users, especially those with a boat, others by a bridgeman (or bridge tender); a few are
remotely controlled using video-cameras and loudspeakers. Generally, the bridges are
powered by electric motors, whether operating winches, gearing, or hydraulic pistons. While
moveable bridges in their entirety may be quite long, the length of the moveable portion is
restricted by engineering and cost considerations to a few hundred feet. There are often traffic
lights for the road and water traffic, and moving barriers for the road traffic.

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CHAPTER 9

REFERENCE

(1) AASHTO, Drainage Manual, Chapter 10, “Bridges,” AASHTO Technical Committee on
Hydrology and Hydraulics, 2009 (draft).
(2) AASHTO, Highway Drainage Guidelines, Chapter 7, Hydraulic Analysis for the Location
and Design of Bridges, AASHTO Technical Committee on Hydrology and Hydraulics, 4th
Edition, 2005.
(3) Clarkin, Kim; Keller, Gordon; Warhol, Terry; Hixson, Suzan, Low-Water Crossings:
Geomorphic, Biological, and Engineering Design Considerations,0625 1808P, San Dimas,
CA: US Department of Agriculture, US Forest Service, San Dimas Technology and
Development Center, 366 p., 2006.
(4) Corry, M.L., Jones, J.S. and Thompson, P.L., Design of Encroachments on Floodplains
Using Risk Analysis, Hydraulic Engineering Circular No. 17, Federal Highway
Administration, Washington DC, 1981.

(5) Federal Highway Administration, River Engineering for Highway Encroachments —

Highways in the River Environment, Hydraulic Design Series No. 6, FHWANHI-01-004,
December 2001.

(6) Federal Highway Administration, Stream Stability at Highway Structures, Hydraulic

Engineering Circular No. 20, Third Edition, FHWA-NHI-01-002, 2001.

(7) National Cooperative Highway Research Program, Handbook for Predicting Stream
Meander Migration and Supporting Software, NCHRP Report 533, 2004.

(8) Davidian, J., Computation of Water Surface Profiles in Open Channels, Techniques of
Water Resources Investigation, Book 3, Chapter A15, US Geological Survey, Washington
DC, 1984.

(9) Arcement, G. J., Jr., and V. R. Schneider, Guide for Selecting Manning’s Roughness
Coefficients for Natural Channels and Flood Plains, Water Supply Paper 2339, 1984 (also
published as FHWA-TS-84-204), 1984.
(10) Barnes, H. H., Jr., Roughness Characteristics of Natural Channels, US Geological
Survey Water Supply Paper 1849, Washington DC, 1978.

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(11) Federal Highway Administration, Technical Advisory (TA 5140.23), “Evaluating Scour
at Bridges,” October 28, 1993.

(12) Federal Highway Administration, Evaluating Scour at Bridges, Hydraulic Engineering

Circular No. 18, FHWA-NHI-01-001, 2001.
(13) Federal Highway Administration, Bridge Scour and Stream Instability Countermeasures:
Experience, Selection and Design Guidance - Third Edition,Hydraulic Engineering Circular
No. 23, FHWA-NHI-09-011 (Volume 1), FHWANHI-09-012 (Volume 2 “Design
Guidelines”), 2009.
(14) Federal Highway Administration, Scourability of Rock Formations, July 19, 1991.

(15) Arneson, L.A. and S.R. Abt, Vertical Contraction Scour at Bridges with Water Flowing
Under Pressure Conditions, ASCE Compendium, Stream Stability and Scour at Highway
Bridges, Richardson and Lagasse (eds.), Reston, VA, 1999.
(16) Federal Highway Administration, National Highway Institute, Course 135046, Stream
Stability and Scour at Highway Bridges - Participant's Workbook, January 2005.

(17) US Army Corps of Engineers, HEC-RAS River Analysis System, User’s Manual, The
Hydrologic Engineering Center, Davis, CA, Version 4.1, 2010.
(18) Federal Highway Administration, Bridge Deck Drainage System, Hydraulic Engineering
Circular No. 21, FHWA-SA-92-010, 1993.
(19) AASHTO, LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, Fifth Edition, Section 2: General
Design and Location Features, 2010.

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